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    Petrography of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks by Anthony R. Philpotts

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    vitrinite
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    of 190

    PETROGRAPHY

    OF IGNEOUS
    AND METAMORPHIC
    ROCKS
    Anthony R. Philpotts
    Designed for students taking their fii'St course in petrography, this laboratory
    manual is a collection of the essential information needed to learn the
    techniques of petrography and to apply them to common igneous and
    metamorphic rocks. In a single source, it combines-
    descriptions of the textures and structures of igneous and metamorphic
    rocks.
    a compilation of the optical properties of the common rock-forming
    minerals.
    a treatment of the classification of these particular rocks.
    Dealing with the description of rocks and not their origins, the coverage is not
    exhaustive and is limited to what students need for an introductory course.
    For those with no experience in optical mineralogy, Chapter 2 briefly
    introduces the subject. Chapter 3 alphabetically lists the rock-forming
    minerals. On the inside front cover a full-color table compiles the most
    distinguishing features of these minerals.
    Over 2()() illustrations of rock-forming minerals and the textures of rocks are
    alphabetically indexed together at the end of !he text. Each of these
    illustrations is available in color with commentary on a two-hour video
    casseue from the author.
    The classification of igneous rocks used in the book is the one proposed by
    the International Union of Geological Sciences {IUOS) Subcommission of the
    Systematics of Igneous Rocks. A list of commonly used rock names-many
    not part of the IUOS classification-is keyed to this classification. Also, the
    widely-used lrvioe-Baragar classification of volcanic rocks is included.
    PRENTICE HALL, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632
    ISBN 0-13-662313-1
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    Me:"
    Petrography of
    Igneous and
    Metamorphic Rocks
    Anthony R. Phil potts
    Tflt ['olltrsil) ofConnNIKul
    WAVElAND
    Foe mformattOn lboU1th.iJ book, conQC't:
    w.ntlnd Plrt'1s, lne.
    PO Box oo
    ll hnois 60070
    (847) 630081

    W'WW,WIWt'l,lnd.rom
    CN'c:l b) chr aotbor
    Dr"'lll' of pho:onuaogr.lph.s by tht aa.'Q
    Cop\'tiJ[I'U (:1 1989 b'
    1
    Mlh<ln) R. Ph1lpons
    %00) b>. Wol\tbnd Preu, Inc
    I S"' .. OO m
    All tt,elto rc.cn ,4 \.;t porz of tlus boo. may bt tqwod-.JtCtd. JJotnl ut t1 Ttfttn-ollpttm, tTCI&mtut'd &n ar.."
    ..... Qt!'_, Ml"<oli'O .,rht l't'f"'tus.olll lit M'I'UI."$ from

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    ~ Petrography of
    ~ Igneous and
    ~ Metamorphic Rocks
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    Contents
    PlUAC
    I 1Nl'ltODUCJ10N
    1 REVIEW OF 11IE MICR05COP AND MlNEIW. OmCS
    Tbe Mlacscopc
    ,.,... cll.l&b!lhro,P
    Tbe Optical ledlaolrix
    Obsctvalioo oC UDdcc Coooocopi< Liglol
    Ob$cn>atioo UDdcc Rellcaccl Liahl
    Pn:puotioo o( TbiD Sec:tioos
    O<.oe<ol HUlts oe Doioa Pc:trograpby
    3 ROCK-FORMING MINERAlS AND 111EIR Om CAL PROPERTIES
    lmpo<W>l MUouals aod TbeU- Ponnulae
    Opek.al Ptopcrties or MU.erals
    lU\1$1AtioU ()( lpt.OIU RoekFonoio8 M'J!lttab
    Jllusuttioos of Mecuaorphk RodcP<IrmlD$ Mitlerals
    4 CIASSIFICA110N OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
    Mode a.M Norm
    ClPWNorm
    Geoeral Ousifieacioo. Terms
    lUGS OuWKalioa ol Phncie Roets
    lUGS a...ffi<otioo of Voleani< aod H)'po\byual Rocks
    O.wif.eatioa oC Vobak Roclc:$
    lpeous Rock Name$
    S TEXTURES AND STRUCilJR.ES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
    TEXTURES
    1. Desrec ol Crys;lallinity
    2. Grain Size
    3. Grata Sbap
    4. Textute$ of Olwy or Yuse-Graiccd Rocks
    .S. AowTextUt'(:;;J
    6. latergrowtb
    7. Reactioo TutW'U
    STRUCfURES
    L StnJaw-es iD Volcanic. Rocb
    2. Scructwu in Pluto.Ue Roeb
    3. SuUQure Ruulting from Indus.ioas
    ILUJSTRA nONS OF TEXTURES AND STRUCfURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
    1
    4

    7
    ll
    14
    19
    21
    23
    2S
    26
    30
    fil
    &I
    n
    n
    9S
    99
    100
    lOS
    108
    113
    114
    114
    114
    114
    115
    115
    116
    116
    117
    118
    liB
    121
    123
    124
    6 CIASSIFICA110N AND TElmJRES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS 140
    INDEX
    GENERAL OASSIACA nON 140
    GRAPHICAL REPRESENT AnON OF METAMORPHIC MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES 141
    QASSIFICAnONS REFLECJ1NG CONl>mONS OF METAMORPHISM 14S
    TEXTURES OF MET AM ORPHIC ROCKS 1St
    Keer')'SUlllUlloo 're:ctutC$
    Tutl.lrC$ AN;i.a;ted with lhc Onw.th o(New Mil'lcrW
    ll.l.USTRA nONS OF METAMORPHIC TEXTURES
    1$1
    l.S4
    lS9
    lfil
    Preface
    Pttrograplty of igneous and Met(Jmorplu'c Rocks is for students taking their
    fiiSr courst in petrog:.phy. II c:ombines. in a single book. a oompihuion of the
    pc>pettie:. or the w 1muc.m rtK.:kforming minemls. de..'icrfprb ns or the cexturcs
    suuaures of igneous and mt:Utmorphic rocks. Ol'ld a o( the classification of
    these rocks. The book deals with the descripcion of rocks. not their origins. The
    OQVerage is not exhaustrvc and is limited to what students i! Te likely to c.ncounter and
    nttd to know in an intrC>duaory petrography courst. The material is organized so as to
    make it as rapidly acces!ible as possible., For those who have nOt previously had a
    coorst in optical mine111Jogy, Chapter 2 brieny introduces thissubjea.
    The minerals described are the so-called rockforming minerals. are the
    major building constituents o( rocks, wilh which 1hc studem c-r petrography musl h.ave
    ::;ome familiarity, For quick reftrcocc, they have been listed ilphabetically in Chapter
    l . Some minerals. such as the ampbibole!t, micas. p)roxenes.Md feldsp:us, have bn
    listed together under their g.roup names. 'The imponttnt distinguishing ptoperti
    o( thcst mincrnls are compiled into a single table on the: from cover. For routine
    pt'lrography, this 13ble provides moSI of the necessary 10 distinguish the
    common 11M:! inlcrfercnce colorS shown in tatie llrC found in
    Jll:'lthick $.CCI IOns, thoc standard thickness of 1 petrographic section.
    The classification of rocks used in lhliO book rS the one proposed b)' tht-
    Union of Geological Sciences ( l UGS) SubcommiSsion on the $y<otcm:uic:r-
    of Igneous Rocks. In add ilion. a list of commonly ustd rock mmcs. many of which are
    rKJI psn of the lUGS da...;sl'ication, IS keyed 10 this classification. Al!:O, the
    used of volc.anic roc:h i" include.d
    or mmerdls :md rod: tCXHHCS ::.re grouped togethc:t ar the end of
    chapters. Each or these 216 illum:uion! sh<;wn in color on the CD
    rncluded Wllh the book. 1'hc CD provides !l COR\'C:menl rneans for the begmmng
    pet:rogropher to gain extra experience c:xamimng thin <oc:ctions.
    ACK.SOWLEOGMENTS
    In a book \.uch as this. 1n which matly d.&tot are comp1led. all Otre dfflcull
    to ehmmate. However, careful rc:vu:ws of the manuscript by Steven R. Bohlen, Sl:ttt'
    or Nev. York 31 Stony Brook. OlriSl()phcr I. Cho.lokwu, Aubum Untvcr<;.U} o
    S11<oan C. Pol)'technc StOlle M
    L"ti. Um\'CI!>ll)' oC Prnn.,yl\'ania, Stearns AlithOn) M<)f<ot', Unl\"ct<ott} of
    Amherst, h:tv( helped climu'ltlc: mo"l. The ont.s that remain :trt the
    01uthor\ respon'irbi l iry, and he of th( boo\. wdl cO)mmuntc:ste :,n)
    that tbl.'}' find 10 tum The i.;. particularly grateful 10
    Rt.:hllrd P Bcnncu, A J. ( M1kc) Frueh. Norman U, 1\aymond L Joestcn, and
    R:.ndolph P. S1c.nC'n ...,ho hti\'C hcll)('d in \ ' \111(1\J' v. ays. duung the prep.arauon of 1hc
    mmu-.cnpt. The ,;rc.dc-.t del:lt of hc,..,evcr. '"owed the whn.
    though then O\'C'r tht haH: kcp.l the Jl uthor <k'wn
    Antlzma R Plulr1(JIH
    1 Introduction
    as tk scicaor: of desaibin& and ctaHaf)UII roct.1., h rthes. hn\'il) on
    obKnlfOM ..-k "'"b tbc bull un tM uaktOp
    aM ,.,,h tbc 1aaDd lens arc abo unponut. A pctroanph.c: ckstnphoa of A rod fil"\"t
    tdtntlfiQtion of tbe muKrals and. whtrt pos.sable. 6rtcmunataon of their
    COl'lpoMhon-.. TtxtuBI relations pms arc "CUd. fer thac not only hdp in
    cb.w.tfK'.at.on but pt'O'-idc evidence of proccs.w-. &C'II\'C durns the fomuhon of the
    rod.. 1M rod: ls lben classified on t.lle ba.\l'ii of th \'Oiumc p:rccnt;agc.s of the various
    rod.formmg min.erals (mode).
    In an petrography COUt$C a c:an b m1lmr with on I) a
    m;all fraction of the \arietyof rod.:s found In " liiUtc, FortuJUIIC'Iy. thc number of
    lmponant trpc:!l 15 l!Urprisingly small. This bccO.u\4.\ roc: k" (armed m only a few
    te<t0n1C environments on E:trth, and th-e etHKii ti OII \ in the.;e hiiVt changed little. if any.
    throughout mo!tl of geologK:. 11mc. Thu.s 1 P1ecumbwm b.-uh identical to .a
    modem one:. A few ro<."ks., howtNer,llc l*"li:u to the early g.t.ologlc fCCOfd.
    the goal of petrogrlJ)hy 1S dc.-.cupt10tl and tb1\S1fitaJion of rocks.
    1n m.etr 1$ of hmited interest. Onl) \\'hen COn\ldertd l(, pars of (the Sludy
    nf the or rocb) does it take on wider si,cruCic.anet Pttf0i:rpb) wpphei
    ol the <bu that pcLrOtogy slm't"o;; to mterp"talld npl.un It "epectcd. therefore. Wt
    ''*"'-" '*til t.U a pecroiog) COI.Irse It 1\ but not tsStnt1aJ. that
    pt.ctK'C m Optacal ha .. lln p1ftd
    A nvmbc-r of ucclknt boob prov;dr all or the ntt<kd for peaogra ..
    ph\ ''" 'I.IR;n<Cd rc;acbnp ;u the: end of thK c:tQpcn lndu.ck rcrtrt-1"1 "'orb
    oa opt.al propCrtJC'S of mmenh (l)(er at , 1960. Flct'Cher c1 al., 1984:
    R...mdl.lhr. 1%9. Trogc:r. lcn9; Camtron. llb-.c" ot of
    and roc:ks (t-.bc:Kerrrie t1 al, JQb2). nnd (Wilham:'- tt :at,
    . .)pr\', 1()6q, H;uk.er. Nockold'> et al IQ7f\). Thcs.t bool' pro .. idt (a.r mOfe
    u'tbm;tiiOn t h:.n c.:an bt U5oe:d in coun..: Funhermore. a !itl echon of
    bo.')k.\ mcludns one from uch of 1hcse I'OUP' in\"oh t' con .. expertt;t
    :r,.tdtnh however, be :aw:ue of t hese ot.nformuuon and make us-e of
    tlwm f(n cxtr rtad1n&.
    Tht\ laboratory mnnual is a collection of rhc 1:.'>'\ell\t.Al u'l\llmanon needed 10 It am
    tilt o! ptlfottraphy a nd 10 apply them 10 C'Oinlfl(ln tr,neOU\ and metamorphiC
    rL.. It the optical of all the mmrrill\ 10 be t ncountcred '"
    thl rock.o, h nlo;o describe,. the ttxture\ and of 1gneou .. and
    mrtarrw:urhc rocks. StdtmtnHif) rod ... not included bce:au'-t the manual i \
    dr.t.ne\1 rur the- pari of cout<.t m aftd metamorplnc pttrolog'
    1llt c-pttcl of the q-dlmC'nlan arc. nontthrlt". mctuded
    1n lht' mnual
    The m.n.ul conatM ll btgt number of figure' llu\.lt111nJ tht rod.formang mux
    r"- .tl'ld tht of rock-\. Tlat fip.trt'\ art bbd. 1ftd hltC' rather ttQn
    toe alkw. e:mpfu<l" 10 bt l'c" 10 the ptt"ptr1.c-' btn dlusnated
    Co-lor duot lO blrtfrlnJ!.'("ftC'C' , " 1n 1mpon.a.-t ortteal pt'optM) o! a
    m ncr .a I. but tnchr\IOft of ooJOt "ould 1n.:rusc- lht cos. of 1bt
    mnu,d The bc:cn tn colo' on the CO th:u 1"\ bol;nd
    "!Ch bool
    I
    The fi&ures in 1ht texl and the CD are in four 1roups C!O\'ennJ Igneous Rode:
    Fotain& M.iacrals (IRFM), Mclamorph:te Rock-fomung Muctolls (MR.f'M), 1gneou\
    Turures ( IT), und Meum.orphc Textures (MT}. Figures m urn group arc numbered
    f..'Onsec:ullvely from ont. and rcfcn:nct1 to thtm tn the arc by the:
    tdtrtnct ktteM fol}()o.\cd b)' lht- of lhe figufc. CM.-h ngurc: If> II ShOn
    c.aption and sufficient lo make your own no1c' on the I hat you fe-el arc
    1mponnt 1n idenlifyinJ a m.incnl oc l111 thvK:tcri:z:ulg 1 roc:k tut:Jn
    Proficiency in JK"trogrnphy comes ol'll)' with practice tnd 11
    de.!linble to dtvocc more: time 10 s.udytnJ pe11011apb) tllt.ln ss :1\Ubblc: m thr nomully
    laborJiory penods Ln 1 cou.-.e. h t\ reoommcnded thai, '" addu ion
    to lh( work done wilh the microscope in lhc laborltOry. 1.1.me be o;pcnt uudytol the
    fi&Utt$ 1n thts nuntu1 (includJA' lht CO) or rn tht rtfercnc::d
    Ulos.s. f D . 196l. An Introduction 10 the Method'\ o( Opucal Minaak>l). Hvh.
    Rinehart and\\ lrKtoo. "t\\ YorL,1'9-: p
    Shclte;., 0., 191:\.S. Opttc:al FI.!>C'VIct, New Vorl . n I p.
    R E and Mori<, S. A. 197:!. MlCnXCOpic lckntlftahoaol Ct)'lJ1'\, Ronald
    P'tt'\, ;\c"" Vorl., p ( 1981 cd&tton, \1clhoumc. Aorid3)
    \\ 01hls rom. E. h .. 1979. Cryo;ultlograplly, John Wt!e) Sons, Nev. Vorl, p.
    ('llmcf'l)ft. E. N 1961 Ore \1t<ro-.c:op\ Jolln V.dc) Nc"" YorL. p
    lker, V. A.. R. A .. and J ... 11;62 nd t%3, Roc:k Fonrung
    Mneru),, 5 vol'\,,
    lkC"r. 'A' .. \..., R A., and zY,unan. J .. 1%6. An tO tht Rcx:k
    formlnJ Mncn.l'\, London. SUp.
    I "'''chrr. M., \\ lru\, R ., Jt rKI Matzko. J. J .. Jqi).l, ldcurtatton o(
    ,..,,nop;tqU< \hntrott .... V S Gc<oopaJ Sui' e) Bull ltt17.
    \1 .. clo..c'!U'IC'. \\ S. and C., JY80, Atlas, of Rockfomu11g Msner:h m llnn
    John\\ 1le\' Son,, Ne"' York. p.
    PhdhP' W K _ nd Gnffcn, 0 T ()peal 1M
    .. t .. \\ H Freeman llrKt t(lmp.tn\, h;.OCI!.C'O, on p
    f' .. Jl,lh-tJ. The Ore Mmcr01h J.nd rhctf lnlcrvov.IM. EnJ.hsb ll:.nsl;aiiOft
    llllbc .\rd cd.l. Odord, 111.1 p
    \\ l:... IY7Y. ()p(latl lklcrmm.IIIOn or MOCk Formmg Mmtrlll'.
    [._ e11erbJ.t1 \\:h-e. \ .a;b cd ( Eng,ltsh h:ion
    ti.tnh.uKI. H l f .. ndTn,tum, It 0 J p.
    !
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    PtlroJraphy
    H.arl.c-r. A._ 1954, Pt>trolo&f for IJtU\(N:tl)
    1. lr<><d by C. E. Tilley, S R. Nodlol<k. and M Bb<Lo, :!S3 p
    . A. 1931-1939. A DcscnpcM l'<trop>j>lt) or ell< lpco" Rodes.
    " Unweruty of C...loe'a.gO t"reu. LllltCt&O.
    M.cMO<oc. \\ S . DooWdson, C. H.. and Guollonl, C .. ICI!S2. All.b of 1-Rocks
    anchbe11 Tutuns. John Wiley Sons. Nev. York, 1..as p
    W, W., 1959, The Stud)' of Rocks '" Ttun Scchon. Harper RCN>. !"few
    YO<k. 514 p.
    Noctofd:\, S R .. Kn<n: , R. and Clunner, 0 /\., IQ7tr, Pttrolog.) for Students.
    Cambndgt: Press. London, US p.
    Spry, A .. 1%9, Metamorphic Textures, PC"rgamon 0\(0rd, 350 p.
    Willllutl'. H . Turner, F. J and Gilbcn. C. M . 19.S2. Pc-lrojlraph!: An lnlroduction
    10 lhc Stud)' of Rocks in Thin Sochono;, W. I I :1nd San
    6261'
    3
    2 Review of the Microscope and Mineral Optics
    Mall ,...f'I"C"Jri"t' ve ol ......_...,. the -.. n.., ... c
    txpeDiM:. procisioo in:Mt'W:M'Ut:l ud alaoi:IW be treated W cart. nc
    UK:t tt.W be familiar wtth their worki.oal ltd be aware of ny probko:" thai may
    arise. A YOid toudl.ins tbc gl.w in the le.nsc:&. ud at oo 1 imc. 'boWd any mO\-ina
    ol m.icroscopc be forced; as.k for usiltanco. fer purp<>:se& of llh
    tratioa.,the Carl Zeiss tandard pobriziDg mictccopc i$ shown lD 2L
    Modrcro aUuo.c:opa .,e ClUed ..-.a. a buillia lipl IOWCC. Ce lOme iMtr-..c.IIU
    lk bopuoo>o ol lbio bpi ;, >djultobk. Fo< gcacnl ..,t , 1he '&hi ..,,.,.ry
    nd a;lll oceed tbtc:e,..qoarten ol tbe maximu value. With IIC)rma.l lllf'IS.'lc bulbi. a.
    blue ritc.r mw.t be placed oYer lhe Ugbc 5QUftt. U. order co ruder the lishC uni
    lor IO d:tyligbt. I( thi.l i$ not dooc.. tho CQIOr$ of minc.rals \Uidcr the micrOKorw.
    wUI be Wstinctly )'CJlow.
    Tlt.c c:yepie.. or OC'IIbr. hM a lpifialioo ol AX. ttx. cw J..2.S>\.. \tul-
    liplic.Mi ol t1.s f.etor by the .....,-K.Iil.. of the ot!JtfYC kftS tht co-
    t.aJ map.ifte:atioo ol 1hc. nuaoscopc.. The cyepicc:c: Jnta.ins t'JOS\ 'hKh mltU her
    rocu;..s.ed by each lftdl\ldu.al user. I.JI dOll\& thil. lake arc not 10 position the t)'e
    too d(M', Or 100 rar (rom lhe Ieos, (ot thit. the lic:Jd of view { .. lg
    21). the t')'e AO th:u ic (ocu.ssc.d "' infinity. c.a.n be done. by momcnua
    rily klol.iog at a <"bjcct. 11Ka, keeping boc.la c,.a ore' bring lhc CJ"O"
    lt.lu\. ttiO $h.&rp foe b) tile C)qliet"C" You liD)" Cmd lhil t bc-
    more c;a.Wy by the from the micra.pe. It caa tbu bc-
    JIIIC'Cd 111 (rOfll 01 the Qik you ob$ctw: disu.ftl \\'"hc:n rcrlacl'l the
    note lhll l.cycd ilcn oc the de ol tbe mtctMa'I>C' t11be lhc Crot.i,
    h.at> to be ouentc:d in the W0 (NS, E-W) ot 4_sO (NW. NE) po\itiOI'I$.
    The: N S. [.. W oricncaciOtl 4 u:>d mMt l'(MUmonly.
    m)(foscoptl ate equipped wKII thrtt objcclM krun.low ... lcrc..llllt.
    .1nd h,. ,. .,.fKMlo-and a fotttll. u oil .,.ftiC'rwoa kti fiW c.Jilu
    Eh 'en$ m.a.rl.ed .,..h Kries ol Dum bt-u., such u ..1()/t' to:S.
    IWitJ 11, v.h.eh mdtC.liC$ lhe objulivt ha. a m&&nifieah{llll of 40;( aAd a numcnc.tt
    uJ'I.'rlulf o( O.SS in a .,.,;lh n tube k"S'h oC Hi() mm, and d is to he
    nuct()M)Opc shdt'l covered ""'itll 0.17 nlntlhidt C0'\1.:1 11w: toc:al
    o( lh>e mKt06C,,fiC. (C ... cyc:p.c.ce) otlnot JOOOX: the nuiTI1.:ttC.ll
    4pcrhut .. S tbi$ arc Solid to be: e.tnpty. u llftiC' 1\ (lb.
    l.aloMd. tQ "llh 110 J,MIII ta Vet) bto; art be 14111
    lhoc: kM 4 no &t aD. The l.fll prod!M't"d a, of roc-
    quJ.hl)
    ()llJCW'e commooly mouncc:d on a turret t.ln l'C hy a bur
    kd -.N;cl. Dl"\rr turret b)' SMJ:\h.ng on chc lcMCS; -.,u Mt;1
    rrru .. fth QU'\C' of tht l:xh ol lhc: lc:o.K mlllol be cc:nlcrcd dh
    rr,rcct to the: un. of rot.ahc of alit: nunOKOpC." saa,c. Tk a..us ol rotOWI.IOa Q be
    llllklllfiCld th.J.t J"l't.ftl 0111 a ouaOSCOfiC' trhdc -hdl doo 001 "'"'" ben tht .. ii
    rl"'l-.tc4 By u:.t ._.,( CCMCri":g rm&' olf ... -. von ut,uu'-,: kft).. 1bb potnc b
    mu.,-cd lillt toinc::i..lc\ 'AIIh the un:.s,e of 1hc crO\\ ..

    :...

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    ;1

    ;-1
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    ;"I
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    :.:-:
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    -.
    -1
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    -
    -
    -
    -
    --.
    -
    -.
    -
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    --
    , .
    --
    ... .
    ="'
    ;-.
    -
    ... .
    ---
    ... .
    --
    ,. .
    --
    .
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    -- -.
    -
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    --
    - "'
    Con cut- t .,.. ,.._ r<r.H
    Mhu 411uwu '"" Ut4 f "'- I r.4
    ------------- ,,..w .. """ ..... ,
    -------- ( _,, ... .. , _._, } f-Uol ......
    -----u..,. _.., -
    F"!pfc 21 Cut Zc-i.M S1a.ndald Mia06COpC (reproduced w\lh pcnnisaioo of
    Cui 2..ciu, Ww Ocrmuy).
    have .c._ wtUdt is aarkcd iA Ot_grcq fOt
    A ,_. k.-kd foCnW o. the siclc ol tbt a-. (all be: to
    lock the. aap aDy cbited pot.i(joa. Sboukt the SU$.0 oat rowe enaty, tbe toc:t
    4
    i"S a:rew may JKit be 10<* enough. A number ol screw holes on the aurlace or the
    sta,e are for attadU.tJa aCSSSritt., tucb a.s a vad'!aatcd mecbaical ioiJCC or a


    'lhe wt.ta,e assembly ooosisu of three impcwta.DJ plrt..-ocoderucr lc:o.ses. apc.:r
    hare di.Jphrasm. and poWibQg filter. c:nlitc assembly cu be nc:kcd up or down
    but lo I>SCd I040tly U. lllc vp pooiboo. A .._, ..._...,. lc.. ......ally n:...U.. ;.
    ... q>Cial ,..0 .... - Ao - """ ... be llippcd ia ...... lcbt
    is re.ui.red for intc.sfcreDOC ragu:res. An iril diaphragm. whieh cootroU amount
    or llbt pauina lhrougb the mic:rOiiCopc, iJ opened Wld cklied by rotaling k.vtr.
    Coatrbt iD re.Uer bc::twc:c.o cae be ClQgCnled by s-trially dotica& thil& d&a
    4
    pl>np. Nonoally .... 0 ....... ,... pobriza, .. p>W, ... roller
    oo maQ mockra COCIStratM l;pt 10 .,ibrate oaJy ill An ctJ;t'lo'CSI diroe-
    tlon. On the pol11r is routbble, aod on tnJ otbcu it is oricn
    ted IDth-KMI-b Its Otkntatioo can be dctcrmiocd with t.bm scetM,a COCilJ.ininc
    .... nu. "'""=n= - ......... SlrocWY (..;a .._.. cbttcs<) 'ko ..
    du...-a;t ltaCU para!k.J the YibJ.U.O., dttcdioo of the potu 4
    The upper polar. or aoalyzer, co.wraitls licJtt to vibralc in a pl.anc
    W to l.bt ol the. pobr (oortaaby N..S). A lntt 011 the . ol tk aaicrOKOpC
    tl.lbc "CCC.U.e$ or iliclc:1 the aaalyttr .. or 001 ol the: OfhcaJ palL lmmcdiatdy below
    the Jnal)7.(-r i.s a slot (Of uucning. at 4SC' to the pJaDes ol
    atttS.SOI)' plates. as tbe Ci1storde.r red or tbc quam
    the a.A:tlyut is the. Bc:rttud kru., v.iudl caa be l'W\1"1 IICO lllc: 09(ical
    tor cb.c-nuc lftecrferc:au rcvra..
    Tic: micrmcope rocumd bolh the coarse and fine ad.tl1tmrnt knobs. Care:
    ml! be takeR in lAing lhc line .,.;.,, hip power objccti"YU. "J'hc. worling
    cL..an: bc1rt thc$c- kns.es 1lad 1K b IIUJ uuD (-0.6 au). U the
    rolnt ol (OC\f\ is and t.he JU:bOCI tl.is.ed 1.0 contad .,.,tb the len!>. 1.4lffi
    C"cnt bee tan ea:s.ily be applied whb tbc: line adJu!Amcnt knob 10 brenk
    tl\c ,!ide or d.l.m31c: the Ius. Ma.oy !Up power
    kn\U to a''Oid 1hi$ rrot*-ta. H yoa ate doublfvJ 'lolbcthct the KCIJoll u or
    t...lto. the ptMc: <A roc.. mate a c:hedt (rON the: JKtc ol tllc micrOIK'OpC thJI
    1hc kl;) IK'It ronractns the CIO\'tr tbp. Theo.. focus b)' lMrc:asnc the workns d1'-
    the rc,c.f1C. A common ptoblctn cncou.n.lctcd in !ocuuil'l&; undc.r high po-
    '*''t" u to have tbc. $lick (thiD scaioe) uJ$ck Bc:causc. the: tlwd
    IK\lo d. 111014. sJ.&w, sbdc'.t liS peale! dun 11rlc od.Jnt cL\lallltt d 1up pG"NCS '*'J
    lf\'C'J, lbCloC gnnot (C)('U$ throog.h l the k-ru.u arc. bu1h
    uo,c "'-th 0.17 tnmthid: t()\v tba1 de\\IIC (:.0.03rnm)
    fttwn \Iolli the qv.allJy or the lmJ.gc:
    If 11 become:' 10 dull :any ot tbt do $0 tWill leal lllo\\K.
    lht.!lhlfl$, 00 ltM nNm:+l!) dtpi.XIU \lr' IICf SO thltt &ngcr ptinl$ Qn be
    1rcd Jlr. Ether Qn be- used to remove more itubbotft ckpowU.. but UK ako--
    hl'll. for dus dissoh'< thlc ttmcllll k.s c.kDCob. Tbt lrOftt kiU c.lc-.cat
    m.aoy f"*"C' tS- WAC.I\C, tuc:h m:..\ei tho.c klUCI pa.nlel.lb.r1y U<Mt>
    tn clt"l" U1mott care mw-.t 1(1 l. ccp II"- auuo...,...,pc In a clc.an c:nvi
    ronmu1 at aiJ times. and a dusA """'tr iohouW he u...:d .,.hCI'I the: in. .. uu.mcnl b IIOC in
    ...
    6
    -
    0
    -
    :t
    :1
    -. '
    -
    ....
    -.
    -

    ....
    . '
    -
    t
    -
    I
    -
    , '
    -
    I
    -
    , I
    -
    ,. I
    -
    .. '
    -
    . '
    -
    0
    -
    Tbo velocity at ltpt po.ss.ing tbrouG,h (1)'51allin.,; wb,Lancca depends Ol'l tbe di-
    rocttXI ol p<plplioo relative co the. Ct)\lal sarueturc. Only i.n tr')'$l.al$ bdon.giltg
    to tX isocac:triC' ')"lea aDd mareti:ak, $UO u i$ the tk
    ....,. .aD &r.d..... .-1t. 1ok"NI 1IJ sn hr WICn'plit. Orkt Cf)1oUI&oe.
    .....t.IIMCIC:l arc a.Jjd to be: rUt is., tht wtccy o1 r..- ,'aric$
    ,.,,h direction the: aysaal. Akhoup vWtioas tft the: 'dxicy or Iicht are rc
    t.pomihle roc me! or tbe optical JlfO()Cfliu used to idcnrify mineral$, lhc:
    ot lgbt ilSdf ls 001 cktc.rmiDCd. v.-e lh\: tdr!&Ciive 1ndcx. whid1
    U. Lbe ralio of tbe vdodty olligbllo air to thM in lbe m.i.oer-1: that
    RcCracMe lodes (Rl.) Ydoc:illyie air I dotic1 ia
    Fron lbis: rcbtion. the index IS KU co be i.rtVCt1dr' rtbted 10 tiM::
    city ol lipl i:n the mineral Thus 11 mi.ncr-:tl with a high rdurti\<c iAda v.\11 t,.,.n.s.
    mit &ght more slowly I han one wilb li low refractive il"ldex.
    WKa ligbt Cf'Ccu an aaisolropic- crya.tal ll :o in IWO mu
    ,....,.. the oriaUI.ioM oJ y.'fWdl dcprod 011 the S)'lnMdl')' aocl
    orieatMio- ol tM: Cf)1ol& 1"k pette)tfpk 1lliuoKopc .a pobnzcd liP' in or
    dc.r to dctumiac: the ol the&c ,ibQtion due<tK'R.\ 10
    other optieal drc('l$ as&Oei.lted Yoith rh.i$ phcnomeoon.
    Ug.hr emanati.ng from the miGJ05COpe lo1mp. on JW$lng ttuc.ugh 1he IO'Io"et pol'r iJ
    CODf.traiocd 10 ,ibf.-e ia ody oae d&rcaiou.. ixich lA GIOSl microsc:opcs
    !l) 1"be: lichr ,.... roa the polar QO lkrdorc bt: h) a
    WIW 111M ,.,..CI i.a E\\ pbnc.. n.. Let hith & ,.a.id 10 be:
    pl;a.nc pob:tilt:d. "' cue o-.. complttdy b)' the uppc:r por;a.r. t..eb p;lS.StS '-""' \\bra
    llniJ on.ly iA a NS dirt.dioo. tr, we could rotate the pol.-r to a NE-SW
    direction. a!. c;an be done oo rc1eatc.h mict05Copes.. the p1an:pol<lrbct.l lcahr rising
    fron t.hc 10'";-er polar "''Ould tr:.nllmit a tomponc.nl of \itudon rhc: upper
    f'l('li..J. bul chc ampiJtude ol tbc: tr-aru;nuucd .... ,'C \li'CI'Uid he th.ltll that of the ori
    n.tl (F'ac.l l).
    PWncpo';arixd lif;ht, on u cr>lLIL "',ll C\tlf
    UUCI 1"0 cumponcnu that \\brate: it1 tbe: m11tually The \1
    j,utang i.n thC$C pl.1.nc.s will ooc. cxccpt in special Q.!.c' h:t\>: ttl(: &Jmc of
    rrOII.II).altofl. There tu<: one- or lo"' direttion.s in lniMitffl.l'ic a)'>tals illlong "'hkh the
    of lbc t"'' romponenu :tte identical. Thew' "J>CCU1 d.irections ;trt. k.nO\Iill
    a\ (t{IIK t:to. Cf)lol.ak onl) ()lilt optK un art l.fiO'IIPo-n at. uman.of,
    aftll chose '- two_ as bilwlll Ullt.Woli Cf)'){:.!) t-ea... 10 the ,,.,_....._ kg.
    for.U, 01" .. f .. S)'SICCIIJ. Iter-us the: OliO bcJonc h) lht Ol"thoo-
    rtwnibtc, momx:lr.n&c, ur lt&cbnic ")'lolcnH
    6c:awc 1he \'Clool)' ()( 1ighl \'&btal!nlt in difJerenl dirc.csio11.<. n anlt.ottopic
    tl")\lab t.'lti wi.lb d&tt.a&oa, $0 the: rdrach\'C- 1nda. In uninltl
    a muimWl'l and muUmlltD rdrxtM index oeed be cklinec.. btn iD ont:t... an
    W4llioftal itllt:RKdlltc \"""llule a:ua:Y be: P'C I >) IAIIll'*opc CI)'M.ll lhc dJfc:
    rtr bc-r-'Uft tlac .a:omum attd m&n&mum rdtKCJI."'C" ir. ld the Mfnn

    7
    A 8 c
    F'C\lf'e: ll l..af,h4 pas.Mg WCMIIh the lolrt.t pobr ot tbe aucrOMOpe:
    to ,ibfate only in an e.w lo A, the vpper polar, wbicb aUD'W'!. liGht
    10 \ibrate onJy io a fliS Wrcctkm. cuu <M Hnplctcty the J!,W potariud ligbt.
    and ao p.ac.a. tbc microscope lo 8.. tbe upper pGII;u bas bec.o rOC
    ted to ..s- pos.itioa. so th.ac a COGipoKDI (d' e
    2
    kd aapl.cudc) ol
    1bc EW polanud l.p. " u ...... <led. Ia C. \be pluc poluu:e4 liP< o ..,..
    to m two mut.Wiy pl&Du Ul u acisotropic
    r&L Ooc: ot lhcK cfuhoru I> the ""' the: Otbc.r the i.IOW vibration d.itC(
    tioa. B.nrh "hu h(ln a t"""'p;)flc-..1 io tbc f'l S vr tbc
    pu pob.r, buc bcc.:u&sc of tbc diffetcnt w:lociciu ol lbc CWO
    qvq an out ol pbs;c: ltc rccocnbukd b) tlic UJII.'Cf pol.v, a.od u IOlcrfucocc.
    colcr rcsa4
    8
    "'" .......
    """''
    ......


    ;:1
    ;1
    ;:1
    ;1
    ;1
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    ;:1
    ;:l
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    ;'1
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    ;1
    ;1
    ;'1
    ;:'1
    ;:1
    .:-:
    -

    -
    .
    -

    -- -.
    -
    -.
    -
    -

    -

    -



    =--
    -
    .. .
    --
    .
    -

    -
    -- .-
    _.,
    --
    Whco aa anQocr(lflic: miac:nJ Q. pba:d on the 5l.,C o( tk 1hc pbne
    pobrixd from the "el polar i$ irno tk 190 vibnlioo dirca.ioos
    pcmincd by that 0)'$01; these two dirca.iolu arc lllu r(:60hool iato ooe by the
    pc:r pobt (Fe. 2..2). BccaU$C lbc li&M iD dac. rwo vM darcct.,_ trawls with
    ,.11...,,. ,.lo<it;,. 1h< ,..._.,.- o1 ..toe -booeJ by oh< "1'1"' poi><,
    ....t - 'nc ..,_. bf Wda lbt 'tlleW!'I are a. ol
    u tile m.IIMDdwi, ckpc:ock 011 die differcacc .. wb:iua (hcacc: i:a
    tbt rtfndrw: t.diocs) ol the rwo dirca.oes a.nd tile tlaic:t:oes$ ol die
    Cf)WI;tllati&,
    Bcau.w: thin 50ctM>m arc oorm.aJJy SJMnd to a tbicbC'll of 3(+ J.l m, ia re--
    ttrclltion ruult primari'ly from ,'afiatioa5 iA relradivc index difrcreaccs (which de,.
    pcnCI on ayllal oric:nt.tlioo).. SmaU grlUM lhaJ do noc CX1Ud through the cruitc
    chidneu ()( a "'i l'l, bowc:.vcr, a.mallcr beeausc. of reduced
    thtdnes,.,
    <\ rct.lrdatioft or 100 nm ptoduees a g,ty interrt-rcnce whrru!l JOO nm pro-
    du<'Q a yt: llow" iru.ide rroat W.;r). Co!Qrt rquJ lng from rcurd:uions
    b<-tii<C'ft 0 IUtd SSO nm ate said to he Jim ordo. FirM red lo aec
    Otdcr blue as l1lc: rcwdatioa iftueases a1xwe .S.SO run. Sco.lCIJ 1.11d hi&bcr orckr co-
    lon fCpt'<lll 11 retartJ..cioas "iUcb arc a:ullbpks ol $!50 Ara, brut tht highc=r the ort.!c:r
    the k iNCMC.' G Lbe color. for CDmpk, rnc. order red clp red, -hett:s:s
    dw4 order red G rirWsiL
    II tk directioN i.o u aaaMJtropt 0)1l.al ve tf(atcd so ti to par.
    kJ lhc pobn.. 110 ..,_ G lluoucb tilt m.cr06CIOCI(:. afMI tK m.inc:nl G
    toltd 'o be i The or-ical.a.tOIIo o1 uti.MtiOII pcMi!IOftl lth rc$pCd
    t<J eckoad'...t'lk U)1Utlopaphic dit(('liofts, s;w.b u Cl')"tal '"''n pbnc.:s..
    (It dt\ pr01o'icb U5dut
    111 dJtion to enumiofl posta.iocu ll is to Mkl)llfy ('r the cwo mu
    j"lt:frt:ftdltullr dirC:diOI'lJ the This, dOne; h)' r01a1in&
    the w-in 10 the; poi.it;oa and iMcrtift an !Mlta.Mll) pl.acc:. .weh a$ the
    fui.l (!of dtf red (>I'IC, in the slOt ptO'tided. The (aM and \'t\>rtlli()n dltCC:CiOn$ in
    the: rlatc urc; mukcd (Jn the piJIC:. ShoukJ thC)C C:ClffC'IIpon.d .... >ith the fost
    .ind $1Cl"" dirc.ChOn!l in tbr mineral. their combined dfcct will be 10 nttea:.('. the rc
    t:udtOft ;md rroduce a higher ordc.:r co!Of. On the <Mhcr hantl, i! the fast \ibution
    ducth<WI in the pla1e par.itlc:k the drcct'ton an minnAl. th<' combined re
    t;mhhM ,.;u be aDd kJo.o.1:r order col;,r ruult 11M: lntcrmcd;)IC,
    an.J \.I(I'W 1n 011 C7)31!1J 3..1'1! l.tl'lckd a,), ::.!Mf I IC\JieCIIVCI)
    r 01' mu"'rlk tbt- fl.tSl order tC.d pt.IIC' l\ I fOM'CftiCI\l lc:.UU')' ckCCf
    mfl8!l the f<ot and \ibtatioo duc.CCJOM. Tile: rct.ard11Ufl i hipl)' bitc(tia
    JCfiC mncul'- m.l) pvc sltd b.pt order cuklts tk addrioll 01 subtrat
    ,..,. of f1111o1 Otdcr red m.1y DOl produu a eohcublc cc*w ctuncc. For SDCh C11C:'S.
    tk qU1/ ... (:. t.Us be: USed As tile Ul40 tllc a.c:UUf)' ... u lll
    ac .... 1htd.cr ol 4twt1 16 dllradlK'C'd IMo the tJptQl pxh. Ia this
    .,.,.,_ the lfaOU.III ol 16 ..au.d aM.I t ('()lor cbac:c that is
    ddc:reiNe Tile: wedp: no abo be 10 dc'lc.,.unc; tile 01
    t')' tC(.ItD: dst p2m lDlC. &ht: 1.s- f'l"'lhOIII th.ai a11p$ &he r.u. dt
    11100 tft the mir11;ra.l tbc s.low d&te:thoe lA lht A\ the we. a. sloMo.f)
    9
    -nod, lk on1cr al cloc ..,.,.. ..;u IIOIJl c1oc .,.;.. ..,.. blad. n....,
    &lowty tbc wccf&c. COWl& the orclcr ol coloN. as tbey i..crease to the initial
    oolor. Tbe birt!ringeoco c&Q 1.bcn be de1crmioc:d (rom the color cbm: oo 1bc ini.idc
    frOD.t cover.
    paui.ac: rro. one to IIIOdler ol diuuc illdu " rc
    ltauc<lby .. - ..... by!Wlh ,_,
    .&.1....1 Jiaj
    RJ, I tin r
    wtlcrc tho various tenru &tC ckf'UICd 1ft f"C. '2.3. Wheo a fl)' O( li&ht pa$$C.i from I
    ol lower 10 one ol lhpct rcJriCti"e iftdex. tbt rrt d nfraacd towanb the
    aona&l to U.C PKt:rfacc.. with plki:M r-..h'IG.iYc. iDdcx 1hu
    U.C.w wrocud 8' 5pc tcock to be coocat..-ed lbowe the .,.. (F.. 2.-3). If
    &f. bs a i.odc:x tlwl lhe IUITOUOtl... the tip.t teach 10 CIOtl
    tratt MJ' the 8y roawu.a above tbe (inueasiog the WOfLins
    . ,, ,;";
    - - 11 ' 111'1 ,

    2
    f
    I
    \

    11)>1 11
    F18\IIC 13 Lipt p:wing hom a mc.djucn of higher rdnttwc U'ld.;.t tO one of
    n(t.chve indc.a (ft.l l > R.L 1) b refracted IOWVcb 1hc DMmal 10 the ntct
    flu .cc.ord&q to Sacll's bw. wbc.rc i " dac a.ogk ol !Mtdc:DCC aDd r dtc
    of tc.fracbOO ol lK ttal RcJriChOII of Lgbt b) IIUA(td pauu hll\'t
    a t.chcr refractrC lOCka: t.b.aa llul ol thea m lq:hl bc-u'C
    aoa:cUatc:d bo.':wc: tbc; &JIIIl, D )Ce for COIY\"t"lg"COI pa1Jid lfl4 lor
    CWO d.tfl'ctcftt.S.hlped pli.tu. II the rcfrtetrvt' Uldea of the minctal were lw
    chaa that or chc the lichl would be concentrated ovtr the
    di.Jil
    10
    ;I
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    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;I
    ;1
    ;:1
    -
    -

    -;

    -
    . .
    -
    - .
    -

    --
    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -
    .. .
    -

    -

    -

    -
    - .
    -
    -.
    cliJa&n.cc) a toK ol or BU h'M, w.i.U be '"-" o mOt uno 1he ma
    lial ol rcJr.aivc incb.. lo tbict this allowi lhe
    iDd:r ol .,..... lO dctenai.Dcd relative. 10 thai ol lk11 wrrou.o&:.a gailts or
    __.._ IDcdima Tbc lum ,.., rt!cn to tbc dUrcrccu io rdrattiYt: iMex
    becNCU tlrlc iDttal ud the: acdi... Priof IO tk uc ol qKIICic:s.. Car.t.ad:a
    ....... wd a.da: ol U31. -- tk -- _.._ ........ .-,....
    .,.. a taipu rdrac!M: iadc:x tba tsn poililfft rebel. tkMe
    ........... ...,..;....del.
    Tk "*" """""' ...... llUa - ...... pboe-poi>Rwl "PP (l?P< pob-
    tiltr dc:PQds oo lhe color ol chc liPt source (DOtmalty v.hite.) and the. wa
    of ligbl absorbed b)' the mineral. Not DJI w..vdc.naths that coastitule
    whle. 1i&b' are- absorbed to tk a.ame elllcnt by a nineraL Prcrerc:rnial
    abwpcion ol colon at 1he end ol lbe apcdrum &iYC.S 1 mineral :t bluish color
    In ltaosml.uc.d light. or blue li@,hl ma.CJ I:IC nlineral appe.ar red.
    Furthttmore. a.nisot.ropiot mine1114 may a.lorb di!Tcrcntly in d:ill'crc.tu dirtions.,
    ""''b the ruult 1h111 they co10f whet racatcd in plafW! polari;oc.d light. Tbl!
    t;MJ rise to the propc.rt)' koOWil -.s pldJCJiroism,
    Tht Opekal l ndkalril<
    The variatioo lo ildc.x u1 an0011ro,.c Cf')\lak tS
    cne y rcprac:ntcd by a l.;M'IO'JI an optieal mtk.twu
    2 ... 1. II a u e.Dipsoid io "bid! tbc 'fttor rrorn tiM: 01""' to the wriaee ci'u
    tbc: C'J tile: rclnctiwe ioda lor tcht \inlilll u1 lhaa dtr
    c-. Wllluo the ayaal. tb: 1igbt a to 'i:lntt 1'1) mwully pc:r-
    pcrdaaabt pboca., lk t.raccs olila arc the IU.liUIIIvm aDd lftiWIIIft ua o( lite cl'lip-
    td tbe aorN to the dart1101 ol llpl prOfPliOn;
    '"" ... .- pboo or .- ,.... _..., rfis. 2-5). "-'""' r.. .- pw>i
    ot 0f1CK uea.. tbae r--o ,;bf;atiaa cLrcctlotas .,a ha"VC. aeqwl .met
    tJua dJrucrw rcrr.aM: indis.
    In uruw.a.J crystab, tb3t is. v,.i\h ooly onoc optiC ws. the utdlcatri't b
    U c1l1ps,oid of revolution. The alii o( re\'OIIItioa the o,itn.ton dirc:dioa of the
    ray (c). The rcrracti'\e IPdCl: rot baht vibrallng in th6
    drcdion b eommonly desip:tted by cbt Greek tcurr ep\iJoa (t). The orcubr M::C
    t'oG or the clhpsoid i$ the ,;twatioa dircctian or the ouJiniH)' ray (o). pro-
    Nillina pcrpc:nditula.r to this $Utioa c.n \ibute in nny tadtal dtrechon and it
    wil l the ume velocity or vibratW,n direction This di-
    rca.on U. bovon as tbc opti< 4nS. The in6u fOol lhe ordiiHiry r-ay i$
    C'OI\mOftly h) the letter omep (wl. lr the index for the C).1ra-
    ('rcliruf)' ray u. pnlcr tbao fOt the ord111.uy '"Y { r >w;, the Cf)1UI .s sa1d to
    ha""C a pontwc ir t <"' a i .. "tJ."''ln't' (F c. 24)
    l\c ror ba&xi.a1 cryg.2.1 (1'0 UC'l) " tr..ui.al til
    ilda \he u:fr.CSn'C mdis auoQMc-d ..,.la tht lau (a), .otcrmcchalc ()'). atld
    a,low. (1) vibraliOD duciorb Art lk ol tbc t!wtt prtDC'i:p.al &xt:S (F"c.
    l..C) T'IK utd.ec$ e:a tkK d.lcai!OM art rcfcrcd 10. rcs.pccln'CI)',
    alfha (o). bela (JJ), and pmnu (")- T-o mcul.u \COMIOS W.W .. ltW.IUI dlip-
    w-1 Tk do-.10< ..WO. kw lap. -..-.a 10 ..tt.ct ol lh.e 1&
    10 of tM (ll) Tk t101m.ab to lhe nrcubr scaioM an: tbc
    '< at'C'.t, aod 1hc .a:npc Nt"'rr-o tk o the- fV'fjC IM(t, or the:
    II
    UNIAXIAL
    BIAXIAL


    I
    I


    0
    positivt
    positive negative
    ....... 2-4 n. opbcol iodicalria ;, - ol .. """ .... lbc -
    0: die rm.m.e iodc:l ( distaocw; (roaa oris:ia to $.W{JC!e of ror t
    vbr-atiaa ia that particu!ar direction iD u aAiso- ttopic a iaeral. lo uniaxi11l
    miocrala. tbc inditltrix is an of wb0$C c.quatorill pt.n is
    Wwt.r wovp u.c clllpfo0'4. uavdfiag o0t01.al to
    lllo plooc .... lbc ..... "'OoQQy (eqoal ,.r,.., ... Uldu) <tpdl= ol - -
    * cllrc:.aioa; uo.iqlac: is Uae optJC 1\t biuiaJ ift&catrix
    t:l ui.uiaJ ,.ilic:b lw rwo circular tcdiocu tbto.-gh i1 (shaded) and
    tv<> opci(' 1.1e$ normal 10 the5e. Tbo a<:utc ugk. betweeo the optic axes is knowa
    u 2V. The pos,itivrc oegative .Jp ate i.odi.eatcd,
    tal il ..aid to be posirfw if tbe alow vi'brWoo dlrc.aioo, z. lies i.n tht. :treutc
    optic: &Jtllc. .M nCJilllw U the rue ._ OttVpic.l. this position. Ia
    CC)al;moa tbc ac.K uck is rc.knc.d 1.0 as tbt opoc aft$k. BYI oftco II " a.-
    \I'CGX:III. c;a;periaDy ""' nu.Denk w.."hc.rc 2V Me.as.u be-)'Oftd 9ft With V.UI.It MMII
    m 10 rcJcr the oprie lDgk 10 a paninl]ar &Di.. for eumple. lV.
    Pb..K polatized lip! c.oteri.tle a rar.u:lom.ly otteotcd O')'WJ CIO tbc: sta,c of the
    aicr-OKOpC will be iaco r'IWO ptfPC'..r...,,J., W.ac100 d&t1iocas.
    O.C cl dick _. a CJ')'IUrl anlll bt the atdaa&ty W.aaioo cllttt
    tioa cr .. l S). Tbc: Ulra-ordm.vy duutioa.. bowc'<'tr ..;n DOl be the m.uimum va.J.
    ue lbc: itldiallh d tying io !he pot.itioe W\lh lhc e directiOCI on
    tbe stap of lbe m.icrceope. Lo 1 powtiocl, lhe:rdore, lh .. vt.'bratioo clir
    tJoe il ,. A onc.atcd bt-el CI')'Mal : lt.nc aooc vi tbc:
    ....... .... ol .... oo<liauu """ .... pl... "' .... .... .. (F"os- 1-$), 10
    tDe w-.bta&io. dirc:a.ou are referred to a, )'. lAd r 10 iftdica1e tbc
    ala lllcy 014 d0$C.I)'
    u

    -
    ::1
    ;1
    ;1
    ::1
    ;:1
    ;1
    ;:'1
    ;"\
    :1
    :1
    ;-,

    -

    ...,
    #'
    --'
    -

    -
    -.
    -

    -
    # I
    ;"i
    -
    ,.. .


