ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I will like to thank Allah, who blessed me with ability and wisdom to complete this project. Especially thanks to SNGPL who provided me an opportunity of enhancing my professional experience and her members and especially workers so that they have cooperated with me. I wish to express my love and gratitude to my family and friends; for their understanding & endless love, and help they provide while preparing this report. My report will remain incomplete if I don t mention the sincere efforts of those gentlemen who helped and guided me in completion of my internship and this report I am thankful to the staff who cooperated with me and I become able to do this work.

Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119

Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119

UET,Taxila

Dedication

I dedicate my work firstly to Hazrat Muhammad (s.a.w.w) and also my respected parents and teachers whom prayers able me to do such a work and able me to face the world.

Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119

UET,Taxila

Introduction:
Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) was incorporated as a private limited Company in 1963 and converted into a public limited company in January 1964 under the Companies Act 1913, now Companies Ordinance 1984, and is listed on all the three Stock Exchanges of the Country. The Company took over the existing Sui-Multan System from Pakistan industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) and Dhlian-Rawalpindi-Wah system from Attock Oil Company Limited. The Company's commercial operations commenced by selling an average of 47 MMCFD gas in two regions viz. Multan and Rawalpindi, serving a total number of 67 consumers. Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) is the largest integrated gas company serving more than 3.9 million consumers in North Central Pakistan through an extensive network in Punjab, Khyber PK and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. SNGPLs 11 sites have been registered under the SMART2 Program by Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PAK-EPA). The Company has over 48 years of experience in operation and maintenance of high-pressure gas transmission and distribution systems. It has also expanded its activities as Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) Contractor to undertake the planning, designing and construction of pipelines, both for itself and other organizations.

Natural Gas:
Natural gas, as the name implies, is found in gaseous form naturally, underground at varying depths and geographical formations. It is one of the most abundant energy sources in Pakistan, and because it is produced domestically, it is not subject to foreign disruptions of price or supply. Comprised primarily of methane,
Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119 UET,Taxila

natural gas is odorless and colorless when it comes out of the ground. After impurities are removed, the natural gas is introduced into the pipeline system where it is transported to the consumers. Prior to distribution, a harmless odorant is added to the gas so any leakage can be easily detected before an unsafe situation occurs. In addition to this "rotten egg" odor, natural gas has some built-in safety features. It is lighter than air, so it will rise and dissipate into the atmosphere in the event of a leak. And it has a very narrow combustion range, igniting only when mixed with air at a ratio of between 4 and 14 percent. Any mixture higher or lower than that range and natural gas simply won't burn. It also requires a very high degree of heat, at least 1200 degrees Fahrenheit, before it will ignite. Once combustion occurs, natural gas is one of the cleanest-burning fuels available today. When it is burned properly, the only emissions are carbon dioxide (which is what we exhale when we breathe) and water vapor. Because of its clean-burning properties, natural gas has become the environmental fuel of choice for many residential, commercial and industrial applications. Such applications include: space heating, water heating, cooking, and as a fuel for fireplaces, vehicles, power plants, commercial and industrial boilers, as well as commercial and industrial processing.

Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119

UET,Taxila

VISION

To be the leading integrated natural gas provider in the region seeking to improve the quality of life of our customers and achieve maximum benefit for our stakeholders by providing an uninterrupted and environment friendly energy resource.

MISSION
A commitment to deliver natural gas to all door steps in our chosen areas through continuous expansion of our network, by optimally employing technological, human and organizational resources, best practices and high ethical standards .

Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119

UET,Taxila

COMPRESSION:
At SNGPL, Compression Department plays a vital role in the transmission of gas to the consumption centers at adequate pressures. As the gas is transmitted through pipelines, its pressure drops due to frictional losses and to boost this pressure up to desired value, compressor stations are installed along the transmission pipeline at approximately 70 to 95 miles intervals. There are 11 Nos compressor stations installed at SNGPL's transmission network with 67 Nos compressor packages in operation. The cumulative installed horse power of SNGPL's compression system is 216,800 HP at ISO conditions. Each compressor station is equipped with allied equipment such as Gas filter separators, Discharge gas cooling system (based on Water & Air cooled heat exchangers) and power generating sets. To ensure economical and smooth operations, Compression Department has its own in house gas turbine engine overhauling & repair workshop at Multan. This workshop has been established under Transfer of Technology agreement with M/S Solar Turbines USA, the OEM, to repair and overhaul Centaur engines models T4700, T-4500, T-4000 and Saturn engine model T-1100 of gas turbines packages and Centrifugal gas compressors of M/s Solar Turbines USA having models C-33, C-30 and C-16.The state of the art Test cell facility has been established at Multan for testing of Saturn and Centaur Gas turbine engines overhauled in the overhauling facility for checking performance and mechanical integrity of these engines after overhauling. The dedicated foreign trained professionals team of engineers and staff ensures the availability of gas turbine engines for sustainable operation of the turbine driven compressor packages installed at compressor stations. The Compression department also provided technical support to other organizations in Oil & Gas sector such as PPL, PARCO and ENGRO to overhaul their turbine engines.
Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119 UET,Taxila

The main functions of Compression Department are as under: Maintenance and operation of compressor packages and allied equipment such as Gas filter separators, Discharge gas Cooling system and power generating sets installed at compressor stations. Overhauling and repair of Centaur engines of various models such as T-6100, T4700. T-4500, T-4000 and Saturn engines rnodel T-1100 gas turbines and C-30. C33 and C-16 gas compressors. Designing, installation and commissioning of compression expansion projects.

GAS TURBINE ENGINES:

The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the shaft attached with compressor.

THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE:

The basic principle of the airplane turbine engine is identical to any and all engines that extract energy from chemical fuel. The basic 4 steps for any internal combustion engine are: 1. Intake of air (and possibly fuel). 2. Compression of the air (and possibly fuel). 3. Combustion, where fuel is injected (if it was not drawn in with the intake air) and burned to convert the stored energy. 4. Expansion and exhaust, where the converted energy is put to use.

Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119

UET,Taxila

Major parts of Engine:

1. Inlet 2. Compressor 3. Diffuser 4. Combustor 5. Turbine 6. Exhaust

Gas Compressors:
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some can be compressed, the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids. In pipeline transport of purified natural gas to move the gas from the production site to the consumer. Often, the compressor in this application is driven by a gas turbine which is fueled by gas bled from the pipeline. Thus, no external power source is necessary.

Valve:
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.

Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119

UET,Taxila

The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which drops to obstruct fluid (gas or liquid) flow in one direction, but is pushed open by flow in the opposite direction. Valves are majorly used in water controlling for Irrigation as well as industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transport sectors. Such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, oil and gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewage and chemical manufacturing. Valves play a vital role in industrial applications ranging from transportation of drinking water to control of ignition in a rocket engine. Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever, pedal or wheel. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers. More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.

Sales Metering Station:

The four major operations which are being done on a SMS (Sales Metering Station) are 1. Filtering 2. Regulating 3. Measurement
Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119 UET,Taxila

4. Odourization 5. SRV (Safety Release Valve)

Filtering:
The first step on a natural gas which is coming in a station is filtering. Every station has two or more filtering tanks. The tank contains two chambers. Upper chamber is used to filter dust and lower chamber is used to filter oil from gas. Gas is completely filtered here.

Regulating:
The regulation of gas at every station is make sure. Gas coming from upload is processed and checked at different places at a station. If supply of gas is more and exit of gas is low then a special valve Safety Control Valve is used .

Measurement:
Measurement is a basic task to be done on every station. The volume of gas which is being supplied from the station is measured after 15/18 days. Special device attached with it is used to calculate this. For the measurement of pressure PCV (pressure Control Valve) are used. They are of two types, Single PCV & Double PCV. These valves are used to measure the pressure at different stages and according to the requirement control the pressure. These valves compare the pressure of gas with a basic pressure already programmed in it and according to requirement open/close the valves.

Odourization:
As the natural gas has no smell , so that for the purpose of detection this gas is odourized. After Odourization, natural gas has a smell. If gas is being leaked at every point we can check it out and save from hazardous accidents.
Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119 UET,Taxila

Safety Release Valve:

Safety release valves are used to exit the gas if the pressure of gas is more. These valves play an important role in emergency. Extra gas is ejected from these valves. Bypass is used at the time of maintenance.

References:
Applied thermodynamics By Yunas A Cengel

www.google.com www.wikipedia.org www.scribed.com www.sngpl.com.pk www.howstuffworks.com

Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119

UET,Taxila