Chapter 18: Brakes and Clutches

Nothing has such power to broaden the mind as the ability to investigate systematically and truly all that comes under thy observation in life. Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Brake and Clutch Types

(a) P P P (d) P (b) P P P P

P (e) (c) P

Figure 18.1 Five types of brake and clutch. (a) internal, expanding rim type; (b) external contracting rim type; (c) band brake; (d) thrust disk; (e) cone disk. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Thrust Disk
0.6 Dimensionless torque, T = T/2Pro

0.5

ro

r ri

dr

0.4

Tp

0.3 Tw 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Radius ratio, = ri / ro 1.0

Figure 18.2 Thrust disk clutch surface with various radii.

Figure 18.3 Effect of radius ratio on dimensionless torque for uniform pressure and uniform wear models.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Properties of Common Friction Materials

Friction materiala Molded Woven Sintered metal Cork Wood Cast iron; hard steel

Coecient of friction, 0.25-0.45 0.25-0.45 0.15-0.45 0.30-0.50 0.20-0.30 0.15-0.25

Maximum contact pressure,b pmax psi kPa 150-300 1030-2070 50-100 345-690 150-300 1030-2070 8-14 55-95 50-90 345-620 100-250 690-1720

Maximum bulk temperature, tm,max F C 400-500 204-260 400-500 204-260 400-1250 204-677 180 82 200 93 500 260

Table 18.1 Representative properties of contacting materials operating dry.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Friction for Wet Clutch Materials

Friction materiala Coecient of friction, Molded 0.06-0.09 Woven 0.08-0.10 Sintered metal 0.05-0.08 Paper 0.10-0.14 Graphitic 0.12 (avg.) Polymeric 0.11 (avg.) Cork 0.15-0.25 Wood 0.12-0.16 Cast iron; hard steel 0.03-0.16 a When rubbing against smooth cas iron or seel.

Table 18.2 Coefficient of friction for contacting materials operating in oil.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Cone Clutch
dr sin rd dP dr

dA

dw r D d d

Figure 18.4 Forces acting on elements of cone clutch. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Short-Shoe Brake
d4 d3 C D d2 B P P d1 W

Figure 18.5 Block, or short-shoe brake, with two configurations. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Example 18.3

14 in.

1.5 in.

14 in. 36 in.

Figure 18.6 Short-shoe brake used in Example 18.3.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Long-Shoe, Internal Expanding Rim Brake

W W Rotation

d6

2 1 r A

d7

Drum Lining

d5

d5

Figure 18.7 Long-shoe, internal, expanding rim brake with two shoes.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Forces and Dimensions

y dP dP dP cos dP sin W Wy 1 d6 d7 Rotation r Rx Ry 2 A r d7 cos x d7 sin dP sin

dP cos Wx

Figure 18.8 Forces and dimensions of long-shoe, internal, expanding rim brake. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Example 18.4
y 15 15

W W d a A r d d b d b 10 10 a B 10 10 x

W W 15 15

Figure 18.9 Four-long-shoe, internal expanding rim brakes used in Example 18.4.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Long-Shoe, External, Contracting Rim Brake

Wx Wy W y dP sin dP d6

dP cos

dP 2

dP sin

dP cos 1 Rx A d7 Ry x

r Rotation

Figure 18.10 Forces and dimensions of long-shoe, external, contracting rim brake. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Pivot-Shoe Brake
y Rotation dP dP cos d7 cos r dP sin

2 dP cos 1 r cos

dP sin

dP

Rx

Ry

d7

Figure 18.11 Symmetrically loaded pivot-shoe brake.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Band Brake
d 0 d (F + dF ) cos 2 F + dF d (F + dF ) sin 2 d 2 dP d F1 F2 0 (a) (b) r d d 2 d F cos 2 F

d F sin 2

dP

Drum rotation

Figure 18.12 Band brake. (a) Forces acting on band; (b) forces acting on element. Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Example 18.7

Rotation

Cutting plane for free-body diagram W F2 F1 d10 d8

Figure 18.13 Band brake used in Example 18.7.

d9

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Capacities of Brake and Clutch Materials

Operating condition Continuous: poor heat dissipation Occasional: poor heat dissipation Continuous: good heat dissipation as in oil bath

pu (kPa)(m/s) (psi)(ft/min) 1050 30,000 2100 60,000 3000 85,000

Table 18.3 Product of contact pressure and sliding velocity for brakes and clutches.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Hydraulic Crane Brake Case Study

W

17.5 in.

30

30

18 in.

Figure 18.14 Hoist line brake for mobile hydraulic crane. The crosssection of brake with relevant dimensions is given.

Hamrock Fundamentals of Machine Elements