    -

    -

    -
    #' I
    -
    .. I
    -

    -
    .
    -


    :"1

    :-1
    :-1
    .....
    :11
    \.
    l$ Plaac:-pol.ariz.cd tipt pASitl& tbloup a rAAdomly Otienle:d
    p-ain lA a thi.n sedjon (th.a<kd plo.o.e) "'ill be to vibrate 'n two mu-
    tuJIII)' ditCiON. In a uni.axial Ct)1tal, o:.e or lbct.e dirce:tlot'l5
    alwa)'l rorrespood$ to tbe ordinary vibratioo di.rtQioa (o). but tbe u1raordiAa
    ry d.iteetioa in most oratadclllli ._;u be ka tb.aa the aw;imum pouibk at1d is
    lbadotc: clesipaced by c:', Ia a bi.axW Cf)"'al OCJlber ol lk vDatioo datc:c
    hCiail occ:d a::ncspood lo llilc x. y, or z Wnltces.o &has tbey we dcitpMc:d by
    uy rwo of 'f, 01 T, dcpc:acfUic. oo ibm ua ol t!.: iodicattu arc: cbcs&
    co the ""brlioo dittiocu.
    8ec:aiUC the iDdiatn;x ii u gpr"* ol * U.Ccrac:lioa of bf,bl. -cb the
    CJ)'IUJ "RdliiiC: o/ I IDUI(f a1. &he oricoc.atio- ol tk OIIUl obey lbc rc--
    $1fCI"'* pos.c:d b)' of lhc n-. bcc:aUSt an ... uaa CI'J"'
    ub bckln& co the: Of tcua,ooaJ system$,. the opc..c &XU
    ID\IR be dtc C aya.!allographic UU. 'Tllc or biuial O')'ReJi. llltcwi$.c:,
    rUlricu the oric.nutioa of t.be indi"'trU. A tnifi'Of plane. ((If example, locc:ea ooc
    ol tbe principal ues ol tbc i.odkatriA 10 be tloQrmtl 10 tbe minor pluc.. Only in
    the lridulic 1}'\tem is the iad:iatrU Cree to on uy oric:ec.atiOG.
    RdractM. iodic:cJ ia lbG m&RAI arc rdc.ncd 10 tk vibf MtOa dar-
    ._ ..,.b o1c1a IKy _,upood < ...s o. .... r ...s l ..o.. * - ohe
    kllc:n ( udw. Ofo,,.. uch). n# it dooc: bca\GC. cA dac: COO"W:aacacc ol
    tabb ot.bc;r prope.rta - -bada cu abo be tO thae 4ir1ioN.
    Obo<noloo ....... c ...... ol< LJch
    Vodet DOtmal ortho$copie ltght P3S$C$ throu,sh a lhio ftiol!l either paral
    lei to or 11.1 .Jtght angk: to the nis ur tbe l loweo'CJ, when the. upper
    coodellloC.r is a:wuag iato the optical a stronaJy COftW:tJSt!BI te:Lm ol lijht
    duccd.. Uaht rays risilllt tbrou&h tM center ol Lbe kfK '"'!! u;u
    ly U.Cidc:DI Oft tbc: d.U. sect.oa. hul those lo-."'a!d$ the c:dp: ol the leas (C)M"C:'IC- at
    looJ>C' ....... A ..,.. .. '* lllo o.xia ol lllo """- lh .. loti
    n)1o d JiPt pa$1 11 muy difl'aCIII darcctiou. W" pobn
    t.hc:le prod!XC u opc.ic:al r""re .... the Nd: roc:.aJ rbftC at tJe objedhor. The
    figwe is oudt 't'i!iiblc by iDser1i11f, the 'krtrand lens or tcmO\i.ne the ocubr. A btgh
    powtr :JbjeQi\'e wilh lrgc. ww.-t be used (Of I hi.<. wort .
    Cc113ider, (Qt Lhe tfr:l II uniaxia.l mi.ncraJ I''OUIIJ b1...-e 0C1 3 C'Otl\'tfJ.Cftl
    bdim ol bgbl i( the OS'Ific axis to tk mJ(JOMOpe. Ra)'Jo
    ol lipt riaillc. throap tbc: Mer of llw:: COO'f\':r&Ut lc. be t,.ruuucd
    lhn>uP 111o ...,. .. ,...nc1 ,.,. ""'" o.xia (roc 2-6). ne .otw.oo.
    ol lip: lA Wth ray, bcUc ftC)If1UI to 1he dircd ol oa.. prodvcc a hori
    7.0e1Al O-tcuiiJ t.'lion t!uo.q;h the indieatru.. Croutd polar" \XIl'ltpleldy dt.
    minale thi& ligtlt. and thus the: central p3n or the fttld \lo\)Uid tppcr dJrk. Str(lfl'
    ly conYCrgt:nl lig}ll rising from lhe wc.u toward\ 1hc 'liSt would rise 10 an cl
    liptfcal scc:IM>n lhroogh lbe IJidi(',:trix. but beaU$C lhe ...;m-ati.on dirett iOilf> pan1l
    lei tbe pol.ar,. lhi:,. o( liJbt 01l\O be c.lut'lltl<'tc:d Coe\""Cttent ligllt
    from tile SW II)'Wo")rd$ tbc N-E "'NW abo aa cllp4te.al sectioft duou,:h 1M ,
    dicacra. .,_. bcQW.C the vibr011 dir1ioas wou&d be M aa a.gk lo lk robt'-
    .o.W be Surulu Colkwo (or light lhc Mhcr
    qwdralb \\'hen all poibk tJ)' p.a1bl arc COIUJdc:rcd.. It " C\ldc:ns lhll
    r&rU ol the io utmcliOfl OU11ine I cb.rl. C'fotJ. l. nown U 011 UrtttU'NII Pptlc
    fYI"'C Th<: or thh nn\l rC Ill(' k.l\0'411
    Th: color or li&)lt ttaiWilhtcd in ut:h ol the nf t uni.ax'"' tlfl'lic
    ragute OCI lbe ol the miner .. J 11nd lhC J!.ftt.lc of ttli'I\C:fCCriCC of
    hgbt ... hioc.h nrio QdWJ)" ... .-h 1he duu.oc:c from the IWcr .t tht r.curc
    uuc dc cdfc ol the- (dd ol 'ic-w at a grc,..cr "Cic
    tUI lltat tile fttc-J, Ill pu.10 IWCM.Ib lhe Cl}'\tlll at a pnU."'r aJigk to lk t'f'IIIC
    am. -'\ a abc more con'"'&r"nl fi$)11 C'dut.l\ grc:xn bsft:frul('ntt. <"<ncc:n
    tnt lj,(l("hromlitiC ri.np m.1y "'"ound optic bl\ .r the th1.: muw:
    t:,t.la\ ,.,,Hkicntl) grc!lt.
    Tht )'f,l\ ()I II UnJ:L'WJ mlft(ri\1 (',m be: cktermim:d rr(l'n Olfl UflClC ll:U\ r
    gurc In res 2-(o ic .. ,u )CCI\ tM C'\.C''} \C(IIIltl the IRdialru fNIIU:d
    b) the ra\ COftl.tiM the '*"''l(lft ductl.na. AI :.,.,.:lc"
    to ADd ltnc' " a aonJW""CftC ol the: , .. ,. c
    Whc-ft .he f11U.nrder red acttlclo(W)' phiiC il. lhc turn rtd nJ tht
    cNor.t. 111 qu.adrAlt. ln<.'ft:.J'oC m d<'f'C'1'lchl'lg M o..hcthcr
    the ,;t, atM dncCIIOil" ' " lhC'..C qu.lldunt) .and 1.n the :.CS!ol\fY i!l;alc m;atch {If r
    0."11: .ancMhcr. Tbt r .. \ 1 d irCC'IlCII'I 11'1 l'ICCC\s.nf)' pl.db ,, r.uulld
    lo lu knph H the 1\ fi'Ct\lti\'C (R.I. , > "' ), a.' the c;u.c 1n thn c.um
    pic, 1 .. 1 vthro!Jlllf. pa.r).)kl 10 tht ,,,\' "111 thJfl th.tt pit'
    r.-llcl I) tht OfJn-'1) In tlk S\\ .and [ Qll"lf .. .w, the-
    r.t'l( -. ... 11 h:- '" clut the- ...... - ,...... M doc
    bl. " dcc:ru.1e. for curaplc, to \1;ll.w. la tbc ' (. .1ftd
    the ra.at4M10ftto m.al(:h, nd lhc lfllufcruK'C a"-" n,ru..c, t ., cumrk, to

    -

    -

    -

    -
    -.
    - -.
    .....

    -

    -
    -.
    -

    -
    , I

    -
    ,. I
    -

    -

    -
    "' .
    --
    , .
    -

    _.
    , .
    -
    .
    H
    0
    ,. )
    I_

    IIOT
    llk101 ....... 11(
    "'"
    -
    1-6 ol a uaa&.'WII optic: a:cis fcwc "PP p&SSUC
    dlroqJI a MIMfai ql!l IU optic onc-oced pm1llcl IO tlk &.'OS ol
    tbe ._;:u ,lbf;tlc. ,,. the to dircct!OM indn cd bt the
    ucs ol tbc cU1ptica.J loCCliOC throop the iodK .. InA. Where 'ibuhoo
    ducaloM par.llkJ lhC pol:ul.Qtioo planes o( lhc pol.il$, C:Ciut<:hon occurs.;
    they do n01, i' trarumincd. The: color ol lhc Ulm\mucd dc-
    pc:nds OCI the bi.rdr.ngcncc ol the mineral: also the intcrfocnce Cltl<ltt. lnctcaM:
    0\llwatd :and may product CIJt'lnuk isochrtlm:uic rinj;l. lnM:ttkin ot a
    dcr n.:d lleUUO) plate cau\C). to red. Tl\c: mlelfcrcn coll)fs
    m the ,ar;o...s Or (ktrt<doe frum fin.lcwkr rcd on
    .,bcthcr the 111 the .ctc:Moc:tty p1 .. 1c IC' or whUoM-1 frc'lm the rc:
    '" exh qu.adranl r,. ptNII\'\' the N"" nd qw..tJtltlb
    ilik 1K NE a.ftd '- \\ qu.lld.tanl" hno NYC' Th: Pf'l'f"'4IC ot'tVI\ '\111
    acpcivc miftt-t 41.
    Ofdc' If the nuntul h.ll.l IM.:plt\1:, !'W qu.rJnl\1 "'''ul'll hJt.T li'IUC:t!t<d
    to NE "'''lolkt h.Jc- t.k(1'C,1\4'tl ' " )olllw. Muwf.al\ v.11h tuph buc:
    fnng.:nc:e \\.;u howe mn)' i.Mwhrvmal!( 1inp. v.hrh m.1\t< 10 blut M
    )'\"IICM' ncar the uptk ll.li\ rMrKuh to ""c, In .. th.c: Clu:utt ""'tdt:.c t'osn
    be to the in

    Fcv p.. ill a tW. sec:6c. are li.kdJ eo cite CJriearKioe ....,... ia f"ll-
    u (tlae WI ..,.u. io ..,....._ _, ortloooeopk liP< ..-. lloe ...... is ,_.
    d). 1/ lloe iodic.uria .. ooly &lipdy tllccd, tloc ope;., .,.;. ,.;u oclll be .....
    seaa in the fidd rl view. ccocer ol tbc aOI&, v.ill f'()tatc uound the.
    axis of the mkrOACOpec as the. Aage is rotated. bu1 the i&OI)Tc:s will m&lDtJin lbci.r
    E.W or N.S oricfll.llollaa. & ... a lf the ceatet o( tho crou tbc rdd of .-low
    (Ftg. 21), its loeatioa cu be lntc.rpreccd from Lbc way tbc iso&)'ru
    Ktou tbc licld. 'The. ip ol lbc: mineral caa also be; dctc:miocd iA tbcsc otf
    ocotuod 6pu .. toac .. quodnou ""' w..t;rocd. It be ... ..,..
    liad tbt ooce tbc opcic uis CDO"a wd ol the field it i:J to cli$Cia-
    pisll fro- a bCatial ooe U a ....U 2V.
    ""''
    """'
    2
    3
    2
    3
    Fiprr !7 Varlo\K optical (tptn (rom a unaa.UtJ FrOftl 1op to
    bOCII){n' Centered artie axis (rgu:rc:: H eM optte am liu OUIPde the. field
    of lew. a t.rt.Jabt v.iU sweep the fickt as. the r.tagc il fOCIIc:d,
    .\bowo ln chc $Ut:((S$h-c. I, 2. and 3. f( cbc optic W \l a long
    qy out or the riC:Id ol 11\rw. 1bc:: isofD'rc will bend .. , the: s&JIC U rotacc.d and
    dlC r-.\Uc: to.: wAfwcd rur biUJal oM 1ft tbc: c::c:otet< nub nprc tbc
    btu.b up aod lea-.u the: (acid ol \"'("o alter OGI! rew dcpcu cJ.
    rotiU)O. 1k boc:Yrc. io lbos.c: q!Udtaou tNc the: opt..: uu.
    16

    ::..

    :::f
    :"1
    ;1
    :1
    :t
    ;-1
    ;-1
    ;-1
    ;-1
    :"1
    ;1
    ;t
    ;-1

    ;1
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    _,
    -.
    --
    -.
    --

    --

    -

    -
    ...-
    -.
    -

    ;--.
    --
    -
    .. .
    -
    .. .
    -
    .. .
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    Jl the optic ms ot oaiaxiaJ aaiaetal lie& oa th6 " t1 lbo ictolcopc.
    ioterfctc:DCe fipre obtaioed is bawD as a jW/1 Chla ftl:t lhi& orieo--
    wioo - lk - .-.. Wka .. opck ... ponlle.lo ... d
    lk ....... lk ._... "'"" --- 0'0& Oo --. ......... lk
    ...... - qu;.tly ioto --........ - _ _,.
    kw ..,_ d - ........ ;, f'il. 2-7, .. ...,. .. - ... - d ftc-.
    t. t.t that ('(IIIII(.._ the. (lflrir _.... II tr lA dde.tai:ae:
    ...... d ........... ,_._ tkopck.,.;,.w...
    tioa ill lltc tklw or !ul 'f'ibratioo dft.cl:ioo.
    oo.......... &pr.. IAit .,. ...... tloe opck ... ..... tloe fla&ll ..,._ pooi-
    .... ... ,.,....,. ._... lUI .,. cricoud fi.W H.$. As tloe .. --
    lk ll.uh ... boweoer, lllc cod d tloe ...,... ..., ... lllc !Iaiit r...., ...... dis-
    tine! CUIVIIWC: aod may be mislateo Cor a bi.u:ial r....,c (Fie,. 1-1). II l.bere is ID)'
    deUx about the ideotity ol SUtb it but to turd for tiiOtably
    paia.
    A biaxial tr)"Cal b...,U, aoy one of tbc ptl!M:Ipal vibrtdo ditcc:tiollll of the iD
    dklltbc plt"alkl to the *Xil of 1hcl miuoscope aM ocher two puaUel to the po-
    lus wW eJ.hlbil ao iDrerfereoce that reKcmb'u the uni.ui.IJ Optic W fi
    guro. tNt is ttOIU. Oo rotatiDg the however. tbc. creu bteW up iDto twO
    q.u. n.e <Wil<ios r.gu.. oo the O<Ocotatloo <1 11oo bacli<auix. Tbo
    maO typt1 of interfertDC:e fpc ud their relMioo to tbc bdietuil an sbow'o iD
    F"c. U fOt a cr)'tiCallh.al hu bcera iDio tbe SO pcioa.
    II tho J ,;o,.,loo h<dloo ponlkk tloe axis d tho oboacope. a J1411o />-
    - .. ......... ,... <=bb ... ......... - ""'" iD IAit .. ...,. ..
    .._ lk fdd -pl<tdy ... .....loo d kw ..,... (less
    lor ..,.... ..... 2V ocar 90'). FWio (cwa an -. lor t1ocy Mka1i1J
    cryKIIb tUl UYC lbc a aod z wibnboo .,cctJOM a. u.c IC.Ip of Ck lllicrc>
    ol ClliDdioo ucJc:a., for ca.p&c. com...,. require lhat

    U t t or vibntioa dirc<tioo pualle:k tk allis ol die microfc:opc.. a IN-
    uttv rpc is obtaiDecl Tbc biscwi.x cu be K\ICC or obt* dcpeod.Ulg 00 UK
    arlf,lc. Wheo 2V 91'1', lbc;rc iJ DO diMWctioo between tbc acute (BXA)
    and obtusc (BXO) (1gW'e&. l-8 a poailivc. mi.oc.raJ moderale
    2V; "''beo the t. -.ibfatioa direaioo p.uaUeb lhc. axil ol the microscope., a 8XA is ob-
    tained; wbea I parallels the axis Of tbe mjc:roscope, I 8X0 l\ obfaiooi,
    M the iJ. rotated lo the f> posltton. lbe c:rON of 1 ceOlered BXA
    Opc:ftl (1'10( raptclly, as ith a Oash (tpre) u the acparale loto the
    quldran11 cont..tinlnt lbc: optic ues.. Tbc optic ucs c.a.o be ickntU'ICd u tbe poial.l
    or pt.ltUI Ol:r'Y'lhlft. of tbe isogytcs., mel il IDII.'ICtaJ i. WOQ&Iy bVcriagcnt,
    Ut.hromahc ,.;u Corm a fcwc cicbt pa.ucra witJ, the opoc: axu ac lbc c:eo
    len ol the two arcb. M bag tbc opdc ..,tc rc...- leu tbu abouc ss>
    (tlaa. vtlut ck.pucb 011 the Ieos aptnarc a.od the RJ. ol tK mlDCral). lbc opc:K
    Del will rc.aaio U1 the ftekt ol. view. It tbty j1llll kat t.k ot V)CW, 2V m\UI
    b< lloP<I)' p<atu .... ss'. 11. ............ lky lea< tk 6cld d .;.... ....
    bdcwe tlilt M-ace: W beeo rot.al:ed 'lV be larJ!C. t. &A caaa.
    tbcrc may be: nc:utaioty "' to wbd.bu you uc dc.aJioc "'ltt. a aKA or BXO Mi$..
    ol tk (tpn:: c;u k.d lo - .,.. 4d--"-- h i&
    tllcrdore pcdttabk 10 Ill optic am fipre.
    17
    ...
    -
    -
    '""
    ''"
    BXA
    OPTIC
    AXIS
    Fiau1e l.S Mau' t)'PCJ of feura -.ic)a 1 mineral. AJI ue
    .hooro route\! 10 the 3" por.IUoft.. ate USI:r oa
    the acute btsc:ctN (RXA) al'ld OSMc a:ui ligurea., beuuse the y v\bratiol'l dit
    tOn 11 tante<"rlli:al to the at iu polflt or mwmum cv.rv.uurc \likl'l the fi .
    sure i\ 11'1 the 4f> poliiiOI\ Tile MJcnti1y of the OCher Yibtation dircC
    ltoa (11 or 1) an tiC' cktcttnined with an pl3tc. 111 trus example. 1hc
    " pmuwc (&ec ICXI for upltusation). Tbc 2V un l)(. utlmalcd !rom the
    CUI'v.lii.I IC or tiM: l!oog)TC in the 4j0 pcitiOCI.
    W11ll a in the 4SO po!lltOI'l, tbc )' tibration dircctton
    the Optc a.\CS ond Um&cnttal to the m the opcic
    (F"tg. 21)- Whcthtr 'I " faster or )lower thu the other V1.bratio1 dirtioa tx:
    dctc:rmir.cd .,..,,,h u c"''-Of)' rl;atc, In rumple, the arn 1ht
    ,.vuiJ IJm hii.'C, af\1.1 t hcrdOfc: y lhc ilow vibrll iOD ducclton. The other \ibn
    1loa ftll.l\1 he ,._ 8\' 1hc:n.. 1 muM p.ltaUcl uc U l$ of 1bc m1
    CfO!>COj"t and an I hot KUit' l'!tW:dflll. The mineral u 11\c:.rtforc
    A niCtt'd OflhC aut. fiji:\lrt' C'OI'I\I.SU of I IK'C)'ft'., 'h.cb fOUile$ around
    bkc propclkr at. the Mate b tOIMtd The may tun't n tht aysaal
    rotated aftlo 1hc SO Tbc: a.nc;aAt of n.natu:rc dcptoch oo tbc op.ic:
    (Fo. l" If :v lh41 oi.OCY' ., Mr...pl, J 2V - rf> (...,;"
    tbc c-un't 9f.f. The of tbt lor vari
    OUi 2V's, F'UU til 2-K tht .. _so po;.!IIOft lk 1i CIOa
    ''C'' lCW>l.uh the BXA.. afld the ) ,,..,_.11011 duedll()ll " to the: t>CCY'C at

    =
    :"11
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    ;-.;
    ;""ii
    ---
    ,.
    --
    ,.
    ---
    ,.. .
    ---
    ,. .
    _.
    -.
    __.
    -

    -.
    . -
    tho ot><i< ulo, tho 0p ... bo io tbe ...- wo:t lor o BXA r.p.. If
    il aaaoc be delenailkd ftich side cl tbe ilocYTc il OCIIIIYCI., alp c:aooo& be cfe..
    tualocd. nio will """" odf -., lV --9(/', lo - case tbere is
    .. ipiCIQ-10 cJcunUailiJ ....
    w_,. oll-callae:d. iiprc:. c:aa uti=eJ ua W.W --........ .-e
    - ...,. bo - 10 OJcotify If Gpn 1o ....... ; ....... , __
    _.,. ., OJlCXol propalic< will ....... .. prodatl. -.. 10 .......
    Cor .,... .;d, ocllcr oric:arJriom. a u.crc it uy doabC to lk Weo6ty ol a 6-
    prc.
    Tbo refroaM a.dica ol ,.,... dwlfo .mb tile ,.........,b of liP'. ., is
    evW1nt from the .s:pliuiaJ ol -.hire lipt iftlo the vit.ual oe passiDa
    lbt<klch a s1asa prism. Wben the: refracti\'C iodiccl of a miAtttl arc listed oo
    rdereDce to w.vdeftgt.b. is uaderstood thai the vai\M.:l for the WJIYeo-
    ltnSlh o( 50Cliu.m Ugbt, wt..idl h S89 ML 'J'he v\bratiOO ditt<tloas O( lipt also CI.D
    val')' whh in wavelc:agth. Ally cbangc in optj,cal reaultiq &om
    cbat:au in the. wavelength or lips. is known a.'l dispurion.
    Jo biaxi.al minerals, dispersioo cu kad to tetlkiQ& opci:al etfoctl in intufc,.
    rcncc ri&Wa. II the thsec iadica vary ditf'erud) itb wavelcogtb. a
    ditf'crut c:Csu: roc e.m w.avek:actb. Tbb., ill tua. causes the optic
    uat; to cbuet- with tr white .,.,, il ldt:d. tbc optic uaJc for
    .a: the red ctld ol the specuum .,.,. be bts;cr or am.a.Utt tbae that for W'.lve-
    koPo M tb< blue rod. I( f0< ...., ..... tbe ot><i< ...... f"' blue lip is petct
    rh.M tor red lip.. 1he biDe: WOIIId occ.w fartkr '* 1lwl rhc red oae
    ia 1 BXA tc;we t0 the pouioo Bill dac W.: those:
    loa..io. che rcure blae. 1ia:ht u ao biDC- il traJWilil-
    ttd. the ruaaindta 5pl ia this rep. ill llf!IIC' mt ia the rq;o. ol
    dac rt:d isoC)orC the Cl"nSSQiued liJbl ..;g bhle,. 1\- Mlr the blue: opcic
    &lOS srutu thaa Ute red OOG, a red friftge will 011 the outst6e (C'.OOCI\'C)
    oJ lht lf.OC)TCS ia a 8XA figure io lbe 4S0 policioa, lAd a blue (riqe w.iD IP'
    pelt oo tbt (COM'CI) ot the isog)Tc., Tbe dilpeutoa ill wch minAI woWd
    bt ocribed ti btittg leu. r01 red ligbl tbu fOr blue., 01 r < b. More c:ompiP cfi$.
    peuiOM involving change.. i.n tbe. vibtatiocl ditect;ons oecur 111 10mc cnincrats be.loni
    na to tbc mooodiaic IJld tridink $ystems. Sueb diipcnion is not eommOftl)' 10
    id<:mily but in rare e.aset tatl be diagttostic. Rcaden arc rdcrrtd 10 lext$
    on mtnenlogy for further inrormalioo ab<>111
    A flllmbcr or important: minerals. iadudinJ of ceooomiC Vllue, a.rt OPJiqut to ,u,.
    tbk li:.hl Uuk an be kamcd uu.ncrab 1.0 tlu.a KCCiou from s&udic$
    itl ,fUUihUCd 1,Pt, acepl lhcir U.cttlaJ CDCWphoaov &ftd akc:ratioo pto-
    dlo)(l.t., m.ay be trusparctlt. tiD oftu be [rOCD Oo1:
    .SO u. Otdiaaty dWa s.ectio& by thcu cob ... t.c. Wu.m.iutc:d obliqucl)'
    fron To properly idealify op.lqUC: cniDCnlt,. UICOWC"tcd poli:s!lc.d lhm
    bt titd "'l'b a rcfkc:tilrc 11uao.copt Muy pc.:.rofocU \UC wc:h tu
    hoa. r ouhad), bt:uwc: the) vc: abo oc:ttW'')' J aulytal wort t1 10 be: done
    ,..,u tk ckntoa ictoprobc. Tbi$ irulrumc-at lk pdobe.4 wrfatt Cl a mi
    ll(.ral '"'" ll.ct-<.IK'tY (l.S-20 h ) ..-hath UUK tbc d::mcM.ti prt:.$Cft1 10 c.md
    "'tl)'it. F1om a dc:lerauaatioc of tbc Va.cM.Jt)' of ua)\ 'lo\tb WI''C.kf!Clhs. charana
    19
    isrk ol the a quutitattvc a.o.aJysi& ol a seall (<.tO .,.) .5p01
    i&obuiM:d.
    II pol.iibcd th.ln $ec:tiOnJ ate IIWI rOt .study wich a I'IOnnll cnns.mlutd m'
    ic i:J UoporttiU to reaacmbet t.laat tbc. resol..eioo ol liP powc:t ob;ettAu
    wil k poor .ntlltout a OCl'l'et sJasi. It hip resolutt011 is required, a ,tast; CO\'Ct
    ean b:. plaoed 01 the thia woninn lr-.,.ponr:Jy. tn1mcnio ui:l d;l> l.bl:l moufldrl$
    A&temuiw:ty. a rcbioa ligbc objcrti-.'e. .. -t.icb is tWped to be llKd
    ithocl a aJaa, aa be UiCCL
    nc reRcrtln.g 111kroscOJ>t dicrt the traosmilted one 1n that the objectvt
    lcm is wed both to 'icw and to the t&JDple (Fi. Z..9t. A bcMD ol ti&Jit.
    ilic:h ... ,. be pboe--pobnzcd by lfttll(f1ioo rJ a polar, e. rd'lcdcd dovo11 through cbc
    objecti.<e onto the: wrf'acc or the pOilshed &e<doo by 1 pri.sm or 3 c().)tcd c:ovcr
    gl.us placed in tbe optical ol the mkrOKUpc cbc ohj<i\e Ius.. The
    w.age Gl dtc poldhcd AtUclc 5 cbcn thr<Mtgh the objcccn't l O the
    ocabr. The iUunuNtill ldo6Cmbly lila' two dai phragm.t>. The Oflf thr m;cm.
    liCOpe (lickS diaph1Jgm) Mould be doud c;lo..'ll until the edge ur che- iri' 11
    che mup ol tbc: fidel ol 'icw, StOJtpiog do-wu the oc.he-r cb=lpl,.-. di.a
    ..,.., w\1 t:.n,. CM.lll I'Uter .. relief, r-cflcanit)', nd <"-Ok_w uf
    ril$. To obsci"'C mink undc.- (r0fo$Cd pol;tt'$.. 1hc anatytet is in chc
    iame 'IQY a& "'ith lrltiSn'liUed light.
    PR!St.l
    '
    OBJCl iVE

    \


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    .....
    ::"11
    1'\c ollipt rcllccsed from tbc potimed &wr.ce ol " .u.u.t 6 bawD as
    .. .,.,_")'. Qb.iooaly _.. ... - - !No ..............
    -. boo .,.. - _.,. m- ,....., Is -'dcroblo Yariabilicy. Tho ...S.
    .. d rdlcctMiy caa be m........t -.Jy - .,...._,trl, 1Ma for ..,..;,.
    Yi&uiJ alimiCts ol c8e of--.... are tdcqlla.tC,
    II piaoo-polariocd wiOie liP ;. ascd, ... iole-, ull color ol ... reflected
    111M frc. uilottopic aiocnb ..,. ckaJlp wb oricoc ni& ,na rile IO bi-
    iUdl is cquivUc:at to absorpcD ud pleoc-A."'is.m io tr&Gsmirscd
    JcM. n.. -. ....... ,.;u, reflected --.... L'< r.. ae.. ,;.;o
    ll:aorM -'til cnas.m.iatcd &gba. lDdccd, wbeo fine cDCIOUDI.uccl. IDOII opeque 'lllioenJs
    a,pa.r ai.IDolt tX ame color io rdkc:tcd li&JitIOCDC ..udc bciWCc.o wbitc, ud
    ete.&A Witb uperic:ac:e, &ublk diiTerc:.GCCt become (ar more usily rccot-
    ci:.r.e4,
    UDdor crou.ed-palars. botropie opaque mioerah cac be cli&:il)gUI$htd rrom
    lrupic OftU. Here, agaiA, the ia1erreret1ee l'olor& are rar ku \'ivid tbose ob-
    tained whb transm.i.Utd li&ht. Noaetbeku. aoi.socropk UAder reOetted
    tia,ha wiU briptl'G And darken (our times while tbe II. it tCJtated througb 360
    dcp:a, unku, of eoorsc., the optic uis o( the mineral ill otic.oted paraUd to
    1he mjcroscope axis. Commoo.ly, tbe pob.n are lltiC.routd (few degrees), a).
    ktwi.q aome liJbt to pass lhrougb the mk:rOICOpe and Ula.mlt111e the fideL lD tbis
    poli-11011, bowe'IICf, Ll.e polan cSo ooc. cai.UC a c:omple utDdioA. oo1y a da:rkeniQg
    ol lbc fJCW. NOI' "'ill tbc:y caw.c the Clliactioa ol ia.ocropk mualt; bUI iJotro..
    pi( CAaerd ""il rc:maiD aa W+(;l!aWocdark cob be JUCC rou.tccl.
    rcrnctnoe iDdKu ol opaque. mtt are 110( " pl)liaibk
    10 clilfttcDCJC.$ i. lwduc:u IIUIICt. i&Mpl)' tile rc:Jid 011 tbe
    pob.tlilcd iiKfac:c:. Acwrale <:aiD be: .... crotwdDcU ICSICI$.
    8"' for tOuiJDC work. rd.ti'YC. arc adequate. 8y Jl(tUMII& tk
    bcC'III.o the .s.&mpk ud ob;eaivc:. a bripc: liac ol lcbc. mnl U. appc:ar-aotc
    tO the Blr.c lmc. ...;:u tl!le soltu pain of minerals
    ate c:ommoaty pvc:.a ia tc:nm oC tbe: Ta.lm-cc:- Jtalc, .ather than tbc Mob.s Kale. The
    Talmage Kale hi$ sevca divisioas. da:ignltcd by ktten., _,,. A bcurg the: .olte$
    ud G the:. ha.rdul.
    Pr"tpiMitlon ofl11ln Strtl ons
    A pctrotvphic thin &ectioa &$ a 30 ol rock on a miuo-
    kOf'<. ilide and cltbc:r c:ovtrcd \loi.1h a &Jw 01 ll'fl uneQ''trtd 001 Al
    4
    th.otth a.tMlM e.n be thicke Of thinne:r than bloltd c.oJors for
    ttl t.tandard tabltl atlod iD 11u$ man\AIJ au few 30 IICIIIhKl: srains.
    thttLJIC.fol (or ctunnc:..u. if )OU are. urugs.bn& 10 make. )'OUt fir" KdJOB) i:s l'...WI)
    ..,..,th thM is. ill propt:t Ia tCithom that art t.bUUIC:.t
    that the contr-ast ie mtt:rfc.ttac:c colcn :tv.tta cWI'ut:.C nuoe-
    r.U ..to more. diff.mk. AIIICl .. a.rchocu thai .rc 1hlcht tbo oor-
    .. .t paaa thai .arc aot wrtOI lppat (W'l')' zoea ..ac:ad ol &..
    IUIC IDdccd. 1lh roc:b. C'W. I J0 Jo018 llt.d. KGJOtl IU) DCC
    pco411CC 1 dGIIOCt .-._ ol the I rocb. I thsa:lfKS
    Ia 1 be ... ..,.. uai) not1c-Qc.d 'P r .. _. 1hc polulloc4 a.001fKc ,
    21
    T prepatC a tJ. wtioo. a slab ol rod appO!Iilutdy 22 am x ) 10 a
    tbict $ CUI Wilt. a d'lolftiOIItd uw. The wrfacc tNt is to be sf.,.;t IO lK Wide
    is tba .,-ouod wett$Jidy -'ilh 240. (10). ud J(O) .,U carbonmdtm powder. The P'lr
    pose ol thito .. to oblaio a petfeal)' n.. &urf8te. Thi$ uase of the proceu is one
    or tbe most a'i4ical, and yet il often rus.hed a.nd not done po-opt-tly. If the sur
    face tb.al f &fud tu the r.lide i$ chcta il. nnthin& th.a1 c:ll" l,oo .:kJug lha
    10 salr.>agc tbc Kction. Even if tbc upper &ur(MC of lbe sJ.de i.t. perftly fl:tl,
    the lowtr aurfce IIA. best --iU caw.e vo.Ntioos ia tbe lhickow ot the sec
    boa (\acocc of cob). and M worM w\11 rcs.ult i:D the c.ompktc P
    dUos ""Y ol puU ol die oectiaG. G"""" 1000 .,;. JIO"'I< cu be
    bel docs -looUoc - aod docs lodp - ......... ol .. .
    oily - ........ (plocooaysu ol amploibok. '"' cxomplc). u ... .. ely r... , .. .
    IOCU arc bC'dt iOQPI i a thia the tower swfacc- ol tbe rode ehtp cu
    k. poiJi.bed before it is glued to tho t.lide. Tbii would be do6c: only it the
    upper surl'acc is al)o() 10 be politcd. It tllould he noted. 1hat i.n
    pofi&b<d KCtionJ. the roupnt.M of high rclid rn.intral$ nOI \ilible;
    fcldspu and otivine, for would appear to have t l.e same low rdid.
    n.c rode dlip ... ilued to pctrogrurhk t;t:w slick (typically Z7
    .&6 mm) with epo.y. CaNd.l Nham used for tais purpoK, b.t novto'
    chis .ated OAiy for ud'wli: CO''C"r cbssa; cpGiic$ we .....,pty much
    SltuJCrf. Nontlhtlca. il is tO bYe ae Cpoilt) rc:frMtf'IIC iadrts is
    simibf tO IbM ol Canada batw. {RJ. l..$37). bauic: thr rdid clc:Mzibcd for IIUIIe
    rals i:o t.bt U ,WCa illh rcspc:d to Cabda balsam. A oJ cpcmes
    are ronr:noa.ly used, fot o:ample, Pctropoty 1$4 of Palouse Pcuo Buchkr
    20-8130. and tlillqw.l AB 111nd CD. Only l,ecropoxy h1$ a ndu ol
    the oc.-.c.rs .are all bctwren 1.S7 ilnd l.58. This U. iml)('lrl(lnt to keep i.n
    mi.nd hen identifying on tht of rc;lid.
    curt mcwc rapidty ""'hca bc:ucd, btu most w\IJ cure: 11 low if
    gr.<t:n lime: m be .. lc:d ;. otckt to Rotk ch;,-.. ate:
    be&c:d bcfotc: lk C"poM) k applied. not Oftiy IO taiM: lhc' roQ. to lite fCCOft'IMUdcd
    lc:JD.ptrotUlrc, tM: to dm'C' oiJ -autwe froa the .ample. \.later olf after
    the. CJ'Ol) bc-c:CI arPflitd fonm bJgc. bubble. tttJt lna'f C-IVSC lbe roc:fr: delatfl
    from the toltdc dunna the ... ubscqueDI cvtlillc allod loltP'>o Some rb MAtai.a
    mincnb that gn-c otr aacr IU the)' arc rx u.mple, :..c:ollte$
    and GYfi'SUm. Rock\ ronta,ini.ng suc:h mittetah ml)' have to be mounted wit!. rold $-Citing
    c:poxy if bubbles lcep formin& on hc:uins. One p.lrlicuJar an
    bc.11ed epoxy i:) 1h.a1 i1 hM sub;saarui.ally lower ...UCO:\il)', wtlic.h a.UoWl tttC:C:!toS
    CJ'O.ICY bcl"''<tn 1he f,\mplc and the slide 10 be &quecud 001 mort b)' placing a
    lflo'Cipl on the r1-,cl or dtppinc rbc Soli and hXk IOSethc:r ith
    p:apc:r dtp Vlt,_.Nic lhoic-\;KSSC$ of puc Oft dtf!c-rcnt iC"aioM up the PJOttU
    cl SC:ction bct.lUK Udl .s.eaioft lw. to bt thc<:kcd iodf'<'idu.aJfy lftoOt'C.
    ttme'$ tb11 arc Oft<"' tL.at aa UYC: a oon,.u. .. fW. thdacu at A mot<' ttfMIIIH rrab-
    h . ..,...'C,'Ct, rl)t$ .. 'llh c.basc s.eaton-. ,,. hK"h \"OV"Wioft5. .aa the: ol
    put: 1hr 11'11n StttiOft to be: we:df:c' ..,arrd Such may rc:qutrc c.scMi\'C
    f1oal "ind1tl(t b)' Nlnd ill OfCicr 10 oomrc:nic for the rt"ld: chip noc bctnS mtMlnled
    ra.,...lld to the f!.)ll.\.\ tohdc: .
    Oacc: the Cfl\1\'\ hra.\ aiMS the rtlCl. ('hlr COikd lo r()o)m tc:mreracurc. 1he
    muunu:d b P';accd io il <UI-olf "" iO ltua an
    K C:hilrl l\ (i aUiKhc-d IU the Aidt:. The' inlti.JJ &IM't un 1'1.;
    C.hi.AIIC"J tlu.n tt.. J - ecpipnc:01 15 .. ,_..., .llp.mcm. bot he nco, r.".,l.
    -
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    Mep pa .o q&bcldy tba1 there $CC:ln$ DO juili.r'-bae for oec's luck
    by c.uttiaa otr1 t.bio sccsioos a1 t.bi$ suc:e. CoauiiOilfy, _, llle Wlial teaioa G
    M too tWa. m.uo. &o. tbc: .... bbde .,. mu the a.plie rroaa 1k or
    fl'ldarc ,,, cceuv\lyc:oanec ..u.eral vai- iaa w\lllMcr phd OUl
    N U.. ..ccic. is s:ro-4. eitl.r b)' "-4. ,...r...w,. - pinre ...t.iee
    rkk.-.. ol 'lO ,.. .. is apprOMXd, tlle ac:dioe i& rc.owcd rrom t.bt ud
    lk illCufcreM:C colon o;amiot<l adcr aoued pobr$ ill die DlktoM:opc. llllCtfc
    re.c coaon provilk a verj simpk bat Clltt.I!Kiy MntatC CDWlS of stdicft
    tlbdae. T1ai5 docs.. bowtYet, rt:quire tbat lAc ttetion makr be: able 10 ickNify
    the iatfala.. bow 1Atu& colors they allo!IW ohibit ..., a 30 JtiDlbick see-.
    1101, aad be. aware o( lhc: efl'ec:t ol graia tc:ruat;oa 0t1 colors. For
    1- GCMce, a mK:romecer is simplu to use. The fioal l'iACing ilc:ps are reputed
    \UI.Il the c:orrt thiekfJta iJ obtained. II 1 po14hed tbi.n JIMln is to be pre
    partd, the gritldif18 is wben the Ket iol'l -35 I'm thick. Tbe loUowi..ng Mep
    with pullWf18 powder rt.mO\'t$ che final S Jo&fll. If a oormQ.I du .crtioo is to be pre
    partd, 1 cxwc:.r ttJas.s is mounted witb tNI1"'"' whkl1 tbe.l'l wred at approxi
    maid)' 9<'PC tor approximately an hour. Petropoxy can also be w.ed fM
    thiJ purr<*, because il is extremely Ouid hoc. and il hardens in jw.t 3 mi
    autu atlZSOC.
    ao earaest desire: 10 apply C"o't.f)thl .. lc:araed ,D opckal
    the: -.1cc pc::tracJ&pbc:f leads 5tan a thlo a.M-oe 111 too hch a mapi( ..
    caca:. ud _. .. too -r ia5c:rted iftto the tttOWC'pt, 1K cxpericoced
    b)' c:ooc.,... usa lk pi)Mibk .....,.U011011 CIOIIIJiloCmra&.e ith
    tbc pad! iiu ol. tk roek and eD:lllinu the rod: ._.., rbDc pob.rilw;d lipc,
    Of a013td poW$. Of course. - r"" karl'C pcopapb)
    lftty be DC<U1atY 10 ckletmii'IC ptopenia th.at ..ill a)ft('11m tk: ldc:ntity of
    a Wttb upc:JX.Dtt, howe'1:r, 11:110111 of ch:c c:om.no- tocl(ormn& tao
    be simply doer ph.,..poi.U.d ijgi\1.
    Srart )'OUt itlipc:dioa of the: tbi.n. &eccioa lov.poo\'et ob)ecr,,-e and
    pltliiCpoiMited li8,ht. You $bould dis1i.n,gui$h (c:bic minetnb (low
    neptivc, and m())Ciy eolorleu) from ferfonugnc:Ui" minc:nb (lugh relef.
    a,)lored), In addi1icm., fe.atura sueh a.s plc:C)(hrohm, f:'flir1 &hapc, ltJaur"'l rda
    bt1wtcn gtall'llo, and deavage can tso nMc:d. Only then hO\IId the. jXII:tr$
    be: CfM$C-d 0(1 not loe,e track Of lht identity of lhe 11r.J fttrl)m:llt.tleSi.!ln mine
    rab while eum.ning rhc under tt"OUCd pt>lars. For onhopyroxtnc:
    and plaltJoduc, v.hkh ooaunoaly ocrur logc:tbc:r ttl a l)'fiC nr Jllbbro knov.'D as norile.
    bi\C ve:ry U.terfereooc: colors and m1y lrf)Cit .. milar under cros.se:d pobn.,
    'flM d&trerenec t.n relie:f ol the I'WO mloetab.. maLet: tbe quite di!.tlnet Uft
    dc:r pla.oepobrittd lipt. F'aaally swi1d. lo tugb ud eODOSCOpic Lghl
    tl II oecen.uy 10 obtala u tllledereott f:pe
    T'lilf l.p. toOUttt oe tk: tn.iaoscopc .tloutd 1111011 be I.,Kd up to u twi&Jitaa. S.C:C
    I"'C lot U.C: ..-aa pc:uop-a.pNe sunq. IIOf thould lhc vrrr coodcruu be ID)U
    led. T1lac.: w\11 deae&SC" tk coaarasaill color lid .-cr..._
    23
    h il eoc ar:n"J to clettnDiDC. ol die optic:al popeo1:a ol a iKnl 10
    - iu ......W ..aU a ICdloo pan;..
    man, time nr,... Part ol tlilec tilt ol peboczapbr iJ co blow -.4deb
    popc:or1ica aced to be mcasv.:rcd for a pattalar iDerat 11ae dc:scriptioas iA lbo fol
    lowixts cbapeer cmphaoil.e !he '""" ruopootlc propcrtica or """"-'s. Altboup
    wiD laid to O'r'trdetcrm.IAc mioetals a1 fiNI, wm p 1be
    confW..oce to rt4uce )'OW' oblervatiotu to lhe etia.lm.am.
    E>pericecod l=p a meDial tally ol cadi IDiDctaJ tllcy idcDlily ia a
    rcct. no. liaa prcMclca tloao wilb ............ wtoca <Iocr ar1e111pr to idcDlily tloc ..,.
    Gabon ....,.. me "* ; oa Cc::rtaiD .u.cna U'C vo"'<"N! uaociaccd., wkrQI
    ot1ocn ...,.. occaa ....... '" Fer .-plo. io tloolcicK <OCb, ...,P. io -=ely
    --wilb Oa tloc ..W lo&od, a rock """,;,;,. oould aot
    coalai< qoaru.-tloc- ........ - ...... aod '""" alt>tc. ha <OCb,
    tloc .....0.. olmiactalo leads to be limik4 by tloc .... ber ol--prc:acAI (icao-
    rally tK. two aro oqul'); this may belp J'Oil doc:ido whether co look ror addici()ftl.)
    miacflb., or perhap& )'OU have 0WMI too (IIlli)', and rwo or )'OW' idcnLUicd ma,y
    di.f!c-.rully oriefttcd snias of cbc Jame m1auaJ. 1'hi$. 10 tbla JCCCion
    a.udy. ltoweYer, il only poua"bbe after )'00 Kqlli.red the ooec'U'Y petto&ocic

    A PIIP"'cd for rCCOic6Qc obsetvalioos 1$ pe oo 1M bst
    pi$C d 1.U -.II. '1'\ia fonD fu a. S a 8 iodl i.dcs car.. II CUI
    be pllotoc.ped "' ..odifocd to ..at yac opcQilc oocda.
    -
    0
    -

    -
    # '
    -
    . '
    ;"\
    -

    -
    0
    -
    0
    -
    0
    --
    - I


    _,
    , I
    -
    , I
    -
    .. I
    -
    - I
    -
    "' I
    -
    ,.. 0
    -
    ,..o
    ;:'\


    :1
    ;-1
    :-1
    ::'1
    3 Rock-Forming Minerals and Their Optical Pt-operties
    nil thaplct coetairts a tPhtioo U lk eommoe aiDer llld tllc:ir ro&-
    -.t by , &.tioc ot lbcir - .......... diot...,..... .,.a propa6c&. """"
    J ............... e4 '"- .... J ,..,.,_.. .._._,.._... --
    ..... -- b<looa 10 _.,._ n..., .. AI,.S;()> ...,.
    -'* I l;,t<d - AI,.S;(),. Otloa "'"'.. -
    -- "<"'"'C - ... .,...,....., ... <Pdol ... - .....
    ( oiMDos. -- w=- silica polyn<wpla (uodu quam).
    crDeh. aiM! uo1ilts ( + nakile). For example. cbc opcie&l p-operties ol d1e amphi-
    bole are with othu ampb.iboks under A..\tPHt8()1.. ntbet than aJ.
    phbecieally u6det G. If a mineral canoot be (()Und under the alphabetic:ai Ji:st-
    Jn' aad you are uDttrtaiu 10 'Nbich minerAl poup it bc:k.'II"SJ, the mtDtrJ.I can be
    rou.ad in the U it k il'lduded i.o the manu.S. A bbnk p:.ge is pr01o;dcd ac
    tM end or this chapter (or the addittoca of opiJcnl propttties of lt'ss t'ommoo mine-
    fllls that you may wish to add to the manual.
    The optical propt-rties or eadl ntiocnd arc &h-c.n In II JCMkl:ud formal which is
    telr lllustn.ti.ons ol tbe rd;uioo bct,.,un ond Cr)-stal morpho-
    qy IJC ia.chkied rot tbosc miac.rals where thll in((l(mattoft is wclul II the mine
    is iJhntratcd io the tbio KdioD $kctdo (and color the. numbc.t of
    the tlluMratM:In is iD beatath 11tte tMICral name, with JM# rder
    lk a.lctchc-' of igneous raiDC:rib Jod M \1 ofchlltOt'phic mincnh.
    to to the llstiop o( optical al c:;t.dl mineral. a tompibtion
    al tk moK prop:rtid of all the m10enk iJ prtJCI'IItd d a suck 1M*
    011 the lftt.i6c frOfll ol the maaW For ..oM IIIC of thio sec
    liofts.. tha table: prO\idc$ mo$1 ol the iaonaat100 10 idc.alaf) tk OOCUDOO
    )( is, W()tlh a ftllft .. tl fanuiwiluliJ /OWJ(tf '9o'i&h tU orpaD.
    ,_
    The table: i.i di\ided dot,l.11 the ceotc:r by 1 chan of tntcrft"rcn To the
    ldl arc li.ued minerals :hkb are colored v!Mkr pbM:pobri7ed hght, arwl 10 1M
    arc miMrals 1o1.1lich are cotorlc:i$ Some appe-ar on \xleh sides if they
    lilt ooly faintly oolorcd, or they are c:olor'le.s fo- M)mc wmpw.itictn but colored for
    Ot,C,., 8oth ol minerals arc in Ofdcr ()f birdri.ngeru:-c.
    ones ;jvel'l first. ihe intc.rlc.:rcncc c:()lou in the cc.ntr:.l "rip 3rc
    tho.sc: found in nClormal 30 1-lmtbid: thin )(.(:liOn' fCH the indi
    (.lied
    The rdraai\<e index r:aogt fot each mincra.l i) .ndiC"altd by a Nr \loo1th the liClu
    Jl btifti inchared aaos.s Lbc: lop ol the. table. 11lc relief 10 tbt:
    index of Ca!UC:b 00b.am (l..SJ7), b indatc:d l:y lhe dcnSit)' of iolipo
    'The- rdrKtivc iodcx bars ia lK leA '* ot the IJbk: arc colored tO
    ....tiCMc the: appeano oJ Lliae.K 1ft pl;anc: polanzcd llc.hc, plco-
    ch.-o.c nuecrals lu\"'C two colon.
    1k table: abo lbc optQl dwXtct ol ncr-'U.OCropic (1), WlUX
    ..J (U). ud biuiol (8}-<>plic ..... O!"ot uck ud 1"-''"'" dc>c< plaOd and
    tlw ... tk.Q&.
    I
    IMPORT AM!' MIN&ltA18 AND 11IEIR FOitMl/LAE
    Tbe followiog minetab arc thOle most oommo.ol)' eoc:ounltrtd la rb. 'f'lle,y ato divi
    dcd laoo tlotce ....,.,., !loco r..,. ""' o.dodiQs lk tOdolonalna ailiocrab, OJWI !be
    lloird. 11>o -....y .. - Tbe tOdolonoO,. ........, .,. lloc ui<w baildiQs -
    pooc:eu ol toek. aad tbey ddcnaiae: u &Did &UIIIC. Mioerak .. the
    fir1l - ..... low - - (RI s Cuada ........ ). ... - .........
    lief lo t1om _..., IOd .,. lloey a.ctudc qowu, lcldspon, ldchpo
    tholdrl. ud the oao fenomiii"Csiaa mi.M.1'1.1 cordicrite.. Mi.oc.nla b the socood group
    have bJ&h refractive iDdices (R.I > > Callllda balsam) aad thus ha\'e bigb tclieC ln thin
    sed_,O. aad m.CIIN are c:olorcd; this iodudcl the Ccnomapcaiu m.i.nenk. 11lc aecu
    ty IIUJa'lls an: ntdy prucot ira more. tJau trace IJDOWIU. but tbc.ir prcac.occ or
    ..,.,_,., aa be criDcaJ co tbe ilfltetptc:tlf.._ ol tl:te ceoeait ol roc:t.. NoM. accea.-
    JIOI'f n r ctak are ror.cd &c.. dicac La..& do DOl I'C'.IId&ty eel" lk lbliCIWel ol
    ... ti IDioc:nls.
    I. ROClFORMINC MIN1\ALS WITH LOW REFRACTIVE IND&X (Colo<lt$$)
    o..m.
    Sanidiae
    FELDSPAR
    ADorth.ite
    rt:LOSPATHOIO
    Socbbtc
    CordK: ritc
    Si0
    2
    (N .. K)AIS;()
    4
    (K.Sa)AIS;()
    KAISo206


    (N ..


