CARDIOVASCULAR

1. List the causes of progressive breathlessness. Discuss how the history can provide clues to its cause.

2. A 55 year old Nigerian Bank Manager woke up suddenly at night with severe breathless and chest pain. a. List 5 possible causes of his symptoms b. Discuss briefly the diagnosis and management of ONE of the causes you have listed.

3. Define hypertension and list its causes. Describe the assessment and management of a 30 year old man with a blood pressure of 150/110

4. Define hypertension. How will you investigate and manage a 40 year old banker who presented for the first time with a blood pressure of 240/150mmHg. What complications may he develop?

5. Discuss the aetiology, investigations and treatment of secondary hypertension.

6. Classify the causes of heart failure. Describe the investigations and treatment of a 45 year old man with congestive cardiac failure.

7. Describe the pathophysiology of heart failure. How will this help you in the management of a 50-year old man with congestive cardiac failure?

8. Describe the clinical feaures and management of cardiac tamponade.

9. How may patients with pericardial effusion present? Describe the investigations and management of a patient with suspected massive pericardial effusion.

10. A 24-yaer old female who has been attebding the clinic for the management of rheumatic disease develops dyspnoea. Describe the likely causes of the dyspnoea, investigations and treatment of the condition.

11. How may a 13 year-old Nigerian boy with first attack of rheumatic fever present? Discuss briefly the investigations and management of such a case.

12. List the clinical features of infective endocarditis. Discuss the investigations and management of a 25 year old male patient with this condition.

13. Compare and contrast the clinical features (symptoms/signs) and the laboratory findings in Endomyocardial fibrosis and tuberculoid pericariditis?

14. List the causes of atrial fibrillation. Describe the investigations and treatment of a 66 year old man who presents with conditions. What complications may develop in an unprotected case.

15. Outline and explain the differences between a. LVF & RVF

16. Write short notes on the following a. Myocarditis b. Chest pain c. Acute rheumatic fever d. Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease e. Principles of management of high blood pressure f. Rheumatic fever g. Hypertensive encephalopathy h. Complications of diuretic therapy i. Aortic regurgitation

17. What is the connecting link between a. Long thin extremities and cardiac failure

b. Waekness of the right half of the body and a systolic click at the apex of the heart

c. A collapsing pulse and thin long fingers

d. A stiff back and an early diastolic murmur over the left sternal edge?

e. A completely irregular pulse and warm hands

f. Signs of the right heart failure and normal cardiac shadow on the chest x-ray ( Pulmonary embolism)

g. A completely irregular pulse and weakness of the left half of the body ( AF & Embolisation) h. Mitral incompetence and Finger clubbing ( Infective endocarditis) 18. Discuss the signs you would expect to find in a patient with a. Aortic regurgitation (1/5)

19. What treatment would you give a patient with a. Acute myocardial infarction b. Atrial fibrillation with a heart rate of 180/minute c. Supraventricular tachycardia with a heart rate of 250 beats/minute

20. Describe the symptoms & signs you would expect to find in apatient with a. Thrombosis of the main left coronary artery