    (Mg.Fo)zA1
    4
    Sis0
    18

    ?I

    ;1
    11
    :l
    :1
    ;1
    ;t
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    .:1
    .:1
    ;'1

    -

    -
    , .
    -

    -
    , .
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    _ ,
    -
    , .
    -
    -.
    -
    ' I ._.
    , I
    -
    ,. I
    -
    ,.. I
    -
    ,. I
    - " I
    - I
    -
    " I
    -

    -
    0
    -
    , .......


    OIJ\'INE

    FczSi0
    4
    Mootlc:cllitc
    CaMgSi04
    ORDIOPYllOXEh"E e
    {
    -
    CLINOPYROXENE
    A.-.PHIBOL
    Fcnooi&<
    Di..,.Jdc
    1-tecknbcrgitc
    Aug;tc
    P;,conite
    Aq<Mc(Aaoitc)
    c.

    Geci.Nle
    Ca.\lgS'z06
    CaFcSiz0
    6
    (Ca.Ma.Fc.Aih(S;.Aih0
    6
    (Ma.Fc,Ca)(Ma.Fc:.s;
    1
    o
    6
    NU'< +)siz0
    6

    - 6
    (Ma.Fc)-r>;
    8
    o
    11
    (0il,F)l

    (Mg.F>,SisO)!l(OH.F):
    Tr.-.. Aa,_c
    Caz(Ma.F<.AI)j(So.Al)sO)!l(OH.F):
    Ro<bccbtc N'lF<:! + + Js-a0z2(0H.F):

    ......
    F ......




    Mlcu Mti5CO'\ile

    ,
    PattgODile
    NaAiiAISi:JOuy(OH.F)
    2
    :-t
    :1
    P)TopbyiJi.to



    :"1
    Tale r.<
    83
    s;
    4
    o
    1
    o(OH)
    2
    ;-1
    CbJOfite
    (Ms.AJ.Fe )
    6
    ( AJ.SQ
    4
    o
    1
    o(O>s
    ;-1
    ;"I
    Se<J>C*loe
    ;-1
    l')t<>p<
    MsJ"'2S'J0
    12
    ;-1
    ;-1
    Ahoa.dloe
    "<J"'2S'JJu

    c ...... Spc.swti.oo


    -
    GrOMUI:tr


    -. _ ,
    -.
    Andrditc
    Ca
    3
    (Fc: +J,Tih5j
    3
    o
    12
    _,
    -.
    -
    Vei'*Vianlae(l docnsc.)


    13
    s;
    18
    (o.o H.FJ,o
    -.
    -
    - .
    Alldol""'}
    --
    -.
    K'f'Uilc

    -
    Siltomlte -.
    -
    -.
    Mu.lblc.
    3Aiz03.2Si02
    -
    -.
    -
    Slaurohle


    -.
    OJOfitoid
    (Fe '
    2
    .Mg.Mo)z(ALFt '
    1
    )AI
    3
    0z(S;0
    4
    )
    2
    (0H)
    4
    ;--.
    ;-.
    Epid()lc
    C.
    2
    Fe +JAizO(So
    2
    0,J(Sl0
    4
    )(011)
    ;-.
    -
    CJiiM)lQI$11 c:


    , .
    -

    laW\OAJIC:


    -
    -.
    -
    ..

    , .
    -
    -.
    ,\,fttlllt
    Al.trmatte
    C.zt.!P>zO,
    -
    -.
    Soda me: J.hl c. NaCoAIS'
    2
    0
    7
    :-ll

    c.co
    3


    Dolomilc:



    :-1
    -.
    ;"II
    r-
    Apob<e

    Zircoo
    ZISiO.
    s .......
    eans;o
    5
    Pe:rovstite
    CaT;o,
    Toun:D.aliDc


    Conmdum

    Rutile
    "MOz
    Hematite

    u....u.. foro
    3
    UMiopiDd
    f"2T;()
    Mtpetire
    F":lO
    Splocl OtcooOie
    FcCrf>
    sp..1

    Hucynitc:

    Fluorite
    CaPz
    Pyrile
    F.Sz
    Pyrrbotitc
    F.,Ss . F.S
    OWclOp)rite CuF.s
    2
    Spboloritc 1.aS
    Aabydritc
    easo.
    (;-
    easo .2Hz0
    ...... a..so
    4
    Boryl

    IsH
    1 1A.).I.4S
    , t.f,\.l .. i
    r 1....,U6
    """
    t""""""'
    -

    '

    . ,.
    0
    .., 0$
    ....
    tacwd._..e
    Ocmgs
    {llO)pxiCI
    ........
    rv
    -
    .,
    m
    .....
    ..-
    ...... f_
    0.....,
    Aotlf! Uta!Ma
    (110t(li0t89
    '
    \lorphotoc;r. CoNte "'*'- ani- -w!l. ........ - - -..-. _, fOIIAilll aMtlt lliOM
    ot nroc-tr; ..-na1 -mH IMo u.r CC ot .... .,._. .. tk
    lk ,_ die t'r)U p:w 0 ..., '"'""7 ..._. lk _...... .,_ Ill a aaa
    CpoJlrloa: .......... c .... .. II p ts' .sc-_
    --- _.. ..... d kmc - ... "*' ...... -..a
    drlr.,_.,,.__ ..,..,,... ... ,_.,
    Propertia: Low ..o ...,. rv
    ..... ,.,. K)ot11110 ...
    f ltWI.oOa Mod fM&kr l'dJd llt.f\ei!Ct 01
    fBfMblt llypcn.;huw. bul llypt:ntbt.D& It *"-' Af*llllt ..
    UMI'r p)ltn. IIIJ' WIIHoloOII-f .. P<l'Pipob&..u
    Oil t 1141.'J"'*tC ftW:mbk thOle- Of f'OfltlcMIC, boll rhlnc.pck.NC'd
    11-p-1 1141\lkle lwl luchcr rtJtt!, CodiMOtllrllotrtol ro I'IHIKO>ile
    Cktll""fttt: fonrll Ia Jlfltht nx:u l tow tO '*"'-
    .,...,u ot l'tJ!Oio1'1 - .. fl lil*l" 10
    ttl ... t !\.111 O.l'S G.h (11; lMt). IJII* lc 10 llle pot)'-
    ,,,,,..,.,. h't-.t.c ed t.1 11.p tc,..c:nl .. ,., I.M ...._.ucc.
    ...... - ... .......... ---.o
    f'OCll.toootd........,
    ._, '"'rn:

    "") ...
    ...
    .. ., ........
    >V
    '""""-
    krljt l11cl'f 0......
    I JQrp! j!"'
    I "I
    0015
    ,.t30

    ,.,
    .,
    lcflllll .aow
    '
    , ...

    ( .... "f
    a. .....
    '" 't'"l!'e
    Ose?:r
    A!!cl'
    ! !talC"'
    r<oll.'fkot.
    f 1001 pu!trt
    '
    ..... ,
    (0101 p:o!
    , , &)o"JJ

    >

    l
    0


    .... .----'
    ...
    ......
    ,.
    x
    ,,..., ... ocr; 'IW* """" ....,.,. ...... _. Olt fiOOHkw ...... ._
    .. J'IC ..... ...,.._ wn..--,..,_,.. ...., .. tllt kell
    -... .. ]().
    , ... ...._ ........ .o .. - ....... ...
    Oi\1htph.blllc Prupt'r1in: 1lw """ rrt.tf """"eo l.,-lt "f'C-r 41'"'" pn "" '"' ttoOot
    ,.,,, , ..,.., I!Ou..S.ron .., tlu tr' f\("' tn aN t ,..,..,r; ' " ,.,.,.,fltfl' 1'M ,.."''* HM....,
    11'p: 'll oJ o/ UW'*"'" Ylt>fWIOC'fl forct'll(ln 0.. If!( IC'II' 01 IN,.-ICtnl o. of \)t!Utt
    (kc'um-ator. !>t""l, ""'''"'' o .. r.n, "'""""' ffto(IMftiiiJ'IIo- ot ptl!ut IOC"-' h til(
    1""'"*"'" llilflloll-.. '11 l<IOC'alc I"QQ)'II'IOfJ'tl """' " ,. _ Jro4n ,., l)crcll4t1t& M tflr n.-1-..rt rJ
    1N f:fot"""""' 1h'""' "'IJh"'' _.... """ r,_"' k-...co anlk., !lot"' '"" -''""'cmrc-ntlll"t
    l.illo-lt. at"'"""',..,...
    ;.
    ,
    _,

    ;-1
    :"'
    :-w
    ;-1
    ;-1
    ;-1
    .:1
    ;-1
    ;1
    ;1
    -

    -
    0
    -1

    -

    -

    -
    -.
    -

    -

    -

    -
    , I
    ;""i
    -
    , I
    -
    ,.. I
    -
    ,. I
    -
    "" I
    -
    , I
    -
    , .
    -
    , .
    -

    SIWMAI<ITE ALf"'l
    (httoll-4}
    ...............
    - IM-aM
    , ...
    t 1..f'-IM

    ,

    -
    -
    '*1 Q+y
    (OlO} II'
    -
    ,.... __
    "'"'-
    '
    .......

    MorpllloliifD': Pn. Of CitlfeluJ .aa:rcP'" (tl.btoi.cc). ,,..,. M'lo<l 1111... ,. M)M MQioot Wltll dl.tpal (OJO)
    rk-p.
    Compcl .loo: IU IJIIJIIe AilS#>$ potymorpM. .tlllmnlte dotrc" Utile II'OfiiJM:tC)t'*'''
    OblhlJhllltt& Proptn Ju: Sludu pril- '"'" froM frlvre., ,._,... u:t.inttl-. w.r,
    !Mid.,.. blrth'U ... Mod tli'OIIl Glflle-lJioa (r>b) !MIIIfiUIIIIlf Ap..tl&e IKe'likt tt."C Mil$
    '-rdn..,tNt, ,,. kfllllil r-. ,.,. "'* .. "'"" av (10I)lQ). ,.,o .n (1(IM
    waloN tM 1M 'n*a' rwo .t1rtiOM 01 fllllb<Jik. r,I:NOiot mty be fiiOfll: <l.tr'ttu 10
    IMUfllpil* ff'OIII ftbro.t. en. Nln.O. 0( ll't IN lt('ll.l JHQPtrt)' tb tiM'
    S.ll-..1141 it. G.rrnee 10 (I'Oftlo N.o1lo'-" -. rdatldf Rft restMtd 10
    .P4f'wfl. C'OIIhn pclolle. ... o,(_..,,.,. '" u
    ...........
    Ottur'T'fClC't: Orran .. Mid _., ___,.I( fOf'lo. At tt-rtmMfn ..
    ......,.._ art -* ...,. ol .._..,or 10 tW poiJ-.olflM " .....,..._.. ol ..,..
    --
    MULUTE
    WlOJ.ZS.O.:
    f._.\f 1\ UJ
    Rclr1-IIIJU
    OiRf""P""
    2V
    fAIIM'I.:NI
    1\r!td
    Jfl!Crf. em E!srAUI!!!
    tlfAI41'
    0..01.00)
    ptortllc-l
    )' l .(o4. 1.61
    ., ...

    ...
    2nd OI'IIU
    c ....
    Ck""lt
    tlf/.KtiDI,CI;
    .... ,t
    l!IIEI!:
    ll11.'!211t!1
    tvllll ....
    f tc*"tf:*"
    t .. I'tf:v
    (OICt p)d
    '
    ,,...,.1 ..
    ,.,....,... .. ,__-" m:u. ""'-.., lfiP'I(OIOI c\u<rotltf-
    ........
    -

    -
    .

    "C..., *"' ...-.,w,. (II A&,.S.0
    5
    .., 11 ..r.: W ou _, .._ OMM

    .. &n: .....,, ,. ., tc. .,.. ...,_ _, __ _.
    . ........... '4-llk n. .... -* ., otnonot-.: _, kif' ... ,_
    t run
    ltuuww ,. ftlflwn J'ldl'u
    .,..,... .. ...,._ euu.
    31
    A
    AMPKIBOU
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    ol .. P NI'Mtl, ..... YL
    CJOM4 po&l" XI._
    IGNEOUS ROCKF'OR!\UNG MINERALS
    U. Socrle olivino:, apially le alka!IM tOCb, nlltltiM
    p&a:a or 'fllnel, Qldt "- ptt>u!Ur tc-tvrc
    bile& a (ll)fl'b Ol' J(M)( '7'WII t.h" is ruu\c:ltd 10 a plan.u
    dotentOL lb ..... (IQII) lk .t.lblille pend.>
    cue ol MQIIIf. Ur\1110. Ouc:b. C"*Cd poUrs. X*).
    14 Ddonncd oliMe <OtlllllOflf)' f.u }&l!l(.li;!c panltd 10 (100) Mlitit
    VIIA>Ie 1116er cf'O"Cd polan bca""" of .t.lipt
    111 onctllatiOit t<'r'OIIil. lamcltle boudaria.
    M.aelknocd olivine. brQUI;IIt 10 the "'-'rlt io by
    alkali bualt tomii'IOflly tllek l;acwllac. sc:u Ut th.Ol
    C.t.wrlpk: (I'OGI Ill. 1801 tlow (roe tile HIUtalai Jl.a,..'UI
    Cro&KU pobrs. X&.
    1$ MOIII.otclbiC liaS tbt: t.lllllf )')UII (Orm at. CIIMM-. U by
    l!ll\ pllc.IIOcl)'ol an. fNm <;o..o, Unftl.c
    oloYIM, mo.\1.-:ocJIItc t.u 1001' MOtiiJtoe:lhtc
    O('('UI) oely f'Otb '""' toiiWI'IORiy
    ..... ,,., lll(hlll' (llfl)t .,.,. 'ill)
    tkavap) 1M Cloto rtloc1. o11 tM
    fcMtpar Tb11 rock ronu.:.M boOidC. po&on. XJ::
    IO l )l,.,flc Of! Nntlltt ... til ortholl)1tl!tUit Iori I fl'llllflc f<t\Oolm
    NJd"lc I:WOvp.t vp '" l..omk:l'lnc pof<. he fkt.aN. 011cbc:c. tn
    h Oft!.t\Of'!JoOOIICl 01'1/IOI')'IOtCM hJIU!y
    un.kt pa.roc UICI u f.t.l/111) f'kocluo.c II'OIIfl p.n\
    J1UII 1'\tl!p. XS
    S."'C' al 1\C bvl wnckt CI'OUotil OIMM llcp
    Whcrt,ll.l t>nllopyroMot ll.u....,.
    70
    '
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    :'11
    IGNEOUS MINERALS
    I'VROX1,U
    1&. Pf'O'tna. CM bt pklnC'd tk t.er
    N.tl ot 1 ......... 11 UIC top
    ... UIIWa ... .. lbc INrM;. , .... tllc
    .... P)o - .e--.r '"'-
    wei .,.,.., - -- 114- ...,..,.. eft
    and ,,. rtfemd !It ., (Cpa) Tbo
    ....._,...,_ __
    acq4 ....... ,, ..........
    ........., edNI\IdfCllkwa pooo
    .......... ...... ,. ....
    ftOM tile Sti'IMtU <'.omp. Molrillllll ('ro.cd
    .........
    :r1 or"ot;no.oc- .... -.. ,_. ew low
    a t tit' wu ill tJiil. I!CIIII lllc GJU4
    (Mc-(111;- t /ullplt:.,... ..... ClnC .. ,.
    10 . .. r.ao- ._ (ftllkt d (ICN) ..
    b(loo-.:Yfr, fOtloo lntf"rfCIUC'C tdof\ Wlllbr Ia t/1
    (tOp unur) On.hOfi)"'I).t-nt au tttlnttoc
    ,_., ... ., lk hft. ... l ... M'lniOM MWII.
    lk t ... - ... .up fll .. ---. ...
    par1fld 110 tM If 1k c: a.- IIKIIM.a .. lM
    U\c a "' U 1nc1e 10 IM rlf.-JC. I
    _......,.Of 4$" A.,zt Ml n_.._,_ (.U ). bvl
    .................... lk (ftol .. 0111'11 ,..., ,.tdd ..
    llw lftoala --- lJw_ fipf'la IM:Iooo-
    CIOWot4 p61an. X
    .......
    . '
    I
    ,-:- .1. ""-:""'
    . . .
    . . .
    ...
    I..,-"""

    71
    '
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    ..
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    IGN0US ROCK-t' ORMING MIN'ERAU;
    21. p&."' Iicht & .._.., c:Jwa t!wlo
    eou it1ill$ .-cite, we. ia tllll ftl&pll.hle fi'OIIt
    1114: Grua o,tc ol {bocksill). PilOt llcJ!t, xzo.
    U SameIH il pc$.1S.OrthopJmo:ne hMf.m
    Ot6e-r C'CJion,. "Jilc lias u<"CCM Grlkt
    _,_
    n o,;q,..,... lA broancc nf4" (En typblly c:.dli.
    bib bl!l'ldlar '"''""R pa1111k1 10 (100). E.tliKtion in
    dWM bmtllx d t ft IIQ'II bc:in.J: putOcL $ocM
    kmc.IIK arc prod\otcd by ol av;jtt -wn:ii!Uitdy
    p.r.allcl to ( 103). 'Thin ol ilm.tllllc (b- ..V w.ry
    tbOn) IN)' In this u-. lllrt.iOcl. r;l""
    OruetD)tcol
    CtOIIole'd $IOSI;t1. ;QQ.
    .!.&. ... "' ................. ....... . ..
    '""' .11.1011 t!.< onllopyrouat.. " u, Ul.llll!OO.
    <I!Ue!lt two Cdft"llt wu cl auJi C.mtllx, 1 thin 6Ct
    lhtl to tM t uil, and "- l'lnocr lid tfl l tw"
    lfttcl'\utr,c onllopyrcn:cnt tlllt (100).
    COIIU..IIIfti IWK TWO M:l.l of N$c liiVCMc:d ftOm lk
    iup!otc.mpcnl:ui'C' pol)ltiOIIph, an4"' t llOO'II u fllpOflik
    (kc L'-f l2 aJKS 33). Sampk n Jrom eomot t no.t""'te, l,.ll:c
    -St JCiilfl. CtOIKd polan.. X20.
    111 ll.lla4 118:1-U "' tlw onllop)'I'Clltllt and
    111111. ""t'l l(lll 111 atw> \krl.;te. mo.tly 1 r-Ic ol
    pu;l, Of 5"UI l .liC CltUI O,U ol
    ... ) l'l.tll( h&M. :co
    n
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    (
    IC:NL()US MINERALS
    ;

    o\qllc tbl __.._ ...,..r!Uofll .-d ,,._

    f,.1.-nl) JHUr tluo .,...._,. ..0 01*
    d ,..,.,.... Of YIOkt. ""'JIC (IC('Iol'
    '
    ., *-J:. fOCb. ........ (ct*-
    ,_...J,_ ......... Old. "*"eJiPI,..:CO.
    1M
    r:-.

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    .-.
    umP. ( rom troc. l IIIII, Norttwr. .-.. p ic I\
    ,,
    '<
    '

    (lllholiN 111,..,..,. I p;i"*'h brown U1-01$JIC 10 I Nil of pttf1

    ,_
    r:
    MIJltiiiC. 1'hc JI'OIIIIdnutoftl.tiM ncplllditlt. Plane lip., X20.

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    _,_ ..... _.. .. __ .,... ___ .... .-
    ('"":'
    IWiO ,otM .,.. ....., ffll t1r Mo:..WC"*'- TM
    r:
    ...,. .......... ..,., ..... lk
    ....
    r:
    O.C" P1.tM ....... X83

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    Ofi!IOI't")U'M tt)"lQ p.>i .... dly cKIOWf. .. p\II&IOfl.aM!
    allol lotJIC ,........, the C! -.pe "*"'"
    r:
    a..c2M o1 tlw o.lwr ,..nilk:l tO (IW)
    .. "-'.,.. c-.4J'(l&ln..XI
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    73
    ilr:::
    IGNEOUS ROCK-FORMING MINERAl$
    ......
    .. ......., ll:)o.ou biftf ....... diM -cite,.
    .... , ............... _, il All ..,.
    , ............... I'll ...... ......
    ........ ..,. ............. Ocacd
    J:: t...;....,..,...,,_lqyoew ___
    W I 1' ... ., ..... _ ..,..,,___,,.,..
    f'I'J'Mal - ...,. ; I ,_.,. panoad (COl) of Pel""** 1lw
    - ......... --,._. lk.,.... - ....... ,.,._
    - ku-
    l....,_ot JYIOIICAC """*' ,._ lk
    M-M pMMt otnelll l.llt 01 rk t-a._ 'nil
    Clflpul twill a tllot"loft ...ay IUik ev.:kll4 b7 tk OM..,._
    d tM tNnc-II.M f11 1M wpptr kft.,. .-.,rlt veM.
    <ffiiiiM (OOil o1 rr.oe1t.c.- r>,u o1
    (RIIoou11) Cf'OMC'd potn.. XSO
    ) , 1 ,.lU" of C.olliDOII ti1M!Iac *<:t'-11 U..l
    enpMtly Cf)"IM ol ,.,01'1.., - --.6 br ...,.,c.
    .. .- toA ,...... Mlh lk noS ..,.,,
    ,_,...._, 110 (OtU)-Utc lrloNonUl toeu; t:lw-. lk
    ,.,_ .. , -nc 110 en....,.,.,..,, coot.,_
    1'01'" .... . ... .... ,. toO\ ,.,.. ..
    Cl (!,..,_ ... ,..., - K'C.a kft !IIIC
    u....,. ,..._ Loth Sf JoM -..,....
    <N:tou ""*"'a
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    ;:11
    MIN&RALS
    AM PHIIIIOLS
    lt .. .....,...,._..,. e r
    laca P)e .,. .....,_ ......
    .... 01' .... p:!OIN"t ...... fllflmrroc -
    c.a. a ,-...x..- o1 ............ ...
    ...... _ ..... ..,..........u ........
    ..&:: M:b 1M e,..,_., ..,. or lltnl4td 10 ...._
    ..... ..
    tt .....,...._....,_ t..w. 1101 I'
    f'lc:';;oco. - -- """' ................... of lllc
    ............
    _. "'01" .,.,.._ ,._..oti,..... 0 ..,., Mot."--
    .... Q.cbc.t ,_ ... X
    )r... s-. I" l5 ...., ..-.kr fd.ta l"'""'k ..
    MO:IftCt ..Xr colOft., -.,. lk"' ""'1 1M ....u.11 117
    tiM df\lfll <'Clot' of tile --"""'-
    ,. u.. .... ---- ...t ...... ......,_ ....,_ ............ _ ,..,,.o
    .sm-.....a .. ....
    ....... ptac ..,.. .... ... .,..,. .....
    ..... ().d,et
    ..... _ ...
    "10, 1'1.( toM lOok M.,..,_ M"P..,. ,.,_
    fM,Uo ...... t:.: - q.-N , ... ()r.ebu..
    W. rw.e-c dtiiMc:n.. ,._ i11P1- XI
    15
    MICAS
    lf I!IIIMII.,. .. ,, .. n-. ...,
    --lep6rt .. ..... COW ... t* 'KIIMI n.y
    (1M M dw,...:t"Mf bf 6c G( oaiJ OM
    (l!fWbOa ...... tlle (001) C'kMip. I:Mll ..._
    I!Onlbk..SC *'-' o-ly OM tk..-1" dirurioa,. M t11 tills
    ... cte_,. 1101 .. putdy plaMt 1111
    ...... 8iultll ... Wtlblu r...t ............... ...clor;
    ..ore"*-.-u .._,. ,.:Ma (lW q "-..... Xlk
    tO s- lM lt """ ...... I!:I'OilMIII ,.,., 8lodle uw-
    MOCIIIIIIIIC .....,. ttlf'IIMJt': IU'I'ef't. it 11'1011 dutl)' '"-"
    ..-c Ulc: tl)t41 II 10 tKtowtlon
    1pou. do DOC llonlf)kNc ._ -ot utlibil bWM)"'

    H IIMt bltl" c-.y .,.,. .e,
    ,..--.c .., MOI.olt lwllll Wlllllt - '*'
    ....... '**'""" .......... CIOIM4 ,. .... XlO.
    U S.... DoiCl """'-.itt p&a.c ...... Nlllnl'l'lk ...._
    ..., IWid ,rcodl.w TIM -vn'" llooU!t,
    JWIIO&Opl4. !. cdont.u, c.n lie ,,_
    m\lloC'Oiolltt byllll ,,...lllV.
    ) ,_..tofOoc "** t fOIIIMI NMI tofC'Ofl tf)UQ ,.
    ,,..,,._ Oer of null .-u (If laiW.flov alld
    lllonv lA ulfOOn lbt tiNCiti,. oltllot wi'I'Oooolldo ..
    .. ;w M Pf')dw.a 41ft t.MI ll J'f'.,.-.
    Nw ,.._ III&M.X. l
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    n:a..osr.urs
    .. ,..... ,, lcMIIpN .. - ..... fiOl'b <MneklVIMI "'
    ..... ...._. ""' __ .......... , .. ,. ...
    .., ............ (ttl) - .... 1119'4 l'aldiM
    ,..,... ..... -.c Got ,.... .,... .. ,... ,.__ -
    ............ _. ..,
    btft ltol'l ......,_ IM:!Mft IIlii ... IMM:Illle P"""'C
    ..,..,...._ ....,.._ e-.....,. ...
    <l$. ...... ..,.--...
    ..._ dlMCiplol._... ....... ..
    n..c.. .,...,_ flo1wsr ""C*
    ........ .t die c.. ..... ....... (X") .... -
    fO'If}J'IM ...... ..,.., ..... ,_, .... ,... .. _
    .. ...,. (010) ......... s.o ...... ...,...
    ...., .... .... "'tnn ..... ..,.
    110 ... -.o lllm ..... <10M ... ...,_ tro. -" 10
    lllk -t.nl lllc: .CI'CIIOIIpt focoelc4 11p ... ...,.,..,. -atr ._,.
    power. EWI!Idioa Ulk --.w.ll ... r-. Mil cl 11btk
    ..... illlo*l?llell tic the M- Nelli_,mcllll Itt. ftpelllc4 011
    pculbkc w.s 1 IMlsm. .. m 11111e:
    WrtA sarvtWc t.hc olslM f'l"'*t..e t1 tud fro.
    tbcl c"'flb (Jio 46). f'OIIn.. xa.
    - .........,._ .... ,. t - - .... _.... - .........
    ...... (IJ'IO).sk
    wn.o. 115 .. INIOI (t-1<1, ... (001). S.C.
    wa-. 10 ........_ .urp .a..t ..-., *- (001)
    duo. CliiiiMC ........ .,... .....
    -. ltU .... 1"'M: tk.twllp: dlold.td ..
    "'-"__, ""r.x... dJc ., ............ , ..
    ,.,..._, c-.s p::lu$. xs..
    ., td'loOII ti 1\t "' ""' _ ... loO .... toM loU f1l -
    l\c llottws slilc t..
    (X") _, (OtOI 1 ._.. t
    CfPJ' CO' d ,..._..,.. ..
    ..... -
    77
    I(;"EOUSROCK-FORMINC MlNERALS
    ....... _ ot ...,... .,. C.11tur w
    TM:...Wwooft,e ......
    , . .-(Ott) . alboK ........ ...... ..
    c..,.... ........ "*-. ................... ...,
    ........ c.Mold .....
    ..._ _
    ., * tf)IM4 ,._ Ck ............ ..-. .__
    Ctltt') ... -- piMc. .. UM: poa..lM ............
    _,. bvt the r-. .._ wt. Hl10, 01 --t
    .. tJK J'Ok" bOdl 1M llbiliC lflllld Mil '-tJ.
    IH Ilk MilK C'Oiof 6fld lfllf$ Mil """"
    PifiC, -...,\Ire! tile t.dilltiJCNI llllcllfll !. 11b114: MM t11 1M
    kflhllo(tMC.rhba4rwlll
    l ilt. t.nlitlniOit lUlCk 1111 111'\hot: hoiM In tht.
    (40).
    ..
    "
    hn.t!Jy, tM ia n:lld from lhe l''flh tilt 141tl(r
    lnaJc bcWII plotkd 0. 50Ud linu 1ncl lilt IIUIIU ,,.,.
    U\IIH hiiU. ot A!t..n-
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    0Jwt I 1--... ......._ tr ltle <I'JIU1
    --JOdlr ....-ard die -. .......... .......-; ...-:
    ...... -
    .. ,"... .... ................ ...
    ...-= , ...... . """ .... .......,... .. .......
    ,_,.,.,..St. Udal. oo-..1 .... X.
    '<tt'k po- ..,_.,. .... , .. po rt-...ot._
    ..,._ \IMII ,..._ die ..... IOMl *-d.tllor
    aocll' 1 rMt -- ..,.....,. ,.,.... 10 ,...,.. $ ,.. ..
    TM C'CH'Ip"""-. d .,._ _, , a. "' .... , bf

    ., ... (p.-116}. .,_ ...... =-
    "" ..,.. __ :--" .. .,_ f.-A ..,. .......... - .,
    ......... ,,.. JIOCM.f-..nctl kVt.Jw c,..... ....... "" XlO
    Tacro--kw.,.
    .... -....... .,_, ":.1 .....................
    ... _.
    (J.., ol """"
    r..o.n u:tn:ftldy f.w: .._. .- l'fN"M - tl!.M
    "'"" .... lk -m.. - ft)(IIIIC. ,,_ ...
    M"'f't"M...,.. Q '"a..t tk
    un- XJO
    IGNEOUS ROCKtORMING MINERAlS
    SILICA Mfi'IERA!S
    Sf. IJtuM,.tofy t.rtlnnioe in quaru. 01 M .. l
    StQit.IW. atii'ICIIoo is rormc6 b)' faNin.
    Cf)'!lll lt llul .aipdy llitlttelll
    orienucloN ruult ot 11nfo. II i:l
    ill quan.r. (;na;ed potm. XI.
    t.0, 0..1'1!1 phe.netf)'SB _,Ill I form infubiiJ IIIII they
    t't)"UJiirtd lbo bcu form Ia 1bis' l't!)Oiilc
    rrom Sakm. N:l<lAK!I.Ktu. pob X&.
    t.l ... """"_.,... ... o( "" . .... ;,. -
    bc:an.'tJ:d-e W.1td, ColotwdO Pbttc ltt;bt. X&.
    <w'llb flfllblt til 1ft otOoH'Itll
    UOIIOJ'OC' p..u. Syll411ctl( Crol.Kd polat\, Xl.$
    80
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    ICNE(JUS ROCK-FORMING MINEIW.S
    FEUlSI'Amoms
    Q.U.C. s 'II Mll f '' .......
    .. .. ..!..: ............. o!..!. r. I 5 ...
    I
    ... ._.. J II .. ..., ..,. a-.1 .......
    ,...
    ....... O.Qllllt...SU .......... t ........ ,....,.
    __ ,_.._.,._...,..,...._ ... --...-.
    whldi- .... _, IIMM; MM -.au
    lbldl rc: .. liooilto ** ol ............ Qlolr,s 110 ...tta.tic&
    -no.-ct
    ..,..,..... ...... ,, ,, ...ca.t ..... -
    cdon..
    ll.pu .. k lllktfC:mKC t'Otoft..
    61 bMdnol fll DaK ..-. tqtMt

    P .S.. a. N 6S M -*t noiMf pa&t.ft.. lA*,. coe4ll&.
    -ti ,_ .... tftpM&. ..........
    *""' oncn-. tcaOII'I.
    81
    IGNEOUS ROCKPOR.\UI<C MINEIW.S
    MOtile, .. ............... MAloN ....
    "CCICt. Ia .._.. .... el N .. ,..."-
    XL
    71 ....,_ .. ,as .....,....
    ,_ * 0.. Mcthh-.: _, wrlltt
    bcllh lltw "=""" pty tlor:J. 'Jlwy tUd)' !-. Clllollll
    rdtd o -fillllqkr Xto
    12 W., 1\t 'I ""'-*'pl.- lUtJI ""kTC- lvoto tlltd uf
    pilei,. n C'\ollt'al
    , SkticH.t pl'il;n. 01 .,_.,.l*t....oM .,,th &n u"'! ,....,.,,_ ...,
    .q..-tt tryual bailk Wpr
    AIM* """t'ma .. -.. rn _...
    e T tt) ,._ t.iiiJic _..., ""-..... XIO
    14 S.lnt 1\t 1,J bV1<ionckl no.ac4 roln. Ap.t<IC ... lOw cP1
    MltcrfCft- Mn:M lya ., 10 ....,.,
    -
    1\ In aaflt l(l(b,. ,,.,,.c: typotlllfJ' ,....., w-oo, .cc
    len: .. ............ .. -..pllolc -
    U.Qit Jot.--. O..c.'* Alli!Oo.P -n 1101
    ck .. Jt. ,.,._lntnl tile: lrt
    """"""'
    """

    :ll
    2
    :1
    :J
    :t
    :1
    :l
    -

    -

    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    - ...
    -
    ,.
    ....
    ,.
    -
    ,
    -
    ,..
    ;1
    .....
    ,. '
    ;1
    ;:-,
    ;"1
    ;1
    ;:-1
    ;,

    IGNEOUS ROCKI'OKMING MII(RAL$
    17 ' r 'I;J: f'f)!IUI d *f1kK *""'"' w
    .. ryatkc. 1.11 .....
    --
    11. s- u. 77 ....... ""*"" ,... $pk;M .,....,.
    ...,..., .. ..... OOIICif fiCIIIim'.-" .... .....
    ...... ..... ......,,... ................. .,.
    ---
    ?'P 'l.oMci IOUf'NIIM ft')'lll. wlf Jfttftkll WU afld ltiQWIIW!
    1111'111. ,.._ lllfl.t, X2IO.
    8J
    MI:TAMORPIIIC ROCK"ORMING MINERALS
    Al.zSIO, POLV)IORPIIS
    ,, .. W: di.,_ (.or '""' Al,SIO. ,.,.,...,.... .....
    .. ,.,.,_,, .... _ ........ .,. !'fOliC. ...
    a w 1M ._.,Mfllpl:n.tu"" .._ AI llltoe 011 ('IOUiQ
    tilt triptt poln1, Jll'lllttl It .c 1 ptw.:IIN ol
    o..J13 Oh ''"' SIXJ'C. (NW:.f
    :_ Tk - <UrMC'-'C Kat.n d ...__ .. tile .....
    n<IM JMIOfl ttl Ill< pnNn 111! 1 61np Oltpll f'fuytp
    tl!"tdOfl Cki""''C tot iii pN-'t MRION, b.l
    O,...,tca .... I ,
    U.. ..C..,.,..._ **'k d ll.o6o
    Sc\.ol&utcl. I'I.IIIIC '""'XXI
    1 , .... - ,....,_ - 11f ...,..,_ orlkr
    101< f'ftt"CIIff (Ciik!ft, H4l JH'"""' (ltllloli(J nftll(11(11n .,llf
    IJC kt.-p" tiOW 5fl IKK .,...,. f'Of'dotrite lf!Ofll 1M IIVt..td\
    ..... t ...
    c---" :oo
    .a ,..._ .... (l(tW 1\. ,......,. - \- ,..,.. ,.
    II(,. l'ontlk' trnct H'l"ld lllt tk t.IIIIM OJMOI
    r"('C: Ill(.) I !floc f'N.M t ri'QM. llwl tomi!OC)flt,. !q fi!IC
    .....,, ...,-..1 f;l'tf"' ,......,. c..- k ttw

    i('t'ANift
    tn liMANITf
    , ..
    UM,.tUIUtl 6(
    -
    C>

    1
    1
    1
    l

    "
    ,
    .
    J
    -,

    -
    ,
    -
    ,

    ,
    ""
    ..
    ,
    -
    - ,
    ,
    -
    #
    ..
    -
    ,
    ....

    -
    ,
    -
    ,.
    -
    -
    ,
    ;'I
    -
    ,,
    -
    ,. I
    -
    , I
    ;-'I
    ;1
    ;1
    ;-w

    .:::1
    ;:-i
    :-1
    MtT.Ul ORPHIC ROCK-FORML'<G Mll\"&IIAL'>
    1) Mill'blc. ..W. tafltld)' - k.IMI..o. hfl fiDI'-ail,
    IOf!llllln bip-tc.fi!IIIII'C, COO..I.Id
    pcliiU. ftfll lr\ tblt J:C.oltl ll (fOM I Wlt niilo. ill
    1he bWid Of Mll, $coiWid. tu Ofl*l m '-*
    Wcllbuo1 110 ... ol .., . , ...... .....-w
    ........ ,.., ....... .......,
    ....... p<W .... ..,. 'Jid'lll ....._ ..... X!O.
    I' S..C I) bill tiltllkt 00M0C1 pot..r..
    ti. c- 1we.. _ ...... ...,_....,.. ,. .. . -..,..,..........,
    .-t. ..s ,..,.. ......,_ ....... ar.o --
    --(1( ..... n.prnt" tt*KI_......,....._ rc:llln.
    ftlotltdnd pri ...,,, otrtll'l(l)' 111*"
    nltrf. h II flO bu' 1 p:10t J'IIM_, Pf(IOIICU
    lrlll&'o'ti'K f'Whlfb Ill fW'of;II'IIIJ( 6Cf!IIOM. Xf.olltll ill
    cl..-....c., fo/.Jl, $coot1Md. J'I.IM ...... 0.
    '' u ... ....
    ... ._ ... of....,.,. ....
    tl't fl.&rd .onMiy ttueUr tlwl the 01'" mi-crte& ' " lk
    wt'hOI\ Ill will UtndOft, 11-- .:IChtly ll.iptr llttfftttll

    1 .. l>lorlle $Cl\IU \tioiKOO,U a Cll.t._UNtd
    ,.., .. 'I" 1 copptecl l!t..,..,. to'!.-thOfL
    ,.,.,.,c ... u ......... ., .. ._ Nl 16 ...... _ ...
    .... o( ... pe>r ..,,_ 10 --bl'\.
    ... f loop! OleoMt ...
    IN '"'-.!It..._ -ION*"""' otllktl'ut..ct t'Oicft
    '" ..... Ml""rk I'IIIIC' ...... X*
    j; . - 1(...-J\iur'>!f W11"' "1'>-
    pc hlahlt
    'w""C .. \f\4 jiJ 11.. 1 ff'OWC'CI f'">i"" 'Jllof ... trfiN-
    f "' ol l!ott -"' lltp "'!>CNn ,..,..,.. tJI tlloo.,.,"t "'
    ...... ,.. ..........
    ....
    ; ,
    ,
    -
    -
    -
    ...
    :I

    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    -
    -
    ,
    -

    - . '
    -
    ,,
    -
    ,,
    ;-,
    ;'1
    ;"'!
    ::'1
    ;1
    .:-1

    :'1
    METAMORPIIIC ROCKt'ORMIN(l MINERAI.S
    !I C;ant('l f'OIJ*)lolllut In 1 mllto."lll Kill.- I k lll b Ill
    lin l)l*all) tiiMil!ll fiOI'JI4ilt1*114 ......... of
    bro-Il Ml4 jill( IJtrtl dll<w* ... 1!0.0 pra.tiiC 0M'IWI Ill
    pti!t..;: l'to!:h k'l IIW t i .... M (1\tl " ll"f'l*1oiMII'lll) -
    n '*'d ..,_. Pl th111
    Jt,lll l(l
    n. M)l&ll Mil IIMt:t po;.n. O.nwt ill pthht
    ...... b io _...,..., ........ .. ...........
    _,..._., .... _ ...

    :... l:liof!Nnl ... ., ..... ...,.... ..... ..,,.,._., ..
    prMt
    01M: d 1114 rcw ll!llfiUII!I. 1'-" .-or:IUOIC" of
    ,., .... "'- bif", xs.
    '' M\' ;t.4 ,._IKkf Cf'Oa6Cd lllf IIJUo!UftiiiM
    lfllffkltll C'Oior r;l AlwiOI!Will fit\1 otlfltr )'tiiOw
    !"'> Olontaid ...,,.Mb-ly J"((Wf uo tto.no.11
    f)tlcll' 1cda 11 kJro. J'Ncl of IMUoiiiQtpiiAM (',...ak r"OIIIII!IO!IIy
    tw1 dw fololtiiOI!o 4c':fIIC4 b)' m.,..,..,ll( 1M
    fi'OM lf'YI.tl tiUWIPI _,l..c tO !l'k )"llow
    Olf diiCiniOIO Uf!i,l,.t 1111 moe.. frt('I.,I'U c1o cvt WI'OM tM
    H-tt i 1Mollf, tlioe NWol fll-" I'OIIIMOfl
    11JIII )JO
    :1 S.Mt Mlo4 _..,, C'fOMel ,__.un. lku..- oil(,.
    tGion.,. tM c'IMof of """''
    m:.d ,_."' ..,.. M" ...nt. frQfll tNI wMcr
    .....
    MttAMORPHJC ROCK-FORMING MINl:IW.S
    .. llonlldl. tW4o tow.c eo.,.u.
    Abet, """ w CodcriM ... , I 0... .,..
    ..... ..... ...._
    .......,_. ......... ('I'P"....,- ,, ....... c-u
    kft) 101. ,.._ liPI. xa
    ...
    ...
    XI. Cof'llimll: b: pela e.. CIOI'iotriM
    ......... ... tnn--
    ..... _. ................ ,.. ..... X
    l 1 ..... \OClO._Mikra...-,.,.. ,.,.....,.,....
    .. """-- iiiOIIdOuM .,.. .............
    .._. .... _._ec
    s: w.,.,. - 11111 01 ,..., d -.. ewa .. ,..
    .. .., ..... .........
    Oftcf ,... cokw II .... 1Ji1M U I I)
    .....u. 'Or r.rv Ollk:r..... b'ttt e( ..... "'
    -il.. ft'O'Uf ....,., -..x..,r r ..._
    ltJww+'"'"Wcbo4!p: ... .,_......,"f_,. __
    -""
    )) ,,._ ol l"fMDIIU Mel ct.opllllk o.tt
    1.-.oM:
    ..... 1111" )(21)
    lo' S... a \N Tet...., "'
    ..... ..-u .,.__ -'"k!Utt
    l ... .. .... . :
    ' : . ,.. ' - C::h ;--< "1
    .. , ' '--. .PT"1>(' .
    .. .J- . fi . : <. . .. :: ...
    - " .,---... ' ..
    , '
    "'. . ,. - ;! ..,<:
    - .. . ... . > --:.1 0 .-4 ......
    r ........ (.. "t. "f:J:.-
    ,.. .,._ ....... n
    0
    : .-f-t. ,..Y .
    r . '..... . . ... ... '" ... . ., .. ,
    ...... - JJ .. , . _, ,. \
    ,. \ I _-.,. /. ' ,.. , -
    ;> .... ., ' ! ...... "J y ., ......:..1. . ...
    ',J f'"T_. ,, ...
    ' '\. '""' v I ' .. C ......
    _,.. ... ...._ i"'-_ ' . I. c . . ..
    ., .... . - .. ' " \ .
    - ,.... '"'\'' r. ' I


    ;1

    - l
    -
    I
    ;'i
    :;
    -
    "' '
    -

    .. ..,

    ;,
    :1


    .,
    :..
    MlrrAMORPIIIC ROCKFORMINC MINERALS
    JS KfP(-IItinbJcd oliYIM. ill -"* Ooaed
    _,.,.
    X> ro,..utc 111 ....tlka it OCIIDflk-ly 1o
    Wtptllllllf, 1 r0Ct. boowll ophicdd14- CI"'Ok._.
    ,... ....
    __,...... ... -"* ... ..
    .., ..,....,.,_ a..,. .tCC'CIM: ..,,
    ......,._ illWrft:fHft fCIIoft. li..xt pr.u.e lip&. ..,._,
    M potiiiWC- ftlld eoddk
    IW"-" Y Ill- totbd (01P9t-t ..,, olll'ld
    ft'WIIIttu piiiiiOf'-' 'ap:!Ltt - d llw fico>.
    llfCI'M _,... .o ultd:loc tiiiOdotnrc
    ,. .... l'loXlO
    \ t"\1\-lt fodo; >ln\otl !IIIUJ:"'"'' Wl'llt 400J"o''k '*' Cll""'
    "tf "' c-lloCt of """"'('1ft(
    \ M "n ,. ....
    ,. ...... fl'flli'f C'l'lo.>r\ ,u.u.. XIII)
    METAMORfRIC ROCK-FORMING MIN&IW.S
    39. Blade& ol ill coatan limuiOne:,
    $:M.1 Hill. N:lnbcm lrdlolld. Utld efQaOd. P'*tJ
    lr.M: 8'la.dl'lun ol tliSt oi'CSct yellOW, <..'rolled
    pctlal'l, xs.
    I wlo.-.1-.0 ,,_ hoc Ql
    Nul.'! Is ullfW'IOnel: epi6olc llip f'ttlct. rii'Oti1c
    bat mte: rm<r.t rel.e( Uod oe pkhJOIC Ia ot J:fttft.
    f'lllt h&fM, X!O.
    S..mc- Ill M:.tl boo>! po&lon t..tm&JU,
    1ue11 toUOIId Oll:kr iatcrt'cn:n '*"' hu taw
    MI!Ctffl't!> (')ton,, ia t)li$ OISC', UIIOIUio"' b,....
    " ' I ro.k>lt toflf,lo('l Wltll an pMrl 10
    f-1 UK: tu.rpn it >nU<U P'apod.w n.c
    "'""',M:. .eds. aftd bitttn,r;IIC1: of cptdOie 4ccruw
    (11'(_, II'Ce <'Oftt.(ll.f: tlollot()I41C.. 11\c UQII'fl'OO't
    11-. UIOfMioul ulfcrellte llin.. XIO
    Z1l
    :11
    :11
    ::1
    ;1
    :1
    ....

    -
    ,.
    -

    -

    -
    -

    '""'<:
    -

    -

    -

    -

    -
    ......

    -- -.
    -
    , .
    -
    .
    -
    , .
    - " .
    -
    .. .

    ,. .
    -
    ,. .
    ;-,
    .:"1
    :;,
    ;,
    ;,
    -.

    MI:TMIORI'IUC ROCKF'ORMII<C MlN&RALS
    ..._r ''** .....,..,......_r-..,..,
    ot: n f .. ,,,,, ..,. poa.ftlll.
    111.,.....,.,., ass _.....,... .._.....,x..
    4$. S.. a)Ojl .. ._. ,..,._.._ .._ ,_....._... 9fP
    .. __ ,__ .
    ... ..... ........... ) Oilonk-
    tow ftllef ldi:IM! IOdw cQQ.....,...., ........... XZS.
    t1. s-, a)IY ....
    ....... .,,....,. ........... _, c:IIIINc
    ... .. _......_
    ._. (.,... , ., ' . . ... u IC, .,_.
    .....,..,. _.. l.ka,.r'llb-
    u. ..._ ...... .,. ........
    ..
    ,.,..,.. "'-" ..,... Xl:S.-
    ... tdlu: \JtOIWIIIl , .. ttMoPWW:.NUC t+.oc plcodll.-a
    oC .... "*"' ...... '-Jll
    91
    Mf.:T'M10RPIIIC MOCI\ 'QR.MINC MINERALS
    ,....._ .. , tl)'\l.tfl '" ldlita. ..
    .... llf' .... ,XlQ.
    <.... ""' f10W1. -toc-.rc
    10 .... IJIM IMC:rktuftt:don.lk
    S! hoOclc q ... ,._ pckKC lkift *" form
    ll.oohlltt inttu.1 11 IJ'P'QIIy t>vfld3o of
    .,..,.,..,....,,p., rlbtn 1'1411C _,.._ XlO.
    4 Classifi cation of Igneous Rocks
    Jpeous rocks typically coosist of se\'Cn major ckl.. SK>z. Al20l, Fc:O
    MgO. C.O. Na
    2
    0, Md KzO. whlcll combine co form the rrxkfomt.ing
    which include olivioe, (only t
    high pressure), vnphibok. mica, q_ua:rn., plagiocla.se. Ml:tli feldsp:Hhotd.
    a:ad spinel (commooly or t.bc: mim:rab, bcJoas to solid 50hltion
    seriu, and tbU$ they can adj\1$1 theit eompositiQIU to fit a wide range ol bulk roc.k
    O)mpo.sitions. a result, m0$l rods are composed oC no more tban four or the rock-
    forming miaerals. and $Qfl'IC. ooatain kss.
    Classiric:ati<>DS of igt:ICOU$ roek$ have bcea based on both the seven major oxide$
    and the ekwt.n useacial rockfOtming minerals. A chemical is of lit
    tie in the flcld. becaU$C i.e requite$ :analylica.l data. Mineral$, oo the other
    h:tnd, ate readily identifiable in the f.cld, if coarse pained. They
    may also prcwide val uable in(ormation ahnul t.he eavi:ronmett in wbk.b a rod; forms,
    \lbich tbe chemical das&r.cation docs DOt. Coes.ite and quam .. (or uample, are
    elemit31Jy idcntkal, bu1 tOe&itc forms ooly under exl:.remely high pre.ssure.s. A mi
    do.ssification, is o( littJe U$C i f the minerlliS tOO fine
    g1ained to be identifiable or the rock ls glass)'; in these ea.ses the chemical ds
    sif.eation "'oould bc:-fnOre userul.
    This lnboratocy manual uses the classification proposed by the International Uni
    oo of Geological Sciences (l UGS) Subcomminion oo the S)'sr.c:matia ot lgnc:ollS Roc.b
    (Strec:keiscn., 1976, 197'9: Lc:Bas et aL,1986). For volcanic roc;ks., the lnine and
    lluagar (1971) d:wi!icatioB i1 also i:nduded. The IUCS classification uses both
    the mineralogical :tnd chemical dOlWf'icattons, but empb.asiles the mineralogical one
    "'here\'er poM:ible.
    i\lodc: " nd Norm
    1he cnmpo!>IOn of 11- rod.. I) lmov.n :1.s 11> mtt.k The C'll the
    .1-e 10 term< of \ 'Ohnne percent. tor lh" tl> v. h:n lhc C')-e pcrt\'e,;
    A.;.\lrate m,)6c' :arc Obt:uned b) porm comtl''.t( thw sll('ln' ud. under 1he
    ... ,Jx: ihl\ mcii!M 1dcnlll)'ln$ the nuncrJI the tt l the m..:ru
    Mtrpt 11mc lhe s:.mpk :.mt'lunt 3 mo:h!ln!C:Il 'fl\c mctcrc=J
    II: flld 01 pomb 6nthc :mll ltw U:ll.lu)n ol !he Iota I nurnber
    "'! fk!Mm on.'Jijlltd l'l\ :. mu.er:.l 1$ ptOj)l."'lrliVfl:!.l tt lbc: 'llumc pcrc:c:n1 uf lh:U m1nc.rJ.I
    1n lhe '""'l ;\n a pplu\11'1\l tc muclt' be c: .. 1he pei\.'Cnl.:lfCI. ol the:
    f'I\JRc:tah l t'l tbe h.tnd lojkl.'lm.t'f'l Uf IJ11t1- lOti The fll!UfO:> ,.,. Ilk' lll)ldl' bad, C0\1!1', 'ollhtCh j:I\C
    0:\oUnplo:lo \ll J: lrtiC'fO)Ctlpc licld 0 1 \j(:\1. fllcd v. nh rcr .. of':. \Ioiii Mlp
    t!IJI. c ,.,,,. Ia'S. ea"c' Be c..aro:lul v.het'l dc:ermnnt fni)Jc:- 1h.a1"' ln v. ''
    ""l!d h' :.J.mpk .a rcprc:.l!f'IWH' c .:lt<'J. 01 1he ,..-,...l., Wnh rod,;.. an
    thm :.c" uut'l n111 ccn bC' :wJ need nob< me.:.
    hn.dh. 11 the to;,.l.. )Cdt<on n\u'l a,'h"-> prelctabl) be oorm.-l to.
    u1 lmc.l.lwl\ d a muck t> 1\1 ttl:
    If 1\1\;lt. is 100 li n(: g)O:..t ror lht; mo.le t o be dc1cr-mlMd urodct 1he mic:ro-
    !COpe, or ir it cons.i$c, of a amount of G,l;m .. a chc-mkal wlll
    be ne.c:dc:d to the rod:. Modern autO<;)tci.l lH:ty spectrometc:u
    Qll a dc.c:.. of a rode in 1c time Ua il. taW 10 do a
    DOmal ,,.;,. &'liool " gcty of a rode:. I.Dckcd, if s11d. is riuc.d Mth 11n
    energy (11 M>lid IMtc. device tbat detlli energy or Xrays).
    a few mioutes ate aD tbM ate acUaty for aa aoalyM. This 4ocs not iMitJdc. ..,....
    pic '"puariola. ilicb Wu. aboll abe same kacJb ol ti.mc prcpiiRLM:Ia ol a
    thin .:coon.
    U order to d.assily a rod: oe tbc. ba.1ls ol a c:Ktc:al ualysis. il i&
    co &be ...ouots ol dx: ftl'JOUS i:Mo the mi.oeral1 that WOI.Ild b8'\'t for
    med i( 1he bad cooled skl.,.,1y. Tho ,.bundan:c of the mineral\ is
    ktJO\I.il u a IIOI'f' The oxides in the rod: IJUiysis arc anoca,d. rono.;ng .a
    wibcd tee ol rvta. to .-pic formllbc ot the: u'Jd.:-rarma:na
    ar.ld commoa mincnJs. The oocmative mneral!i are tbe 1)1'ic:l ooe!l 1h.111
    14'0uld form if 11 mngma cf')')olaJlized at low Jlftl\Urc. (Of eumrlc ln a lavtt now. The
    normati'f'C cOmpoliltoo of a rod fornacd low prn"'fc 1Rrdotc be- simibt to
    IU IIJ-)Ck. Y011 may IO dlccl. thG by podt <'OWling, for cxamrk. a
    crajtl('d ana1)zed Nlsalt or granltc. (F'or hi{th or ((lr llydrou" co.odtioM
    special cakul.aci(lonj. bcca m*.) The rwrm. then. allO"'s a cbcmiQ!
    of a rock 10 k rccail. &. cc:rta) ol lk c:ommon m.iKra.k .,._.. .ve the bat,i,.
    oltht tUGS c:b!.wfatton
    nc Q(lt'm .,isc:d by the row Cros.s. 'dJinp.. PlrJ.SOR, ...d
    (Joaraa.mu. tO)t), a.J 1h11!. " t\ rdcmd to ._, chc CH"\\
    nom It talu the percent (II the Ode5 and them 1hc ""'C'tht
    pcrc:cr11 of the it " 1bc:rcfor" known ti 14Y.rf!rt !Wrm. The normll
    IM arc: aac C0111p;a.r31Jir to lhow: ol tbc: de. iiKh are lulcd
    as "'OIu'ftc perctl'll di\O'"C:pllfiC')' poa.rtl(luJ.u-1) riOh<ublc fflr '"'Cry dcn'C m1nc
    n1f1. ,.Lc-b ar. :and The "''tight norm, liO.,.,'C\'\:1, can C:On\'l!ttc.d to
    \"Ohunt l''"l""'l"'i(lofli t-y th< l"'n.cm5:1.: at .Wm:llh\'C m1etUl k
    "' uJ rcc.kwl.11lf to N.a.atn" ukviMOM h.,.,,.. ;abon
    rrQCntd Jft of mlok<UJ:u ru'I'Onion\; h,l\1.' tht' o(
    lc-"s. frum I he ,,..,fume mOiJc 1ll MKh oow c"'rrk:d v-ut on hltn
    rutcn., thotrc t) IW) reuo. n01 CO (Oft'W tlllc lk1rDU(I\C mlftCt,l pcrccr!C'l IO wt
    u.mc ruccnl U ... 11th a m(ldc i) to be miNk. ftcmemt'C.'r ltlat the: ll'C'OS cl .. .,.,..
    to:.'-Cd on \Uh,lmC:
    1"-: IN ul ch3olniMIII. t&c 00111) P""n 1n a rae\. .. tt.
    .1 mu1tttudc or comrnoo mntuls. at lir..e F(lr cumrlc, .,.,lluc
    <.:.tO be aUoucd'? Anorallto, dinop)'fOXCn<:. and aU c(lnl:lln <:.o.
    .. do the acclf.'..W) m.UICr .. ts a.p;MIC' aM cak11e. is. shU '1kW'C N pr.._.t-cm
    mosa ol thr et\I'IUIW. arC' t.:1 dl ftCII an rcqt;uu: ""
    !>amc t'( !ollte".s. Or toUtS!!, tliC'rt'" wc;uld f'C no Ulll(fUt' M'IIUIIOA hi thi,
    f 1hclf w('rc nc tt'MrialoM on the mutct;JI\ that fl,rm ctpcrlt'M!O,
    tw-1:"\.._ tlut pl.) rcsa.n o. 111c- .. ,._., .. a
    th .. t to1111 nttur On the of llk:\C tC'Mrl<'hllln, (.tO!..\, hi
    dult:-"- l'1r\.\C\f\, and dcw.cd thclt I'C"hcmt feu lhl.' It
    .1 t'ndc ""' t!k11 .. Lilb .. tb.;t tht: Ol.lflll cu.talnn b.,a ... the
    t.C l..mc U\1 Q" fiii"M f'\U J"'lotf!ICCI l""rmtod\'ft#flltaU) th<- altul.J
    tl(lfl fk.J nu IOC' \';lllu .. hlt ("t'HI'f:.l<lrJ!c 11'1\tf!hl I.\ fhiM .. f!\'"'"'"'
    "'J'rft.:CUII\IA (.1( thC' .!.CCI'!"' IR\ tltl.).,., lA r.a.rticul,u lhl'< 1.1..-.. 111'1 lhc: tJJo,tfl
    t'!lll(llll Wbc::l..
    '"
    ;l
    ...
    -.

    :.l
    :'3
    ;1
    -
    ...
    - I
    -
    ,.o
    -
    '
    -
    ,.o
    - ' I
    -
    ,. I
    -
    ,. I
    -
    ,. .
    ;"'I
    :1
    :-,

    .::'11
    .::'11
    :-.
    ::'1
    --
    To bqia tk OPW _,.. t;abb..,.._ 1ht ptrDI-rP ollhc: OAidc' tile rC'id:
    u.dysis, are ll'JYC.'rtc:d to lftOic ptc>pOttioo:s t,- di\iJi-s c.ach oOJ.;. p<r.at t,-
    U molecubt weigM. Bcc:a.ti5C tr.cc amouau or Ma ud N 1ut.il(utc (Of Fe .., tht
    -man fefroM .... a -nt.. 1M mol. ,.opartioou ol Mf'l(l t.M "'"iO re
    lh31 ol FeO; simibrly the mole propcmi<!a$ of BaO and SrO arc 3dded to tb:at ol
    C.O. Us.lng g:i'"'" io Table 4-1, the mole are d.IStrtbutcd
    am()ng.st tbc; n(lfrn3!tivo to Lbe rules gio.'t-O Tbc cakulalions
    (M be t:)rrled (IUl C(UIV('nicll)' 00 a baliilnct $h<:CI, M $-lu)wn in T.tblt ol'!. ihe fir.!>l
    toiJmn gi\'ts the chemic.! fm&1)14 o( the rod: in \\<eight p:rccnt: 1hil is (oJk).,.,-cd
    b) thr molceubu 'llt't-iShiJ ('( 1bc tbe third CQtumn gh-c the m\>ltc:"Ulaf propor
    Tbe remaini.ns t()luau,s., Clone for cadi normative mioeral frmt'-d, &how the am(loU:nt
    or u oxide that .-ncr 1llc amount ha\ brce allocated 10 1he panic:
    ula! miocnl. E\'tntually, Q('h (!I the: is red.aecd tO a1 tN rt(tht side
    ol the: table afta all al 1ht '-'u.Jc.. h.lvt beat atloeted 10 tile JPJ"ft'rfWC miatnl$.
    Tht wt:igM ol lilt miftctak. :ue the olntbrcd b) a.ukipl,""'
    lht :tPC"'oprialc Ol'idr b)- diC f.klf'lf r-eo ict Tab&c: """I A$ s C!li t1111 lhc
    IK'Ie. the $Ut11 olahc nntmMi\"C ffllfKt.tls Malllld be: the J;lmc 1hc 'U-"' f'f the <ipl


    In eM folkw.ing ntiC:\. the n,unc oC :r.n oxi&: rdcr11 to iat mule rwpot"tion.
    a ruk s1oa1ing th;at the

    it 10 ht: tc;duccd by Mg() i"1.h.:.m:t th:n
    llw mok proponion of Si0
    2
    h h be tt'duced b)' :an amCKm eq"al to half the
    mdc proportion nl M&O
    I) is to rlitc: .1111\1 <:'..0 li red l') :.l.l3 X
    :!) sis a.floucd 10 M'Ut('., lllld r cO , .. b) o.s 1; s -
    1) Ct.,.0
    3
    1$ atlouc-J tnduCiftld(, ltd h) Cr.,O_,
    <I) t,O., it. to alld h.<> K rcdua:d h) T.C)" lr T.O-.
    .. FcO. lh..: (\(C'Io.\ .. 10 pi'O\l--.i.lUI \rhcat tia) .lftd cad
    "ed $tO., "''" kith reduced b) !PI rqwl l.i> 1hc of T.O,.:
    du\ step"' l.> C"rr-.:d I'IUI Oftl) I( (.;.IQ afiC'I (,vmJtll(\ft Ill aftOfthiiC:
    (!>l cr 10) H Tl<),. qill r.,;m,un, fl .. , calcubred :I\ rutile.
    $) F u. :.lloned tn Ooo11tc: and CaO i, tl!ucx;d t,.O..S
    h) CO., a.II,)U(:d to CII IC'ItC, .aniJ l:aQ b u;diXcd by CO.,
    7) Z.,(}z j , :lkllttd In Jircun, 1.\ rcduc.:d by Zr(')::!
    K) K,() all4'tlcd m r'""'''(nlll octhocbsc (or'), and Al
    2
    o, reduced b)
    ... i.\ hy (, x K-,0.
    ''l ,cm.)anint;, luwn t_;. " cuiilbintd ,.,,th an amount ot N.11
    1
    0 to
    .. form <llt\!IC .aoJ Silo I!> dcC'tt.t'ICd boy b hmn
    If a h.. rt Al .. n,. rwOC'ttd rn tltp 11.
    u Al-.0, .aer 1.1 " C'loml..ric-d :a. cqu.Jl aef!UDL nt C..O to form
    - (w<J\'NC'IUI (Mt-,, -'"'-' .)lil.c.l a dctre.asd to,- tlila
    I( 3 C'l,("((.,h ( ;a(). II " .a' awul!ldam-
    II) If .... ;t-.0 ,\1,0\ m \ol\p .,_ ""' UKIU'flt f.e.,Ol cq!U.I 10 the
    ... , .. n,.u,J ht -Kml<. .anJ WJ;eoa u. f; .I tamt"S this
    "moun-t.
    1:1 It :-;,.,() \llll f(l'll;&ll\\
    tlc.u:, " fl\1 ..
    u. c:Mrcmcl) 1
    "'r 11, tt'm.auH"'ot r-.;,,o (Mm\ mctui
    " . .J ,.m...,nl (!/ tf.l 'cmutntnF Na!O (this
    TABI.E4-l Nonui.MMiDer&ls
    r.tiocnl

    Fcnoulo Mol. \0 Wt. F.acw
    o-u
    0



    60IJ9
    Conood .. c

    101.96
    Zlrwo z

    IWI
    On-
    "'



    556.67
    Albite.
    lOb


    .52A.46
    Aoorthilo
    ..
    .Alt 3 iOz
    2

    278.21
    Lcucile
    k



    4)6.$0
    Ncpbtlino
    DC


    284.11
    Kallophi:li1c
    kp
    Kz .Aiz .2SOz

    316.3.1
    ;..
    ;-.
    -
    Ac:milc
    "'
    llazo
    l
    462.02 .. .
    Na 1Ktasil0tc. ..
    r<azos
    NazO

    122.l71
    -

    --
    ...
    CaO

    116. 17
    -
    ......
    l);opoid<

    M&(l.SiOz
    M&(l
    '
    10039

    r.
    F<O.siOz r.o
    '
    1Jl.9J
    -
    -
    ......
    WolltifOIIitc:
    ...

    CaO
    '
    116.17
    -
    -

    H)'P< ....... n<
    ..

    M&(l

    10039
    -
    r.
    F<O,SiOz
    F<O I IJ1.93
    -.
    _.
    - .
    OLviac.
    fo

    M&(l I 7o.3.S
    _.
    r.
    2F<O.Si0z F<O
    I 101.89 -.
    -
    C. ortbat.itit::ue:
    "
    2Ca0.S.Ol
    CO
    .. .
    I
    86. 12
    --

    --
    ,. .

    mt
    FrO.Fc-zO,
    F<O I 231.54
    --
    .. .
    Chlomilc:
    <m Fe:O.Cr
    2
    o
    3
    O:OJ
    I l"..J.84
    --
    Hcmac.cc
    hm
    F:r,o
    F';OOJ
    I lj9.69
    .. .
    Fr .f;o
    2
    --
    ;I
    T

    LSI.75

    Spbcoe:

    CaO.Ti0
    2
    .Si0
    2
    u:?

    196.07
    --
    2

    PerO'o'SkiiC
    p(
    c.o.r.ol
    T'oOl

    13$.98
    --
    RotO.


    To<lz

    79.90
    ,.. .
    Apat1Cc:
    ap

    3)6.21
    --
    ... .
    F1-..onlc
    ,,
    CaF, r

    )9.1)1
    -
    P'y!"ice:
    P<

    s

    !i9.SOI
    .. .
    Calril<
    "
    C02

    100.()9




    ::"I
    ;"I
    ;:'W
    . -
    ll) AD rcmainifiS

    1$ allotted tO a.nd eM. fc.() tS dccrcaJC:d b)
    I( exceed$ Fl;(), lbc: CX$$ is. akulatt M
    lo&) AD rciQi:lufll MJO iad FcO billS aad olmnn. M tlilis poic. \tgO atld
    Fd) ate added t.ogc&Acr. t.l tkW propor1-oni rc nuiAI.;a.tiiCd aa ca&nlbtmg
    eht olllle /l.ig ud Fe c:lld-IIICMbc:tnwpo.c of the aM
    ..,; .. ,
    lS) Tile: CaO rcnqi .. (rom acp 10 rornli pt'O'Iu;oul (dii'). .t.dl dttreas.es.
    \t&() FcO by u b)' llOC ...OUDI.
    lCI) l( C.0 ucccd.\ Mg()- FeO. the t1i0W fonas prcMWon.al '11\'llbilonlllc (wo'), ud
    .ili<:a G ckerca..od by 1hc eucu CaO
    17) I( tK Mg()+ Fc:O in gep IS ocecds the C.O. lM aU b)'JX'-f
    ;and J.iiQ is decreased by 1he tAU MsO FcO.
    18) lfSi0
    2
    ii jCJII remainingSi0
    2
    is at> quarU' ..
    IQ) If Si0
    2
    acg:afi\'C the rock tMJ.lun!l .. tiu (C)I rhc PfO\'ll.ion
    11lfy formed $ili<'arc: minerals. Some Clf tbuc minemb mu.,t tl1ercforc: be
    ta One$ rontaining. leM silic.a, unlil 1111it0l dcficlenc:y i::l.
    din\inat-.:d. The order in chis i1 d(MIC ii :-\ f(II<I'W'ft: lirit, h)l)CI'
    s.thenc i!l COO\'er1ed to oli,ine. $phuc lo pcro\'ll.ltC, otlhite: to
    I'IC:Jlhthne, urthod.uc H.J JAnd dios)'id4' lt'l r-.oiJcium
    and ols,.ioc:. aDd liMit)' ltucite tn U1i4,ptulitc Let the
    deftcKI'Icy in silica be (); the o( the provi,i(lft,ll l'l(lfi'IUI;.,C:
    miner.tl\-llfC .,ith a pcimc (Jet Tabk .. 1 r\lf ltt'nn:-..i.._., ., .. }
    hy/2',sc:t ol O,and b) by' !0
    I( 0 > ._.,{!. aU ptO\isiotuJ hypt:fllhe-M " t..r:YCrltd t1lrurtc: (1-l h\"),
    Jftd the: M"- dcti!Cicrq. 0
    1
    0 tr//2-
    '!1) 1(0 ( set rf. 01 a:ldla. ta'. o,
    If 0 > t' al splw:M U tOMt-ntd tt' pct,nl.llc (pf ta'), alld
    the ....... IQ ddtcimc)'. 0.,. do, .....
    If 1110 prC"'"'Wonaa r.:udt 1ft "t:P -4, ,..,..)'set ()l 01.
    22) If 0., < .t,oh"', WMDt: of abe pl"'tSioul " to ,.udt
    i'h61 nc:

    aAd ah ab' o
    2
    r.a
    If 0., > .&:th', a.ll albite wrwcrttd tt'l (nc ..to'), .:aond
    ihc nc .. sahea derKi<':P<), o
    3
    tS o
    2
    4.ab',
    !-.1) lr 0
    1
    < 2or', some- pc01ois6onal orthodax h ronl'tW:d to J,urilt, s.uch th:lt
    k P,/2 :.nd or 01' o
    3
    12.
    If 0
    1
    > -Zot'. all (l'fO\isional Oflhoclne con"'<'llrd to rrt'l\ l,i,\n.tl kudtc
    lit' of') and the new $ilka deficiency. 04. is ol' 20f'.
    2.1) I( 0
    4
    < ,.'tl'/"2 '" provi!>i()tla) V.'Oil:u.tonile (nOl' in d11Jp-.iJe), M'nl t p111m"n.al
    wo41:tUOnllt tonvntcd 10 t.:tkium wch th:l a. D.:t
    wo 20
    4

    II D.a > all CtlnH:ncd tn (lflfu_,,j)i,
    calr (o wn'/2), and 1bc nc"' s.it.e.a dc(te.Cn<:)", D" ,.1,'/2
    :$ II Ds dt', Mtmc of tht dlofQKk is COD\'"Cr1l:cf 10 t .abum Mlh-iht.,.u::
    .,b.ch arc to formed, w:t o o
    5
    r.. ul
    o,n.. and di eli' Ds- rc:mcml!c.ru'l 10 ad4 tht aout' (:\. omJ l to
    thllk lo -SlCp$ 24 aDd 20. rupc:CIJ\t,:l)'
    ,, o!i > di'. all 1$ '" f'olkaQm
    iad olnt:I'IC". $UO 1hoal o d."'/2 MCI ol d.'/2 (WJ ht allk>Unl) fcllfmcd i.
    MCf"o !.& .!nd. '20). alld tk at> ilk& dc-(KCIIC'\, 0 . '-' 0'\ d.l"
    :t) F ..... u,.. J there is still a '"' J.:c:. lcu:.111r " C\lft\1.ned '"
    .ct .. p Otf=. ....t k k'
    97
    o-oc, the silica derw.:ie.nq ba& bun elimlna.ted (one ol the Mep$ bttwtt..D 20 and
    26). lbe oorm Wcvlati.on i$ completed by multipf)<in3 the mole pcoportion or the
    li!'$1 Oxide iD tbe rormuJ3 or CaC:b 1\Qrmative mioetaJ formed by the wcigbHOI'I\USM:IO
    ractor giYc;;o in 4-1. Oa1y rock types: ha''C low enoosh silica oooteots to
    ea,usc: tle. Donn eakulatioo co pcoceed be)l)Qd Uep 22. For most rocks., the
    eo.k:ulatioa i$ cherdore Quite short. Nonetheless.. if lattc oumbc:rs or oornas have
    to be U:term.i.oed, tbc calculationi become tedious. aod they are preferably dooe
    usitlg a computer. Those &tudcots i.atere&cd in computer progJaoming or are
    rAI'I1iti.ar witb c:omputer sprend sheets will rwd the coostruction or oorm program 110
    interesti.ns and useful exercise.
    T,\BLE Exumple ()(Norm Calculaton
    tr Mote ProflQn1t'ln '" tl)tht fl)llt'l.li.IOO ol tfle
    m1nct:ll. 1hf:o rte..,. Vllu.t"

    .,
    o.,tr
    W1t;
    Wt Mol Pm
    '"
    "
    ...

    ""
    ...
    '"
    ,,
    \Ill
    ,,
    ' 0
    980 60 09
    lS.., .H
    -
    ....

    :.MJ
    l'"bl
    II.\;:
    I 0 !()<)
    , ..
    11!:'11 l\11(10
    "0
    0 lilCl 1(11 'UI I '( l
    - -
    01!0
    0000
    ' h

    Ml Olt
    -
    ...
    - -
    ..
    000(1
    ...
    '0
    .,. ' ... \
    .: ......

    .... .... ....
    uv
    .... ....
    u ... .::v
    ....
    nuuu
    \1,.(.
    u
    70

    \lo-H .: IU J(J \I
    lUI- ...
    ....
    ....
    ....
    -
    01Ul ll!IIWI
    ' "
    .. 'Ill

    I Jtw I q'
    -
    ....
    Ufloj)!
    .... o \ (10
    t I <JJ< II 1"-'
    -
    ... ....
    ()000
    ... 1
    ::
    .. , ....
    -
    . ...
    CJn(IO
    I I II JU uu: .. IJIICI(I
    '
    ..
    .to. 1U
    "
    ..... , ... ,
    "'
    ' '"nl.llnt.C \l ut.-l..ol
    1111:11 fl!\ fl Ill tJ.lliJ
    1n:o
    HI I I
    "'' \
    (I IJ
    lt!l'>'
    .. -h1
    l lf\!11
    "
    '
    \\ c (-.nH""'"" f ...
    ....

    H1

    : -,.
    : :
    ...
    , ....
    I . : lh!O I \;
    I
    r- '""''"'' "m"'''
    ... ,
    t Jill
    "''
    ,,
    ...
    : (j t
    ' ..
    '' '' I
    ' I'
    . .,
    - I of.
    " !
    . '"''""-'''' ,,,,...., .. ,.
    . ... :
    ( ,, ul.o':,.ll tot J .. 'f'.,.l.
    ho( .. \MI I 11:
    "' <JrJo.
    "r h{.) \ l nO

    I l " I
    ,tt. I
    "''.
    !1\I)C
    l.na U\IJ
    I
    II:"!- I
    0
    uooo
    II ;:
    .... '
    ,, ....
    :.
    ="
    -
    .. .
    -
    . ..
    --
    -
    _...
    -
    ........
    --
    _...
    --
    --
    --
    --
    .-
    --
    --
    _..

    _..
    ,. .
    -- _..
    ,.
    ;-;
    _..
    , .
    ,:-;;
    _..
    ,.. .
    _..
    ,. .

    ,. .
    _..
    " .

    ::'1
    ;:I

    ;"'
    :-.
    :::-...
    Roocb Itt dMdcd iolo p6UofW. lryptlbysstll. ud C/IIUIIW. or
    dcpc-.diat oa .tloetbct lbey ate cmpl:attd a& put de-pOt. _.. the Al'f..::c. or c. the
    -M:Iy. "" - """""" - phi- -
    ia .-nJ the &h.ctioo bM.ed o. .- dall. Ia plutC!Ifti.t toda..
    Bk are rudily ide.ti&abk ia Mod 5piC(iiKtl bCic:nM. pia tiza. we
    llliCd"* 01 couse {>J .. ). .d rocb or C\IICD
    py, ...S ""->> ia loaod spc<iat<o lo dif'ocoll. Hypabyr;AI ...S
    \daiiK rocb are &herdcwt c:ommoolydvi!ied tacbtr.
    11te geDCraJ (l()mpositioo of a rod eaa be WicMcd b)' a oumbcr o1 but
    cq..h11kn1 1ermJ (.Table 4-3). Roeb rich itt quartT., fcldspus. or fclthpatboid$ are
    a.11d to be /tiJ;e, whereas tho$c. rich iD ferromapc.W. miner-als are m.fljk
    or C\'ell ultram(Jjic if they are tacaDy devoid o( fc:.\l.ic mineral$. Felsk roc.ts
    dch in Si0
    2
    , wherc.a.o; ultnmar.c rocb arc rich in MgO llnd P(.(). Early in the
    deoo-elopmcnl or petrology, tilica in magmu was thought 10 rombino whb wa.tc.r to (om'l
    Jilictous acid, IJ.'hertato Mg() and FeO were thought co form bases. Thi' led to the
    cerm' bllJic. lind ultrabtUic. wflich althouah obloa:.tc arc "iU oommott
    ly U3Cd. Appliefl1ion or Mf of thc$e lcrm.J ill the (.cJd ia Nscd oa the ' i.mplc. ob-
    or the cok)r of tM haM JPCCimeo. and thll$ ic ICCIN nu)re hoftesl co use
    tcm.s that il'ldialc lbil. upt-colotcd roeb tK. rcJcrrcd to as /N.tocrotic.
    ktUl duk ones arc. ttKloMoaric. A q1Witicacive ll.atemcnt of the color of a
    t:lc be made: by usiag t.be color fndcx, ...tUth i6 d.c ptl'CC:ftlli8t-
    oltbc cbJk miat:ra Tbc eolot abo bucd OIL tbc:
    pcrcc:tiC.'IJC' ol fcrrom.apc:$iu mioc:ral$ iD tk CIPW oar. if u aec:untc IIDOdc. is 001.

    TABLE 4) Gueral Oc.s.ctiptiYC Petropapbk Terms
    Obwlclc
    Color Colru jndex
    fchK SiOzrieh
    Acid
    0
    M.,(te


    B..K
    I
    lltr<\m .. rc (MJ.fe)O-rieb
    Uluobuoc Mdaaocr-at.c 100
    99
    The ci&w;dacalioo ot pi\Moaie rotb il lea U.. th.w ol \dcanit
    a.c:s. bcalolie the miaerab are tt:adi1)' idrcBiif.able _, thus cu be usH
    for nodal clas$if1Utioo. 'fhe i$ a of the dmifteatiOft ot
    plu10I'Iic todc$ rtcommcl'ldcd by l.be IUC.S nt1 t bto o-f
    Rocks (Slrcckei5en. 19'16).
    Tbt 1 UGS cbsWIIC:Il.ioe d. bar:scd o. the. modal .,....s ol k comaoa a:U.wnb.,
    .-ttidt. arc: 4Mdccf infO fM C'OUJ'I':
    Q qtuutz
    A albJi fdchpotr, with up to 5 molt'(, a.ootthilc ( <A.os)
    P placiocalsc "-b cc.poUtk. froe Aas to Aouo ad sapolicc. (a romn1011
    allmhoa p<odad o( ... _. ... )
    F fckb:padw:lli<h: nepheline, tOCb.litc. analcile, lc:WIC; pSeudokt.ttile,
    kals.ililc (bllot)hililc), n\MciHl, hnu)'lle. and ('MCrinite
    M mafte: mintrii.IJ: olivint. pyroxenes, micw., MCloftlicdlitc, mcli
    lile. rainerak. and tueh as l':irtoQ. apa
    tire,. ,t.pbcat. cpdote. aJla;dc. &ad Clitboute.
    Rods !eM 1h.:ln 90% mafte mifttra.l$ (M <90) are on 1hc b:l)J' ot
    tbc:.it of 0. A. P, and F, rock\ 'Aith are d:wi(,ed on tbe N\"' ot
    tbc. ptop?fltofts o majcw at.afliC ClhM.rU. The: dtvisioo M 90 " arbil:rM), bvt
    few JOCb .. tbaa. dni:sioo. Uknna.afx: od..J
    \'1> > )0. ... oc..ber rod." f.tll 'CD bdow lhis timll.
    rcx:ks floC\'Cf contain both 0 F, r()(b c-.an be
    ia cc""'_, or chr1,.4;. c:::ilbcr OAr or fAf' I f'lc thtct: wmpanerll.$ (:).11 be: rcprc:
    "mc.d c.tthcr io tNn&ubr plot!. 0t "' the pi()C ol fc. 4-1. 1"'hc IK'Iri
    "' tbi!. cbacJ indiQtn ahc propon;oe ol kocbK: ... , 1hc: t(llal
    lddl-p.ll (P/(P A)), and cit(: \'CI1QI &11:1:) indiatQ the modal pcrecnt4t.c (t( qtwt7
    (Q) m.:o&..\Uttd Uf"Y'11nJ nd th(' (I( fcld$.p111hoid (f) mc.Uuu:4 d(Woi'I'IW3td (HIItl the
    IC:IO Inc:::. The is $ubdivided ituo mat\. in& the (OI&p<ll'l.iltutl.:ll ('\l(ftl or
    the nul rod: 1)-pc:s.. All!w'lugh the arc: trbillt;u}. they an: so
    th.aa rU 111054 pdroiopsls owoc'-c .,Q a partiaiW a.amt OUf.'\ ahr tutc:r
    "f , 'dd roc:.\ C'OIIlinng c:q\1.11 amountt ol alh li and pa.,,,utb.w.-
    ;,nd If": would be named a quam monwnrte; 11 rod. contMing 1St;;. nephelnc
    ,1nd hJ"hl$fcllhJN!r thJI j, 11nly S%. be (l;llmed a ncplw.: linc l)'Cnitc;:.
    S4.11M QAIKJC be ckfilled m. ccrm) ol oal) OAP 0t FAP. ud f11Hhcr
    duploJIC' wa be FOf UJ-mpk. kromes more:
    d.lnt '' the in hg -'1. it alw hc:comQ tnOfC: anOhitc: 11c-h, But 1n wmt
    wc:L.,. 11 morC' anonhitcrich 1hsn in (!(h,crt,. Th" s.C'I''C'- to dis-
    flttlfftc' fr(m J.'UhiNtJ, the pC..,wcl.uc: com'IOl'tltiOC'I 1t1 dmtc
    c.. th..A Aft ia pbbto tt tS vua:cr th.u Atl$0- Zoftlfll: ot
    d.a'( m.a' tt.\ 111\lmct.a. d.frttuk 10
    100
    ...

    ....

    .....
    -
    -


    -.
    -
    '
    ......
    -
    -

    .....
    '
    -
    ... .
    :'i
    ;1

    ;'I
    ;'I
    -
    ,J.
    -
    I
    -
    ... .

    :::'1

    ::1
    ::-:1
    ::'1
    ::'1
    :1
    Roek.s generl!Jy becoa:le ma.f.c with increase itl pla;ioduc as. i.ndi-
    ttllcd itl 1he gtaphs at the top and boctom or F"13- 4-l.. Rocks rieb in quam: have
    tbe lowest COCitcnts ol malic mioerals, whereas those COClUinitlg reld.'lpathoi<h tend
    to have the higbcsL Al.so, gabbroie rocb are generally aorc. mafic thAn diorWc
    ooes. For any particubt rock type thoete is a oormal range or <DeJitratioo or
    mioenk, liS lo Y13- 4..1. .R.oek.s conta.illins more- or leu than this cu
    chc. prefiX meU, or respec;t.ively, added to the Al.lllc. Thus, ll gabbro
    ltiJ'F amouot or pl.:lgioclue: would dc$c;ribtll at "' kucopbbi'O. 1J
    ch:. amount ol plas;octm is excepc_ionalty high (>90) the: rode i$ given tbc special
    nlmo t1Jt.()Tt}!osltt. Fortber de.litiition of a rock typo estt be tti\U by JpecifyitiS,
    tht Aames or tbe mjor mafic miDCt'al$ ptesen.t, with the most abundant being pbced
    d06t;st to the rode name. Thw., a bi(Jiite-horcbleode diorire routaicu mote born
    bl:ode than biotite.
    Although g;abbroic: rock.'l pk in F.g.. 4--1. their rompOOtKlnal wnatons cannot
    be in terms olthcc c:ompooeots ol this diagram. Gabbroic: rocks c:oosist
    scn1ia.lly of Or1hopyroxc-ne, and bornbknde,
    which be to dassif)' them into a n\lmbc:r or major IYJlC$ (F'J3. 4-2). Normal
    g3bbfoic rocks bc:t .... 'Cen 35 and 65% rninerab; rr they contain mote or
    leu than thS,. they ato preftXed by the tc:ttn$ mdn or leu('()- In addi
    tiOn 10 the major componen1$., f!;llbbroic tQCk$ abo ilmenite,
    $plnel, biotite, aftd s.amct, wft.ieh C8ft be added M quali(JCcfS t O the roc.k name,
    a,:'li.n with the m<l$1 abtl.lldant mineral being placed dOSC$I to the rod name. The
    in gabbroic r<>Cks an ta\ttagc comi)O:iition >An
    50
    , but more albit.ic:
    cc;mpositions may Our on the timS ol t<>Ded (t)'Stals. Some 3DOtlhO$ite$ are an elCCep-
    tion to thi.s rule. Ahbough anorthosites in layered gabbtoic intl'\l.$.i<mS contain pla
    t;ixl.ase in the b)10Vro"llite range, l:;uge Precambrian anor,hositc m35$ifs may oons.is;t
    entirely of "ndc:si.ne plagioclase arc C(lmpQ$1 or l:l'mtdorite). Nonetheless,
    mu.sif type ha,e btta cl.,ssified with rather than wiJb dto-
    ritc.s., but many or tbeit associated rocks beat mOfe .:lfinitic.s to tbe diocile
    granodiorire $uite of rocks tban to the gabbsoit suite.
    Ultnunane rod:s are eucntially of (lli\ine, orthop)'l'oxene, cli.oo-
    wox-enc:, tnd hornble.nde. The used for the variOO$ t)l)eS of ul!ramafic rod:
    sho.,..-n in Fi,s. 4-3, Small amounu ol spinet g,Jtne:, biocite, magnetite, or
    ctromitc can be indie:ated, ro, example, u spi.l)C;)bea.ti-ng peridotite i.f 1he amount
    S% and peridotite U >5%. If the amount tXAXcds SO%, U might hllppco.
    f<1r eumple, "ith chromite. the rod: is referred lO ti a ehromili.tt. and
    ir the amount e.xcecds 95% it " na.med a cltromitite. One 1.1n\l$u.'\J type of
    plrrich pcridOiitr that contai& mantlederived i,. as
    because of its occurrence :u Kimberly, Soulb Africa, wbtrc it form$ 1he h<4 rod:
    fer diamoads.
    Many igneot&S rocl,;s, the mOte mofu: ones;, contain
    <:<lrbon.atc which rormcd a.s a pha$e or as a late alteuticm ptf>.
    duct, but it rarely c:xceeds a few A group or known collec
    ti-Jd)' a.s ctJri>oll t1/t1U. howcvc:r, arc composed uscntially ol Utbott11C.S (>SO%
    These baw: such low 1iliQ contenu that they bQ dwificd b)'
    tle schemes for silicate roc:b. vc: campou:d of mixturu ol eal<:itc tnd dolo-
    mite, but iron carbonalc may be present a,. well Recent eruptionS of Oldoinyo
    101
    f"'!&'lte .._1 lUGS dsiilicatioft ol ipcous rocb cootAinula 1haa 90CXt martc:
    miiiCnb.. Phnoaie roc._, arc in upper cue and \'Okani( oou in lowct cas.e kUc:.ra.
    A allalifeldspar albilc(<Ans)uadf' plastodase(>An.s).

    1 un


    Jl

    ;i!
    .,



    1 ..

    ..
    '

    -
    '.
    ,

    ... ""
    -

    ' '
    ..


    "
    I

    ,




    ,.
    ...
    "r tn

    "
    ..
    ':.'
    ...... h
    -....
    -
    ..




    r
    ......... "
    ... .. :.-
    ...... , .... .....


    Jo.t(lo,.A,l.IIO
    .....

    . ....::.
    -._, ... , ..

    ,. ..... ..... h
    ..
    , ...... ''" ............
    """""
    t .. tltd

    ..... ,"
    -"
    .........
    ..... h
    ,...,""""'
    10 n
    :.o .. -- ,.,.
    ..
    . ' '

    .......

    -
    _ ........
    I tt<>*l1\
    ..
    - to -, ..
    - ,....,,.

    "




    !
    -



    }
    -
    i

    ,. i

    '1- -
    ..
    I ,o.h
    "

    ' ' .
    ' ....... .
    10:
    ""'Ill looUio
    ' .
    .. ..
    ;w
    ;1
    :1
    ;:1
    ;:1
    .:1
    ;'I
    ;;I
    _.,

    -


    -
    -

    -
    . .
    --

    --.
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    .. .
    -
    I
    -
    , .
    -
    .
    -
    , .
    -
    , .
    -
    , .
    -
    -
    ,.. .
    ....,

    .:::1
    :"I

    ;.-,
    ;,
    :"'
    ::w
    --
    ..-;.
    r.:
    ..-;
    T A.8L..E 4 4 Commoa rock IUIImC$, v.oilh llJGS.m:ommc.ndc6 tcr"m.i in bold print 1;The 6r9 number refers to tither Fig.
    ..-;;
    4-1, 4-'2. or +3; rnLmber$ foi!Q>.\ing tbe (IC)(()a give the c:omp0$itiooal field in wllicb tbc rorX plou ill the ('.guru.)
    ..-;:
    Adamellite 1:8" plu.tooic M:lQBUite
    1;8 plutonic.. hypc:r&lbe.nc,
    .-;.
    Alaskite I plutOAic, oo matic::s
    mesopcr1 bile
    .-:;
    Alkali rddspr Mt-UIIIItc: melllitc., \'Oianic
    IJ"l"-ik L'O
    plntonic, Oll!DC' Table 4-S
    r=
    rh)'OU!c
    "2
    \'()lennioe, name feldf;p:u Tble.4-S bypaby<$11
    r:
    S)'tni.lt plu.ooie, name fc:ld.'iplr Mortton.itc L:8 plutonic

    ttacliJI< l-6 YOic:uUe, nsme fdcbpar Mouodlorite 1:9 plot ollie
    ....-::
    Alkali granite
    "2.3
    plutook., alkali ampb or pyrox Mugearite
    1:9,9' \'Okank.
    r:
    Alkali rhyolite
    1:2,3
    ,'Okaftic;. alka6 amph or p)TOJC NC'ph. ayt:njtc l:ll ph.rtooic::
    r::
    Alkali &yenite 1:6 ,7"
    p1utooic, alkali Ampb or p)T<n:
    NC'pbdla.il'
    1:15 ''Okanie
    Alkali tracb)te
    1:6 .. 7" volcaoic;. alkali ampb or pyrox Nordm:ukite
    1;7,7" plutoo.ic
    ..-:
    Alnoitc Table4-S
    bypabyssol Norite
    2,3
    phaoaie
    r:;:
    AndfSile 1:10, 1Q--9,9" \"'Oauaic Pantcllcrite
    1:.2,6"
    \'()l(;l.ni<:, peralhlinc
    Ankollramlte 1:10 volcanic, porpb .. 3:2,3,4 phnonic,
    r:;:
    Anorthosite 2:1 cumulate 1:11
    \'()k3,oie
    r:
    Aplite
    1:3
    sugg.ary texture:

    volcoanic. potph. olricll
    r:
    1: 1o ,lO.tO' \"Oicank Polu nite Table45 bypabysr..'>l
    lb$anltc 1:14 \'Oic.'lnic


    r:
    1:8.8' volunic f-,'rO)(enllc 3:S,6,7 plutonk, cumulate
    r:
    Camptonltt Table -'S hypabyssal QtL dloritt
    1:1o
    plulonk
    r:
    Carbona tilt tex1 p!utonie, rare vok. carbotl.atc: Qt:.t. latllt'
    1:8 vok.anjc-
    Cb.amockile 1:.3b plutonk, hypersthene
    met3\'0kanic. albite
    r:
    Commendltt
    \'Ok:utie,
    Qt:.t. moo.tonUc 1:8 plutonic
    r:
    Conlandite 2:6 plutonic, poikilitk ce:aure Qtt. S)'U1tt'
    1:1 plutonk
    Oadtt'
    1 ;4 \'Okaaic Qu. lr&C.'h)1c 1:1 \'Oicank
    .-:
    Oiabas.e 1:10,10" h)l"'byssol RapakM
    1:3 plutonic. plagit,da-;e

    monte
    1:10,10
    pi:ISioclase <An
    50
    nmmmg K lcld
    r-
    Doluite 1: 10,10
    bypa.byssal
    Rbyoducit e 1:3-4
    Dunitt' 3:1 plutonic. cumu1oate Rbyolitr 1:3
    r:
    Essexite 1:10'
    plutonic
    Sanm1ilt' T:tble oi S h)'l'"byssol
    r:
    fenite 1:7 l)Cgerinc. metasomatic Shonk1nitt- I!'T plutonic.
    Fold )y-cnitc 1: 11 plu(onie, n;am<: fe"hpathoid
    mafic
    ...-::
    Four,hiu:. 45 monchiquite bu:t no oli\ine Table -'5
    I"':
    Foyoite 1: ll plr.uoni.t Spllltt J: 10
    mctn-tn.sah,
    (;.:bbr9 1:10 p.lu.onic S)'t:nltc
    1:7 p!vtonk
    r:
    Gr.1nitr 1;3 plutonic
    Syeoodioritc
    1:9
    plutonic
    r:
    Cranodiorilt 1;4 pll.ttonic: Ttphrht
    1: 14
    ' olc:anic, pbg < An
    50
    r:
    Gr&nopb)Tc 1:3
    micrographic text Tc:.liChc:nite
    1:14

    3:4 plutonic, eumut:ue Thuatite
    1:14
    plutonic
    r:
    ltl)rllbkndl:c
    3:9
    ph.nonic "nolclltr
    1: 10
    "'Okank:
    r:
    lttbndte
    1:9 '"'lani c. Ferlch Tingu.:.iu: 1: l1
    hyp.-by5.s.al, analritc
    l,olnr
    !:IS pluconic
    T(111alltr
    1:5 plutonic
    r:
    J:a.(urir41ngilt 1:15
    ti:lanaug-ncphcline, plutOnc Trach}tt' 1:7

    r:
    Jotunite 1:9
    plutonic, Trisunitc I :fl' vokank
    r:
    Keratnphyrr
    t:S meta\'Oicanic.. albite: Troctolite l:S plutoak. rl"'- cumul11tr
    Kt'r'):tntltr Table 4-5 Trondhjemite
    1:4 plutonic. 50dic
    ...-::
    K.lmbt'rlltr ultram3Jic., Ugandite l :l5
    volt<anic. malic.
    r::
    f\om,utlltc
    3:3
    "'Oie:tnie
    lcucitc

    $i ... OI(lr ll) II).MJIIOflh)'I'Cl, -' S
    ....-=
    and Mg(}rkh
    \li cb:-Mrilt
    3:6
    plutonic. cumulJ-tc
    ....-:
    Un.ilatc: 1:6.6" plutonic
    Whcbrlltt
    3'
    plutonic. eu,mubtt:
    ..
    L..tltt l:S vokanic
    W)uming.ite
    1:15
    \""Obnic. phiO(:optte.

    Lbrnolilc
    3<3
    plutonic, eumuJ:uc
    lcuotc
    ...-;
    103

    - - --.
    I
    .....
    _L_
    _____ t __ _
    .....
    lUGS claJl"K'Mioa of g.abl'fOK roc:b. Shfd,ng it14JUih 1hc
    color index of the rod:.
    01
    ---------------- - - .,,.
    t
    -- ----- -
    ruJIIO'tl tU
    _____ _!_ __ _
    .. 1


    I!Oe"IIJ
    100
    ;1
    !'I
    .,

    -

    -


    '"I"
    -


    -
    ='
    -
    '
    -
    '
    _.

    -
    .. .
    -

    -
    , .
    --
    .... .
    -
    ... .
    -
    , .
    -
    .... .
    ;1
    ::-1
    .:'1


    ;:'I

    -:::..
    .,. -.wtbcru T...uoia procNeed compOI(d cwco-
    li31Jy 31 aodiuaa Tb" is aoc bowD Crom aay ocher ipeous body. lu ra-
    ri.1y i n the geologie reeord iJ undoubcccDy to the hi&" .sotubility oC scxh\lm car
    boontt in watu, wflich drudc:alty redutt.S its ol Carb6oll.tilc:$
    io the <".at booate- fraction il more t.ban 90% cald tc: are k.ooW'l'l IS if
    "U..Kfi .. IK.d .,J.,'k;,H U' r..- ...--.. C...boftat ih!f; i.e .. "'ich ltw- urhc\.
    ute 'rac:tKMI is IIDCWC: tu. 9()11. dolomite arc aa.... al kfoniN. latermcdlMc: COlD
    poUt- coetMIC f.roat JO to dokailc: we rdcncd CO as
    ud &<a 50 to "'"ht
    prcseacc. ol mu.etab. wch as moacilbte. dioptide. phJoco9scc. pc
    t'(M.I..i!c:, and CU be pbd in rrooc o( the name if their
    dJnce is or 3Uention lt to be 10 ll pan kular minc11LI.
    8.aue tbt ftiOCial cc.J)O'ilioa of II:I.UY Oiaak I'OC'b ii MICUk. i! ocM i.mpo5-"
    silk, co dauii'IGIIto.:. ol V'OicHic rods ...- ose ol ckial
    wdl u lnOCbJ dM.a. Tbis lw aotrodUttd ll'lO: v.1mbkt and amplic:.aed lht dauif'.t-
    c:atNx. Ai a resuk, it no single. accepted das.siftatKln of voJ...
    cank U)(<itl a$ there is of plutC'Inic one!.. Nonethck.'\ the: lUGS S.ubcummiion on
    the S)'$-lcnutlcs or Igneous. ltocls bas recommended n dassilic.ntion for adoption
    (SuctLci\Cn, 1979),
    111< H; G!. recomm.coda th.tt rocb bt <i.w.tfiCd m the ol tht.ir
    ftiOdo possible. bel dul lhe. di\'iSiOft$ tA lbc cb$.s.ifiCMioo $hould COf
    respMd 10 thoK ia tile pluc(loal( rod: W'hcn: modr.s OJUICll be
    chc:ttuW be 10 the rocks., b\11 hc:ac ap10 the. dJ''>a5
    io th:: should to tb06e for rocU. Tbc
    calruation rrO\idcs n1cM.s or con,--crllng thcmical n.lo mncrilklgJQI
    tMt can be used ffir diWirK'ation J'I"' I)()!IO. 4-.l '"dl.ldca the
    rtronmc:nckd aames for the: rocks io each ODC of the Cicld!l defined by the
    rfutcnK rOth- a cquh'aknl fN uch of the mOJin rotb.
    o.,C fur tbost .. the druu(l(' ealcpwy aad alkW'Ihoslta. 'fbc:i,e rh.rtrtniC roda
    ate aDy formed t, tK .cau.blioll a Pldth.:) ac
    \1:1 C'U"Cd ' liquid as sue:lil. For tlli$ rc.asoe, tky do lk"ll appc:;u I S b'u Tbc
    rod. ktiOV.ll at A:om41rutt>, .,1licfa occur! :tlmos.l 111 Ardtc
    .:.n tc:rr ... n!l. i " the cquivaJcnt of pc.-ridohtc.
    for impk n.:.ming of ''Okanic rocks On !heir mO<lal
    tit ...,,m;atn"t pl.ll).il tocls in the Rocb "'lhin (,cl.cJ 1 'houkl t'C. rdt.r
    red ttl l l rhyl\lt'i r11bcf thu an,.._l, rlnollta.. bcQu.k 1ht bllt:r
    tef"M ha he-co aKt'd 10 .ncl.ecalc tW prococc- ol u all..alt J')T( XC:DC Ot J-1\all a.mphi
    t-Jk Tht toaltK 10 fcWi 6, 6. and 6" The tetm '*.J'Ordi2in&t a l'C. m.cd
    ror roct.t u......W:.ocW f.cl.b l and 4 Vok,ifto( roc:b h.l'iftl, compoa.t106$
    'lmtla.r to :..rc The) on be dewibcd ti the common cb
    ctCfo ll.,\'t' the compo!>ilion of t;r:uwdtocitc. The dl\tuC:h<ln bet NC.t.ft u d Dnde-
    ).111:- on compo,ittoo is dirriCuh, hIau.M: elf ;he r roblcm or dcccr-
    Cflmpmitk:ln!> \lohcn CryMlb arc ZOd. 11 an anlll)lal
    tht' ""'f:IOCLI!oe oomJIO)thOl'l tll-11 t't U1Cd. Abo, the COO
    lclllli tu &he IWQ, bnlJb bs tba S2
    Ud .-ofC lo ,....,..._,_ .... \ .. ""- tp..att ,...._ 35,
    lftOll aodcsitcs h,)'" t.: ... c, ';alwcs. The commoa d su-.co \'Ok.al'I!C')(.S
    plat 1ft lickS 9, .... mos4 qu.;uu.-bc:anng rill n f.dds 10 ao So
    lOS
    called alkali t..llu. wt.ic:b we N10Ciiaccd ..ntlt .....,. oceMik ia.baocb ud rill vaJ.
    te,. CO"ieencs. pb i:D 6dcl 10'. Muy Wlkaaic rotb CJI)ntam atm. .. ida
    tJMxak be mcatioood ill a rock deacriptioo.. Oft lbc pe1ccnt-se ol sJ.a.ss pre-
    1<04 lbc rod< .., be d=ribed variously u aJasober"'s (0.2:11'0 aJw), sJau.r;cb
    (-), pu.y .. .., sp<Oal ................. (lo< WQ.tdo
    ..... ).llloo ............. -8010-
    MM hypabyssal rocks ha'YC Aimibt FAin size$ to voboic rocks and a.re eqU4lly
    dilracaJt to dusiiy. Vokuic: rock uma are a:sed to describe D05l of them. Bual-
    llc dib, if c....P, ... y be ocfiam..,.;..ct aod the rod< ....., ... ly de...lopo a
    texlvn bOWl! u; ia latbJ of arc embedded U. laracr
    ct)'IU1s of pyroac.oc or olivi.oc.. Tbe &yoooymous termt lloleriu and
    -used 101- nxb. 1'11cyplot ia 6clcb IOaadiO' cl
    One tfulintt voup of b)1)1byu.a} ro<b th.tt chcjr OWfl nomendllturc i5 tbc
    wta.ieh uc melaD()Cradc:. porphyritic tb co11cairMa phenoa)'lls
    cl a hrdt.,. ...roc .. OtcnJ, bO>Ote u amploiholc, aacl pc>Uibly aod at.
    io a croanctm-. Fdckpars. if prat.l\1. ocaat :mJy in the grov:Dd
    ma.u, ""l many l.ampropllyrc contain no lcldSlW' at all TbC$C ha\'e $Ueb low coatcnlS
    ol $ilia: that (eldspw.hoids: or mdilite i6 pte:St-nt lnsteM. ol
    lampro?byrea
    Cotutltuenc Prcdomiu.nt \b.fte Mineral
    Fcld>por
    F<>id biotde boml>lcod< atnphlbolc
    mc-blite
    diopsi<k
    dto(l'ide (blrkeY\kitc
    biotite
    aupe
    kWtsUIJtC) .tiiMUU1Ptc
    t:ClMUc :olnW tuu.,ae !oln.C
    -..
    !tllcitc
    biolitc
    U>pl
    .
    Mtodk
    v_. ..
    pl>or
    .
    Rrnaatitt
    Spco.artitt
    or> pi r,p>foid Sanaitc
    pi>OI l>p>loid Ca.ptoaik
    .
    loOI M.-dlh .. lk
    Pobnllc
    . .
    .Unoltc
    0kuit and hypb)utl r:b rorm on or neat the E.a:th's ur(ltt wt.cre
    tbey ca. iatcra.ct witb cir,W.Linc groundwater, their (dchpar-. arc c.ommonly
    altc.tcd 10 uridu: or (zoisil.c or epidot.c) a.rd lkir afiC mi
    ecnk tct K.tpt:atiDc.. or t*. Oc:.:ipiae tW ahtUttOft. tbt rod: Pould
    be clawir.cd ac:cordanc co wb.tt 1bc rock wu prior to if thit is dttc:t
    bOftl tc:xa.uru or rc:lia a:r.t.u: the -n 4"lllt k a.dd<Od to i.MI;.
    c:ace l.ba ... rock b.u UDdcfJODC da.J.Icc.. nus Cll""' C;S.1oeat.al
    .,. ol abtc. epidote., &Dd diJorcc. Ooc p-oop c:J altered rocb for .. isich a:peo.al
    106
    ....
    '
    -

    .....
    , J
    -

    -
    .. .
    _,.
    , I
    -
    , I
    _.
    ,. .
    -
    ,. I
    -
    , .
    -
    #.
    :1
    :1
    .... ,
    ;:'1
    ::'1
    :;:,

    ::11
    cern arc .cd thoac forraed OG tt.c occu 1\oor. Sptbta arc Ofi&Julty ba-
    nllk rod;, W@plryru oripna!y inle.nnedl;tlc volcuK rodu., aad qutJTt:
    originally iilic\ vokanK rodJ. They bavc: all \l.lldctpc &Odium
    me-uomalism, wilh tbc pll\gioctasc. being cunve11cd t 1Ui.rely itiO and Lbc ma
    r.c minerals are mMtly COft'YCI1Cd 10 dofilc. Spt,litt are Ol'lmOI'II)' pUiowc.d, aM
    two.K aec..a. of ..... rocb 1h.M lky forrntd ltv N'f'..Aft floor.
    Tbc:ir ...._ aocliUDI CIOOtUt aay tkrdore reMJted from iotuaccioe "''itt! sea._,
    "'
    MO<c =ally (L< S... co ol.. 1966), obc lUGS Subcomm ..... oa obc SY'O<mat;.,
    or igDcoul Roek$ has rtcommc.bded adopcian of I 'impk dac:mial of '101
    t3.nic rocb based on 1he CWO p:ua_metets., 1011 albliJ ond ti'o ron1cn1 (TAS). Tbe
    TAS diagram (Fig. 4-4) is dlYided inlo I.S by a of W111lgbc hnc.s. To
    pkll 1 rook il'l this di.IIVa.m. Lbe AIIJl)ysis is 10 1._00% Oft 1 H
    1
    o. and
    CO,.rrcc basis. Rocb <ftt.;.W., more: lhu Hp (v.-,;te:r drn.c off b)' bea
    ""' ...... 1os"c) ...0 - "- OS% ., ............... oloaed. ...0 ob<U .W.
    sifatoOo by ol>is odloDe uy be .._ Rocb l.&lioc ;, oh< f.eld
    car be( ....... duoif"d 10 ......... l ... ., .........
    ut iJ Si:rn!l;uty. tbc: fcld 01 tKu.'lfi'te ttafhya_Rtbite can be d;..
    vi<! ineo mugearile'" (Na) ud r.boshonitc (K), and the fietd or erac:hyal'ldul1c huo
    beamorcitc (N.t) alld lt;tile (K), C1a!>Sifieation by 1hi.1 Khcrnt ts. tot1.1.lly toft
    $i .. lcn1 wi1h tbou on the OAPJ-' diagr-am 4 1)
    ' .

    ,
    ..
    . ........
    i
    I
    0
    -


    "
    .
    0




    -- !
    -
    \
    -


    . .....

    .....
    '
    I
    ......
    - - ..
    ..

    ..
    .,
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    . '
    "

    s.o, ,.,,
    UlfiU.fW
    ..
    . ....
    U IJOT(IIIMtOofl ..
    CO

    .


    .... COmpodnNal C\cJcb uf ... lc.._ of IOC.J .JJ..al ... aAd fi.
    Ia. (aftet Lc k cc aL. 1956; "'"" ol O:d'Otd Ulll'i'Cr
    6o1C)' Prw)
    101
    'nle:lnbN 8ar'IIP" Olaalfic8U. otVolcuk Roekl
    lo reeeoc. lbo dssifv::adoa ol volc:al:Uc tocb propo$Cd by lMae and Bar.,-
    (W11) bas ploc4- """'peaocc It Ids op ..,...._ - cEIIc- roct t)pa
    bued IOid)' o. tM''DOP -... u..& il.. il praclic:c ..._ ...,.....,, as:soci11e a pat
    licular toc:l: GUM ftla a ccrtaio OOCDP<)$ilioeal fUIC- The ak.n ;N'Nfi(WIIIM
    lbe that 'I'OianJc rocb faU into a oumbcr ol distiaa scncdo
    "rM:s. wbicb eao be distloguisbed by sl.mple daemical parameten. Tbc.se series
    tK adJed sipllicanoe thac lhc:)' WI be c:Ofrdatcd with ctiaciM teccooic. c.aviroo"
    .......
    v...,..,;. .- .... "'*Wt;cd "' !Moo ood moo ....;. """"' (r"'
    .. S). AlbolktlliM, tho fJ/1c#line, aDd the puolklhlle (alk&Lirieh),
    MOte rocb be.loft8 to the two group, whkb ace each Jubdlfided irtto rwo tub-
    groupe. Au.ipin& a rodt to IUt}' one of tbe.e &JOUPI is :1ft si.mpk ehcmic.al
    patamett:rs Or Dl)rlnl.li"t'C a.politio... Before. thil is: dcoe, bowver. the dlcntiaJ
    ctfccu ol alluatioa aaGSI be talcco iDeo IIOCO'IIII. U' P""'S'i'k Mu)' Wlllcuic roth
    - oDdiud, .. - by h)odrochcnul ... ,.,. d"""s bwial ..
    dv.rirla later mel.UDOr'phi$m. 'l'tac:6c thc.mical chaftiC' can seriously atrect 1bc norma
    tive composition of t roe;k. wbkh may, io IUtfl. affect iu tll!sslCicatH)n. for
    cw::npk, ClOovtnloo ol (cnCM&I irOn to ferric during alteration rcs:ults ia smaller
    aMOUDU oC itoo $ilica1.C$ bclac cUculMtd ill tile aona: lKa produccs a IKM'
    tUI awears llfWWC. Atuntcd .Jilica thaD ._ tk roct. nis type: ol
    akcnt.iat. bowtw:r, cu be CIOfT((.'Ied fOf. bccau:IC ;. m-r ,-oic:.aftic rocb
    thuc il: a SCt'Oftl positi\'C COrftlatioo bc4.wcca tbe Tt0
    2
    aM contents.
    The ptimary

    in ma.ny vokanic rocb is :t.pprOXlmatdy by
    (we% Ti0
    2
    JJ). HzO and CC>.z are svblracted from the 11n11lysi! and tbc. toc:tl
    rc.akubted 10 Nona cak'Watioos ve carried out aceot4i:nc to the. ClPW
    """"- Wt I_....._ aM o.a..c to rCCllkui.Mc dw: aonnatNC- -"" m lcftlll.
    ct -o'ecvlar rllKr lMa wcipl n-. lutead of lhe tnok
    proponixl$ by the weipa facton U. Table 4-1, tM moe Pfopomon$ are
    to 100%. io cxprH&i.ng fddspat compo!litions, ncphcllne
    " rea" a.t. a.lbile. Tbu.s., the oormativc. anOfthite content is givtn b)
    IOOxAn/(An .,.Ab S/3Ne). ANiylu olcypical u.mpkt ol c.ada olthc m.ia rod lypc.i in
    Jt\'\at. ud Bv.,, arc p..u ia Table "-6..
    Divi5ioo m&o cbe three maio JJOUP' is based oa t.bc. alkali toliC'I'Il of tbc rod;s..
    Rocks ia wbkb the mokculat JJTIOUDI$ or > Al,t03 fall tnto the
    pC'ulkaliolc p-oup. Tbe.se rocb t)'flkaUy eon.lain aeacrlnc or 1t IOCI.ac amphibole. Tbe
    alkali coo.te.ot thll w:p:tra.et tbc subalhliae from tbc atk .. liM poups varies "'"h
    the siSa (:(IOt(Al ol the rod (f"C. 4-6). The cqv;atice fot tk boull'ld:a.ty bttii<Cft
    lllcie IVO'IJ'PSo d. by
    St0
    2
    335391 10..4 1 A6 1.1030 a 10
    2
    x AS 1.5188 x 10
    1
    x A .C 860?6 Jt to I ll A3
    2.1111 X A '2 3.9-1921 A " 39.0
    k1c A (Naf' Tltct.c two 170Upl cu also be dalanpulled ia a pkll ol
    t!ac IICII'I'&ItNC: coetcots ol oiMat ocpOeioc quru (F"c. To plot rod.
    thi. 4ilpam the nc.nls arc rcQ.il ti fotsow.: NC'' Nc 3/S A.b.
    0' 0 2/S Ab 1/ .C Opx, 01' 01 3/4 The rocks piOI on lhc
    qUUU 8dt O( l.be boWldaty liM, Whl"tl"-.11\ lht; alkJJtM: OftU pkM Ofl lhe t'lepflctiftc
    lidcolk
    106
    :1
    ::1
    :1
    :t
    ;1
    ,1
    ;1
    ::1
    :'1
    ;:1

    -
    -
    --
    -
    -
    -
    ......
    --
    ......
    -
    --
    . -
    -

    -
    -.
    -
    -
    -
    ... .
    -.
    ...
    -.
    -
    --

    --
    -
    .... .
    --
    ... .
    --
    ... .
    _.,
    .. .


    =--

    :1
    :-,

    ;:'11
    SUBALKALINE ROCKS
    ALI<ALIN[ ROCKS
    T..OC.,[IITI( !&SAlT $(11tl($ &UC'A\.1 Ol1V11rf( eA$Al T $(lit!($ H("'-4[\.i'flC, U'-"ITlC
    ,_.,.
    ....... -
    .,. ...
    ANAI,.CITIC
    ooer ...,.0010 1
    .-- It
    "'"*'"'''
    .......
    SC
    '""*"''
    r-....
    ..
    ......

    ,.,..! "
    All;oll
    --
    olhIM bMdl
    .... ,
    8otoNt
    nu
    ............ 'OrAsttc.
    A!'toltlll le
    JC:Itlfl
    ... O-ol ol
    I'OOIIIIe
    1'-

    ........
    ...
    -

    O.C

    lltfi)IOiUt
    --

    r-.
    ... .,..,....
    l t'\IC!tllt
    T
    .,...."', ''
    ... ,.... .,
    --
    ,, ... , ... ,.
    ...., .. , I
    ...---.. PERALKALI

    T
    ROCKS

    IOCNtt
    l>o"'t .. r!l t
    -
    l_ .............
    ,,
    Fis.ure 4-5 Geaeral t.Cbeme (Ot the common volcanic rO<:ks (after
    JI'Yinc: ud Baragar, 1971). Unc. ,Pniog boxes li:nk commonly I.J4()(:i.atc:d roc:b.
    The sm.all prirll "'ili:Ua bo.xu rdc"' 10 ol the nain rod: (Publi.ibed
    ootb o( C.od; J. EatU s.; )
    "

    0



    0

    !.'

    j



    ..

    WI' S.O,
    ..

    Fipe tl-6 Alk.tli.sWia p'ot With
    liM $Cparatina of alli.ah!K
    ltld S.Ubalbll.nt
    Irvine and Baragar, 1971).
    01

    f"l@:utc 4--1 01'-Ne'O' pto,ertioo wil.b
    109
    $CJ)UilUII ( M: Ids ol alk.abnc:
    &lld .,ubalkabnc: rodu. tut
    for Cll'plAMtion. Plot in caLioo
    cquvalenu. (aher aDd
    Rarapr. 1971)
    AOOC$
    NE
    0
    TABLE 4-6 AAalylc:s of the Rocb l..tsted io f"c- 4-,S (rtom lnioe aad
    s.o,
    110,
    AJJ()l
    ..,o,
    1'<0
    MoO
    MaO
    coo

    r.,o
    'z
    0
    s
    '"' T.O;
    All())
    ',,o,
    I tO

    ""'
    <.O
    Bar-. 1971).
    .... 4f.l su .su 61.1
    20 1..1 1.0 1.7 1.3
    U 113 1.19 ll.l UA
    2J ll ]., 3.4 u
    9.8 ,., 9.l '" s.a
    Ol 02 O.Z OJ OJ
    )Oj; 10.4 <4 I l.J U
    M 109 19 H S.O
    U 2l: J.O J.9 u
    0) OJ u Jt u
    02 a: 04 0$ 04
    .,", JL6
    IJ ..
    117 114
    .. u
    1J ).$
    01 O.J
    u "'
    " ..,
    .. ..
    o.1 !.4
    Ol OJ
    "
    !
    (IOJ) 6'-7 7:U
    1..0 OA 0,1
    16..0 1.U lAD
    19 II Olo
    6.2 u 11
    0.2 0..0 00
    }4 0'1 0<1
    S.9 2.7 1\
    J9 u J9
    09 30 4 I
    l)l 1> 1 0()1
    ALKAUli ROCKS
    Albli olirilw: haWt k1io
    "'' 441 .. \ ..
    " :1 \0
    112 tl 1 1n
    1.l )2 ,,
    u \If, tt
    01 fl!
    1'14 u, a
    94 liS tn.S
    II. J' HI
    IJ 411 10
    tl 0\ II
    .,
    "
    '"
    "

    rll'
    ) I )4 :0 I Ul
    141 IH tlO lUI
    4.1 ,, )... u.
    1.3 '" 1).0 ) I
    u o.l u 01
    46 4,8 2.! 2ft
    .,.. 8.0 ss 4j
    lJ 2 SA
    )I IS ,., "'
    ot 0:1 u 04
    110
    "
    1
    ,.

    '"
    "

    '' II
    ,.

    "

    tM
    "

    "
    '"
    .,
    0!
    "
    .,


    "
    J
    ,, .
    '" ...


    "
    .,
    '"
    ...
    '.,
    "
    , ..
    (.9.$ 1$.l
    IU 0.1
    , 4 l:l.O
    !.4 09
    6. 1 J.2
    O.l (U
    0.1 M
    0." O.J
    .. , .8
    ol) 41
    Ol Ot
    AI.JW.J "'\E ROCto.:S
    t1e.
    "'' . ,
    : )t I "
    111 no
    $\ t'l
    ltd
    o: {>I
    I! I Ill
    I: II II ,
    lk , .,
    I! )I
    IJ,. I I

    .:
    t
    "
    '"
    'I
    H
    ...
    ,,
    n:
    ..
    '"
    n

    "
    IS

    ,,

    -

    -

    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    ....
    -
    -
    _,

    '

    I
    -
    '
    ;1
    ;1
    ;-;
    -
    I
    .:'i
    -
    ,. ,
    -
    I I
    -
    "' '
    ;'1
    :;:,
    ;1

    ,,
    ,
    :::1
    Tbe uba.Jbline rocki :arc divided lruo the co,'c-o/kU and tholtiilic
    .seriu on ba.'is of lhdt irOfl ((M'IIcnn in the- AFM plot (rl@. 4-8). wbere
    A - N .. O F F<O G.3'J'JS>F"203' lAd M M,O (all io t%). TbU plot
    disuagui:SMs iatc.rmedi..Uc nc.mbt:r& ol Krit.& w:ry wcl1, bot at mafic aod
    felsic c.ads there U OYttlap. C.kalhli baMfu and andesites.
    cr..r, 14 to "lz'?lo bi.JJ i. mQR tb.n (II(CW'$ ia lhold-
    U bal5oalts aod ,.'hJcoh coMal.n from 12 10 '"" Ju 1he cxsrcme fclsk e:Dd
    there IS oo utislotdory 'lillY ol Qlc-a.ltali .utd tholeiitic: me:mbe:n.;
    lb.oo all gruUtk .-... ......,...t llle cok-olbli Kri<s.
    'nc .akaJne rocb IIC dMdcd iaco lhc 11/k,M olt'nM botaWt series ud l.be
    lcwlh< ....._. Kfia. Rocb ol die btter senes typically
    COIItalA Ia& tlaaa b.'C': u.d".ca peltt.r tb !iC4 aad tuy
    COdblo -.or.atiYe. Incite..
    1llc: IWil-c ol rocb tbc: vane- ....,o.ps il oa DCinllaltM pbaio.-
    duc: eompcu.a aDd o. oonn.llvc co&or iDda. I tk qNibr,.. Strics,.
    t!w rocb ,.,. fro. btid' thrOIP n4 to dryoliu
    ...th DOUNlft'C aoMJailc a.kM ud dtttc:ultc IICnUIM. eoi itdex
    (Fe. 4.9'). 1'wo acrtc. o( rod. aa.o arc mc:d for the aJbW rods. oo
    1etkr they &rc: a.o4ic Or poe--. 11IU df\mo. is made oa tk basis of lllc Q('Jf"lU--
    IIY': fdd."f*' (f'" .. 4ol0) W'ICh aoortllite coalt'llt.
    lbt todic: 6C-ri paMU from Nub tbro.p ""-ll1fl('. aod
    10 u.dr)u (r"' 4-llt), be.rtti tk series p&CS from
    IAoU btlsh thr014b .-d mpa,td(' to (F'.g.
    4-: tb) AI the marlt tftd af a;JI (1/ thtst letiu,. haulls m<n tb,)n
    aarma1i\'t ol:i\uw: te umtd ,..rntt:s! the-w- rotb eontai.n abu.twbnr phenocryg.tc
    olt.'U'e. An.brt4ntJitJ, tthi('b l'lelona to tht lkahne c;roup. C'Onta.i.n
    ucMt rhcnocryt.t\ "'tUcll the to hi'Yt more 1h:..n 20':\
    C'Ollatntn(t mott than .S' nt.phf.line arc named d1hc:r if thC)'
    nlllln mod.at ncpftc_hnc:. or btuumiOld if 11epht.hne not 'Uiblc. FiNIIy,
    nc:phdtne-bt.armg lttdt)1e i.\ .,,.0\1111 '" phOito/lf(
    ... R AFM rlot ,Jto>4il'lg luw
    3-CJU!Iallntt rield) o( lhOICi 11 k
    rtOSW*d h)>
    lr\1nc Baragar (1971)
    A KzO: F FcO


    M Mf,O. lltn f'M:tCCftl

    C.14""'''-
    111
    ..,., .. 9 .......... (19'71) .....
    ol t.bc Mba'h'iw rocb ia a
    pot d oormative oolor Index \'Cr$US
    plaaioeJue tompositjoa. Plot
    il CMioa eqvivalcats.. Nonaltiw. color
    i&daoloprcplat+iJIuD..
    pi..,OCWC composit'oo
    lilllAD/(Ao + Ab + S/3Nc); lhU ... ,.ru
    aqbc lllle iDeo albi&c.
    " .. .. .. 0
    Fipue 4ol0 Ploc o( IIOI'liLIItiYc: An Ab' Of
    - ciMc!io& - _..... sodic ....
    J>C'O>OO< olblioe <OCl.a. Ab' Ab S/3Ne.
    P1011 in % clk>o cquhaJeoi.S. (Iter
    lr.ine and 1971).
    NOI:/114Af1Vl ,.lAOIOClASI COM ...

    . """ ....... ..
    i .0 ..... ..
    .... it . .... . ,.

    0
    5
    "
    ;:




    .. /
    ,,

    , .
    ..
    /


    ..
    ... ......
    ..
    "
    .. ..
    to " ) to
    ..
    ftpre 4-ll ol eorreatl\'( color IDdca. IK'In,'C' compowuoo
    (dtfincd u .,, ri;. 49) for (a) $0<11( 1flnallnc: and (b: pola.u.tc albhne
    toclu. <llct ln1n.c and B;Hag.-t, 1971)
    l12
    0.

    ...-:
    ...
    -

    .....

    --
    -
    -

    __.
    .
    -
    -
    _.
    -
    -

    -

    -
    .. .

    .... .
    _..
    .. .
    --
    .. .
    -
    r a
    -
    .. .
    -.
    A.

    :I
    ;-.


    :-1
    :-:11
    All.boap this duifintioo is il w CICIGflkrablc acoctic: sipi6-
    CUCL 1k aaJo.albli Kria is cbanc:terisdc ol orcwnk kb Mid Pvu Ne o
    .............. - ol ;,Jot>d orcs. '"'- - '" clcatl) telmd 10 -
    UIICL 1'\e "ooc:iitic roc:b ._ dcdoped ia lOla of CJ'DIIal extension
    ""= tlocy _ _., dcodop - ....,,_, ol llood - 1'1lcy --ll>e
    ..,;.. ..... .,.. ..... _...;. ...... (MOR.I - -.4-- ......... ) oo4 oo __,
    larJo """""' ...... - .. ......... All oiMoe - ... ,_;,c..s -
    -ooooly - ....... ol _;_ .. riffiac ............ dcqlly ..
    d ... ed piMeo; tlocy a1oo - ...... piau .... - ...... """""' ... _....._
    ,.,......,..
    lpeo Rode NatDts
    Oapile the uo.ll aumbcr of rOek DlftloCI propo&ed 1n the IUCS aDd lrvinc
    ani Barapr dawiftttlioN. tbe petroloeic liter.-uro COCIIIIins bundroch of rode
    ntl'ca. Although mo5t or tbese are. ao longt.r d. it 11 ncJ.Wy t1 lusc lO be
    able to find tbci.r dcfmitioau in order to rud the lltcrtlutc. 'The iA Table
    4-oi includes tbc mosc c:ommooly c:nCOUO(cted tock ne.mu. Tb.:y been defa.oed, if
    pouiblc, by rc:Jatlog them to the lUGS wtlb a pait of D\lmbers. The
    rlllC av.mbc:r, 1, l. tAd 3, teftr$ {0 r., 4-1, .. 2. aod +3. aod the. 5CCOftd number
    u.c!ic&tu c.bc. fckt iD Q.ich the rod p1ou io t.bc pwticolat Thus a jotu-
    ""' (1:9) ;, a bypeo11hctoo - ao4 plots ;. F' .... ,, field 9. Some rod<
    ..-. ate based oe tc:xtu:ral features, io iaidl caK UaQc uo bricfty sutcd Tbe
    obtc ol thit tabobtioa is DOl to ptescat a c::atalopc: ot a.I.SICt to be memorized bot
    ...,.ply to proW5c a c:orM:Dietll list to ilJcb rdcrcact WI aade qodly. 1llc.
    rod: aurta,. ioc:hdUic. lot 11lolc i. tlat lUGS dusifJCIIIioa, bae
    beta pbd. ia bold priM. nd u.eir defioicie111 ..a.o.w be tuned.
    T. N., aDd o..,..,, w. R. A.. 1971, A plde 10 th:. cM:mic:&l dassitieation
    of llft moo voku)e roth: CaMdiao J. Earth Sci.., v.S. p. S'23-548.
    Johann.Kn, A., 1931, A Pdrc'Jg1lplry of the fVtt'OUS Rocks. Vol. J,
    lttrroducti'(Jn. 0Msijic411Wn Glu111ty, University of
    Chicago Chieago, 2fj7 p.
    Le OM. M. J., Le Mailre_ R. w., Strcchb.cn. A., 1nd Z:ancuin, 8., 1986, A chemi
    cal dassificatiota o( \'Oianic rodJ 00 the lOUII
    dlagram: J. Petrol., v. 1:7, p. 14.S.7.S0.
    A., 19'76. To etKb plulooi( rocl it1 proper oamc: Earth Sd. Rev.,
    v 12, p. J-33
    Sue.ckciiCa, A., 1919, Cbssit.atioo aod oocneftd.Murc of vobnk rocb. lamprc>
    rt-rrei., c:arbocutitcs. melilitic: rodc:s.: RccommucbtaoN and aua;cscion:l ol the
    lUGS Subcomm.i.uioo oa tbc: ot Rocb: G:oloQ, v,1, p.33133$.
    Ill
    5 Textures and Structures of Igneous Rocks
    Tbc tcnltl fCdiiA" ud are OJiCJd big there
    is cfistmctioo bc:twua 1hem. Taftlre rdet$ tO the wry i:ndMI'Iu11.l
    u:bllo IU sralos 1Jamed1atcly 5-urtOUr'ldJns theM ((ot JT 20).
    dei!b with. futures KU iA Uod or lmdcr the: IILioOICOpe. JUdi
    .. 1loe clecJ cl ..,....nwty, IJ.U. ..... IJ>Uo a.po. and cryoul "'-'"'
    SlltlttUIV! rcfeu to the way in whj(b or Sfl.ios or bocli.es of one
    rod relate to anoc.bu (for ex.1.mple. tT 41). StriKiure deW with 1arsu fcJIIlru
    lbll arc .scc.o .. the aaJe ol aa outcrop. ud iac:hadc:s.. for c:xampk.. Row ICrut
    lura, layeriAJ. aDd xcaolitN.. Texhltcs are usefu1
    lOr$ of coolins n.nd cryt.lt llWtM>n rutc:s 1.1Kt ol pltase rc:la!ioas lxtwcc.o
    aad ac tk time. of cryMatliucioo Structua.. oo &.be ctlrlc::r bud. c:u proride
    iufO"'IUUioo 0. IIQM: ..... the toriUtioo ol rotb aod Oil ol
    difiucnaiaaion.
    TEXTLRES
    I. o( Cry>talllAllJ'
    Map.a. if cooled rapidly c..,... 10 This. rw.niclart)' true ol m-s
    m" -.;th high s.iiC -.'bich quench to (()fn'l t.hc commOn oluldion, 1be
    idcn..irialli()ll or glau in :l rode ean therefore Jervt b lfl tndic.lti()Q not ol
    UIOLtlJ rare. b p0$,s.ib1y ol QMilpolitio.. 1\c: crystalltaity ol 1 c:aa YarJ (rota
    -..,..w., (1o<olly sJmy), lhoosJ> ">""">"''"' (TT 10) 0< h>71161
    lmt' a.nd t'f)\ol.lll!.), IOhoiOC?'fttllflnt {IOU1Ity Cr'}'$1\llfu)t.)(tT J)),
    1- c,.r. Siu
    Tbt l>l7C of an 1pe01U rod. n detcrmlntd lllgtty' l')" the r-<IIC of coohn& Of
    the b\11 in 'Omc: plutonic bodies tbe eonccnt or tlc magrnt m:.y play :a.
    moce hapott.tftl role. VobtiJes 1nat:a:s.c dJ11Poa rtt1.. .-bi(lil the
    ol tUCkl formed and 111('1'a$C 1he sram t;aZC.. Grim .$izti are d1\'idt:d inlo
    mC"d""" and COIJI'Sf' (IT .S..S) on cbc btii.s ol wtlcchc:r 11 micrO&copc, h!ind len.s,.
    m u,"i.dc:.d c,.e adcqu.aac to dcnciy lhc COn$11hKDI mincr<tb. Cocncncionall)' the
    dnt"IJIU bc:twrc11 ll.t:sc lu\'C' bet. pbccd Ill 1 mm ud S mm rapectrYdy. U a red i$
    M) r.,c-ganx:d that IMMCfual Cf}')tlk unnoc bo "'ilhout I
    '' ll 11id to be Qp/lcmltk. I( the paiM of the c:ssend31 nrc vi.sibk
    10 cc u:nMkd lbc rod l\ phancnb<. II the rock u QC:C:plioftalk coat'1C
    pa-4. ,.bl(il! t)')IIC'.III) rcs.ullJ. from fl frOm 1 "\OI.ahkrich
    l'l'l:Jtlll, 11 i$ dc(('ubcd /'('l;"tiO:Irtl( ,
    m a tO(;Ir.: m) not :all be f1l the wolftr So&l< lodtt4. IIIIOM "''kaNe: a.od
    rod., ol at"-cnJ drftrtllt A rod:
    8r,un.o ot di':Sol netly df(tu;:nl 0 l<t be pt:Nph,mrc (IT 9), Tht IJr
    tl")'\1:&1.\.. 'Wohith arc referred CO b arc I!Jtl'OIIndcd b) ri.I'CI
    pa.d m:atctul bcJtw.-. ,r"'OI""""'" If chc glas.s,), lhe rod: il
    .._Jd 10 ha\'C fl t'lti'Oplhnt IC''I:U.IfC (IT Ulj " fffC'IOlQJIS a line a.Q!.ICSI!.It
    of mlncrab (If ,:.laM filh ''"' N;-t ... cc:n the gr.a.ins or the a.roulld
    "'"'- 11 oellr .. 'ok.dl( or nc.a, Wtf...ce '"''.,....,"" Roc-b.
    DO pw-ooc:r)'\U, arc fltC', rdcuC"d Itt ., ep/r\Y'It Phc:noc.ry'u m1y d11ucr
    1\'ld J;IOW IO(:_C'Ihcr to form 11:"\'fUIC
    114

    il
    .1
    1
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    J
    l
    ]
    l
    l
    l
    l
    ;J
    :l

    ....
    :l
    ;l
    ;l
    ;l
    ;l
    -
    ,.
    ;l
    .:1
    ;1
    ...
    , ,
    .;-,
    :1
    ;:1
    ;::'I
    ;'1


    ::1
    3. Gftlo Sluopa
    Gniu CIA be bou.aded cotitdy by O'}'Jtal f.ca, io wWdl lhc:y 1R Aic! Co be
    - (TT a they ....., a 1cw crysu1 '"""' they - - (TT 3).
    .... ;r tKy .......... they - (TT 2). -- .,.;. dcodopo .,..
    tal r- to, .,.,..U.C !redy a. a melt "' io ,_., to tab oo tile <Mpo to,
    o n& .,... 10 a .,.. exLHit - U.. .... M MoO tile -'-"1
    .,.,.. ....... n.. .............. ol p-a;. shape, - ... """Ide ..,.......,.. ......
    ol cryscahion. U IDOit ol lk p-ai:al U. a rOCk an cubcdral. the rod;
    is u.id 10 be ..-hco moa ate d is
    MCII rocka, ......_, ba-4 -.: poios wb crysuJ {- UM! ar< c1coc:ribod as hypi-
    (IT 3). .,. ... arc said to bo - .....,.., 0..-
    lcoed or plate.-tib Ooc:J arc to be uabwllv; if 1f1iA$ are doogatcd uad
    boodcd to, pr.... r...., tbey are ptismJIIIc (IM 3S), I blod<-tue, tbey are
    I4JI.J (rT 16-18), and if needJc-lbaped, tbey arc odcu/01 (IT U). A grrzni
    rlc indicates a rock is bypidjomorpbk and equcrnuW. An oplidc
    tCJll-ure. IAdi.cates that a rod: b. fine-grained. allOtriomorphic. and equ:igranular. Bo-
    tall..e of an aplite's raembi:Uice 10 flne supr, It i$ nlso referred 10 u IChll
    roUal,
    4, TutUf't'!j; of CI:IW1 or flnc--Craincd RockS
    Rj)tdly rookd magma "" form glas$. '<llbieh, bti.Q& supcr(()().Cd liquid. U; Metastable
    aftd i.e time cnay crysrab. especially lrt the puc.n<e of w:wcr. "l'k crysbls thJt
    crew ill ala arc qu;cc UDL.Ke tho6e foruaed b)' po-1b from a liquid.
    dwlJy d.dcc.rftibk cryscak aoc focmed. ud eYeD uDder dw a bCrc:fn...
    "'" r..._ ,....,_l is .a ""' .. -. lY1>< o1 ..,.all"aorioo
    " b(..,.,. u tkutl'i"r.ion. Fibres ftiiiUDoaty pow pctpcadalar 10 cn.cb iD lhc
    sf.* Ot ta.Lxe C)UIWUd fr010 pbcDocryJr.b to pr0o1tuce qlhtnc;al bodia bcJrwrB as
    plcoJilu (IT tO)- Maoy dcntril'ocd p..... abo .,_ a ariJcloa .. ._. or
    cui'Y'td Mel Cll)lftlllric: rnalltC':$ referred to a.(JU6hlt cr...._
    C'I')S1all thai h-1\'C gro-,. in rt:pidly eookd m-.ma. 1M 10 complete
    bdrlltltiOO.. are termed miuol,tcs (IT 10). thcit grOWl" i$ n.pid and
    i.n 5theate melts is slow, the)' g,.ow wMh dtttdlftk h1bit (IM 9), aDd
    o.rc by forms "-ilb considerable opt'll ..,ace. P)"rou.ne
    l1tu tuc eontmonly acieulat, and those: ol plagioclase are nanow lath "-itb end$ re
    s:wallow taih or tuning forks (IM SS). Ahhou&h mo101 mierolitu are vi,:;iblc
    ooy under the mit:r()S('()po, those of olivine in Ar(henn ultramnlic lavas form sheaves
    of millimctcr"'idc ti')'Stail that have lenglhs or l t nl of centi meters (IM 10). The
    thtJ\'C!. .. hkh niJdeate at tho cook.d IOpi ol no...,, .-.dla.te dov."rlward., and
    I'Jrodute a textiJre re.s.tmblins in\trtcd tufl.s of tlus ts COn$Cquc.nlly
    $1\CIIIhc fl.lmC spuufa (a type o f;TUS).
    Mtn)' mafl( diU: rocks ol tbe bmpi'Ophyte f:un.ily CMillll s:phcrteal bodits ol fd
    ..c m:liCn.J.I LftOWn as dfi (IT SJ). Uot.Le spbcrv.biU. thuc of reb
    lr.!JI, CGat$t tn'Ullls ol minerals (orm the 1nC.\06ltilS o( the
    due '"'" The: tiiiP lc:xturc tu.s. been ltlletprC'lcd M ta&dttriJ frOfllll bc.c*stagc.
    """''"' U'llo ps oritO or m'*Ct"a Jopillt U'IIO uan.,cibk fctsK aad
    1"t.c lttftl b\ bc:c. *"' " llh octth. but h.
    kc1KC'd to dcsaibc splw::nalitc:t.
    liS
    Uoqot$1ioublc: U&Mpb. of immUdblt ltqwd:s art klulld U. tk IIIC.toOY-.. of
    muy Jdeiitic buaJU,. iacrc: uWl aJC'I'Coi&U clrt'flltU. of btt'll. uo.rd Plica
    p.,.s CIIXUI' ID dear ..aicarioeb glus (fT 50). 'f'he ir"OIIrich cbopku. 1nay CT)"laJ..
    Ji.ze to 'f"bc:rieal tgreptu of ptTQttne. and ap4t.itc if !WI eookd ra-
    pidly eaoup, but the $Uica-rith hosl t)'rle..lly to g.lass (IT Sl). Immis-
    cible utnde l.iquld dmplc:ts also t0mmoc11y <l"' in tho gta.t.'Y cf ha-
    s.al15. ra thin tbe;;e form opaque s:phcre11 (IT SS.$6)
    .S. flottTtxturu
    11 0ow COObl'IUU dun. tht cdac aad CT)SU.IIi7Mioe of b1.-a. alip.mc:DC a{ Cf)'}.oo
    uJs ""l u.ll ,.. io ,.. ol ploly laloo. 1oich
    lCICI.urc (fT 16-l?h aamcd fr0111 iU conuftOIII O<:CUrrcaa d the rod. type
    trac:b)te. A .. m.lar to:lure in\'Ohift the mort Nod:)' bthl tn piUCflnic
    rocb is rdrned to .s tiVCh')'()ldal (lT l.R).
    6. Jalt't;r.,wtll
    The in u.n iJnc<'ll.l\ rotk bavt try .. t.llhtcd or 'C:<IIK'l'ltlal
    ty, or a mine.NII mJ)' form-ed the c.xrcn,t <tl ;&11\-.tb.:-r A aJmbtr
    c,Jcncc f<- cxh olthaeQ.1oa.
    A tc..zwrc refers 10 pMNLir CT)1bls ""'""ied
    "'ilhia MIC' ol aiMilbQ lllioc:nl (rT 1l) llolll.c: lW rc-pb\1"riK tr'4urc-,
    tht: brtc: Cl1$lah.. tucit arc: l;QC)III,. as OJ.I.O(r'ltf, no fate a.nd r
    pta.r lO hwe CT)1Aalli7f4 latr:, 1M granuhu loha.pc: of lbc c.nckllo(d m1nc
    ra.l$ $U8t$U llw rea.or-pton or rc:<tnion 'olro'lth the ma) h.wr hc:c"
    l.nvoh-ed 11'1 lht dt\'tk\pmc.nt (I( chi$ 1ac11.1rr,
    CII.N:Iy c:luu;d 10 the pc>ckilihc tcXlurc: 1\ lhc: t1plutc one 'olrohctc: l,)nd(lml)
    Oricntc:d IJth<- u( :u r: c:odOKd in l.ut,Cr Cn."\t:ds o( pyr0'11<
    (IT 21; In ror.u-w I() chc p(li.kiticiC tc:'\1urc. the bth"' IU(' '"uh..:\lr .. t.
    -.11h ftO f(;)(IM)ft (W tcS<lq'ltioa lhK ICXIUIC m,_... M . ..:h lc\u.Jh
    ftOCII tb:: C'Cifi"CC1pil .._lft of ,.;ah JI'Wo:\tftt 01" all\inc. Tht ICflft
    lK as IM:d tlt.re lhc ob\u.e yoTCJUat C'l)'lol&ll arc smaller, :bd thu .. CJttfti.'C en-
    dose as m.any blh$ (ff 28), A PfC't'IW di!fNcl'IU: thN h:rm'
    can be mack on che bun of the- rMio ()( the or p1;q:loc.:...e Cf")""'l\ 111 cll
    ,;ne or Cl")'$1als If thi$ ratio JVC&tc:r th3n one. th: cextuh.: t\ Clrh
    he, nBd i( cqul 10 Qfte, it i$ $ubo1>hi1ie. If lht ratiQ bdov. oot. the r.'lfl.
    has :ln IUIUfe (JT 29). With the $Uhop)Ul1C ICX!Ur(, fl <th
    vine or pyroxc:lloC "-'1!, on fill each "'"'"t;.uLu $JU!e hc:t.,., .:CR
    (L\sc bN.. \lollh the ol1VIftt 0t MIOlltnC '-';&lft'i
    r..u this $pK'C The ehlft&,."t f.rom lhrOUJlrl $Utlophtttt 10 opht114
    frata sJo..n llrkJ ikwot:l f;&l("\ 1n.s k(fi(R(C CtlfiU,htnh
    fond pt('!iJTC"''-'1111 fr0111 lht matpn\. lllilt ttflltf al "'lode dll..C\. lr
    tilt utc wry the: iatcnl.c'C'"t. brc"t"e tlrlc t..tb l'IC"
    quc:illdlcd 10 10 (ofm U vtf("f'St7fQ/IWUfC.
    e;.n btoonte .cpet.lc:d and ron:cnt r11cd 10 fcum
    roc;U tbt ha\'t dt\.tmdly dif(crcm frmn ma,gma rrom 1o0o h1Ch tll(;y
    formed. Thi$ C1l' r roducc., cumulm acxtuc (IT 4\.-*4). and
    lht" rtd. i\ l"f(e,"fd 10 at a Wllh it rrll'(loll ;a<Jdo!d the ltii,.Ciolt ur
    mal'}(ra.b thai a.rcumulatcd Cumulus tend 111 k cuhcdul. and rnl
    one looO.bef lft a p;Kkcd hUtfC'\Ifi'UlloJ' hq\ltd (\llft\1

    -
    -
    -
    -
    --
    -
    --
    -
    --
    --
    --
    -.
    -
    -.
    --

    -
    -.
    =--
    ;-;
    ;-.;
    ;-.;
    --
    .. .
    -
    .. .
    - r
    _,
    #.
    _.
    .. ..

    ;"'I
    :"1
    :"11
    ;w
    ::11
    =-
    I l'aifts crystaUius to its COO$til.ueoc cnioet1h. od.ich auy beat a poWliUc: Of
    Ofhidc: re.Wkla co the cumclbs lllitleral$. the ca.positioo ol tbc
    ...tiM liquid ch.,.... prior co as re1111h ol citbcr cliff"'* or ac-
    ,_. n..w. .... liqui4 cl - ............ Rcplcoiohm<OI cl the ........
    - liqoid U. ..,_ -- tJ.al U... aiRadr bcca dcplco< ;, '-"" the cum
    .. .. "'" 1.0 .,..,....u tk <'"lol - .
    (WIIUbq totarr {rT .s). Whee carried 10 aa txtrc.e. a rod; cu. re-
    .,._
    0uuu aac1 .n.li reldspar ;, .,..a.., .,..rua.tatty pcpa<i<c .....
    elb'biit u iatergra-tb tc:xture <.'OII:Sistlfta ol t.riatlpllr, wcdp:-, aDd
    bapcd qiWf> CI)'IUls ctis<OOated fhnx>s.bwt Iars< olorJo try<eob ol .Jbli leld
    ''* The ilupt$ and disttibutioa or the quartt Cf)')Aa1t ra:.mbk cuoei!orm writing.
    ard thus the texaure is referred to as rphk (IT 20-lt). In mOre rapidly
    cooLed a;ranitK magma a similar texture is deveiOJ:Ic:d, but d il leu rc:plar and is
    (\;Sible OOfmally oaly under the mier())(Ofle). 1'tli1o iJ rderrc:d 10 '
    J;1tnophyric or nu'cr<Jgrflplu'c tc:XliiJC: (IT 22.-'23), A still ki5 rC\llo.r, WOtm
    Ule i.ntCI'3T()'ol.th of i:o oligoda.sc tlull in!() pocasl!ium Cl)'$"
    IU i.J knoown Q mymrckilc (lT '2A25), Allhough 100\C M)'rft'ICititc mlly be or ig_nc:W$
    ori&in and rei.11Cd 10 the graaophyrK leJQure. m{> (orml through a
    autc: rtplacemcat teaction.
    AI hap tc:mpc:r:wurC:$, albli fcldsP*r) rorm a complete s.olid aotvtioa series.
    bu 01 JSow cooli.fts they scpantc i.mo scxhum tod pocua;.urd ft.kkp;us.. This C:X
    tdutioe 1hc ptt1fltitit. fanut (rT "7). lA -.htch b.m.t.Uae of albite oc-
    cw .. ho$t CJ)$1.al T'bc: cc.r has beco u:sed
    w.-\crc. the bmelbc arc. feldspar and tk lloA il
    (irOJNIQ f(Wm.ed M lligb letnperiCIIrC: (lC)nU._lft I 411. fddspu ilida IUY
    COIYc oe cool1ns, 10 form p:rthillc.. Some panlltt.. how:Yt:r, rn diose
    ..-.b ht,gh 'OIICf UMIIC*S.. btJorw- !he lt:mperMatt: M ilidt albJt fc:Jd.
    rorro solid wluhon 1t1 thac, e athlr mU$1
    rror. the magma as separate sod.um aod pacltdiumndl th31 i$.
    to du.tiDCI arc present, in conlribl to j.irck homo,cnt:ous alkali
    fcld!o('JI fOtmc:d 1mtlally in the gJJn)lc. Bccau!ie lbe line in a
    rh .. t.c di.1gnm rn rliiqg the cemperalurc bdow -.bkh euolutllfl llllltJ. place is QJicd a
    J-1lll'S (IT 46), gtanitu (:()ntaining a higl'tCempctature (eldsp:r (later
    to form pcrthite) art kni)W'('I trDIWU (IT 47),
    ar4 thMe IO\I>'CrU:mrcuture Ol'lefo containing SCJ)'taiC Cf)'Sttli! ol fc:Jdspnr
    arc knov.-n as subsohw (IT 48) Nocc the 1\1>!(1 reW!$p.lr5
    1n the a.ubs.oh'ln nuy botb bcoomc: pcrthillt on coolsg. b-ut the: putn.:uy IW'O>
    tcld\p:lr n;ature olthis rod: .;u rcm<uo eVIdent.
    1. ltf.xtlM TnlurY
    le'\1Utt':!. ate- spc:cW "'here tllc diSirtbJCIOft ol IS dear
    ,., 1M rnub rl Rcxtioti IN) ocwr toclccn ud to
    (IT '4-lS). or bci"C'C'o to ptt'dt rt.u (TT
    J'). Tk t>ct"''C'CD or to bt.lc
    form W"loo: f";)mcd nm" ah_ ,.fld tile) com
    __,.., ICCOIIc- . .:.Chrhot..- ,_,_ f'ft the etlK' trr..n4. lead to be:
    li"11t pnc4. "l)lj ol K"'C'tal l1h the pro-
    diK'tl f(\fllllflG 'Dlm hlr or (.t"fc-u\ ('!.. flf bolh arc
    111
    OIMnc cr)'MAb. for c:umpk, re.a wilh coolin,J choleiicic .,...,. to coro-
    ftU of ,..hop)Toxeoc:. Jo llowly cooled magma I his ortbopyroxenc. nuy form large oi.kQ.
    C't)'SU uc:&osiAg rounded oli'lino gnUns (lr 33). Uodcr biah prcuures, oli\inc and
    caki-c i.n the atatc 10 form kclyphitic ri.rn ot bypeutbuc.,
    parpsok ampll- ..., .,..., (IT 39).
    M..uak bci()Qgiac 'o re.tld* scric::5 c:xt.01 C'\"Mk:t.ee ol rc:aaioo t,o
    forna tQOed C'J'Iak. The aa gabbroc. for il nonno/Jy :onrd
    (rom e,lric rotC$ co low temperature more &Odic rims.. If thi! K
    queocc: " reversed, che Cty:\tal.s are &aid to be Z(}lrtd. In same r()(kJ.,
    espedaUy diorites and 1uxiesitcs,. the COMpcl'ltion ol tbc may
    b.'k 11'14 forth lO form (IM 54). The. ll(lfm.ll ..equence ol Cf)'lo"
    taUic..tl;o. io graaitts aa rcsk ia u..ly-f(lnl<d pbrciodalc rimmtd by I ....
    1i fci4Jfu. Ia Qh a nt,.a-nt tal\lte_ catly-erylof_llla.illl
    potwiu1111 feldspar is m111tkd by oligoclase.
    STMUcnJRES
    i Vo&at.ok ttodi:
    oa cbe MUfltt o( la\'1 n(')IWf, auy a rtulfd of 1he man
    ncr in a lava mO'o'C'L Y\'M can uavc.l at r:tnging from mcccrt ptl
    scoond f01 b;\$,'1lt co mClefS per month for rhyofil c.. The sur(:.cc of any rc.(;urd
    len of iiS tomp()l'l:ition. r:t.pidly by rtdtlltion, but hc:.al from lhc noW. itUt
    rtot ml> be 10 surface by eoclduccioo. an c.t1rci!C:I> dow f"'tSJ.
    1llc i."lttior of a bva "''II CC)ft,Sequcnll)< moe-en md pol\ibl) COI!itlnliC llo-1nc
    loGe: .a.hcr the .wrf<1 b IOiidifd Tho 6iffcreotial tend$ to d""uf'l
    tiw C11i111l.-.d, dc:pc-lldi.li$ ,,_ f'k.,.. ptod\IICU a number of lolr11CCU'I(J.
    B.-.. at h#lt. n \'i\eQ!'il)' sim1lllr 10 th:at ol tar, romm(ll'l.ly r.ardly
    tnou' thai it i$ able: 10 ddorm iu. urfa dvring cOOI1"1t The \ikOIIS surfilet
    b\'(f lt.'rinkl(d intt, IUCI.l:JIC ridges lkat II( 1n lhC dttt(II(MI o( nnw
    Btt41W.Vr> these rid_gu rc1emblc: rope. tJus 1-urft s.tnKitPC 15 rd:rrtd II) ._, lttf""
    lflul, 1hc tcr tt Molcca ""'""' fMh
    tiCIIC' the of I frOm bcDCilh I j()f:td en$. A' 11 tnq\lbflttt'.
    IIIII II\( ufldtnide Of lht .Ohd imprC &f(li(WU rn the flt"'t) ttlttpng If)
    ft'fm I1M:l 1h:.1 the duu:tion of flow. Where 1hi_. lmC"att!d !iurfaa; bcton'ICS
    Into a rOf'Y truaure, the lu\eJ lltt lpproKrm:ttcl) U'l the

    b\) 10 ....-c IU )Utf...ct cook ud bctOm ri
    Ca.ttAutd mOto"(mcl ul lhe JtiU..IDI>I!ca .ntChtlf l-rc.a'-' '*1' tlJi !!k1
    '"'tr 111tn br,e and u\l n \tn)ll d1.nl.cr hit tbt lUI
    l.acc .. 61" 'hich t11rcmcly .,..,,h p..1'' With t(NIIInurd
    rt'lll'lo'Cmcnl. 1 lllrt:-r nt a l.l\'3 no ... t:ll\ be: coo,-cnt!.l nto tllli rubble. 11"hk:h
    ColfthRt,M:\ Ill tn0\'1!, 1.11 ..... 1\, l'ft.lltfl)l the s.lp (rnnt
    til th..: n.-.. 10 a-.crr.dckn k Mote- r\IN'Ik ,,. a 11\c mot on. dJn\cr
    Llt t1 r-c:(crtcd 10k II\ ..me. H
    "'
    The saarface ol .andesite flows may .also be witb tubblc. but '"'* frll&'
    mefts arc typie&lly tlwl tbo6e ia u Oowl (hucki& io CQillrasl to fast
    tile io aa) and baYe smoothc:r sw&.oc.s. T1lat rcJcmd to M blody bva
    !'low\. 'l1lc JQrfaec ol JDUY rf:lyolitc (low) allo CIOialills CIIUfct, ol brokt.
    ol afaru P 10 a tlldct or .ore across..
    II ia 801 1111t0meoa ill t.M a.d bal.altic ...._, for tK IIDOkc.. e
    ricw 10 drai.o OiM bcech lhe $Olid <:ttil.. ka'"-1 bct.ild a ltnw Atbt'. 1"k
    <hmc...,.. ol 1bc>e dqlcad .., lloe l'"cbe """ ol lho low ..,.. ate
    maay IKttn .a diamcler attd lt.Uid:reds ol mdU$ 'D Tbc :ruse ahoYe a tube m.ay
    ""' form'"a u doapte depressioo.. Ot C\'Cn v.-tUc:h llC pr001ides 10
    the cube (mOM ue plogged "'itb L1wa at chclt lower Stallld.ilelik.e ctri'bbks
    of lava lrom the eciling. and bori1.oot.S oa the "'ails maflo periods du"
    nne wh.ch the depth a( the. lava rc:m:tincd reLatiYC.Iy during the
    Tubec may dh;dc and rejoi.n ILr()Und pilllltl. wflkh pr&.;de suppQtl for the roor. The
    uf!9Cr sutfacc or a laVI Oow a1>0VO Joudl 1 p4Uoar may be domed upw11rd 10 fOTm a
    S<hdltntlonttt. U sa.gglng of the i1ttO tM &mroontJing l\1be Is $urrtcienlly
    the crc:M of the $Chollendome may be mJJktd b)' ,.i;lc teMional fractures.
    Oonei and fidgu can also IOtm on MJrface or flows, independent of
    bYJ tubc:t. as a result of (k}.. beneath t $0lid Ct\1\l Whkh C:lu.st'S
    and upoA-dli:ns ol bv3 onco thesurtacc.
    Tbt aurfa of basaloc. b''l n ...,l,tr as almou uutantly to a
    f)-.. lllkh mJy pt'C\""'C:IIt &he froM ad'II'Melii,J. E\'(tii"W.IIy. )l,oo.l.-e,oe;r,
    th sc"" m:l' crack ud a toog_oe ol llot. molctn lro'a Ull m.)MCnl.at'ly into
    lhc .. --.cr kre C is c:pcadlcd lo .Aek:.li.k.c body bov.'ft l'llow (IT J.&). 8)
    cud1nc, aed lhe a.t a 1'/loltt; Wtw 1k prc:-
    tclt' ol ptto.s is dur C'ickacc: cl Ul r.s.aoo r .a:llF ltom
    WNll bol.ba tllle s.izc ol a IOCQ:r twl to tk ol .a IDJ!trn.f.. Tile Wgc;r
    tk pe.Jot.. the- fbatn 11 1cnck to be. bec.au!c u tllcttol c:m.lirtJ oltcn 1or:lgp
    aUO*o'IQC !Mfe fOt A@Png a.tld fbltelbftl. Where fiiJkJ.wl are pikd ant Oil t(lp
    of I.IW'Ithcr the of pilkwo-s Wk.s 1a1l\ th:t1 .._, it110 the i.('Xe bt
    t<t:.n uhdc:rl)ing pilkJo,t.'S; ift ('()lrt.tasl, the upper iUrfa.tt (1/ a !"i.l}oo.t. n(Mm3fl)
    ""OCICh and ron\<t:X Tbi3. as)'mmCU')' in pill()w 4h11pc prf\*' lKtful tnc.am. (){
    dctcrmmina in ,MUow th:lt ha\<c been turned upon end duling ccnonlYn.
    In addtlfla to surfa. muny C\pct:1aly 1bc more:
    emcs. have i.nternal indicative of now. Muny or rar11:.lly
    cxhibil prominent flow lll)'tring, whkh o( llillimciCf 10 centime
    loa)'CU o( v:uying color and tt'XHuc. l.a)'Cfl in glil'l\ lend to be dar\.
    have a ,;treous lu!toter, whereas cont:..in.ns 'mall g_., bubbles.
    Ot l'lhcruhtcs arc lighter coloccd aDd h.l\-c re.uncM !be rruaohlt:S eom-
    11'1(1111) a traeh)tk telllute. Tbc: b)'Cnnt: can ol\4.1 roulc from \'dri:utofts iQ
    th..: ol phel'loc:r.st..s.. MIKh of dU11 bycmc rfclC:nl "' the bdorc
    ,, IU\'0. tltc v(!katllt: and .u tbt ltptu0 I.Mcr;all,, the L)<-ntq; ua he
    CC!fl<rt'd fk* folds. tbe athtude cf r-uer'\c ' re(t)ld bl lllc l.;n.i!
    ll'M1oCftiCtll
    Od...ok:d are to anc: out ol *''110ft (olkwo.,...; c:rvpCioq,
    tac:Q.-K of thcu a1 kM I aysulllmioc
    ol upac: ... 1t.u dkct by UJICJ'C"'-'tf lhcc .. ,M_ ol ""'llbo-
    ltltl> liquid.
    119
    8t.bbks ol c iD 1v arc called 'lltSidtJ (IT U), aod roe:b con
    theJC arc. a.ald to be. Tbc: dia.,eter or -,uteld it typk:aUy
    iA milllmettrl. Oas uvities l.ugu than a centimeter are likcJy formed by
    the or veskla or by p$ that lw risc:a Duo lbe &om tbe
    flow, 1ltae are tenDed wp or iJ Lilley haW: a Wpc: aod
    are lillod ....._.. baDCkd dP'mlooy aad qwatt O')'SUk. Vuic._ .,.
    .... ..., spKrical. bul docy ...,. be ddonooecl ellipl<> by tloc - ol ...._ v ..
    c::c& aay c:olbpse U...o irrcgW.ar roaYOiutcd Wpes once exsolulho of g.u .. euc.
    tiaOy md tbc p& in the 'akb bep:ls to eool coatract. Vc.siclct in
    aa 001 lypically hu'<e iues;u.W Wpca. wbcreas those i.o paliOC-hoc Oows are 4pbc
    rica.l.
    Vuidc::$ may be: ao -d)nc a to prodoot a rock rc::&cdtbli:rl a frol1a. Th is
    part.coluly --.. lloe lOp of no.. ... - <OIIea .-..p ....,.... ....
    Tbe dwt and commonly Piled rode (()l"mcd Us dais oe the Pttface of balolcie
    nows k rderred to u u.orio. wherm the light colofcd oa rh)IQII
    tic OoWl
    f.JootutioG ol ps lrom b'n that 1.Mi.llly (()Ct:t.in$ ''try li.1tlc ps. OUr at
    JIICh a bte susc Ul tllc: so&difiCII Pf()(C:U tbM. typieal Y(sidcs cadOt tonL
    t.wud. tbe ps a.ay OUPJ O'Vicia bttwcu CI')"Ub.: tllat "- abe p d
    bt boi.J'Mkd by pWw cf)'lilal Such btc 51. exsoluhoft Ct( ps accun 1ft k'lmC
    bas.tJU. forming what is rdtrred to as a dJcl)ftulhr texture (IT 13).
    VctidQ at the bm or many Oows extend into the lava as long hlbu.
    It tbcu are later tilkd .,.;th tipt-colorcd s.ccoctdaty mMrals t.bcy 1M
    stc.m! .t oao.rmioocd cby p:pes.. :aftd com.cq.eotly are rdcnc.J to as pcptt lk't'lf
    'Uitk.s Of 'l'JICic::s. Akhouf.b ro.aoUy lllllc:rJ1fcd as U''UIC b
    mQJ b) P ris1Qc IAio a llaey ttc Norc liJ:el) ol afld
    po-1h ol ps bubbkl 011 the: 501MMic.aliOII rront as i1 ad\'Of\CU into the. lava. In
    JMII<YWJ. for pipe \'CSitk$. are round noc ooly ur from t!.e W!:;e,
    but d(IY'ft from tt.e IC'>p and in from the ide-., where bu())'Anc)' could nol PG$Sibly be 1
    fiiCtOt 1.'\ their gro.,.1h ( IT J4). M.:t.ny ptpe. vt.sides. utcndmg up flOtl'l the bue of Ia
    \1,'\ arc lilted at thcu upper c.tld i6 the d.rcctioa ol tl(w. ol the: b''L
    '* of dctennllft.ag no.. dltUt...,..
    8a.MlhC 1a-..n. C"fJ'CC.lally those ate ther l$e, ml)' hJ\'( (')'-
    linden of ' 'Csicular .C\'Ctill centimeter$. in di.tmctcr 3(\'(ral
    mclcn in h:ngl h. extend up intO the l)ow, ;1rc ltno"""' U t'Uidt C)'1111dtf'l:
    JJ: rrod.attd by tlc boop.nt di;apitte or le.u d<I\J.C. \'aicubt lav-a into
    mNc dcMC. m.usnc b,._ They art" comnaonl) capped t,. a brtc 'i\11. lined ...,,h \Cl.l
    c.&,, 11lcK "'P tcod to be tw:4flh;ricat .,..,.h a n... horaoocal
    \ t-.dc <"!il.ftdcon.. Plr"C \'OCks.., m.IY tiC tJtcd m 1bc d..renon of no- ot the
    ,,\'JI
    \ m:t)' become v.:ith ltl"'lll-tcmrcuuurc minerals, such 1\ teo
    nr ch;.kcdOft\, to fN'M -h4c refuted tO L'l '""n-
    JJfn (IT 1$) dmunuti''C} :amysdJb uc s.aK1 to be
    Amn;dlb cOllUm rnattNr.r ol illc-nh ilkh
    4cpO&IIIf on tbc ...,,Jb ol aht cwtpnal \a.ttk \tt'lfc fotJCI\ lilac OUCftlls may be de
    ,....,.... ..... 01\ hori7ontl U.l.e .. r.w.IMI .. lhal bn hltc.d. '"'" .... ;.
    tuJc of bytrt. rclatn'C l(t 1hc .l tlltudc ot the '"'" u" rro\;dc: intormnlion on
    the 11mt: <II dCJIQ\liM\n of the m1ncr ,1l \ rci.111\'C to th.at of I he tilling.
    I:U
    --
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    .:-1
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    ;:,
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    Exsoltnion of ps from magJDa can lead to 'iolent erupcions in vobich the \'()leanic
    mat erial is fragmented into panidcs rMging from dtt 10 buge blb. m:ue
    rial is eollecc1i,dy reJertod 10 as Uphf() or Jl>'f'()tltutic materi31 (broke"
    by Grc). F'ragmenb tess h:kn 2 mm io di.atl'ltter are e:ded a.VI, lhose betweea 2
    uld 64 mm, f4pilfi, and those gre:m.r than 6-t mm, Noc:Ju or bombs. Upon
    ' IMfi liOn \'Ok:\ni.e a'b (QNWU. a rod: C'!llled tuff, wh:rC'u the m:ate
    tillS form t1f$1<Ntt4".10tr Qr \'Oiconic bcci11. These rocks be
    talc:&orized by rde:reD(:e to tbc physicaJ ruuorc of the fragmentr;, 14
    trc()US tuff, Cor example, eonsills 1argc:ly of glassy fmgmems. <I)'SIDl tuff
    of broku crysaa4, and lilMc mff or rook fr<1gmcnt5. 'The r..,gments in \'itrt:OO:S
    tuffs ho:we a c:bar:tderistie r;hape -.ilieh reOecu thcit ori(;in 3.l i$al:ttcd
    of liquid trapSI('d between tNiescitl& ''Cllides.. These gbM.y splintc.rt (If
    arc l)'piealfy boutk5ed b) concave surlatts.
    Mucll pyrod:wic mat.c.rial cools aod !>OiidiGcs bc:fore f:tlling bad: to c:uth.
    L.arse bombs l.:tnding dose to their source "' -nuld be a n exception; tM..s.c may
    fbnc.n or burst on landing. extruding t ltc:ir moltc.n One
    das.s of p)Tocln.stic material, hO\\'e\'Cr, h<)l c n.ough duri ng eruption to permit
    it! fr"S!"tnts evcntu.ally to ""'Cid together int o w lid rod:. lk1lSt, ast..ladcn cloud$
    !h;.t t n.lpt from hishly nuid no..... rapid!; down "'c,pc:,
    )tning tO in Here rart id es !etde and
    tog.cthcr co form a ,..y/t/41 ruff oc (lT 5), The thtu ae
    the wdc.ling the bot gL1ssy ft:lJ)mtntl' and form\ :1 roc.l.' "'ith o rro
    minenl lanun:nc:d lltrueturc. refctted 10 !L\ tw.anuc. lk:;,usc these tr'uj'ltiOm.. in
    volvc. that tr..vels in a Oow oc avatanC'hc, they arc rc
    (crrf:d to IISII 10 1hem from ash that freely lhrough
    the. :air, blankcling the pou1ld C\'Crtly rcg:trdleu of local opogr:t,by.
    !. Scruelul'l'.S In Plutonk Rl)('ks
    The: most C()mmon struct urt' in tlluconk igne(lt.IS rocks.. 1bc m:.lic :,nd ullr:t
    nart.e unes, is loyv:fins. U!)'etS may result fum ' ':Hiati)n6 in the nbundance or
    ; r!lin size of mintr1l l$ (lT 41-42), or from clonptc mirter<tb being, orienuucd r aral
    icl or pcrrendi<'ul.:lr IU the la)C.ring. may abo be by ' ':uiations m
    .he cornpoSil i()n q( mineraJs, buc because 1his can he di.srrted (lnly chcm1t.lll
    is not evident in the lield) il i\ referred 10 as tl)'fl
    .,, ltJycmlJ;. All or any combinat ion of thC$C ftrmfo of be
    pr<:$cnC in :s l:.t)'\'tcd rock. Layers :also u:OO 10 rcrcat thcrn,d1ieJ., S''""& ri.<c IU
    .,,_,'filmic la)'Cn'lll: (IT 42).
    l..'I)'Ciii'IS h:.6 becll intcrpu:lcd as fr"m f.' '' 1:111\'<: of
    from m.p;ma. This i! mosl con,incing whc:rc the arr s.ul'lhori?.ontal and cxhib-'il
    p.Nidintt similar 1ha1 found in stmr rn<-kt- ... her.: 1hc l.arscr and d::n-.;cr
    mincrrIJo l)rC C(lnccnlr:ucd tht' h:uc' of ;a .u\.1 the finer aOO less den\C'
    mincr(ll\ sowafdt. tl\c lop (lT .a2). In some 1hc parallel
    ... .all\, or cwn 1he n\01. in ""''hich \C:tllinj; scerM an unlil.el)
    CII"J)IanatiJ'If'l Furthermort-. cxrcrimtnt:l u:dJCZIICS 1hat m1nc:r:tls
    DOl despite contt:l$l l. lh< cr)-...l::tls .!>Uffi
    citm fotcc to (wercomc Ch<: of tht' rn:,j::m;a,. In
    c:al byctint: nu{!h' "':- the: rnult nt diffut.in rrN'e!o..\Cs.. That layering c;tn form 1n
    M.ll:b " ,., . .,,. h 11> .... lh.; nns,.'lo pho:
    bOinc!Hln
    121
    Laycrina caa also be rormed by the flow of mapa. 1'hl$ t)i)e tends to patallel
    contaeo. a.od. if fcklspar JatbJ ate pre$CtU, tbc layers may exhibit traebyto'dal
    telllwc.. lD m.any gruiac:s. (ddspu may be alipeci. eveo t.bouP tbe
    FOI& .. .dnus m,ay a.ck otMous Row lltuctote. Sc:pwadoo oiiDirlc:r. IU)' ocatt thtOIIP
    .... pr.>aa ol ,._ nm-. - ol ""'" - ...
    ud Wpcs dcc:lop diti"CICDI wdodlic:s away from a COIIIitad u. a t:1 tht ht
    tift& cl1ed ol the tlowing .acm rtear the conltct. E";dc:n<'e of Row is dea.r v.hen
    ptC...ioutJY"fOrmcd ta)'C-11 a.rc: .coorcd out and new layers fill r.105i.onal ttousiU in
    lbC e.atlic:r re)ttb. Tho cJrec:u Of Qow WI abo bo sotn wbcrt icdua.iocu of COU.OII')'
    rode are suea.ked 0111 to rona ld!Jft:t'ttl
    ........., 11n"l"'' example ol ;, C><lo;]);led by r<dJ ""'" ao
    (IT 54). Orbiades con\i5l of alteroati-ng lel$:ic mel mtri( wnctn
    arranged about some rmclcus., wtaida may be a phencxtyllt Of ftagmcnt of IC><-
    01ateri.al. Individual l;aycn h.IYC ol m.illi.mcurs. and the orbicules
    IJC l'llat-y CClllimetcfl io diatnetu They ate I<*Od i a wide ,_. o rock l)p($ but
    &IC: IBOtl c:oamoo .. graailc:s.. T'lllcW gowch bat butt 'nfioa$1y illupred ru.ul-
    from r .. )thmK crys;&aaJ.a .. hOII ol mioetak abollt a nttdc:us. or from
    ptoeeiM$, Tbe.ro may indeed be both tiftck. Om.tuiCl with layc:n or highly \':.riab1e
    and itr<:gubr tlddc.nut :u-c: moM eMily cxpkti.ned 11$ (ornting 1hroug.h deposil ion on a
    n\KkU$, but tbo5c in whicb the: betwccn IOlycrs ...;cleat. In a i)'S(em::ttl< manner
    tow-ards the could hoM:. a difTIU.ion origi.a.
    A pocWia:r rype ol bowl! Ill or <'Oft
    WU of O')'$U\& of oli\int and pbciodase that grow UJ)\\'atd frm1 the Ooor o( a
    mgm chamber. The Cf)1otl)l), may be up to 20 em long. pruumab1y grow into
    the magna (rom nudei on the Ooor of chamber Horobkndc ,..,lab 11mil0lr
    oeeut tn aomc all:a!i pbbt011o, here the bye.ring tcrw.h to
    , .. ,.Jw abe ..... Jb of'"" ..J....WC,- and the DCCcliiCI 11c: oricftlcd hon
    tOM.U, A re.bltd ilniCitlf't f\1CIIftd Ja CU)' JHIOJtit pq:m.lhlei bcre C1}'1Uh.
    a.lblr feldspar. nhtl. or tourmahnc may nudeate on the -aD and 1nto the ret
    m:Uite rc:rpendreulur 10 the oontllCI, The tt:!tUI!Injl. arntng_emtnl of Cry!UIIk U cOm
    monly rderted IU ., a ttl'mb Jlntcttutt,
    GS:Sc$ lA cnlbl be clfhu UKOtpoulcd ...eo cw
    aclrlc:r rruncrak 01 be thlrma O)'SliiL.a ion Wd1 U<,..
    CI)(I!!Jn and s.ohchrratfoc !he auy be C'Ofnpktcly urcllcd from the: mlllft
    body HI form Clf hydr()lhc:.tmal \'t.r.M i.l) the suu<>unding r(l(k, In
    wmc ncu $Utface: roclt ... the \'01.-tile:i m:-.y tx:c:nme ltlllppc:d nd (()fm
    C't\'\lallted kn.cw.-n as nuumltfr( C::t,ilie$.
    le rue U'lroC't.. hut libc.r.-c.t b)- cootinc hodiQ. be to C.lllk
    mclhft& !)f' 21lhh fcl.h.pa,t tn the nlrr.idcd rock The' .. ruttc
    t.qurd. .... hl(h J\ rc:fcrrc:d to rli('(Jm()f'piuc, mar boc:l. tiM: roclt from whtch
    the heat c-ame: Rhrt:11norpltom. hcrwcvcr, 11 n1rc beta usc: contiC:I IHI:
    l)'f!'C,III) half the ll'lli'JI tempc:raum: ()/ a mliiGJIII. and that hr}1 Cfk't.l.:h 1ft
    mcll CtMII.Id c. be onl) h) lite COl\!"''""' Itt
    fk.,. 11A .I 1\lltolalic:N fiiJ.ftftef (oely poWhit (Ot mafte d1ln Wc:f lh.111
    hol.ll S C'f body ul4rvdc:d oc:rb) The: pres.c-ncc: of
    rhcOmorphi!om di l.t3o gn lhU\ he: tmrortnt C\1dCI'I of feeder n,N.

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    3. Strvrtrn: RnWti-c r,.. lodus'ou
    Muy ....... n>cb _.... ol o<l>a n>cb tbal ppc.v ro..lp ud ......
    qo<o&Jy .,. ,.,.,.., -- x.-.. ...,. be --w. ;t ... .,....t ot
    rcct 1h.U ii Cl(lmpleldy mttdated tO tbc: roc:t ..a.iO &bey arc: rouod., or
    llq ...,. be - if f ....... ol - lAM iJ -Qiy ..t.Jcd IO lloo ipe.
    ....... reek. nd .......... ... .......,. ......,.. ..... x. r'"d - ol
    iDWINI Cl')itak. iD wtaida cast: llq ar a.lkd Soec: ,..ace a:oe>
    W. ate Coraed b1 thK hnc; duAered -' p01111 to ton. tK
    lexlntt.
    x.-.. "''Y be ud ._,sharp boundariet. .,.. """ allow...,. .-..,
    ud d1UIC.ftC&S. Thi5 depeods 011. the n:latiYC: md; inc PQJl(l or tbc aDd
    the aurrou..ding ipeous rod: a.ad wt.ethct the miMtak ot the xenolith beat a reae
    tk!n relatkm to the magma. An accidental aaolith. (or elCl.mpk. more 1ikcly 10
    W\tin mitltral\ thlat aJC 001 iJI cqui.l:ibfium with I ml&n'lllbiUI is I CQShliC ()Cit.
    h l.s nCM 1.n1.commoo rOt m:agmas of eo1lrwing eompru.ition to in whic.b
    rue rounded bodte& one rOCk I)'J'C endosed i.n 11notllcr. Tbis i.'i pMtkularly
    1t11t ol aad granitic magmas, wbc.rc: the baaAit (onns piUow-likc bodiC$ Us
    the aranitc:. Because of differcm mettlnc: point .. ckmitin., and .. Lbc:se
    commiQp:d masmu 5bow ldlle. it any, e'ideiiCIC o( diuol\ict& i.o ooe aactbet. lo
    eked., tbe difference iD mckU!g poiDU: COmmonly relu. i.o IX graoitk mapa quc:o
    I be bault ie pillow$ 10 rcbtil.-cly rock.
    Ao ipeow, rod: c:oDtaWQc; abaad.ull is lcnted .. btetxUt.
    lr lite atrc:me eas.t; ol btnriu. tlatrt IS 110 m..acrix at alt ift
    tarsu f,......eocs an: c:abedded ia f.-ly co.i uttd to rorm a
    todc. ilidl rcscablcl C'OIIIIttctc appc.M-aocc. MOlt ol die [ragmeets
    clluc ue ol tbc oountry tocl.. bac 1a11e IIU) be: dcnved from
    etc lovo"'(t c:tu:&l or upper 1"11ae JI8f ol Well <IUUia mioc.Tals m.
    d.c:ac.vc: ol hiP praswcs IUCh pyropc-o-ri.:h ptaet pd jldtltk arc ry-
    pc:all)' rounded, loO arc td"cncd to as nodulu. Mataclc: ood\ala tc urrounded by
    p-orni.M.nc tQ(lioa rims ,.-hidt auell. co chc: lt!QJb'licy of tile minot-
    uti al chc lo-A pteMWC$ cnocountc:rcd m chc mast. Mtntk n0dule1 are also found
    " a.omc alblme
    1!.1
    TEX"'\JRfSAI<O STRUCTUltfS Oi' I{;NEOu<; RQCI(S
    CRYSTAL OEVELOPMENT
    1. )QIf. ol Quartz ill aun.
    lf.n4. "Jlw o( thc: bldlcittS 111a1 It ,,,..
    kl4 .u IMp-tempt bee.- fol'l!l; on It 11!1.
    co 11M: low>tempe ratt.ote fonn. l'lne li(tn. Xl1
    t l\llllc4ral ot quan.r. and rtnlc.c albll fdcbp.n Ia
    q'iii-M.< Gten'lltlc:, nu..- 110 h.l\'t
    U)"'uol fAoC'U. IM tc(t iJ, 4uc:ribo:d ti bdftJ allot
    J'OLin. xu.
    \ <>-ff.t Sovttl I'OI!Id, :O:twllampil'li Some ot tbo
    renhoht ftld(p;tr &flllll\ h"''< ti)1UI f;,cu,. l)oopl
    S::''"''d'\ IIOl il-t 11)(1( if. fitkri"-td bc111' h)podiOo
    """'tf"'\1t pc4an.. X'>
    "' ' t.t.; .z llf'J\'1\ 'flktlll<' JIN '"''
    '. ... ... ! "'"41 fQJ.-.cfll\ .... jflllt\1 nd ........ ,,.(, 1\nln.ol!llll
    ''' ' ''""""' ( tilt .WN<l '"""S::b
    l <4"f ll.l' If l'hc )'loUb o( qWit\1 11<1 ld;l)f"l
    .... ,. ' "'' .. n .. '"l=. r"'"' l'b&or t,:h
    'I'&X'nJlU:SAND STRIICI1JRES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
    GRAI.N S lz.tl
    .). .. d ....... c-.. s-a.,...._ .....
    ......... .., ............ ...
    -. .... "".......,. ...t1lliddGcl .. P 111c fOd
    ....... "--.....,....._xn
    6., ll ... p.IIC!d .,...,, Willi ttttQ!ole* of plaPxfri.e
    WNJ'Ifllll IIIJIUnd Ill ofiMM J'l'tltfiiXt)'A. 1'lloe (f)'lllll ill tit(
    01 .w. Wult t-.u arc: 4il.tlll
    lllltlwt#OfiiTIICln polaiS.,
    , r_...c-,....,.-.. y,ws.
    ................. ...... - ... _..en.. ...
    ....,. .., .., ..,..,""" 1tw'l1 lor-. .a ...pr cn..us no; II til
    lint .......... r-....... ....
    """"'
    .. L<t,. .. ,.., ""' nyoul ol f'llpo( .. fi'OIII. f'U.a MOt-
    ......... --.r ...,.,.,., Tile ru..cu ff'Oifl
    vanci'V& d 111'11 ,_ 411!cftiM ... ._
    ... at (p SJ .__. at'-f a ...a 10 tM
    fi'O) ,... 1 ... '-: .......
    ._ .... ...,. ........... 1M ........... JIM "'-
    f"fyW-1 c,,.._ '-10 ...n ... JM w.: Ill P'J -c
    125
    ... ... "' ,...,..,,. ldl et IIJliWCL SUa.
    ""'' AIO...,II *,.,.......,...,art'- ..,.. ........ ._ .-u
    ........ W. ...... ft')'tll:al.
    ............ " ...... t ......... (IQ!:Ipo'
    ..................
    ...... ....
    ........... * ..., flit J'l xaa:A. ...... .,. -
    .__yf.., _____
    "'
    10 V!ln'lpflyri( J'lkMIOM, lt.UIWJ (ll Scotlallll. SpbtN!oCU
    ol fth..,_, fllldt.ted CM ftkllp11 Mil':retlte' (ll
    UCC'IIt I flo Jl.*, uctpl lathe i!Mitd!a;l
    'V<IC'IIII'!y ol PJ"''tM (lower lett) 1MU
    ltlflllle lfll. did 1!o01 llt((lt!ICI 111 PfrW!tM. l"t.M
    Xl.\
    ..... ...... ., ,......,.. .....
    .,., .. ,....,.._,. u, a. .. .,,..
    ......
    4IA ""' ,_...,,., ''" -liat'CII f'Uec "CJJL
    '
    l:!r
    < ..
    "
    ,

    "

    '

    '

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    .



    '
    .

    { "'\'
    ......
    '
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    =-
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    ....


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    n:xnntfSANDSTIIIJCI\JR&'> 01' IGNEOCS R()Q;S
    >..\SOWTION OF CAS
    12- !b.-"""* Tk .......... .,., -'tl
    .. ,. .... ...,, ......... ............ ......
    .. MIIIild
    lk 'liNda 1D CDibfN: _. ..._ CIOII I . \b.
    -"' ,._..... ............. ..,..._.... ....... -.. ""-"...,
    '"CVII\o-......s * c.- x'
    IJ ....... ( II -a
    ..... .....
    ....... tk P'co.llom.,....,..., ...........
    .. ... C..O...J'OW'ro.X.
    '' 1'1'f .ado tor.e4 f'lll-"C .......... llw . .. .,
    f"'.' ..... c ... n. .,.,_...,-r.
    ... ........ .. )"""
    ua.41oO"t ,... t.a , __ .. -"* ... hN'ofu,""'"
    """",.,a ,.-"'ClooCCn on.r ,.,. .,._ ol
    1\ '"'" "'kt'll: *Jcco:c"" n--..ly otf'C t.a.N Ilk
    "'""''.oeol r.ow ott11c
    ,..., 1_. ...--.-.-" ..... -
    .... ,...- ,.,..,. _, ..... t(1,....-.. 16ot ........
    .,., ......... , .. __ ,.... """""" ..,.,.,_ ...... -
    ............ ..,. .. ....... "' lC'l
    -. . . >,._:;
    . ..
    . . .
    , i .. ; .:"
    -;.: . , .... ' .-r: ;..;, .
    $ . .
    . , ----o -'7
    ... . . _,.
    - ... ' II! "\.
    .. 'p:' J . ..
    ., . -h. .. .. .. .
    . . . . ...
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    ' .



    " , ..
    r
    . ,
    TEX'1'URES -''ll>STRocnJRES or ICNEOIJS ROCI<S
    CK\'ST.U. Al.ICHME'"
    17. r l'lltti)'IC WAI 1ft MIIJ'-1111 t\l)w lOu-' I coi'I'Qd(d of
    I!Orfttllt n!Jt 11U b...el. 1U4uU:a, H.wali. Crusoed poiiJJ., XII.
    II T _.,...W .. Ltu 8onoila, .......
    ...,,.. ,...._ fO<b c. _,. hoe a:.-.. a:r-
    wulofl&,_. ,.,.1kl P'0-1 ClcNed JICI'tl'l, Xt
    ..
    ;1
    ;:1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1

    --
    -
    -
    ..
    -
    -
    --.
    --
    -
    -
    -.
    -

    -
    , .
    -
    , 0
    ..-
    , .
    ..-
    .
    -
    , .
    -
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    --

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    ,. .
    -
    ,. .
    -
    ,. .

    ;:,
    ;.,
    ;:,

    'll:X'IVtESA!.'DS'I'RUCilJltES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
    l\"n:RCROWI1In:x'IVIUlS
    -' .... ...,_ iw * .,.._ AINI--$11G "nt ...._..co.
    poMJa d .... ....... ""'...., ttooc., '""'owdM:a ....
    ., .. ..................... -..,.,._.
    -......
    ll a,.. ..... --- "'* 01 .,.., ,..
    ....... lk ..... lctotlpf,.,..,."' ..........
    * l'!fllfM .a.pu..,. _...., N'4 'a ......._
    ._ ....,. tallllll .........
    ..
    : c....- -ll rt" ....... , ........... .__.._ Of: --
    U..k41f* r..o. .. ., .. c-..r.
    ;:. .. IIM m4wl ...... d
    ..... ..... ,_,_.. ..
    f_. toa ,_, -N fW'CII .. fk
    C-..cr-,..a- xs.t
    129
    ' .
    t l
    ., . "
    .A 0

    1'EX'!VRf:S Of' IGNEOUS
    I:O.TERCR()Wnf TEXT\lRES
    n (J(t .,.,, .--.: ckMJ ea,.. a ... .a. .._
    , ... ev
    f'bcoh - .....,. .,_, ..,..,... ..._ -
    """'"' IMy mo -.r11 .,.u 10 tJor. tiM
    nn'f poltA. XlJ,
    !5o "'"- .,..,..,.... rr lk ........_ --...u ..,.. ot
    ... .. fl ...... "._ ......
    kapw 11111PM rqe...
    ,.__, 01
    "" '

    . ..

    .
    \\. \\ .
    ;.
    :1
    rt
    ;1
    ;I
    ;1

    -
    ...
    _,
    .. .
    ....-
    .. .
    _.
    .. .
    _.
    .. .
    -
    -
    _.
    -.
    \
    -
    .. .
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    , .
    ;-;
    _.
    ,. .
    -
    "' . _.
    ,. .
    -

    -
    ,. .
    -
    ,. .
    -
    #.
    ;,


    ;:"I
    _.,
    :"'I
    ::'11
    'I"EXTIJR1S A.'ffi S'l"'ttJCrult1 Of" OQo'tOOS ROCKS
    I''TERClOWTH 'T'EXT\ItS
    .. ,.. ........ .,...o., f ......... o...p..tor
    ...,OIIoc:J........ s _......,,.e .. ._ _
    _., .,.-. :w.,. ......... ...

    lS ...........
    ,_..... lbl.-...elk.,. .,....., . ..,........,ael
    -.t tm pc- Ccr ' .dy. udl
    uu W"""fftf tldlt llof-

    :"1 .. ........... -n....,.. .,,....,..,_
    -....: ....,. .. fT ll. .... r ,_,. ,,.. ,..., "" coeun
    ...... ........... ,.,..._ .........
    Nf'o'Cc wa.. ,..,._,.
    _.,..._ IIIMIC!IlC' V. .. ..,.._ npod
    1001'"' .ul. tbc ...... tN ...- to
    X1ll
    131
    "'<to 0

    1.- 0 ""
    '

    >
    0
    .
    .,.
    0.00.-J

    ..
    nxrt/RSANDSTICUCitJJU:SOf'ICNOU<; ROCXS
    "'Tl:RCR()Wnt TtXTURES
    )I lllaitf by*" Of:I--"!IC IIICJJfO*fh o(
    piCioc'!Me lid iiiiCht A!iptt c.uty, 1111111 tile
    llq.U fGMocot tilt Of'hltlt illtti'JI'O'"lll 1'\.fllod.-
    Oftly f 1\lm IN tc..Cu;tt hll""" ._.., )(9
    :_,

    ::1
    ;j
    ;1
    ;:1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;"1
    ;1
    ;:1
    ;1
    -
    ...
    .....
    ....
    .....

    .....

    .....
    -
    --.


    -

    -

    -

    -
    -' I
    -
    ., I
    -
    ' I
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    .. .
    -
    .. .
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    " I
    .....
    ,. I
    -

    _..,
    ;,
    ;,

    ,::,
    ::'I
    :-:.
    ::"I
    TX1\iRI:S AI<DSl'IUJCIURES OF IG"<EEUS ROCKS
    RAcnos TX'TUaES
    .. ,._ ...,_ b lk .- u.o.. ....... ....
    _,._ -- ,.._.., ............. ....... dllll
    ---... -'* ........ --- flttt "'-'"
    Ia ._ -il,. 011 _.,.. m. alllsu& -""c p;l*
    -- w-... ). - ....... "'"- .. -...
    ...
    n Cliwoce
    ..__ nc ..,....._._a 'r IIMUI!!tfa
    1
    ec-..
    ........... ..._.-.
    ... .., ....... ,.., .. --. lilt ......... 0....
    sr- (II)IQd 1llc .-fll
    ........... ............. ,.
    ,.... - pc:ndobk poWIIIX .. llfll" CroMed flOLIJS. XJ
    133
    -"'"' ...
    I
    f o [
    (" C
    'I'EXniRS AA'O STRUCilJRES Of ROCKS
    REACTION TEXTURES
    J6. NnJIIC!dan6 replan:d bJ" iD Mo.nt
    1'1&11( li;lll. xn.
    .n. Ji\Om>ul\kd by in .lil)i>rid nxk f>
    mod M 111c ('011&1('1 oi '" &lblrM- P<"Odolttc, M.Qual Dnu.o, Oltf.
    bot 01 Jed!IIIC:ILU by lk puidotitt IIIIIJ
    ma WN tl\( na<1iotl to cwthooP't'Oltne,
    1 eM! B .omw11y fMIId ill a!blmc< tb. Pla.M
    X'.
    Amc rot'- rr l7 rcK\.1
    .,._.111M IIIIIIQN 10 rotl)tll (I( tl\o.pyn
    CM 11110 bWt.tc l't.I!K X')
    .t'l M"l''"'lf 111 lmc1oftlllf pllbro. Rnor, :-.or
    .. ,. I:..Kt! oiWM crnn IITO;onckd by. roi!IIIW
    '"" nm Q/ C!t!.l'oMYOeM, llflt .. m n \u<Vftl!(4 b)' n
    o'4 !'ltp\ollh( (OploCJ!I) f'O"'I"t), wbl('ft ((WolloM
    '""'** m.b. d tpotod 011. ot\ CNI pan 1M f"'l'p'oll l( nm ot
    c..n 0!11)' "toe it I M onllopyft.CM G te mlact '"lib plitCIO>
    due 'Of C(lflllle, no !')J.Uott Nn t>I""'C< tilt- &<olp!C allod
    '"" Crc:...c4 Xl'i.
    -

    .:111
    =--
    ;11
    =--
    :"'11
    :11
    .:11
    :"1
    ;"'
    _ ....
    .:11
    ::11
    ::11
    :1
    -


    -
    -
    --
    --
    -
    ._..
    --
    .......
    . -
    --
    -
    --
    --
    .......
    --
    --
    -.
    -
    -
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    -

    -

    -
    ,.
    -
    *
    -
    *.
    -
    -
    -
    -
    TI:X'Tlm:SANDS1"RtJCnJRESOFIGl\"EOUSROCKS
    CRI'ST.U. ACCIIMUU 110N
    '*), s...-. ---t'f)'UII ....... --fill ....... mlo
    tiWt ....... . ,.,..,., f :; - .... '"'
    .... ...,.. ..
    ...... ,.,. --.. ......
    1 l.l,.c" ttl ._ .,. lk Wrw.o..
    'ole ...,. ro11cd ..._,....,... ...,.
    ,_..CUrl:)
    .t: (.k*llfl ol lll I t.,.c-r ullkoa sndIIJ ,,_
    Ill otfwllof.f'IC'II llmiiJit I P1f<I*C:IICf'ld. A:AUII piltt. 10
    I .\wdl p-tlk6l1Yf"""' "-b<ot IMtl"pft
    ''4 *i IUIIIt!IIC from P''"llliM wt!lfm& ol llliiKnt.b ol. l!.fl t
    Kill ..... '"'* 0cMt CIIITUIIS ol 'f\tnd; IIW&JN M 11M: WIM
    "'f\ IIWI! Wdlii!CIIII,U)" b!NC ff'l'la

    llS
    ... .
    . .
    ....

    .. :
    '
    '
    '

    .
    ........
    -
    .....
    --
    '
    I
    .
    -\.-..,. l

    '''
    "
    TEXl\JRlSA''DS'I'RilC'IUilESOFIG.'iroUSROCKS
    CRYSTALACCmiUUnON
    0 0.. ......
    ....
    .U.). 'l"M . .cina .,. eu!w4ftl. *'"'
    ... piaafoc:!Me, form.d llle
    ,..,.. n ..... ., c "'t'_ .. , -" ..... ..,. .... , ....

    U a.bbro C'MU!.W. Nfll-llll atld piN.
    Otut o,tte crl ( R.lloduw ),_ 1.11 C'OIIlr.-t .-itlllk In
    "'"" le rr .Q. 1M 111 t!WI: umpk
    t.alty lO po.. wuk lori.m!IW

    d 1Mttto.omu1.- boQ\1110 !Ny Ill ""' bc'-C11 C'UIII..tw:
    et- (pl..lpoc:a..: 111 1M r-pk). 01 bt tJ:pclk:4.,.
    ,.,.,.. . .. 4ift'*'- ,,.. .... -""'*" Md hCitlir! Jr0-1:"
    ....... '* ....0
    talltiiiOd..
    ll6

    Oot ...... _ , .
    "''"''''
    A41t-l 1


    ':"1
    ';"1
    :1
    :1
    :-1
    ;'1
    ;'1
    ;'1
    ;'1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
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    I
    ....
    , I
    -

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    , .
    -

    .....

    -

    -

    -

    -

    ;"i
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    I I
    -
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    - '
    -
    '
    -
    , ,
    -
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    -
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    ;1
    ;:1
    ;'1
    ;'1
    ;"I
    :::1
    ::1
    -
    ll.\WRL'iA.'IDSTRUCTt/RES ROCKS
    tn'P[R';(tAUSA.\'DSU&'501NI.SCR\'STALUZA110N
    ... ....... .....
    w-......... ,.._., ...... ... .
    ............. " __ ....
    (1'1(111 ,.., COilJdt <- ,....,.., .....
    ._ >IIM:'ItC'U lk lki!QM;!III
    f"''IC' AtiOooc "- tl'ilieal ""'luc, ....o dllllu'l!t
    t')'IUII'-'1: from !lilt MCII, llorNAJ 'dow II Cll'lly Mak
    ,.._.. ft.;kpat C:t)M&!I<IIU fNM 1114 .ctl
    cr-. ... .,... .__ .n. ..... .. ..,..,..
    ..... r-a.c:--. .. ...........
    ........
    ff'--J u-nctt
    137
    lOW '"'f'
    TXniRES M"D S111UC'IURF.S OF IG"T.OUS ROCKS
    LIQUID IMMISC181LITY
    d. nuc kit 11tc 'Y'tm 'howin& 11tc li-
    quid rfdcl in * Mlinl-nc. pt-11 oiiJMl
    fcllk fMnt OllK-r l)ttm6 Qka
    Wlo!llro blcti r-dcl (lll(ioM,
    50. l.nlll.icdbllity Ia (he: llqukl ot a
    lca t ot MMIII, n ..... il licr-kk ate
    u ol brown it'O!Hkh atld dur si!ict-rictl elaut:L
    I ... M li#lt. X450.
    H llfl.'Cic:h n_rn:r;.lfy ..... IU' 1110:
    rt.llhf) u\lblr I1Jlll 111 lllu doolcuttc bf,u.ll IIOIIl
    C-O:Iklll lk 4ropfit" appo:M Jl rtnt.:llt j.()IIC'rtt,.
    'P"Ufd cly\t..tuf m -tnUw
    .._. ndl fcollll /:< l tlll of pUJ;tott.lc lnd P1fDWM' Oc.
    <l;ltli, lllolj!llf hlir tr)\Uh tbolcl<}e (ltiiiCI) JIIC: QOUI!no ill lhrt
    atoc>>UDiJ f Nsalo , t\hlboll.ef Ollll!l.I"WJbolr RtOt<:ld fllllll
    l.tJhl ""' ""'"""'"'"- X l $0
    J: M1,1(,d b41Pthtan6 rfa.)dlloC" I Jllll'lkt, :O:C'"be:rry"'i
    (')110, Orep The JUdlj)(lt:!hOn olll>cM rwo M-e relit hqvidJ
    il I rq.llll Of (!( fWO l!laj;IIW> 1ft4 110( Jm-
    ( ob o!ory f't:ott 1M II('\ 0( Ul'l&tl 0( O<lc tiqllt4 111 1M
    Oilier d-.eb 1rr. who;n u (IT 51)
    I'Sint lopu, Xtl
    138
    !
    ,
    I
    ---
    , '
    I '
    I \
    L C'
    En C..
    . """ v. . ,,
    _- .. .." ..... .
    . . . . '. - '
    . .


    ;-.. _' .
    .
    . ,
    ..
    = .... -.. ,, .



    . .. '

    . . .


    . -.. .. .
    . . _.. . . '
    ; .
    ..

    . . : .
    ,
    :: .
    . .
    ..
    . . " .
    . . J,
    . . . -
    . ... :.: ..
    'ifN
    ...
    . ,
    I
    0

    :11
    :11
    ::1
    :I
    ;I
    :1
    ;:1
    .:'1
    ;:1
    ;:1
    ;1
    .:"1
    :"1
    :"1
    ;1
    ;1
    -
    " . _.
    * '
    ...,.
    * '
    --
    .
    .....
    -.
    --

    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    --.
    -

    -
    -.
    ;-<;
    -
    I 0
    --
    , 0
    -
    - .
    --
    r I
    -
    , .
    -
    , I
    -
    , I
    -
    , .
    TEX'ItJRESAI'<1>S'I'RtJCTtJRSOFIG"'EOUS ROCKS
    t.IQUI 0 DL\USCIBII.l'n'
    n Oodll " ; :,-,oc a,c. o..-. new:-....
    .... o' klllt--"* ...... ....,"""""' .._ .. P*-
    tt. - I M: tq.d ....... ,...... of -sa. w'll!l
    ................................ "'
    "' $ ' . .......
    .................. : ... , .......... .,.. ...
    lWUfA' Mefldilt( ....... Mlltftll..._.
    ...... , ..,.,..410('.,.. .. ..-..s-..
    ,._, r..u fer---
    )) I= ....
    ,.,.._......_s,.. la).c",w "-c...,.XIJO.
    ,... s-: rr .ss.,.. ..... "..,.,...,._..
    Uoc .,_. .,.IJMM '"""* t.ft ""'-
    .....
    . ...... Tlw
    _....,.,,_ .... ,.,.,..., ......
    """' eo..--, .. of ..,... rtt .,.,.,_.
    I'U* I fiOk ft*folllt"I'-'C ... lei ........ ,..._tcft .....
    c .... rt IJic. .............. on:
    1)9
    s .
    .A
    .,.
    . r:
    -: .,":)
    ..

    0

    -
    J
    v'
    6 Classification and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
    Mctamorphh.m l$ tbe tum of all dlanaa tbat occur in rtvl: in rcpouc to
    ia tbc toek'a eaviroc.ment, Tbe ia the JOck cao be physkal.,
    or c:huxtical. Tk:y cu alfca. rocb ol ipcous. aedlmcoc.ary. or eve Ofi
    p.. 1\c: &.aJ p-odoct ol tile a. = f bowl! ' IDda.orphic rod.
    In iu bro.cks:l &c;m&e. mettmorpbiilo iAcludes tbc c:ncirc specwm (II ehan.gu that
    cake J:la,ct bttwec:o the tone of uthc:ri03 a.nd lhc: 'lOfiC ia wflicb
    tO lllapL&t. Traclit.iooaUy, the low-ttmptn(UIC: MoiOCUicd with WU
    tllcrillc: ud U.C lidW.adoo ol scdimcou bcaa ouncd frOG aht sa.dy ol tl'loe1.a
    morpbis& Sue lbe scp.v11ioe is. arbttrvy, fOf ck fedamcotal llws abe
    low-canptrature ue identkal to tbo.e ((l<lrolli.n$ the
    ancs. In aU ee$ the ch.aft8c:S take. plllce in Otdcr minimiu the. free energy of
    t!w: roek, and wbetbc:r or not equilibtium is bas.ic' thc:rnodyn.arnie principles
    poeral)lc. ditea U. rc:aaioG6 ptotttd.
    Mtta..Ot'phie rocb c:u h.aYe Wpbcau.d hislork... Few instaMe, sedimeot
    Uted oa the surface of tbe earth, aOc:r beromifl& lithined. cnn foiJow any number
    of dUTerul prc.uurelemperature paiN lx.forc un che urth'& urCII
    1$ I a.c.t.amOtph.ie rock. 'JM p;'a{h$ dc:pud 00 the IC:CIOilic l)rOCQt 10 'hich the rode
    it e:zpw.cd ud fbe Utory ol ..... C'UU ia lite 1k rod C\'Cft be
    to aorc:- tU. 011e lectoaic: c:puock. io iudl ca.e One :tc:l or ma)' he
    by anocher, Chotn. 11Nu M 10 p:an of !be ()'tJC of
    tbattgo is ae1u1fly prekn'f:d lWd rQCOfdcd in fin:. I mc:lamOrJ)hic rod.
    Whc;o kd.imc:I:IC.aty rotk$ ICC buric4, c:ithct lbroup coatiftutd ud m.
    W,., ol ....._ ...,. ....,... by _,h...W.C ol '""" <tU$UI 1ocb. tJot;. ,.,..,..
    '-I'IJrC:S rdC-. Tbii is due in co lhc phermal pade.nl (10 to fd>C/ Lm) and
    in par! 10 bbnktllft8 c:ffecc or crwaaJ rocb wbkh normally ba"e rclallvdy
    high conDtralioiU or radioacti\'t- dements (U, Tb, K). treat an abo
    b) bodiu ol macma. CIO eoohtlc libcncc both hue brougial. by
    the mapaa iUtlf (a fvactioD of cbt cc:aptntiU'C. aDd hua capaary ol chc as-a) .tnd
    hua ol cryaal!iutiocl. lempa-aturc:s rUe.. like pbcx: vtuch ve commonly
    rcferrd 10 u fJIYJI7CSII\'t prt)f,T'ik Re.aC'Cion' can abo
    place u rodu eool d0'tt.11: thc.$e arc referred co 1$ Dl' fdr<JG'ad<

    RCJOVIde. m.r;umOtplusm i$ fat iet6 COIIUDO. l"fogradC: mctamorphism. ln.Jc:c:-d.,
    mos; rrcumorph" rodt.s. are bc.l.ieed 10 preseM. muM:ral as.scmbl' rormcd 1-1 peal
    tc:mpc;uturU. There b both a kiAttic and ch('mic.JI c.xplanalKln Cor $C.ardt)" of
    reuogndc roeb. Tbt driving potGoti.al f01 m m<IJII:IOrphic rcacltOM
    'N'ia lmutly Kmpcracu.rc. Rc.aioo rn., laowtYCr. '"11'1 cxponc.Diia.lly ,..,,h
    prop- lbc: dm1"C polmtt.aJ ud the bnciiiC b e
    tor ad U. ueiloa 10 taii$C re.actioN 10 proceed. But wi'lb falllJIC tc:mp;raturc, ahr
    dri\ing potential i.s. oppo$td by the UJIOftentiaJiy ck<'.rca.\ing readi()n rote. Furtht
    more. 13061 ptograde reactioos itwolvt or dcurboruai.J.n.. Once.
    bavt bcc.o upe_Ded (rnm ti'W'k. laOti!IJ QA.oC the-. r-nc
    (;oekqacatly, a0M tt:ltOII'-ack 0 a local OWf ...
    maioly ...tlcre prcMde for Outcb to center the rod:. Thel.c
    arc 001 onty bvt lhcy al.o ace as by
    reaetW;,t rate.
    1<0
    -
    .. ..
    """
    ...
    -
    .. .

    I




    -

    -

    -

    -

    -
    , I
    -
    , I
    --
    .. .
    --
    .. I
    -
    " .
    -
    ,. I
    --
    I
    -

    :;:--.

    ;:"I

    .:"I
    ::II


    Tbc. history or a metamorpb.i.c rOd: is recorded in it.S Dlilltrt1_ 1ogy ond le.xi;Utc:$
    (3nd to a lesst.r ttlll, chemistry), For this reuoo. minaalogy tenure form
    the for d;alo$ificatKla. A metamorphic rOC;k is descrmd and dM$ifloCd \ISing
    desetiptive Tbl$ iavolves a li$ciog or tbc roekf<>rmins
    mioetaLs followed by a textural term. Fot example, a (lll3fiZmU$00Yitebioli.tc
    t'OI'I<iU( rr<l''mil'lllll'llly o( qutul7, llltltl .. il( nyor;.
    tals bavc a parallel alignment, which imparts a foliatioo ot $Cbis.tosily to the
    rOtk. (A 1isling of metamorphic telttu.res is gi\'CG al the end o( this e;bapter.) A
    few special Dames arc: used !Of metamorphic roc.b ol wikUg cbcmkal <XIrop0$ition.
    For cx:ample. marble. calcs.ilica.le, quartzite, and soapstoc (sc.rpc-fltine talc.)
    are formed from tbo metamorphism or limcstooc:, impure lirJ,es.toDC, quarUrid1 sa.od
    aDd uhnmatl<: rode., rQpec:tM:.Iy. Altbough an:. gcDelit, the
    tisetive COmpOsitiOn of e.ch rock little doubt ru. to its origin.
    The mineral JMC.mblfi&t a metamorphic rock an be to i.rucrprc.t
    temperatures. pressure$, Mid, in some as. the of the fluid phase
    t)tant during metamorphism. FurthertrtO<e, the tt:lllurC$ ol tbe rod; can re\<eal tbe
    or tbo di<otu1banee wbieb ca-ur.cd the meaamor-phis.m. For example, tbey mi&:ht
    indicate whether tbc disaurb.'loc:e wa$ a resull Qf deep buri11.l acld de(()rnUition related
    to mountain building (rY!gWnal me.ram-Oiphi.sm), or QS a o( the nearby em
    pb.cement of an i,gneoll$ irltruston me.Uim(lf'pJtism). Interpretation o! the
    cmditions a.od eauses ol metamorphism leads to an01ber 'VI'rl:t of cJassiJying
    "'-ic rod;s koOWII as the (adc.o; dassirication. Before dc-Ni.ng with this appro-teh,
    bowe\<er, it necessary to discUM the graphical represcotatK-n ot meutmorphie mine--
    ral as.sem blages.
    CRAPIIICAL REPRESEI'"TATION OJo' r.1t..IA.\10RPIIIC f\1lNERAl. ASSrt- 10l..ACES
    One o( the important early disoo-.-eries o( petrology w..s th:lt nletamorphk rocks con
    t:tin relati\'Ciy small numbers o( mjncrals. This was correcdt intc.rpreltd in 1912 by
    V. M. Goldsdunidt o:s indicating that the minernls ln r()(k$ efos,(;ly .:tp-
    prooch equilibrium assemblages. l'hac is. il 3 minerals e:an take
    place. it prooecds until one o( the reactants In thi$ v.'3y, the number
    o( mineral$ is kept to a minimum. Indeed. Gokhehmidt $hOWC::I. Jhrou&b thermodynamic
    ilfgvments. that (he aurober ol in a rock should equal the number of
    components preKnl, where compOnents ddioed 8$ the s.mallc!it nu.mber of
    b>Jilding units (single o,xide$ Of groups of oxidc:i) nettssary 10 describe- a.U of the
    miaer:lls presc:nt. Many rocb contain llO more tha.n. (our CH i\c_ components. 3nd thus
    tl.ey contain ooly (our or tivc m3jOr
    Bce.ause of the smaU ownbers of n1inc.r:.k prC$Cm in JMM nlttamoq,hic rocks. i1
    IS po55ible to eon.s&ru.et gr.1pbiea.l rc:prt$otnHI1i(>n$ of the mif)Cra) which
    a:d nCM only in making petrographic descriptions, but in i11crpreting 1he conditions
    of metamorpbi.s.m. In three dimen.'iiOils, tour <XImpo$itional e-onponc:nts (il_fl; be represen
    4
    ted, (Of example,. i.D a tetrahedral plot. whrn such a ploc is projcc-
    trd into the two dimensions o4 a s.bcet ol m.tlny or lis feature5 can be-come ob--
    scured. In tv.o we are resrricted 10 plotti.ntt only three compooonts. which
    un be represe.nted v.;1b !oimplc tri.:lnS"Ular stapb. Mosl ro:"k.s., bowe\-er. contain one
    or two more be in the uiangular plot. Consequent!)'.
    k 11$ed i11 $11.1d,.,ns miru.ral
    l:bgu are of projccci.ng. from four o-r spa into the
    lhlce. tomponc-"" of the tO:mg:ul::n pJ.ot.
    141
    s .

    O.C ol dac mOSt vscd projcd._ is the ACF A. C. and F
    ate dc:(IIC'd io male perc:ua as;
    The A 't.llue plocted in lhil> tncludcs all of tht' :.lumina .n lhc: rock rninu.s
    thfd whkh cn1ers alkali fc.l<bp:lr. In ehis way we climi..n.:uc: 1ho Deed 10 pkl1 1hc:
    iJl the diagram, reducing b)' ()ftC' lhC DUmber o( COd\pol'oCftl$ 10 be rcptuenU.d.
    A ftmh<:r reduction is uhi(vtd by grou(HnaiOCCihct FcO. MgO. :tnd Mn{). In meta
    morphic mineraJs these: oxilk.s freely sub&licucc ffK one another and,
    Ul'l be as a sinak c:omponcnt, Buc in """e mlocnh., such at.lutolilc, this
    unfonun;atcly G DOt Uut. aACI thO poupin&: is 11 w\11 k 1t01cd tlll .. t the
    mOll ab1adut oompoot:ot of all, SiOz. it; omilecd Cro. ploC.. II i6 .oc. P-
    fOqOttcL The s.ilic:a fOtMi a l011rtlll ((lin,.,_. Web wo.ld rcquwc a lnr;Uc:-
    dul p&ol if it 10 be p-aphl<'al) A lhc bu.Jl.
    ol roc.l: .. wch tctnhtdron e.n be r,._ Y ape of the
    onto lhe oppoliu_ rxc (fiJ,.. 6-t). &c..lM <&
    rod.a. free sdica (it1 the form of quam). can pr<-'jed he: t.11lk rompoW
    of 11c: rod. from tht $iUca pa onto rhe ACF r:K'C of the cetl'!lhordron We cu
    chen uk: (riallgul:lr ACP U) ihclw 1bc comJI(lQ.itioo of the. rO(k itt ton
    .. wurnt minerliJ$ (In ot the AC'I ctlmponcntr.), II\ we $late; th:U (JU!ir1t
    I\ blliO (altbo._agh not in the ACr J ll.l,j;tll!n). Wilhin
    lht l1m1H o( II rocl be in the 1irt1pk A(.'f Iri-an
    j!UI.1t d13p"3m
    A
    A
    . .
    ......
    c
    f f., I ACf" leu toch qu;art7 RocL rc projcc
    fr..m SiO, CW1to 1M ACr fM"C of l"c {sec tul Cor u:pl.uutW>ft). U
    J.t l* Kl d .. rl ta Nil; X com.t.sa
    ,.( tlilr q1UIII.tAOt1itc t1vt under
    ......... , VI ol o.ld fll qv.Ntt
    ;.
    =-
    :1
    ,
    _....

    ..,..,
    --

    --
    --
    -
    --
    -
    --
    -
    --
    --
    --
    -.
    --
    -.
    --
    , .

    ;"ii
    ;"ii
    ;-.
    -.;
    -
    ;-.
    --
    -
    --

    --
    ;"":

    =-
    :'II
    :11

    ::-w
    :::.
    to ploe the: oOmpositioa of a rode itl the ACP cQpll.l'll, the *mica.l auJysis..
    wbtclll is IIIQnllally ia lct'ID:$ o( 'fll't:ipt pcrcc..-, i6 r:<aiC in ok propor
    """' br dMdU>c the ...,... pet- ol c.d> ..W. by oU DOiccubt ..,..,_ The
    eo&: proportioa\ ol llle A. C. .d F compoeeau art lka to 1
    .mnce ..acbJ Uta are correccioas. c.M be- -..de to lk eolc proportio:t ol
    C:.O lor -r accc_,- .,..U or .. tM rod., ..4 to F'cO for
    .., a.c.ite .. apc:Citc (see OC)nD Oaptu .... rcw caleab1ioa). Nor
    aly the -. ol tbcoo ..u..nls a<c ..,.u, ud they do OOl atrca the
    ACf pia<
    1lle iD the rod:: are. abo plotted ia tbe ACP dii(P'" ncir po&ittons
    can be dcdi.Kled cui!)' from tbeir gi\'CO i.n (.ll.aplu J. fl'Or Lheir
    irttcmu of A. C, aod F ve gi\<t:n below::
    A c
    F
    Anthophyllite., CurnmingJonitt, Ottb(lf))Toxene
    T1k, 0 0
    100
    Ai'lolltr-, Ttcmolice 0 l8.l
    71.l
    ttomblen<k: <1!
    -UI.I 71.l
    Oot.nmite 0
    lO lO
    Wolb.iec;ondc. 0
    100 0
    Grct.subrirc, A!Kiraditc: 2.l
    7S 0
    VcuYiuice
    "
    n
    14
    Epo4ot<>
    4;1
    S1 0

    lO 0
    AI.,$;()
    100 0 0
    s.;uott
    67 0
    Olor11oid (Fe). C.cwckntc: (Mi) 0

    \f!Colf11M. P)Topc
    2.l
    0 7S
    OMr
    lOll 0
    91).65
    rod.J Lbrtt: or tbe mifterab. ill llllc ACt dt"$111"' .,."' 4lU&n2 (accn-
    V>I'} arc M"p:cted). l..iDes are bcc-.'CCII thc\C' mu.et11b to thai
    thcoy occur and were probably r0nncd as an rqu1hbriu11 .uKmbl&gc u1:1der tbt-
    rar1kular or reprQC.nttd by lhr roc:k. The bulk tompos.ition
    of the rod, piau \llilhin lbt:. mineral phase tn.angk, Un<k1 different me-camntpbic ron
    bull: (!(lrnposili.on could produ: ' difrc:rcnl Of mine
    11111> Thus, 111hhm1Qh the pOint rcprt$enling the. bulk irt the ACF
    piCIC :u the "'-me pllltt-, the mineral lliArag,lc w()uld be diffc
    rcn (11,a & l).
    ACf diagnam suited IOf rtprcM:ntiQg mctammrhac rOCLJ (rom
    mCI'd l$:ftC:001 rotkJ. upc::Nlly those ol c:omptw-iton. an4 nlttllmotrbMcd hmc
    \h'oloCa. dob.cond. and impute. cvbooatc roc:Q. h r\ Mot '"a.ablc. r01 rod..\ formed
    fri)l.'l al11nui'I<K6 Kdim.tnU. 1bc: pc!Jltl. 'A'llcn 1hc1c roda
    COI'ta CJiiXpt ''C')" hrp -.he- ron-
    ,,.., iMtead. a .,,ltl!lbcr d QUM:
    1.1k, wch suwolilc.. dlloril.oMl "' chkwlllc. arc
    cnh rro""'idl cw U.. "'- ..-a. aDd .. 11101 wMht\ICc
    hcctv lor c..ch otltc:r 1Ksc and 1hc:rd<Mc cMIIIOl k t:attd one COr.!
    a' b daec ID llile: ACF dbgam II 1hac ntartOh 4.1C" ,....'"""'-' "' 1t..
    "'IC'mbb;a of ft'IUr rather tW thr tt'nunM._, rnuk Few t.loldl rh
    comrlctch ddferut plot is used..
    14)
    PdU oocb ate ... pooed d r,.. ......... - w,. "'? M&(),
    FeO, uod a-... d !he .................. d FeO I H;i> .a ""1 pelitic
    mioer.U. aD lie ..,. created u Kpallllte compoM:nta for
    che pwpo1C$ of pphQI repruenwioo. U we plot ooly those rotb cootainin& es
    cellS !il.ica (thai Is. one$ coruain.log free: qua,), $ilioea need not be plouc4.
    This.. i11 reality, i.i aimplv tak:ina i.n 1he. frvcMm{ltlrv.nt and rro-
    jectiog them from quartz i:DIO I he fourCOmpt'III(GI I)'II(Cm, Very (eN tocb are c.limina
    ted by tbi$ rwridiOQ, bet:IU$C OGl)' rarely do pelitic roc:k:s oOI ClOaUia Ji.
    lia.. By rCJIIO'Iina tM to plol silica, tbe alamber of csscotial compoac.ou oeedc:d
    to repuc:m the compcirion ol pc.litic rOtb tad thar CCllll1t1Ye mlocnls i:J
    (our. This.. lhc:Q. cube doK willa a tce1abcdr ploc.
    In F"c. 6-2. 1hc miaerals .. "liQ-tatanecd pdik rod.t are paoc.
    iD lemlS ol FeO, M&(>, K.,(), By 'lloi(h liftu _thlm
    that occur '" a rook. a tenahtduf Qiumc. 1$ formed .,,lb chc
    mineral$ tying at iu corners. For we could draw the for a tOtk coo-
    taioing 1bo '""mbiiiS,C almAndine. ilaurolite, and ky.1.nite (plui quarlz),
    or oae c:oncairtlng M*O\ite, staurolite. c:hlmite, nd btolite ( qu.aru:). TM: che-
    miW cnmposi:ti.oa of' 11 rod: pbs .,i(hin Lbe tetra.MdruJ \"Oiume otbned by tbc mine-
    ral asscm.bl.tat.
    Dcipile iu ... pa.a.:y. tltc rttrahcdral ploc obloioesly becoNe ditrnk co
    rc.ad if a ._bcr oJ to tiC plonecl in il We thcnJorc eced
    a mcus ol chc di.agram. " ill be aorc:d dJ.lC. CACCpt (Of the
    ud feldspar, aD of the minc:nb riot 011 tbc
    (Af-'ll.f) (ace or thc ICitllhedtOCI.. funhermOfC, m()'" pelitic CX'Ifltaiil mUSCO\')IC
    ratbe.T than J'OC-11\\iUm CXCC-pt ;11 the IC:mperl!IUrC:S. or
    whetc: etU\oCO\itc dov.-n. an)' mu5covi.tebc:1uins M.Sembb.ge ""ith a bulk com
    tou)iduc pi'JIIdng the tetrahedrOn cn be pro,r;:<:ttd lrom muscoY'IIC onto tbc.
    AO.t hce o! the tctrllhcdroo. prodU<:i:ng " 1ri1ngul.1r plot (Fig. 6-Z). 0( COUrie,
    ,,
    ....

    Jllllllt(OytU
    .. 01.1""'
    ,.
    0
    ,
    "
    Pro,cctioon or Jrond pcbtic rock) onto the
    (;a('( of !be tcuahedrCWI text rut expluallon).
    plot1ed .,,. A( .. pt"'ymo.-ph (A), (l>), chlo.-uoid (0), cord.c.-ilc
    (Cd). prod (<11. chlonlc (Ch). bioti1c: (8}, (M), 311'1d PQ':W.Uftl (c:lds.p;u
    !l(i). tAII<r T"""'"""' 1957)
    "'

    \
    """:

    -'
    -
    -'
    -
    '
    -
    , I
    :"I
    :1
    -
    - J
    -
    ,I
    -

    - ,I
    -
    , J
    -
    , J
    , I
    ;:'!
    :::1
    :::1
    ::1
    ::1
    :1
    :1
    '
    -
    -
    -
    -

    -

    -
    '
    -

    -
    -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    ,.....
    -

    -
    n'ISl thM io addici<lc to tbe tbrtcplwc we.mbbft U. thll l.f1anpc. the
    rod: ..W aA.o ooa11iD anasc:oNc. aod qQaftt. FOt pc.lit"-
    it eo JCiible. the. ptejedioo ooco the AFM f.1ot CM be aa.Joe frOCD
    poe..._ leldopot. lkaOS< this paphicolllldhod ... .,._d bf ,.__ (19n)
    il it :a-oaly rclc.tftd to as the Thoa:l.-o- AfM proicclioe
    - - ,.;,...., io pcilic rocb ploc ,. U.. AnA loee of , .. A1z0r
    Fe() \I&(>Kfl ,....-..._ lllcir poWo. ,. lloo lriop'N APW p1oc ;. aaalfccted
    by projcc:tr. &oaa aaoa;c:o..itc.. Biotile., lid wilhia lhe 10 that
    -., ;w<>i<ed 1- m--"< il lies below , .. lioc joioioa FeO u4 M&(> oo , .. AnA
    rk)t. lo tddittoc.. roc:b CODtaitW!a m\tK'O'Io"C. biotite.. and pclUIY.ium feld$pat will
    ooco the. AFM fi(:C bdow bSocitr;.
    or ReO for MgO oc:eurs in mOl( renomac.ncliu minc:rab: in meu..pe-
    htet., but under any particul4r of conditions the rlf\8e of aubsti.lu
    lion 111)' rJthc:r 1imhe4. Thi$ is itldic:ated in the AFM piOI by the $haded
    oreal. The: degree of $tJbstituti()CI of FcO for MgO i$ Jl'C&ter in IOCJic: Mi nerals tha;n
    i.n ock.-.. Where "-1)1i<':al da'J on the individual minerah rc: vatb'e. (Qr
    txamp1e from elecuon microprobe anal)'SCJ. \A()WI) u tit ll'nu ean be dra...-n
    jotni"' the cor.npo:slt'otl$ or cocxistiog mioerals. From &t.1ch dact we ean sen.c:nli:te
    tbat followin1 mil'll!rab show a dottcaslQs Pfducn for mape&ium o
    hon cordierile, ddotitc, biotite, cblofitoid. staurol:icc. aod 'Tbus..
    f<Jt c:ompk, bioctte i.n 1 rod: .uJ lu\""e hipcr M.g/Fc ratio tlu coeDiting alm.ao-
    clltlc :v"- 6-2). Ba11$1e ot lhc soUd soi...UO. ill rmonpc:sia mjocnls., au.ay
    pc.l.&ic rocb plot Ull tlrlt AfM a$ u a:sKbbF of 061)' two m.liOC'f"lb nthcr
    due (pins mli5CO'>itc :aad quttt): tky occupy arut ndtd id tic Goa
    JO&A_,. the: of coc:Ostiftc p&ascs. A.d ._,.h Mill ockr rocts.. ooeph&sc
    wc)bcu arc po6Sibk ill the AFM di.acru. it lK the: roc:t plob ia
    a OMIP'cd by the soid dJilio. ri1111gC ol u ...cnJ. the: CIOIIlpOiP
    tt011 of the is lbeo 6ctenaiDcd Cllbrd)' b) t.bc bulk olc.bc roct.
    CLAS;IHCATIOSS Rn..teni'!C COSDmOI'!S Of METAMORPIIISM
    The Qtlt.t.t attcmrt to cb.ssay metamorphic: r<K"b oo a rc:fPM.a1tcak Wl$ b)' Bano-w
    warkil'lg in the a.outhcUtun Sc:ottisb HigtllaOOs.. He "''ll able to map Wtru
    or pt0jtni\tc1)' mctamorph(ISCd rock whieb he named al1c1 rcad.ly Wlc:nhrillble mine-
    rill$; thC$C were chlorl1e. biotite. gllltntt. 61aurolitc, and a.illimanitc,
    li\led in cwdc:r or incrcuing i-cucnsif)' or meln.morpbi.wn. Tbc:. Witt part or a 7.oot,
    .,.,here the indelf mincri&l maku iu. fiJ1;t appc.:uan. was named n lsOf:rOd, the i.m
    bc.ng that an isog:rad m)tlttd a line of equo1l SfJdc, or degree, or metamor
    Map.,..ng of i.\ograds i$ $tiD as 1 rlcld method for
    rocU altd for giving .a idu of the intcnsiy of
    But I.e rcl;lhOD the pc:$tioo ol u doOpad aod tiM: iozeas;.ty ol the factors
    U'IU'I is no-' rcc:opiu4 to be [u Ctom timPc;. F'uttbc:tmote, 1
    nJc tnlftCUI " a ru la.s P\IIC ol MUJIIOtpbtc: .,. thl.a tk iKral
    .13oklllbbcc ol tllc roc:k 1.\ .a ._..._ nw.. for dd.alkd work.. ..ock,..
    M.1lc '* oltltr <01111pktc aaiac.W
    &lob. worklliC oo the: rotb of tlllc. rq;c. of F'
    laM_ WD lht f\nf 10 fully llpprc;<:QIIC 1tlc broiMJ rct.l...,. \Jc:lwa:ll inc:t.J _....
    rod. cocnpoa.it-. and prruuto ud ol Mttamorpbis& Kc.
    ftOltd chal w.'Wb1n regioon:s. wnlll to the U:IM grMk
    olmctanOtpht:s.m. wcrc. deutrelflcd OG.)* t, rod composi
    ..,., but llul rocks '""" dill.,... ....., -riot ...,;w .....,.. ol """paWoo,
    ooWd aetaia "'lU'f diffc:rc:at a:Lioetal assembbfea. whidl lire IICiriMcd to ditl'c:rut
    coodibou ol io tile difl'c:ttat arc:._ Ealola iac:orpcnkd tt.ac. ot.er
    - iolo IK I.a.. """"pl. lk dcftocd o ...-,lite minmd j>-
    aa .. a.rwm. .n ahe rn.:h rtu. Nrw ....,..,.,,... .ad
    an. CJCM"diboM 10 similar LU& a dcliDi&c: dw=ical co.pnNtjo. rCAIIu ila tltc IMK
    ICC ol ....,..., (Eol:ola, 1920). n..., lor rocks - lk ..,.. -..
    liou. diie:rtal .... MK"'bbctt reprc:$CIIl clifkrco& Wk.
    ly, roW -.ith t.hc same bulk cocoporsiboa but 'ilh rc-
    l'lca clilfut:rll conditioal ol metamOf)lhi:sm.
    Elev:n diJrerenl are reeogni:t.cd. the c.otirc of J)O$Sible
    meUt,morphle condjtJons. As. a resuh o( cxperimc;ntal acudia.. the 1pprorimate pres
    $1.1tU 111:l tempe.ralure$ of the bouncbrics bc.t"''Ctn the variO\*l fac:iel 110 60W known
    (Fia. 6-J), lt ihouJd be empbS$iud that Lb.ese are ooly pproxin11111C, nd thai they
    can be modil'ied corulderably by t:banging the compo&ition or tht nuid phase. In
    Fia. 6-3. the rarti.aJ ptes.s.ute of wate.r durin& Mltl{lmOtplli$M I" taken IQ be equal to
    the l011d ?raaurc:
    ,., .---...... ---r---.---...... --...,.--...... .---...... ---r----,

    -

    ..., ..
    ..



    "'
    Q,


    -




    " (',, '\

    \
    \
    ..,.., I "'II ft
    \
    -
    -
    .... .
    -
    -
    -
    -
    ""
    ... IMJ MO
    , ..
    ......
    TEMPERATURE oc
    f b:\ APf"''t'IOin)lC presmres and lllldct ""hiCt. \"lltOUS CIICUrnorptiiC
    for Roda :ts.\.IDC'd to bt .a tqudRUD WMcr M Cbf WftiC
    I""C\\.Uit ti tK XC' ""'1td 10 .t
    ol 'UIC't lieu tlu.a tbr bad p!'d&lltC bc<tWll &tC
    ,.<..,, a. iwch oumbc.r o6 iiDpon.,_ 1.1" .,._, (r-. 6-4) T\c. d-o
    C'IU\'C (Of p:alamu1cm (SIypC") p&Mc ldldrr cooclcioru G
    from (.'loncM and (19Sl)-
    :-.
    :11
    ;11
    :--.

    :1
    :"1
    :"1
    :;
    --

    -

    -

    --
    --
    --
    --
    --
    -.
    _.
    -.
    --
    -.
    --
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    -.

    -;;
    -=-
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    .. .
    -
    .. .
    -




    ;:,
    :;.,
    ;:,
    ::"I
    The lombknlk hom/dJ and tbe hom{tls {IJdu form a.t low
    prcswtc t.l'd m()()c:;rateto-h.ig.b temperatutes. These cooWtiom o()tO'Ially oec.ut IL1 the
    conta<:l$ of tg,leOU:S intrusiOI\S. At t.lill bi&her temperatura. and &ow pressures is
    tbc Ull'lidinitt fadu, wbieh i$ nonnally restricted to xmolitbs to mtfic mea
    ma. At tbe outer mJJ8ins of $Oint C:OCilad metll.lllorphic aureoles. a low-tem.pc:.ntwc:
    h()mftl.r jaciU ooeun. Ucder cooditioos ol rc.gioo.al
    mamorphism iA oroscn.ie the series ot facies greeJIS(hlsr. 1111d
    grarwlitt arc MlrmaUy CfiCOUIItered. lo some, a $C.i.U lower tp'1ldc.. uo6tt /Q
    cict, i$ pteseot, aod this m.ay p.ass up a fi.es be-
    fOte re.aehi.ng the At the of tile zeolite aDd prduUte-
    pumpell)ite Ca.c:ies., reactioo rates arc ruaogly oo deformatioa aod drc.v
    biting Ouid pbases.. As. a result, tbese two krNe$1 grade facle$ are ft>t always pre-
    ..----,----r---..-----,----,---,,..---.,...---,..,...----,



    I



    0'
    ____ , -



    ' .
    I ...


    . ..
    TfMPUATUlt 0(
    Fir;urc (; .a ACF piOC$. ol common qu3rtl.bcaring mineral in the mc:tamor
    plic ratics. Boundaric.c; aod oonditi.onS arc: the: same :.s in Fig. 6-3. Minen;l$ plot
    ted indude Bnd.alustte (A). (K), sillimaniu: (Sill), mweO\;tc (M), mullite
    (Mull), grooularite (Cr), almandine (Alm), pyrope (P)'), ortop)1'0XC.De (Opx), dioo-
    sr<>xc.nt: (Cpx), cakic: plagiocbsc: (PI), epidote (Ep), lasonitc: (Lw), laumontite
    (Lm), pumpcllyiu: (Pm). prebni1e (Pr), calcite (C), ;tngOt'litc (Ar), dolomite (D),
    woU:tstonite (Wo). (Ac), hornblende (Hb), giiii.K'()f.b.ine (GI), antboph)
    1
    11i1c
    (lll.h), talc: (Tc:), biocite (8), e:blofitc (Ch), c:ordic:rite (Cd), pyrophyUite (Pph),
    and stilpnomclanc (Stn). Tbt: beginning or melting eun-e fo watcr.satutated peralu
    m OOU!io rrom and Wall (1981).
    Kol rccapitabk. vc:c:ltldaitl (lltic::s. rOtb comaool'! appur as the: fd'lt
    ptochlcsa. of ec:tam0f11hism. UDder CDGdd.ioM of hith pres.surc a11d l09o tt:m
    peraure, mecamorpbism snu rise fil'll to the gltmcopltulle lchist (lffl.lt
    schim) foJ&owed by tbc jkJ. Such cooditioN cxUt oo.ly v.-hc:tc
    colo! """ i& .-.ctc4 ,.pdl)o (loeooo ,.,..u,; oool) to - deph aod tlou
    brou&)t bd \0 f.bc: Hrfacc r-apidly by 11!d,_.;, ..
    Eadl of the faciu ia ch.at..:teri:tcd by a pattl;ubt miMral aucm
    bbF. lo _.....,_ _.;ally thok ol ..roc ...S U!.-e ---
    taoa Uld tN:"" au.ecobb&a .are best a:pre.c:d in term$ of the
    ACF componcn1l (1-i$. 6-4), wberc.as in pelitk rocb tbe AFM l>rc;j:tion mu.sa be
    (Fi;. 6-5).

    "

    \
    \
    r
    .. ,
    I ft:UJt; o.-5 AF'M pklcs ol ml.c.t&J ua pcclltt( tLs Ull \MI
    ..,. mduDOfpbiiC auncnl r.x.,. All c:(llldltttMLS a1:1d bouncbt.c c the Ymc *' 1n
    f <-3 att' hom ftiUS<\1IC, t'<Urt 1n the gHanu11h!, I))'YOxtnc t.111n
    fd, <inJ wn.daoite ,."here: the) rc from pot...Wum (dcbpar. Ption.\ ol
    114nli "' tM AF'M proic'Cik"ft froaa m111'""1te ate .. 1A tk UIISd AbbrP"Wklft).
    .. rt qu.-111 (0). mu..c0'1te (M), polaM.nlm fe1d.'f"' (KI), (A), h -niiC
    t t-... (S1II), P>"orh)llte (Pph), r ind l!lmandlr,e (Ain'l),
    lite (S). (tl), COfdttnle (Cd), chlotJtc ((."1!), btottlt: (8).
    tGI). ud pyroacac ({)p)) Tile Al:--'-<>.s plw.c ac froe Holcb'
    f1'111) .
    1.(,;
    /
    :;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;;I
    ;1
    -
    ....

    a a



    --
    -
    --
    -



    -
    -.
    ......
    -.
    -
    -.
    --
    I
    -
    , I
    -
    I
    -
    ,. I
    -
    ,_ I
    -
    I

    .. I
    -
    .. .
    ;-;
    _,

    :1

    :'II
    _:,

    "Tbc boud..ar1cJ bctwt.eu the various radcs arc dctcnDlacd by imporu.nc. IDd.IJJ:IOr
    pbir rtattioos laJpcdioo o( f"iip. 6-4 aad 6-S. t mu1J lb.al io IDU)' cak.$
    k'Y:lal rcld.ions mUll take. plac:t to tho Ul(:a)bf:IV' ot ooc Cacic1 iata
    ca.c. ol tJae oot. 1"trr$ led co t.bc dMsic. ol the rldc:l -.o wblacia. B a.
    ol n>d:o .,-,doe .,..,... ol ouctiooo..., Ud to be....,.._
    t.-d rtw .. ''"" __,. ., pew. h btonme f'IW'"'I ...... ..W.O., .....ad - bew
    tOO --.ctCNI to be 8ICfal NoocchcJa.1. dtcii'C lud IO be a n)' ot iaocoo poe Ilia& t.bc
    lorJO- ........... - .... --.. .-00
    --...orpWc: rc:Mtioos Tbe sohltioa: was co replace litre oooccpt ftb wl:t.ac aR.
    toe-D ,ws. whicb are dilpuu oo wbidt
    aD P*lblc n:.aioos I o paniaalu .._ ol rod """""'*""' .,.. plo<tcd. The
    lociu W..w...W.. is otill ....s. .. O<iginolly dcr.-1. bot 0<11y lar b<ood ,..
    Jion.a1 das.sif.catMxt.o; of tO(l$.
    To UIWitrate tbe detailed aaalysis: thlt an be mado o( rr.ctamorphie mineral u-
    KtllbllgU wing a pct.rogcnelk grid, figure 6-6 the neiNOrk or re:.nioa C:UI'\'U
    tbA have bn worked out rcw pclilic rocks. M0$1 met3n,Ofphic rocb formed at gene-
    ral prlUret: e:.od tC(Itpcnturcs "'ithh1 the areas, lying loct"'-eco rUC'-li.on auvcs
    on tbc pr.trogenetk grid. The# rocb coataio the nuMbe. or minenll u oompo-
    nenu.; tbat ia. OA the Af'M projcctioll, they coru;iJot ol thfC<' mioerak. II will be
    not;d by compWc AFM plots in adjoinil\& rtclds only ooe liDC i:s <:baagcd iD
    c.oina Crom ooe fidel to 1be 01her, 1'114- t..dtclta thai
    the: UKIDbbset ic adjoinil:lc. fidcb. lbks, il ia eonlrUI 11) lbe fac;i d&s.\if.c:a-
    ID IC'YttaJ tudioftl t0111iepanlC ldjoining f.aciu
    If dae or pu$U.te of of a rod. l..Umc "'il.bia a fdd
    00 tk pr..,rut pid .ere 10 be wouW aotM a poi:Dt. M hidl a
    C1ln'C would be C':liC'OUDlucd. Here. the rocl ..-o.kl CDft:ldt ol fow miftenk
    .,. he AFM aod 'Wbto l1resc "Were JOtfted aa Uc da.tp ... illlcucct-.: ioes
    WOidd s...pty utd.aae thai a rtJU.o. u ia propcss.
    W\1\ the t*O oa ooc &ae reaaina: to fQnD tile r-'0 cr. tK oc.bcr. JJ svQ a
    rock were found. aaigbt c:xpect to w:c. tutur1l c:Wiucc ol rc.rtioo. ln any
    cas.:, lbe tctn:pcr11We and prcssurc coaditKlns U:l)cJc:t llthicb the rock fOrmed would be
    knctWn to he aJoag lhc: reactioa cur.'e oa which the rod: pbs
    Under \'tty spc.ci.nJ temperatures aod preu,ur, a rock miabt plot Ofl the
    1i011 or 1...,-o reaetion cu.rves., whi.eb on the AfM ploc result m 0\'t: conisting
    mincrlliS. Such an aw:mblage is $3id 10 be inVJriant, nciUw:r the tempera-
    lUte nor the pre.u.urt: could be changed without one or 1he minerals to
    lhtOU&h reaction. 1'1t( dJ$CO\'C.f)' O( toUCh l rock Jn llfl. Uta ts rartkui:UJ)' U$C
    Cui n defines the IC-mpcrm.re an4 pt'CM.Ute 111 lltbkh lhal minua.J
    l\KmbllJC was rormed.
    149
    1

    I


    . ,.
    . . ,,
    '10.
    .,
    , ; ~ .,

    .. u nsuu
    llO

    -

    TtTURS Of METAMORPHIC ROCKS
    MdMIOI'pbiPII D(llnllally iln'ohu the gowda ol acw pa&u. n.e.c raay foral throoP
    ,....,..__ ol old ..,.. or abc ol ..,.plclcly ocw I=
    COI".,..ty, the praccu a.pl)o Un,.,u p1lia bfubrF. 1\c ar-Ua 5ize cl tile rock
    ....... o. ,.,. ol --*I f'l')"dHIY.M.,_ .....,_ nuhu d. deter
    td. ...... picowl ........ ..,. lhc: ..... ol del......- ol lhc: rode aad ..,. lhc:
    rea=- atote+....;s.s llwoup wbidlt acw aUact-aa lor-. T1:tc. tcctwu. ,.1Dcb an a pro-
    4"" ol lhc: ......, ;. - abc "))lalliulloo laW pbco. cu be
    .,...S oftlo ahooc lonnocl b7 aad ..... l_..t b7 doc """'b ol ...,
    mlr.crak. Tc.dura formed by p-aia C&ft be truted under
    baur.e m<A. bruk"F is utamJWtic.d by liiOIK rC0)11alll:tAIIoft.
    Rc.Cf)'Mtlllil.lllion in\'(llves t.he DUdcation and ol urain.frco vains rrom tnUIC.
    riAl 111 . .11 C:Xtt$S C:l'lergy because i1 or h:u CltCC:$Sivcly large. 411rfatc:
    !UCII bcCia\IO:C: O( fine grain siz.c. ftr)''Aatli?.aliOII energy IO be tt
    k1scd CoMidcr,ror c:umple, a that has been bent Ot c.ompres.s.ed coil
    b01h h.!lvc: &lored energy. The CMriJY of the 1p1ins e:tn be liber*rc:d
    by rclc:IUin& a dip s.MI aUO'Io-ing lhc &pring tO 'rhc:. 10Cic: turtounding o bent
    hi'WfCYCf, ftlll)' Mit .tlow it IO rC.IIafD 10 ih OflfPO"l !hap<:. 50 the CU
    rck* ll\ \tt:ain c.ocrgy oo!) b)' rc-organintl& "' COMICIKt atonu into 11 neA
    po.; lUI is.. by "The: roil could
    aM its sar:ain cacrgy trys.toallwl'll 1Mtad ol b)'
    Tr. urf.K"C ol pas so IQ.s coc:rr '-'calnC t>f cWconl:d or u:MM6
    riC4 hoN<i.. Ia rlfiC'ocnincd rod\ the \-.rf..cc KU ol In* CftOtmtlUf... .11'ld
    t .. u 1hc: Cftc:fl) llQc u toe t,- "C'I)'Iallwat IO a coaracr .,..-. silt: 011
    tarcc:
    Bcnu\C meumorrhic rocU rryMallll'ACion. ts mron:ana
    IU UtiJt:Diancf the prOC'e1.S. t...aborJiory .Cl.Miy of rt')')ollli:tM)n o/ roc::kt.,
    '' dJI'rteuh bc:Qu\.e of rhe of abc pcOCUL RC:Cf"f'litlht<lhM u ol geat
    10 metallurgy, and mc.t11ls rcCf)'l'lal'i.lt. raP'dl) cn(Mlt:b so
    1hn thc:lf can be. SIWe:d 1t1 the lal)OfliOf)'. The or 1hcsc
    \tudiC:t. IUc dm;clly to mc:tom('Jfphte rod:'- lndccd, mos1 muab tt.X
    tUN:\ .arc Jlm(l<:l identkalto w mc impOrtant metamlMr)uc
    M.my mttdl produa$ undergo 41 bc.:.-1 lrUtmc:nl fuii0\\'1'15 f:,bric:ilion v.h1ch is
    a\ The metal object i} r.-i\rd to a CCfllliO :and held
    lhttC for a rrc:l.(rit'Cd l ime and then cooled. l hc healing IU'Id coohng tr.ll)!."':"" m:1y
    n\ol\t: \C\'CU1I \IC:r'- Duri.ng this 1hc metal ICCf)YIL11acs. ihi" relc:L(.C'S.
    \lr.>tn 11'1.-1 mJ\ h.t\c- l'Ccn U\duttd fNtuhon. bw II
    .1n.l 1n the: metal "'fMch 1mp.ar1 ck'\Jtot.hk Pf''fKUtU 10 IM JlfodU(1 The
    1\C'\Uittnjr ICQU"fC'. U'l l.UJ;C p:ul. dc.-p;...J, on lh.&: of cX\.,:I.'PCd 14 lht
    dau,..:
    V.lk ro. &.r .... ...N. for c:umrk ,..,, .. prl Of lhrt'Mid'l :t rt\1-
    lu, ,, ...... knvnC' r-an, f'l nr-ICtiUI.OO..
    JU'I-'f'ttq"lft tol t'(hcr p.amo.. ldlf"UIIla_:\. tl\tlkt'*llft' dc.\.lop IIKW\: t!u
    '"..., .. hi- _, ..... j, "'= .. ,... ,h.. .... a. ............... , '""' let -.kr f'oXP
    '"'.lllll.llft tall\ Uftl.&r.;nN.J h.c .. u-.. lh.,:\ h..,\. I'" l-"ff'"" ftlot.'JUnt of tAram C.nt'f
    t:" hi nka-.c '-u,l....tholll t-.f .. J f.l<l'l\, l"''d'"' t1tCCI.Itio '-'IC.'- u( pta
    l SI
    teM 11raill. Ooee formed, tbc;se ..._raiocd paW grow the c:xpco,v of the
    t'OW'"fiC suaiotd OlleS. It anwam. k carried blc c.eo.tP. &lie acw ..waded
    ooo:tiauc arowiac UJitil they coa:wlll otbtr uMCraiood pins tlt.ac b,-IIC &JOWP
    outward !rom oc..lg.hborina ouclcatMm situ.
    Tile. graia &i:r:c ol. a rccryKalliJJed .a.aJ deatJy oo Uc .... cl o..O. ..
    a ltCl 4wiiiJ ... .,.r. wbidl iD turD ckpeads oo the dqpec. of dc!or.
    tD prior to anoealiftc. h is found thac a cenain intCJUity of ddormo.tioa it
    DC<:C:Wry before uy sites an: formed. AboYe this level, lbe number or sites inerc:t
    .., wil> .........,. ddonoalioo. Thus, a siipoly delonoc.l """"-' ...,. ""' '"'l"Uo
    m ao al Md - moaio 6oe..,.....t A oJiPdy ...,. dcfonoed mecal "'""'
    devc.loo a few aucleatioa Utes aad would. tbetc:forc, co a coaf1e.<o
    graine4 metal (MT 1). A aaill more. deformed would lll(IIC: nude:t.tioo
    and wculd be aftct aucaliQC (MT 2).
    11is same rc:lacioo bc:-twceo of defOftll.atioo &ad va.ia a of the rea')"tll
    lizcd product ll fouod in mecamorphic: rocb. Com()'rc, for the. snin si:1.e ol
    qu.a_ttrhct iD f.pru MT 4 aM S. Both aTe !rom the. same fom.atiOA. bUI Oaluncd
    aod ..,.ld>cd pcbl>le$ (MT 3) U. botlt ""b o.diacc !hoi 1k -pie U. MT S .., de
    foracd ml:ldil !DO- chao daM iD MT 4.. 1'Q,. lka. accouab for (mer V.U. size of
    lhc. i:n MT S. rock il1uscraled iD MT LS, allbougb of a dirfc
    rent !rom tbc quanzhe. how finc.graintd a r.:Ct)1Calll7.ed ptodll!d
    taft be if the ddorm..aaiOft b; iott:I'ISC:. This rod IS [rom a joe lhnMt fauk, ..,'krc
    dc.!onmti011 .duced so auac:ll sua. tlu& 1hc reuhiQc rod il U1ft:Mdy liM:-
    patM.d..
    Tbe gtO'Nth of UDSUaiocd IJaift$ OUIWMd (rom CC.QI:t:S dP.lntl& tett)'ll.aJ..
    balioll rcsab dlcrc ue M OUI:iick diwurbiftc for
    .... the C'f)'Mak do .. oc arhibft llloiOil.cd allholxropy In Ja:1acc rropenw or
    rates. F".gun: MT 5 ,.bO'Io'o'S a typic..J cxampl.c: ol the: potygon.al grJins th.1t form
    by ann:aliag, in metamorphic. rodu.. Note lh.Jt pain boundJttu intcrtecc al aqje1
    ot appollim.Mdy 1'lfiJ. Slldl a k:.1ilwc is ro.od l;w:U rcpoa.al ud cootac:c -.c:ta-
    IDCWphw rocb. Ia rcpoaa1 ooc:a.. II iDcfiwa that p(*
    dated .jcformatiOO; if TCC1')'$101fi7Ad0ft CIUJ'$ du,ring ck:fOtmalion I piJnar (abrk
    dt"VCiops ins.luct. The polygonal p.ucra i$ par1ic:u!Jrly common in conta mctamor
    J!biC rOt bcre ipeous lllolr.....- prOVIde the: k D((:IQ.$ary rOt aruaut.nc
    'VIillboul ialrochiO"C sipJ'.c.uc. directed .Crcssa. f"mc:p-amcd CNUd
    roe:U ront.a.iruns graias. uc called hom/tis (\fT 6). Coa.11er
    roc.b wilb polygono.J gr.tins iJC uid 10 bavt 1 f1111Wb/wtJC 1c:aurc. (MT
    7) Tbc: s.ufruc -biatJc indKatcs the lK texaure G ot a:damOtphit Ori.po
    '\lro'ltu u a prefiX, bl4u.0-. II t.ndicalu lhac lite leiSure fro-
    ,.., u.rli::r rod. FOf aamplc, blastoporphyritK wovld apply 10 pOrphy-
    flhe .gnc:ou$ rock. Another contact mtl3morphc totk til&! commOnly clLhibit4 g-ano-
    N.uiK lcXIurc i..' a JkiYJt _ This from lhc: mc:lamofphism of bmuconc. ioro
    ...... !.vet a:raoo.nu ol Sa. At.. Fe. ud M, -.c:rc Ulltoduccd from lbc: ipt'OU$ body to
    kcm c-.akaumbc&niiiJ $\.a.rtQo au: tbcrtforc Mr the product of
    ,.mrle in\'OI\'c $ignifia.nt '" bulk When
    roc.\ b;n ib compositiun e:hang<d duriae il Y-id to have been
    1100 OfC dtpo..u ate forftlCd a1 PMIIL.
    7f

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    -
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    , I
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    -
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    -
    , .
    -
    , .
    -
    .. .
    -
    A I
    .......
    , .
    ,:-,
    .:1

    ;,
    ;:"1
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    ::I
    AltbouP the dclonutioe aeces.wy to btioc, abocd m.ay diSlort
    oripeal or objccb. 6I.K'h as fossib or pcbbks (M'T 3), the rcCJ)11.aDUcd
    .,..,. )l>i<ally oo ... .-. "_,..,, J 11>< period or d<ro..
    au._joa OYC:rbPJ Wh the period ol tk paim. my tate
    00 1"'/<>MI ...-. I' ..-pic. lh<
    rotw ' ,....... .....,. ...._. plc:C.d ...-Oc-...o.. ...,...
    c:aa be duam..i:Dcd by aucr. the oricetMioe of 1hc
    Ofllical ill eada qaam train U. tbt l'bbOl .S ploui-c tht. rcsuU
    011 a itaccc:rapbic: Del. nc pt't$tOCIC ol prdetred orieotahc.-. boweom'. QD be
    dtt:ctcd oa the. ordia.aty flat mittoleope saa,e by I.M(:t1ille. fOf' eornP*e, the (lt'SI
    Ofdet red loterfen:ncc rdter. JI a prdtrrod orioematioft, most quanz
    8'11M "''U .bow tbe Ull:lt Wufcreaee rolot. b1ue or yellow, dcpendi111. oo the oricn
    ta.cioo of lhe qu<1rtz c axes. ,.;lh res;ptet to the dircdion' in lbc
    Jf plate.
    Durin& mineral gra.i.M mil)' beoome oxtrcmcl) or $-lrdchcd.
    and the cffcCI n'a)' be- mort.: proDOunccd oa one miner:tl tluw On :mother in the same
    rocc. f'or QX';,\n1plc, in m011n)' bigh grade melamOfphic qu;ar t1ofcldirruhit rocks. qu;ut;r;
    is typically nnuel)td into cXIrcmcly thin sheets. wbctU\ Jail!
    1U OfiJsinal (It W)w onty .5light amo11nU of tolruin Tnc qu:trtit in the $htS.,
    hoowc:vtt, complete:!) retrySC:arli1xs t<> one Or ,...,.o l.ugc rtuncd Sueh
    fOCU !aft .. IKW<'fl :U f/au.r (MT 14), Wtlb ddorm.a.tioG, the. (c:l<J.
    alw be'*' to o.ackr&<> &tam ith the. outer pMU of
    )3otJik 10 line of u_.n.lft<'d f::nJftS. Com-
    ml'"V)-, Ilk core ol fdd:spu- 'l btf:C- ilr&liiiC'd wi:thill the: ag-
    ol Jioe-palfttd feld$p:u :wl quru ..a.cw., lkCW\C ol the: C)'C"Ilk< Wrc:
    ollhc:IC' rctiCt this rdetf'C'd 10 tift#J'f!ltiU (\fT 14)
    In ol shearia& the ol a rL an beromc:
    \ltCicMd or, M hip bds ia the: erus.t.. ma) t\ca l'f brol.tn Wtlh well brgc
    N $1D1ft.. rct:r)SLaJ!ioliol'l aal CI pllk"e ta\il), aMi htausc ot the btt
    ftunbc.r ol nude-alioo iiiC'-1.. Lbc tocl. 1t. Such roO$
    .... --c-I'C to ba\'C' rormat by tbt or of m.11tcn.;l in. the-
    ' "'"' lt'flt'. ud roftSCQUCftdy named mylon11u. Allhov,rll Mime p(
    '" m") laL.c rtxc, e.speci<llly near lhe r.urfac(' or lht fiHth, m;)O.t c\f the de
    1n gnun -'itc is nov. thought to rnult from m)lo-
    niH, 1n tdditl()lt lo being exuemely {al\0, C011'nl(lnl)' hl...ct f)r d;ut.).
    h,l\\: I l;1mina1ion formed from the C:lltfCmC fl .. II Cnll'lr, Of t he g:r:un\ 1'f
    c,u,inal HI(!...
    In r .. uu ZQfiCJ mylOnitiC l\ 1(1 lftll) fr..CIUfC:S. ror
    m"A n)rro..., or ol di.,es (Mi 16) 1rc k:u I em
    tJ.: and rt-scmhk rapidly queCI(btd di.:.b.)(: dilt'- ThnKCI,llft 'nspcnMn, h,-w.-c:\1:1.
    tbctr m11lon11i.c uripn. (Of liM:}' actn tU COftClllft fNft)" 5mtall fr;apncnU ol
    lhl \UflltUn4utg rod. C'mbc<kk:d &a cbrl.. pu.nJm.AS4. Thc\C ;jf(' as
    or ttmulilllryll.t< bcCMtK ol thl;w rncmbl.ln tel \\w-.. nJC FU$)
    IU.ch)ltlc). AJ k.w ia loOm<' b1d1 70ftQ, Mt.111 r.;tcs ..-c- h.p cftt'IU;h far
    .... u to oroar, ... r.o asc tk PfoC\Idut.tdnlllc t;'lr. "' r.an. ol
    "lltrl II rod. (MT 11,
    TCX'IIIfTI AJsodalt'd whh tbe tll New Mlnnab
    l>urirv tDCCaa.orphism. ttlld._ W:.c p&.cc. to eew mU.Cr.&b.. Ualitc
    rcqha of a')'Sial O"tr discaoca ol
    possibly oo.ly a few aiOMJ. DeW mineraiJ m\ISI cnakc. room ror by either re
    pJ&eiQ& matcri.a.l (di.ffusW,n.al nl '"terW r,om o ... pl.nw to or by
    pbysically pu.'dl.iJ'I8 m.ateri:IJ aside. Of CCKiflt, lhc. arov.th of acw 111i:ncnls is accompa
    oicd by IK of otbe"' oad <his r..... port of tloe ddf.,;...J ,..
    na. n;m cu .- ia ,..., pa<a<e ..
    ol chrcctcd wcu., todlaraatristic ltxliart$.
    UOOer JI!Uic: c:ooditiOM., new pow with tJtJwlom 1b011gh
    they ruy P'*-Y or occdly morpbolocf. Tbey m,ay replxc or puth :aside miMrak
    Llaat f<nKrly OU:picd lkit po.itioG. If tk S&:ltf'OUDd11111 m.i.c:rals b-e' orXn-
    tatioM. for 44plact:mcot 111.11 be diffiOIJI to find. Pumary .sedimutary
    la)Uiag prO\;d: ('(llm't.!Ucot rt.fuemoc ll11u, ud wbc:.n prc.scol, is commonly undc:Oce
    led by 8fOV.1h or the minetal, indicating thaJ occuned througb rcpl.ac:c.-
    meo(. For txu.mpk.. lhe COfdic.rite 0')11,al in M'T 19 did not push as.idc l.bc byctl on
    cilhc' Mde of ;., alliooup the aystal oad lbe -....o.c Ll!"tS ...,.. be<o lloply
    ,.. .....
    When mineats (Ofm in 11 $trc. lidd, tbe ori.c:nlnlioB c.r 1h1t lidd pla)'$ n. do-
    min:.ot role in detcn:ni.nina tht oricnlttton i.o wbkh lhc mine.uk a.row. Mtncolto:
    tlult f"M pl.aces,. blades., or gJ'O'Atb racet tb.at du1ty \"')' ..,,.\Ch cr,..
    laDccnPhic dittioo Cr)'slal okfu (I such m.acrak tha\ krC tllcir m.&'OmiUB
    1(1111l;'h race drrea.ioM to the mUimum pr1ttnpal $lra.to v.ill
    grow mort r.apidJy 1h11.n 1hnsc wilh ocher orientation' preferred
    orient.arion v.ill dt\'eiop whh the p!31y ond dong;ucd ty.na in :t plllnt oer-
    to tbc: mulmum comptSI\'t' ltttu. lo lddiAIOft, pun ,.;11 1c..d 10
    tOI.llc: uorlc..ccd graiM lalo this safttC: pbac.. The MOU ptOCIUIICIIC feaurc:, d111crc
    lore., cf rocb ...tlidl 0\'C Jft Slfltlf r.ckt. i.s .a plnar
    (abrK -.1\idf U rdt.Med IO IS ft>/UliiOII, or lU SC:hutosrty 1f 11
    is de(ited mainly by An of micaceous (MT 8), Ot as p1t.isStMlty
    if it is d:ri.n.c:d by more panular minerals a.nd l;ayering (MT 13)
    \\'la tiKtpitw::d pc.tllir scdiiiiCMat)' tcds tlttdC'fco ttpo.ul IDCUinOI'-
    r*ism, and C'h&otilc are aln0fl8$l 1hc: r.,... MIDC:1'11k 10 form. Tbes.e pew.
    ..-.itb a f!lt(crred (llflt-ntaiH-!ft 'A'bieh a prominent (oh:r,tion rc:fcrrc:d IP M
    slury The micaceous mintu:l.s tn sla1e arc too sm:.ll to be seen whh tll.c
    uNideC As chcy (C)MS(I'I. the dC'\--c-k\fi'S a .. hcco 10 ic an.J
    b:f:omes k.S\ rqut..r 'This tOC'l ti rdctted 1c M plrylhu lndl
    \ldual ">"'l.ls .ue s.aill ll'IO sm.JI 10 be 10 lbt UftJtdt:d e)'C Ul phylltlc
    \\'hcsl :hey do bcrome \'lsble, 1he rorl. li called Jdtw (MT R) SchiSts can
    form rmm m111fic lhc;.w: eon1:.1n ubundaJU hiOfite and amphi
    bole. In .ed1mttU!It)' ot Iitty 1I'MI s;ttldy C'll>n'lpo\llion arut ut to
    fclsit tacb.. CC"A'Ct .. cw acrdly auocub art fonncd dunng; IMUtiiiOr
    f!lbs.m "T\Me IJui MC: JWfiot-DI tend 10 be UllftttiiCUIIed ttlfO l.iVC'U tit the
    ddif\Cd b) the or .amf'hibok:L Ouoant aiMS kld\p..ll lend to CC'Inccn
    tntc l the al!crnalc layers. Su("h roclf. arc tc:fcrrcd 10 a\ p1tus. No h.urd
    1ulc rrom U Of ncc.J.Iy mineral\ rrc
    dntli'lu'llo e. lhe tod $ 8 iJ the p-1111... liiU...,Iolb pn:rJOtliltiQIC. k b I
    Ia sdmh tend tO -.hc:n M .,,._ .. o11 lwwlmct.
    p!Cwef. (r-.aurc. \\'heft ndly Jl"t''ICftl 1t1 a w:h.IM 01
    tj.l
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    -

    -
    I
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    -
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    .-

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    ;"'
    ,;-,
    ;:,
    ;:"I
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    :::-:-.
    they be ra.Gdomly orie:oted witbio tK pLane ol fokltiOI, or they b.a'IC
    ,.,atlcl alipmct:IC which U bc:JwD as aliMGfi4n.
    1\c: foliaion p.:aoc. ia 1IWI)' sdU:ta., tatltcr t1t.w be._ pb.w. ia folded into
    - oc::eubliou ..t.icb a ol a rcw .uw..:w, to about ttl!lli--
    _.f", (MT Q) "''1.c t.'llld aa:s ddioe. a oo eJdacrf ,.,....,. T\ele liaa actulr
    t the iMcnedioo ot SCCODd. *" ... .,..'IJ'Id tdtist015ily wilb Uc lint
    sdli$taliry. I aoa. liClC!ioe. the early MM&Oiict i& acco to be beat ielo tipoid
    NM> by Ill< la!e< """""""" -- (MT 10. II). WhiA Ill< bead> lh<
    lmowtl ol i:J ICibslutially k:a tU. .. IUI'fOUDdlac roet. prea:wubly aS
    reault ol re-100\'11 by soi:IJlioo. This rcw1u io crc::nvl.adon iC'.lili.losity
    mar\C'd by mic:a:rich This oew byt:rinc mull ftO( be
    fot Crenulatioa $cl\istosity ca11 rl*!l& from wcccui\1:. epiiodcs ot
    ph wn. but in many eases i.t is prodUld by cpit.odc durint
    1100 af the rod: dtat18,CS ""itb respect to tbc MIUS (.e.ld. as I& result of
    foiJlna-
    When new minerals are prod11t.ed durina mccamorphis.m, their wain $de is deter
    mined lara.cly by Lhc number ol nudci formed aod 10 Iii le.ucr eX1c.nl by I he abundanQC.
    of the new phase. When only 'man amovl\l& ol111 mincrtl 1rc formed, tbe crystal
    10i1e ctn still be large:, if du:; number of nudc.i k Jmall. The. lithiti.ft8 factor in
    t6.\C ti the dastADte -.bicb dd'fusioa i. abk 10 -.iai.cb
    in 111ra 1$ dcteminccl by the d:W11tion aftd tempc:riJiatC of me111.1n0rph.i!lm al'ld the. pre.-
    SCMe of fluid piwes.
    'T'hc uMbcn ol a\dei ((ln!Jo! ol uch ... ._,.a 1ft a rod. arc to be ideo
    cd. abe graia lizr- ot tK \""af'IIOU$ IlK in ddfcr lr 1hc:
    '-'"CC Mil en- si:r:e- il. a.ipi.ficut. tk rod. o .-1 to -x: ""ith
    tilt bf!e aywab be-.: t(:t'ftl('d 'hny alliacnk. Midi pmct
    (Vf 18). s;r.a.rolitc. chloriloid. ucbiDtc. a.od cordrc.ncc r,.rr 19). typc:a!ly f?O"r
    aJ J'Of('llr)Tobblu. 11 iJ importa:Dt tO cmpba1oilc tlw the pnrrb)'rObta.ilic lc.XIUI'C:
    re.olti from cryru.l pov.th dUJing mdamDfph.- If tbe \ltlMIM in paitl $itt 1$
    lft\Cratcd from a porph)Tilic igneous. roct, the tcKhllt temed bl4#()pt:J'Phyri
    II(,
    Some metamorphic minerals. espe<"'-lly lhO&t that ((lfm r"Phytoblast$ (exttpc cor
    and devdop crystal bees tnOfC re1ddy 1h:1n olh<'r,., A mttAmorphi<'
    min(nl bwndcd b) its. OW'tl r:.c:es is uid 10 be 141ioblostic. The de,'Clop
    ment ol cry(.tlll rates on a gr<lin depend$ oa the miner:.!\ wtuc.h it t"omes in con
    ua A mineral mll)' be idioblastic in one rock, but in col!lact with clif(ercnt mine
    r:rl(. ln anOIIlcr roel, it may be anhcdrat. By notut& tltoe rorm of the boundary bctwt:cn
    illlnlp<Xed graiM. metamorphic m1nerab t.to be amt..nt."Ccl ucordlng 10 rbeir abtiJty
    C<l rorm dobl:;.slic pains. 1.\ k.nO'Wfl ti the t,.1tafloblostrt A
    ll"'lnC:Uiten<k 10 (orm i(li(lbl$j,( ap,i.tUol al'l)' mirteral bl;: .. w. l 1ft the Kl'iC:S.
    CRYSTAU.08LASTIC SERIES
    Magoelilc, Rutile, Spbenc
    Andalusitc. Kyaaite.. OarDd. SHivrolitc,.
    Epidote:, F'orstc,._c, lA'*IOOite
    Ampl>ibole, !')< ...... W-ooitc
    Tak. Mica. Prdllule, ScitP"'"'<'I-aec
    Calc:Ce, Dolomite
    Cordauite, Felds.pa.r, Scapoli1e.
    Ouaru
    Mal)' potphyrobbsu UKiusioos ol Olbc:r mio:ra.Ls dYriQa tbdr
    pll'l'otb. p-u.,. ri.1e to a ,..'tiltJbl.tut:;c 01 .-w (MT D). lA SCDC pew
    lbek aay be COII(:IcOtrltc:d iDto op.talocnpbic pb.aes. u iD
    (MM II). ln ochers. the mry rdlcd compor.itioa.al diffcreocu
    from scdunent1ry Of ea.rly In 01bc.tt. the indu
    may Corm (()fttortcd paHems that lnditltc movcmentJ or the dur
    ing If the CI')').Utl rocate.s wbUc 11owing. i.ndusiOfiS oarking beddlna Of
    An carl) foliat ion w take oa a $igmoid s";apc than e,c_,,., pbnar 2.1). The
    in 101nc pooph]Tobbsb may record toUtioM ol more W 18CJO
    (MT 221- 1'1rlc::tc ol ied.wc.,. wtaicb arc C011U1M1a pratt ud JU.IIIO-
    Iilc produce a to2rc k-OO'A-. u hdiaiK til' St()lllfxd/. Noce thll
    unM:c diiC b)'Cring 111 1 tfol1cd sao-ball .. hKh aa.ru t.n tM: ttncer and grOWl out
    WMd. the in the M:lidtic: be- trattd in fron ooe $ido oC the
    p(1tphyt'Ohi,Ut, thJOUi)b the ctntcr or the coil, :tftd OUt the otiKr s.ide. The resulting
    <Otl lhc: p;.itiCfft o( a stralld or Liut beca W)Und f rom ki mid
    d&c forl rubtt tNt ala roUtd
    .a .K.i11.t4 "'\: fbntcd 00 rX .. 1uc:b lhc.'
    fuli.lt"'" b)" argrepu:t ol rcl.ati,dy graitaJ. .,.,hc-rc.as micas 10 bt:
    m(KC on the other fncu (MT IS). PrC:$5UfC s:u.dicnu .arwnd porph)'rObht1t'
    :uc thol.f'hl tu qua111 tO from o( lighcr prwure to onc.11 ol
    IOV.CI l"'c-.fJiure. Oll<trV diot\Oh"Q wllc:rt the pres.wrc is J.rUie';l and prlpllli-IU
    "'hct\: 11 t<o A r()(\ may un.krJO fbucrnnc Cufin& dcfl)l'ffi-IIIOA.
    .nd ttk.: rtnc:ntt ,., h.lld. rcbrM:f) vltlkbnuhk porph)Tobl.tJ.a aa, inckocd JIC'ndl.1tt
    k>,.a M chose: face$ ptrptnd.aaslat 10 tbc 411Cttioe ol ct'lm
    .Yrt''- Conj;(qlkRtly, tbc;:)c: ar,treptn arc. rd'errcd to pnutt 11to
    .ro .. u :n )time- u"- the qu.'trt7 m-ily nucleate oa the &utface of the pOrph)'fOhla54
    .1nd oul .. :,mJ b lil>ers;, lUCh Obtfl' fOrm a goetctlil t c:ctc:.nston to por
    1hc> rdeucd to as bc41'd:s J( the poJphYt"obbst tOCltc.s duun.g
    Vl""1h ,/the hc;;trd.IM form
    m ddhrmtd Kdnncnlar) rodl. un abo putd.x:e louJ prt'UIIrc
    In the tN:l. lht lt"'Uib 1ft /'".IIVn' 11Jiut1011 (irairu of quar1l ID a
    lroJf\\1\ltlftO, fnt cumrlc, .. 111 thll<;c J'l(linb "''hCrC lhC ((lmpn;."-i\'t .-rtl,\
    f l-f(\'\ lh(' t:UiD\ ll'tiCihcl, the- I hell rr((IJ)I UI IU 01\ the n .. nl.\ Of
    tlw: .. ha;rc; rrc\\urc- Jo...,..::r Thi.<o i_, "'' Rurll''s f"UCrplt.
    tJil'\t qwm p,,_.,. on the nr Cr)'\UII..Wiflbic a
    qiUflllt\ r\ mtd tn .... t( .. the p.alft) t tloftplcd rctf'Cnd1C11bf 10 lhc .. Uiftllll'll
    'lrC">\.
    1\h'\.1 1n mt'IJmcwpluc fmmc:d f (.IC'IUn) i n,t'llnn,:: flther
    mii\Cfolh, 11' i\ C\1dtnl fwm !In (:Qmtnllllltll cf th.t. mm('t.;l .1\\t:'nhiJf.n llfl Clthcr
    :-.
    ;1
    -
    ...
    :;:
    -
    _ ..
    --
    --
    -- . -
    --
    - .
    -

    -

    -
    --
    -
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    ;"1
    .:""1
    ;"I
    ;:ow
    ;"'11
    .:-.
    :w
    aiCc: o( u dop'acl. Ractioo mhni:sms. arc. ODCDpb aed often
    c:ah.u&c ol ioM throoP a fiuid pbas.c ftb rcactioo aodeat:iQa al sita
    ..., bear oo ''** rc.blioe to tbc reacaoll. MOll reanioaa. llrtc-.RIIOR, do
    .0C prodlacc. tk. IQic. ol a lhio tcdioe. .... ICXI.wal cWicact ol lhc. mtae..
    rak lllM were. lD ckat taetM. ri:u arc l()nDCd 1:Jc:tw:o
    .... ICIIIIIH!.
    Kdyptr)tic: toei1111U arc COI!IIi'DOO io ..,.....,..01.. ilcre n. ol pnte1 lad fliftlKipr-
    - (NT :!A), .. ........ .. ODd 0<111op)T ...... (JT )9) .. _ llac: or;p.
    aa. paial: ol pJ..poduc aDd Reac:tioo produc:u ay form coocr:otric 1lloCJDOC.
    D<llll< ...,.... .. r .............. ,.,.,.._.,. o1 - pcrpoodKu1ar ..
    tbc: bouDClaty berweeo t.be rcactmg pbaie$. Jc mc:lalSDCC* roc.b tUCtioa ti:m.l may be.
    ol IDapl.._ie ratber tb.aa ol metamorphic origita. formins whett ruidu.aJ liquld reacced
    with uri)' ery51Ailizing minuals. Tbe term eorooa W beCI'I used for tbOK rcat-
    tkN in 'A<hkh magma W Urvolved. and ketypll)'lic for thOWI invol..;ng only 1o0lid:s.
    bul thlJ uuge is far from uah"er.a.l. metamorphic rcadlon rims are
    around many porphyrobl.uu u a rC$uh ol retrograde reactiou. C11rne1, for c:nmpk.,
    iJ rimmed by chlorite.
    AI high tempc:raturu mua.morpbic rodu an uoderao mdliD.g. (ltSI takes
    pl.xc. at bc1wec-a m.ioetal$ tbat prO'ikk t.be eompcnenCi aeccsury to fOfm
    melu. l.o moM reds tlU6 'g;a,nt a..d fddspu (Mf
    2S) U tbis t:aku pbcc al &ballooN depth. lOt example 11 tK cnargin
    ol a wktc dQbuc. dike: or ia. a xt:oolitb io a 111;1(1( cootillc wiJI
    liJoely be. tuff'acic:ndy npid ro preserve lbc. IDCk as a fine: piMd in-.
    ccrarO'IIoda rite bouacbria bctwec:a quru alld tJJi"' (MT 26). la a.omc
    CMa., au.ff.OCac ack IILI:)' be tormed ill a COIIIKt llld.HIOt'Jihlc rock to ale the eoutt-
    try roet e:eaacfl 10 ialnlde bKk i.aco 1bc aaC.c- ...- lhM -,.s for
    lb: ia lhe first pboc. Tb. lnC:It"'C of COIIMI)' rod. IS termed
    ,.__
    J>anlal mdhog ol mc&UDorphlc rOtb abo W.cJ pia rq;;io6al mct.m.Of
    le f'C5- 64 aod 6-S the ttmpcrauuu ud pra;.wru a tbc \lppet a.mphibotice
    :iu can be iCCD to be tboo\'e tbc. minimum mdLi.n& curve for gta
    ni:c. Roc'u containing (l.aaru: attd aluti feld$par v.\U, therdore. undrrso parti;al
    f\liioo at tempen.tures aAd pre$Suru. ia the prucna of a R1o1id
    phu.e. The amount or melt rouned depends on 'A"bll (taetioa or I he: mr.tamorphic: roc:k j,
    or panide compositioo. Tbc: ooo granitic fractioo k noe fcfraQory and rem-aiM in
    1hcc aotid taale. 1be raulting mixture of ipc(l\1..\ *nd roek is termed
    ntjzmlltitt. Tlu: igneous fraaioo i.s almost al ..... -.ys of panilie composition and light
    edCH"cd. whereu the metamorphic ooe i$ marte a.n4 dark colored (MT 27). MigmatilC$
    common!)' C\ideace ol Oow, widl tbe metamorrh!( fr:tpnenes bcinc, pulled apart
    ad c'o'Ca rocated ill tbc: grujtic g,eb., Mchltli un be anic.d tc. the sta;.e cbat
    ol m.r.t1.ftlphic rock be<O* iod41iiKI whpt. ol coacc.Mr.-iOM of maf.c:
    nocrall 1A the parbtic bast. MlKll ol cbe ttMiormaliol\ of 1hc: mcc.amorphic rod at
    lbi aucc. . i.s arric:d out bJ mecasomahs.r '*' tba ""'* raekiaa..
    A-. A. I.... 196$. A pc:tr<J$ttltCic arid for che FeMg 5ilicA1cs ot pehlte Khisu.;
    Am<r. J. Sci .. W. p. '1Hl6.
    &trow G.. l.89l. Oo aa iotn&Sioo ol IIIIDSCOioite-biotilc: pc.ia io 1hc
    H;.lllo.ods ol Scocbnd, oed ;., <>won. I. Geol
    S.V....t...oocloq, " 49,
    J. 0. and. Walt. V. J .. 1981, Orisjn &Od yS(alli:tAlion or $()mo pc:ralwni
    OOCM(Srypc.)puicic:tp'as CaoadiMMiacralocia.v. l9,p.lll lll
    E&kai&. P .. 1920, Tloo .U...ol 1.0.. ol - N- Geol T.wtt .. 6,
    p. 14).194.
    Hen, P. C. 1969, The melamocphic pv.t1esl$ or in pdltic: rcxb:
    c-r. Miocral. Pwol., 24, p.l91lll7.
    Holcbwiy. M. J,. 1911. Stlbilily ol aDdai'Mitt:. aod lbc: alaM1lwa s.abcld.e phuc
    di.lgram: Amet. J, Sc::i .. v. l71, p. 97-t:H.
    Kcpe;r.hinskaJ.. K. B. al'ld Kh!Q:tov, V. V., am. The pc:lrogcnctic: grid and svbf'aoes
    for middLe.-t.e.pe,.UrC- llt(tapefilu: J_ Petrol. w 18. p. 114 10.
    J B... 19$7, 1'ht p-aphieal aftalys4 ol mlftel"-ai at.WmbUsa n pc.llte
    Amer. Minuak>gis:t, v. 42. p. 842-858.
    -

    _.
    - .
    -
    -.
    -
    -
    _.
    -.
    -
    -.
    -
    ,.
    - -.
    -
    .. .
    -
    .. .
    _..
    .. .
    _..
    .. .
    _..
    -
    -=--
    ;"'1
    ::'11
    ::'11
    ;11
    .:-11
    :"''I
    ::w
    \IETA\ICRPifiCTt:XTURt:s
    Nl('R\'S'IALLIZAnON
    ..... ,....._ ............... _
    .raW .a !rip !IIIIUI..,.uuu.df
    f--sn--1 II - ck""-d b7 "'-c,....,.. I'Oikt.
    n. ,..,....eat n_.._ 11w .. .,....,. w. """""
    hu llw -llclltd olncw
    ,,.,!'1ft. or#y II M r- poi!IU. 'dtflt tile
    _.,. l!icJl. N fl tUIIIIII tlw
    It (11Hon.cpIIC4. 'Ole vln tlotlptlotl " In
    l llc' ditliOO the llldaiWIII' lt11'011-" tile. I'OIIer. k.el'lt('-
    tiii!JIIt,XIO.
    : ...,...,_, a111-...11 mtt.ltl 1\lil '*"of'"-'"
    ""'"' ltl IM Wl)'. IIWIII-. M't l Urtpl !!lor.
    bc1WUII l.ltot I'Oikft WU f'tdiiC'W:.S 10 011C W <.a.Kd
    1wt.cr dllonnoei.IOfl,llld Alii)'- .. .-.ot nlldf:.tlo. ot-
    1M lll.llf.ekd ntt l.all\ thfrtforc fine,.
    tw It tile wplt talltt' l 'kntt XIO
    I 1.1\d nomc.-rd r<bblc ot til St!rvl! Qwcb
    ol C'.oMcrhNI pebble, Wltl(l\10111 OnpMII'f
    t.Ht I!Qoo'r;M.I a._OJIIII\IIfltOm.-...a'!
    111 tllloG d tO 10 I 1ltoir. ck--..1011 '"'rf1Cf<11t
    \!!t<IIIIOfontlal>(k.uoOII fOf tlior Jf(!Wt 61 -viM .....
    lk J Jft"" \(f ...
    159
    METAMORJ>HICTEXTUR5
    I\CRYSTALUZAnON
    4, 'f'NlU "' pctlble ln cldomlcd
    MT J). 1'bc 911.1ttt rduiwty fru ot stnU. tn4 rom. pllll
    !JIM haC jj;lwt4 boull<brics. The Cfdl "" i& rca..M.Iy
    111c -ntaldc:rormatlo..,... eolr&:tUtaoouP
    tO Pf'OI'IICO 1 few ttottn cln<e&1ioft Of piM
    tric" P'lilllir.G Ia MT S). Ctoucd poUrs. )QI).
    S ""'rtt. io pe.b1:!k in 6dor:med quaraltc, Ah!loull'
    11111 uepk il ftucn t!K ame bwtliioon u. tUt 111 MT 4, UK
    oltki)Cbbok i!MSitatu 11111 tk
    fonnatbL .nK.qouiiJy, mcwe ccnu.rsot nutleMOQ. -..ere ror
    lllcd, tuulllfll ifl I r.111cr pw1n t;iu, ol lilt pslllll
    boo.lndcd by wbkh cnu:Dt 11 t20 , C._.ft(Cc
    rutit al Ntcr\.116 tlyt 40 ocx Mtoqly ani-
    MltropK CI)'IIIDoct-1)1'; propertia. Crossed pcbt'l, X2()
    ._ Corl:tnt(-tpf'lfl bomfcll frOm the Wllt&tl oi!M Srila

    11 f1011n t:hc !nttWooOft. 9callk Dl> 6ciOnrlliDn ..... in
    111. Uak the f'Qtt Lv\f, &lly dir'UUI>
    fabnc, ucl mo. ol lllt pof)p.t
    CI()W.(4 poln., XI.
    160
    META\f0RPliiCTEX1UR.tS
    AECRl'STAILIZ4110S
    I Mllk\Witc:-hotiiC>CtllloNe K-. ol pYty
    nc.U. Ulkt cb.rcned JIMM m111'u t. P"le:nw -
    lthOII Of lk-j)LICCS -..1 lO lk dff!fhCWI of ... AWn_ Nl'tM.
    'J"M """ltinJ foll.liarl ll OM 01 1.- moM JI'IOflllllml lu1vru
    of lOCka, OpeNIOy tiiOK of J!C.IiiK
    cotn!*itiOn. Nlbovp 111d blot lit lntlliJ '"'
    ont.nltd ,..,-.llcl tiN fotat.. llle (vtry
    low lttkrcfiC'C ('ul WI'OII tile fOIIIOC. IIIII
    .... Nbly fQrnned II I 11>1f II lllfm- 110 rttte:4
    u._ Crol.tc:d poa.n., XI.
    tJ loM.tt.O. (plnllt-1 t0 tilt pen) formed bJ' ttte
    4fnc .t u earlocr t<lw.lOIIIt) 'Tk tft'nll&ltiOM w1..a.Uy ll'ltr\
    1M tfftfWCh()CI 0( I ,O.OIII(t telliMo.tol)' IM: OlfJtr tc:h
    tO.OI)' (MT' 10) U-'th t.M l.r\1 tthillolo..t)', llotll
    1 cl ,._ platy ,,. 1M tOCt.. t:M Mtu m"""-'1011
    ..._....._, on .....,, lfllhU ,..,,_,,"'
    ....
    161
    f\ l l.'"'l' AMOR,PfiiC TXTtfllS
    RCR\'ST.w.rzATIOS
    M Cru 'JUI t 'lOll 'J (kft to ..... ) .. ,__ _, ..._
    OIIdylkt PIS';(-.10...._). O...,dlcdcwkJ I
    ., .. .,..u tfiOa *
    _ ...,..-. a-.om.a. Oewc ..., ,_
    ..... ... f'l .......
    ,... ... ciA
    ... ........ *'- .........
    ...........,. .. fiOCt: .... IIIF'P" pu\ d * -
    ._ ..... ,.... ....-- ......... lollu ptA
    ->a
    II pualld 10 1M -.-.. 1 Ol lotd.
    lt. IIMII!Oft fONI!fd ftOifl l bc i nlt.M<hOft cl lllt (:fUiulatiOit
    acllloa.hy wt.ll lbot tlthn w11ia.10&l'Y tfiCI C'OIIIPO'itloMI
    M)'ttlftC pt,.kll !he Uit. of UICI fold, 0.. Cflt
    or 1M fcM, ek 1n0111011 aNOW oc.ubotion.
    Ia lln 10 be dtff<R:M 01t '* ol
    111c fOld, 1M lift\. IM kf\ Mlk MON rNJ 10 lk
    f'llllt, tile "fiN .. A ...a MIIIJ* 111,...t.c:n:
    Oft , fi'CM'k of llilc aUJI'ulk
    of 1M ,....., ... ,... .. .., .. IIOolc Ol lh _, 6okJ !lit .....,.
    --
    I J U..,.ru:4tloJipW.f>oO'olit peeL 1lliC "*-11011 ao1
    oooi'J ., 11M ptl'tllf -ol --.lf bowl "' tk M:pt.-
    ... ef ... 4! .... 1\1 Mil ,,......,.., ... Kf'At* PIMM:
    ......
    162
    f,.
    , f ,..
    -

    :;
    -

    -
    -
    -

    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    -

    -
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    -

    -
    I
    -
    I
    _.
    I
    -
    I
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    I
    --
    I
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    -
    I
    ;1
    ;"''
    ;"1
    ;:-,
    ;,
    ;'1
    :'1
    :..
    Ml'TAMORI'IIIC1EXTIJRS
    I)[FOIUIATIOS
    ... "-P..-. ow,.,. fJI pc:tdla...,.,... .... (qaj .,
    ......, -,lin v*4 fdrdllpw n.
    ...... ...... -, .... ._. .. __ ...
    "' ruae4 diftti'Hdyeo ... Tlw
    ............... ..aa...-w...- - ) -... to..
    "" ..,.._ .._ ..... 'T1Ic ...... .,... ot '"..,.,_,be
    rt.lktt ot t.qtr p111._ or tllor prooi.U 0(
    The q...u. roms 1\Mtc.M!d kMel, _,., (f'OII(;d poiuw..
    lf'C 10 of l n:IIMI)' lew, t.lltp. vM1111iM4
    f.
    ran'- tho it. tompctc.l)' MM...W. biN the.
    c._,. irll:k '"'" jj1101, 0...111 fOU'Il. xa.
    u .. .. ,... ...
    tlc 4lcpcoc OI+SG ''.., 1M ""'"'-'r .... 10
    ....,. 111ft) ...
    7
    - ............ ....., .... .
    Tk ...
    (..a) .-.:1 .. llllcsc fOC'b; ,._ ... sr- 4&le-
    - 10 fi'OIII ... 1111 vi ft)l" .. .,. tlw
    .. AJI'Ou&fl SOllie .... _,. OW iofl ,,..
    W'1 ne pn 5ille .. lupl)' tile NMIII 01 I'HfYI't.lla.l-
    M tupOMC 10 IIIJII. UBoll6. 1'\1 M)'k'!eiW:tcl I'Od. o ti!O.
    "'fll"* !.. 01 fill -.pllloo
    tobk. l"b.ne 'c)t. x&.
    t4 ..,.'...,., r....
    k-4p: fi:ICto. -IIIIC -.ilcN _,.. ... Cot'+ I
    .....
    -lc<lnlc (Ubrn.. .. ..,... ., .... ? - 10
    ..... _ ,..,.. .-c ,_,. 1'llt
    lkl-' ..,coed ..,. rr-n- .. to,
    tr Uln:-ly rotk It
    lll/1\CIJ bI\IM ot iU 10 Url *'
    Ulll
    . .... , .. -, .. p
    -- ..... I'M - lt.r: "('f " lllo
    ,.--_, --- ..... ,_,.., ... lf'IIC*-.,
    'tWN .., nc _.. .. ...,. .,
    """ ,.._ xa
    16}
    \IETMIORPIIIC TEXTURES
    CRO\\Tlf Ot' NEW MINtW..S
    .,
    n..,_.... '_., ... CSqladl.o.IIIM .....
    .... 01 _., '9 I caNft. ,_.. ._. (OJ . , 9
    ....,.,.,... ... rro. .-c--... ....,_._. __
    .... ...,._, .. ....
    ... - ..., d C'OJ'Of..,.... odll:ioc 10 ... d *
    WI"'IC 0 a 2 a..a ""'...,. 9 n 1ft ..... .,.,. n
    . ..., .......... ""
    I? A"'***nl JIOIJifl)'l'Obl51 d ot t'OI'dl'l'
    ,., .,..II !low Oo<lld lihapC', ..,ldlo llilpuu 1
    ... loJ'OIIN 10 tile rod .. II.Mcl P"'Nw;
    l.pe,Xl
    ,:.1 l!lfll'f'OC'hnc tn
    '""' un h'Jt' .ll!ld o. bc.ne pt.,....
    l1!1f Ill 1o01!1t ftoloCI. lllcu fot'!Mt!M \o'Oiltk:
    ""'" fMh fvniCIIII)',..MYI mdun'
    , ..

    :;
    ...
    '
    :'i

    ...
    ...
    -
    ...
    , ,
    -

    -
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    -
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    -
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    -
    ,
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    -

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    -
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    ;'1
    .:"1
    :1
    ;'I
    .:-1
    :1
    MET.-MORPHICTEX'Il.la5
    ROTATION
    ll f'lo.lpli, tCtl I fl ...,U. .W. m.
    ,.. ., * .....-. 1\ie ........ ,.__ ,._ ....
    "" ., tile tQioii'Cl ...,., ...... portWt ..,. ......... d
    _...,. ""' .............. ;,. .. - ........ II'Odo.
    '1'\1$ 1k pnwt UJWIIw -t:tdcd.
    - b:' lllil ICII(Iont .. fonned. ..._!!&hi. XJ.
    U. Ro&.bed pmc1 (khNot ot k:al\lte).
    PolliiiDO pt.Aa. ot ...,.tiA ctU. pmet
    10111<4 180' Ia I dod....t.o dlrtiOit ft
    Ill- lo lhc folilliOII Ill IM t11tkll.ln1 Nc)4, lhll l.bt'
    {j\III.IU a.ytn ta tilt pmct t:I)Mal 1n: C'IIMd, tl\3t
    IM P'fiCt ... CJ'OI'lolll tC liM. U-d .. k - n>llhiiJ. 'lllt:
    rt.latMJy b)'tl'l in - <ft oi11W CY)W4. howtY,
    ;Mit.e that IIIOJl (! tile ro!IOO. o''lmd 410h11& UK- lf0"\.11
    (I( tbo :IIIW pen of tbc ......... """' X)
    lt:XIIIn. Somt: <n41111fll,l,ll)' olldll
    or othu 11:\lncrls. .hoM ;nYOMd In tile
    etw In U1.- umpk,
    Cll tO!Ir!Miet many .,.,. d CI"'UUW pc!UI't.,
    ..
    161
    METAMORPHIC TXTURS
    U. Cototl,a i11 ol.._ pbbfofi'OOI CbeMI,.._.
    York. o"",._ rc.cto::d top:l.her eo
    (orm .11 10M ol p1!1Ct ,.,., (l" llopytonl'le. 11'1 NdiiJOII,. IJw. pt..
    k cbltded 011411 lllliiiiW' palM o/lp<'l'ld, ll>eilll
    vou- marpr. WbeRc eM 'f"i"d ddJVS<'d out ot
    011e pin. d bioto1c 1\u bc:cn cltplfcd iD 1M run,
    I'IIIC ticbl. X!.
    IJ'Cbf lhat - P'" .wlly '" lbc
    llbonotlucy l4 lllc-11 ppkny q...c_llc<S to th41 tilt' liquid WJS
    f!l'<'foC"W ' ;\kll IMIIII)' sc.t
    IB*'' beullllfk wbc:Rc quam ed wuc iG OI:III!Xt.
    llcretlw: two m..ntnb lo<o\'nfll ol tllelt
    Mtlln,: poil!l) (Me rr 10). 'Wltc.rc: Ofll)' In
    l'OfllloM <hllfiJ eclll l UI\IU Of MC'Iioft), tft(re WU flO
    aJidl oiiC Mlfle 100 llil;fl 1 tlle:ltiiiJ Pf*L
    CI'OHtd pobA, X30.
    !t. pcm (!OM .ur 1M ('1)11''"" ol a "''Ik
    l!.:ow feeder 41kl0 ut Connettiaol. l k.M
    .u-.c<l ll'lt!li1& tO evr a1 tl'.e quouo.(d1\;r a;Plll
    ,(.. 1\u\ lltll u1>4cqltCIItl)' f:f7'Uil11td 10 t.o,_ !OMS or
    vlnboend,.nc.._ N01c 1llat MJ me!tlns. toot
    plil 11 qwnl.q"l>r1t.,. b(I1111<U.nu:
    0111) altd wc.rc. in COitl.tn WU. lk lOw
    fMiuna: eu!tcht pi'Qcn Ctolokd poa .... XXI
    AI ctoc h!pclt olmon
    pn.,. lhl'll may 0'91 ftpoNI w-alt. 1M
    ( rM'tt()l'l ho(h 1J U.l-1411)' Of &nlloiiC' OOfllo"C!tto
    11011, a 1oqv.o11 11.:.1 ' " -.mel! 11K rcfQC!(II')' ruKI.c-
    'yptn>lt) rr<.-pc-nlcd, pyllcd ap.an, aM mn\A:d
    tho: or now Ttl o1 nd er't
    I!IOfJ\hlt I'OI:i:o. _.,_
    -
    ....
    --
    - ,:');
    .......
    -
    ...,..
    _ ..
    _.

    .....,.

    -
    -

    -

    Index
    "' I& 127
    """""Y ........ 29
    A<'tt'wwy piMr
    r.,-.a-ordu m1.. 9
    q...Uwc._9
    ua U. dC'tc:raW.Qgsip. 14-lS. 18
    ACf d ..... 142-43, IC7
    Adc.alat C1')1Uk. liS
    126
    Acidrockf., 99
    (..., '<&<"ine)
    ACTINOUTE:
    prQpcrlks. 33
    a.chis;t, 91
    AdJtnelllte. 103
    Ade1mUIUj 117,136
    AEGERINE:
    ina1bline volc;ante rocks. lOS.
    in lcuclcilc:, 81
    in syt:itc, 67, 73
    C)Jtol ptopuhc:S., 51
    Am cr-..... , d ....... 14<-45, 148

    AKUtMA '<ITE. Ojlloal prop<rtics.49
    Aldulc..IOJ
    ALLITE:
    .. fJO
    oseal .&5--46
    i>lhloi\Ui parucc, 1)7
    Albee ''*'fti. 44-46, 7778
    .. cptd(Jtc horaCc:k r1cies.. 146
    etnditMMI"- 146
    147..48
    Al.MLI fELDSPAR:
    lnf!,l;aphic 129
    in rock ci'M.ifteation, 100
    metamorphic f:KieJ, 147, 1-'8, 150
    optkal pt'Opert i. 4.)..4.1, 79
    Alblinc \t>lcluttc' rOt-ls., 108
    Alhb oli\iM: b:s.-ull sc:ric:s.. 111-12
    t.c:tOCLic t.!&ftifc.tfl, t l3
    AUAI' ITE. OflltC;;I rropcrtic:s.. -42
    AhdUOIII()tphtc. liS. =---
    AU.t.A -.:-01"iE. CtJ!hUI propcrtle:s,. 47
    A-< (b,.proployr<l. IOl. 106

    .-.cclhre. 10
    A':S-0S J'OL VMORPII.S.
    wtuaorphit 147, lSO
    opteal propcn10., )().31, S&-85
    Mabd")' rc:btt0fl1.. 30.
    AMklt< (tc< ->
    AM Pill BOLES.
    IICWt.,. 147
    OplQI proptrl'"- l2l5
    pOt.ilioa .. Cl')\lan.bWI.ic: .c:ria., J$6
    Amphibo!Jie xiet.:
    coodil i(Jos. t '6
    Qlftlmingtooilc an4 hornble:n.;k.. 91
    mtcrocltK porpbyrobW., 164
    minc.raJ a.s.K-mbltga. 1<1148
    A.m)'S'dale (amn;duk, amytd.a1oid:d),
    I:>D, 127
    ANA !.CITE:
    in anl)'gdak:. in 82
    optkal 6.'
    Ill
    ANOAWSITE:
    ptopc.rt iU. 30
    po<rf>)<oblul. 8l
    poa.ltioa Ill Cf)'IUJI.ebla.\hC K"f!CS. 1$6
    md.:unorpblc f;,Oa, l.t7, 14& l50
    AN05.1SE. Of'IC1I proptrtic'- 4,s..&6
    111!. 103. lll-12
    .a. ,,,. .... )()S.()fl
    MooM !II f-Ide-. 79
    ANDRAOI'T'C. Ol)tQI pn'Ptf'l.O.. 41
    Aolltclr.t.IIS
    ANHYOJUTE. ort.alpopcriK'I.. 3ft
    1
    Ankara.nutc, 103,11112
    Ma\M, fA
    ANKERITE. 38
    Annealins. lSI, 159
    to.1urc... 152. IS9, J{.,(), 161,
    Anu.malou) interfcrtn colors.,
    (sec inttrfc:rtl\tt
    ANORTHITE
    oplic.ol propet11CS, 4S-46
    131
    ANORTHOClASE. optteal .a.;
    Anonh<*tc., 101, 10!. 103, 104
    IUIA W.C, llS
    1t1'o'tlld pliCOOIIt 12.7-4
    M'THOPHYI.UTt. ot<oal prop<nO<S. )Z
    A""pt:rllrllltc., 111
    APATn'E.
    ..
    op -.1 pt"'f!C"fttClt., Jt>

    lt4
    Arftvuc .. 114
    167
    '
    Aplite, 103, liS,
    Aplltic tOCIIUC, 1 LS
    ARAGam'E;

    Optical propcrtloo, 38
    AASENOPYIUTI!, opo;<aJ pl'opettito, S3
    A::,ut::;ros, 60
    ""' flow,l21
    ""-111
    AW'Dil .. oa,13C
    """'" pelsa ( ... peiu)
    AUGITe
    iA. diobue. 74
    c:a:.xik. 1.34
    pNwa, 71. 71. 7. m. lJ6
    Optical;>ro<""" S6
    IJARITE,opticol i>'Oi>O.U.., 'fl
    IJARKE\'IKITE, Opti<al PfOpcrtito, 34
    BN&II:
    .a.li. 7l. Ill
    dcfuoitioo, llll,l<ll, 11112
    distiDc:tiJa Crom udesite, t().S.()6
    Htw.W,68
    Ridge. 69, '79
    miud .W..ll rbyolik. 138
    B.asaniie-,103, 107,11112
    Bask roW. 99
    ll=c!,LIO
    Wu, II
    Bcforsic.c \.SCC wboluiite)
    101. WU
    a..,....s """ 5, 6, 14
    BERYL. ophca) proper1 ie$, 31
    Bii.<W. 7
    17-18
    Rub rcvc. 1718
    iodic:atrit. 1 t 1.3
    obtuse bisectrix ligu.rc. 17-18
    Optic aD tigutc, 1718
    BIOTITE:
    hitdsqelc.xtutc,Sl. 76
    ---ftoatlilonabkDdc., 16
    lG, akloi!t:, 10
    d.ac:. ao
    peis.l., 162
    &Juite, 76
    S<UI.I6. 161
    metamotphK baes, 147, J48, UO
    opliW 51
    pleochroic b:aloes, 76
    Budscye tuuuc
    IOotU.!I,J6
    m'GSOJI'ou, SO. 16
    21
    8irdritlgeo"' 8
    Bioe<trl> Gpe (xure ...S obc,...), 1718
    -blastic, Ul
    lS2
    Blutopoopb)ritic, ISS
    Blodty ..... 119
    Blucachistlad<a:
    c:oodjcjoo&, 146
    .............. ll. lS
    aoiocnluoc.,._ 117-4
    8jfgsild "'"""""h. .s
    ao .. bo. voJCIAic. 121
    Brcttia:
    &oa.-,113
    -Ill
    BRONZITil, optiool i>'op:rtic:o, SS
    BYTOWNITE, optical propcrdea. 4S-t6
    Cakai.Ulioc, Ill
    tectoUc lU
    CAJ..Cm!:
    a.. ..
    carboaadte, 101. lOS
    mublc, 88
    IIICiamotpbic acica., 14'i
    Optical pi'Op<rtico, 38
    poWoa ill Cf)'Jlll'ob4aPk lS6
    Calc$i1italt, 141
    C.mptonile (lampropbyre), 103, 106
    but:.ablc.adc pMD00")1&. 7j
    ea...s. bohu>, ll,ll
    CAilBONA TES (occ obo cokicc, dolcmc), 38
    Carbomlile, 101, 103
    alvWte, bcforlile, aattOOllboaatite,
    &O'oile, lOS
    C..lsb>d """'
    0.. -lddspor. 43-44
    .....
    CHABA2JTE, 6S
    CHALCEDONY, 58
    OIALCOPYRITE, S3
    a......wtc,IQ)
    CHIASTOUTE, JO, 8S
    CHLORITE:
    in, a.m)'Hdale, J%1
    meLabuah. 90. 91
    CDa'IIO'pluc: faOct., 147,141. 1.$0
    Optical poopcrtico, )9
    pelitic od> ... 86, 161
    pos.itioa in trysuOobWck t.tties,156
    CHLORITOIO;
    r-oe ... t4, lJO
    Optical pi'Op<tlia, )9
    pcwpbyrobl&tr. 81
    CHROMITE, 53, 6l, 71,ll3
    168
    ,
    :1
    :'1
    ;1
    :1
    ;1
    _.
    -
    ...,

    -
    -
    _.
    -.
    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -
    -.
    -
    , .
    -
    , .
    -
    -.
    -
    -.
    _.
    ... .
    -.
    ..
    ;1i
    ;1
    :w
    ;:-11
    ;"II

    ;"'I
    =-
    a.-ac.\01
    CHIYSOTII.E, 60
    orw ..... (s-m)
    Oauif.ealioa:
    igneous 1 erms. 99
    lUGS. phuonlc roek. 93, IOO.OS
    vokllnic: and hypabyual roc.k, 105-0'7
    ll"'itte aAd \'Ok.anic:. 11)8.-ll
    metamorphic. 140-41
    CUNOZOISITE:

    opic;aJ propctttd. 41
    o.o<T0"'1TE. <19
    COESJTE. op<oalrropertics. S9
    O>lcrado. 80. 12S
    Coklr index. 99
    Comb Mrueturc:, 1%2
    Con:mc:ndl1c:, 103. 109
    Composition oltypial 'YOkaok roc:b. LIO
    Coax.nic:ut. '" 12'7. 129, 1JO,l31, 1.3&
    Ill>, l.l'l. 14), 166
    CORDIERITE:
    allenlioo 10 88
    bcofds. 88. 160
    metamorphic facie .. 147, 1'8. 150
    opkaJ propc r1 kt.. 40
    pcition in tT)'fi(atlobla$tic se:ries.lS6
    n7, 133. l.S7
    l0)
    COF.UNOUM.
    opal propc.r11C.J. 40
    pditic aeool.tb, 86
    Ctasablioa scht$1c.iry (ICC vfMstosily)
    (t.: Wmiht)
    CRI$T08ALITE. opoal P<oo<rti<s. S9
    Crypope1dntc:. 4)
    Cl')'$:al ali&nment:
    116, l%2. 12S
    mnamor-phic. I.SJ.. tS4
    Crys..aUiniry, dei'ee or, 114
    Cryt.:;al niJdta.tiOI*, 114, tslS2
    Crys.aUobb.ilic j(IJCI.
    CU!>I\USGTOSITE
    uuznphibolalc. 91, 162
    """" ptopert"" ll
    Cumuble. 116. 13S. IJ6
    Curi1J1Ui ltdurc:, I 16, 136
    102. IOJ, IOS,lll12
    Dc:c.arbonarion reuctioa, 140
    Dc:brdratioclre.tC'tion, 140
    D-d.ntk ery1ol-.l "'orph<!.ogy, 115
    cupc:circ. 1.38
    o!Moc.6'1
    pl.porlw. '79
    o.w,,;r--.., us. I6J
    OUI>ooc. 103. 1116
    pictol'lite m. 74
    U'CIObtb ia, 86
    Oi.atrc.mc breccia (&ee bfet..W)
    120, 127
    DIOPSIDE:
    mclti.nr. 131
    mccamoqtOosc:d dolomitk limac:Onc, 8849

    aeotO ida bbillc. 67
    Oioo'c, un, 10J
    19 (see u.!Mdul ,....,.,.)
    Ook.rille (5ee diabase)
    DOIDMITE:
    in 101. lOS
    nc.to.morphic. rackSt 147
    optical properties,. 38
    position in ayst.alioblashc tcria. 1$6
    ORAl \liTE (Mg-1oumolloe), 6J
    Duoi<c, 103. U)l
    E<loPer.a...t46
    CIICICUIC', Yl
    cocr.dirioo$. 146
    mi&e-ral 147-48
    EDNITE. J.l
    Ekt'lron mlc,optobc, 19'l0
    llMB.RALD, 37
    Emcry,40
    I!I<ST A TIT;
    mcltU..W
    op<oal P'op<rtics.IS
    EPIDOTES;
    10 SIC). tl
    metamorphic. 147
    OflCK.al 41-41
    po&ilM>D in CI)SlaUobluc.c 156
    EP"')', 11, 22
    qutnt grains. 1 IS
    Ncxitc.13, 81, 103
    Eubcdnl. II$. 136
    uco1tic l2J.ll:S
    U.cctac (islccrgr0"+1li). 1.29. 131
    _.,. ..... _
    &IL.ai Cdchpa:r, 43. U
    ampb-.3>.91
    ugitc, 56. 13. 74
    OflhOp)Tox:ene, 55, 7l, 73,74
    rt.seoni.tc, 56, 14
    lpinc.ls. 62
    O;ctgajOft, 9
    ullduWory. iD quutz. $&. 80

    169
    FAYAUTE:
    op<lcall"'''<f1ios. 50

    .UtriooC.,80
    FELDSI'AR,-
    albJi. opticaJ 4\M
    .-bodue, ..

    44
    opcic.al propcrti.ca. 4S..46
    pofoicioa io crystaUoblastic series, 1$6
    ..,OO[ne,44
    FeJd691111idal bosall. lOZ
    f<ldspothoidall'bb<o, 102
    fcL:LsparJ.OdaJ 102:
    fcldspahc:WI" yaaia:c;lQZ
    fchoc. 99
    F<hitt, 1215
    Fuaite., tCB
    FERROEDENITE, 34
    F'ERROHASTINSTTE, 34
    F'ERROSIUTE:
    optic&J properties., S5
    IUbility, S5
    FlOROLilE, 31.84
    F'OA!ond:
    01bicv.b.r graaite, 1.39

    .............
    bo>WI.I!.IS
    .... ..;-.t,l6-11
    floov
    aJ.pm<4 116. W, IZS
    D 119
    flc)<.'lge diJfercnti.atioa.. 1.22
    nu..ct in quam. S8
    1-LUORITE, propcrtiu. 41
    axial pl:aac schis.tosily (s.ce &.Gh.isl)
    oluu ion:
    ljU"'COU$. 1_36.
    mcumexpbic. 154. 162. 16$
    f'ormu.l.ae cr miacr-.. 26-29
    bee llso miocnb)
    r oRSl'VtrTE:
    .WC.89
    M-11-c,.:Jl
    OJI(.IItl! JlfOP(:rhes.,. 5.&
    pot.i(ioo crysuUobluait wu, U6
    f'<Xndaillc,
    f'O)'li(C, IOJ
    J\u.:O., ("-.c mhills)
    Oollbo. 71, ?2. 14, 83, 102. 104, U.S,
    13<,136
    GALENA.optka.l properties. '3
    OARHT:
    __,.... r.ac.. 147, 14. lSO


    poAtioo ill O')'dJoblu;li.: sene... 1.$6
    GEC>RJ'TE, oplal--J2
    OEHLENITE, opOca1 ,...,.,. .... 09
    Ocodc,l20
    Geolberma.l gradierll, 140
    Glau:
    CootClll ofvoiw:lk rods, )(16, ll4
    ia fauJt zooc., LS3. 163
    ml&d ba:saltrh)'Oiicc,138
    ...:Jdcd toll. l2A
    GLAUCOPHANE:
    -...orpilio: r.ac.. 147
    op<lcal,...,...;... )S
    ....... 91
    Ola....,,... sdbst (blucodolst)
    anpoile.38
    roe&ite.. S9

    laWJonitc, 48
    Glomcroporphyritk,. 114
    Ciaeiss. 1.54, 162
    aug_eo and"*' m. 16:!
    Ol<kd I"Y"Ma (see b)<rita)
    GraioW. 114
    flk,. medium,. coatK. 114
    1SIS2. 16).04
    Gruitc. 102:
    Jon.<noM.s...S-117,137
    toeJtU,s .. fuoaioo of 'H 146
    io..SO
    Graa.itic ccxawc. US
    tcxhtre. 1.52. lSI
    Graoodiorilt. 102
    Oraoopbyrc... 103
    Granophyric texture..
    111, 129-30, 166
    raau:
    rooditiocu. 146
    Mtfal :wc:mbbcc:s. IC7-148
    GnplaK;al recprcsc11Ut.too of mctaacwpi!IK
    D"UnJ uscablacu. ttM
    c;,,,__ puae. 117. 129
    GRAPHITE:
    iD as
    Oll'kal propt.nies., S3

    .te;Uii.lt& cf " -Y"Ito,
    1:8, Ill
    1 Z:l,
    Grc.tl Dyke of Z..mNbwe 71, n
    1.&. 136
    110

    :.t
    ;11
    ::-t
    :'"t
    :-1
    :.1
    :"1
    -
    -

    ;-;
    _..

    _..
    , .
    -- -.
    -
    -.
    -

    -
    --
    -
    --
    -
    --
    -- -
    -
    - .
    -
    .
    -
    - .
    -
    .
    -
    .
    -.
    -
    ;-;
    ;11
    ;"''I

    ;.,.
    ,-.
    ;-.
    :11
    Ott:cDSChiM
    cto:oriuio,J9
    coeclieioel, 146
    aDcral: 147-48
    GROSSUI.AIUTE:
    147
    ...........
    OI'O'..t.w, u.us
    GRUSI!IUTE. op<;,.l propcn;.., 33
    GYPSUM:
    op:;,.I 47
    prtbkaa ill peparina tiUD sectioas.. '22
    JlarCAtu:
    MoN. (Ke iadMdu.al Uerals)
    Tlimago. tl, Sl
    I hnhicie (ermumulate) tature. 122
    71, 104
    HAUYNI!,61
    Ht"U, 68, 69,10. 82. 12S, 127, LZS
    Hti..ilc,I07, lll-1'2.128
    HIIDENBERGITE, optical t<>PP";.._ 56
    1-ldcrilK 1$6, 16S
    IIEMATTT'E, P<OJ><tt;.._ 53

    10 IUipdict. 83
    OJlG P'os><";.., 62
    HEUI .. ,.'<DITIO. 6S
    H.....,._,ll4

    IIOR.'<l!I.E>-'DE:
    b&>alloc.l"
    91, 162
    aapeorute., 1S
    euc.tite, 82.. 134
    oepht-l.lfle 67, 15
    mcumorpbk faciC'- 147
    o,cie.al 34
    liomblc:ndc: facies:
    CJOO<btiOCIS, 146
    mincral wcmb1asc:s. 147...48
    Hornbkftoditt. 104
    Hornfels. 88, l$2. 160
    UoeuaJ.w. (sec zooing)
    UucrpOWih.. 4S
    fl)tnd ll"
    1-1 )'(lotkrat
    dc.r auoo..
    cWofl(.e,)9
    p)'oplo)UoiC, S2
    - ocb. 106, 108
    ....,...,. .. "
    l>orile,31
    naomc.. 1
    t11<.6S
    Hyp.>b,ulol 88
    !IYPER$1'11 ENE. op<;,.l popen;e., SS
    Hypidiomorpbk. liS
    U4
    ''ardtc. IQ)
    IDOCRASEt-_..w;,e)
    tct;aNwtic. 164
    lpOabnlo, 121
    ljoliu. 103
    U.MENITE. ophc:al ,.open;.., 53
    1-ltcible bquldA, 116
    ailicatcU. bti&k,ll6, 138
    ailkate--occW. 139
    116, 139
    I ocoQgNC-nl melc ina;. 133
    lodtx minc:r:ll (metamOt'pMe), 145
    lndle:mix. II
    1113
    et)\lallopaphit 13
    \utiui3.1, 1113
    lotercu..mWVS Uqu.id. lt7, l3l, lJ6
    lAtcrrcrcna: color.
    uomlloutl.. t
    uocaalou.a;.
    ..... .. J9. liE. 90,91
    dolorkcid, J9. 57
    cluloLOilucc. 4J.
    MW.Cc, .f9.
    "CW\taAIIIt. 64."
    ...... 9
    ol JC(t ... tlskbeu. 23
    Ofdc:t, 9
    lntc:rgra..ulat 101urc.. 116, Ul
    latcrv.rtal ccxuarc, 116
    lnverwoo. Ul
    all:alllei<IJ-I>lf. '19
    AJ.,Si05 JO
    carcllc. 38
    k.iliilhc:. 67
    kudtc. 48,81
    pigeocUtc, .56. 74
    S8. 80. 126
    s.ilica.. 59
    l.ovtr,cd pecoo,tc, 72. ''
    lsocbrO.Jtic f'lllp. l'
    bOIJ.d (ICC ....._.,we ;.qpo..tj
    ._... ..
    ud oi2V. 18
    l>ot<opoc. 7
    hcvpo<-<.103
    JAOEITJ!

    e>pttal propctto
    JOCU.ftdt, 103
    111
    KAER5ITITI'e, opbeaJ _..;... J4
    ICALSIUTE. opbeal _..;... Sl
    ....,...,.61
    n... U7, 04, 157, *
    Kualop.,... IGJ,ID7

    tG.bub" 101
    COC:5itt, S9
    maotk oodolo, 'lO
    ompbu:ice, S8
    pbiog<lpitc, <19, Sl
    69, lOS
    KYANnE:
    ccamorpllkf..X..t.,, t48. uo
    opbeaJ p<DpC<tico, 30, "'
    pol4* io ayuarJobluric l.S6
    t..bndoc
    Kipptic...,.,.,., us
    166
    NU. uonbooitc, 12:5
    t..otwador=-, s. 12:5
    (J<Oalso a,g;Jd ... _b)
    LAJIIVJ)()Rrre, ope;w propenk., 45-46
    Ltmproit;, 103
    t..amptop.lyre, tOG
    horl'lbl<ode, 75
    mia
    O<dO
    l.apilli, 121
    l.atW<itc, 103
    l.Micc. 10':. 107
    LAUMOlll'TTE:
    ....... bcic:s.. 147
    opekal ,...,...x._ 6S
    U\'1 tube:, J 19

    io aJaucopbaue $dUst, 92
    metamorphic: facies.. 147
    opcieal rropertie$. 48
    La O')'UlllobW.Iic: 156
    La)'triag. Peoll$, aypc.ic, &:1'ded.
    thytb.m.ie. 121. 13.5
    LEUCJTE;
    Uduc:ic:lc, 81
    ....... P"''Cni<s. 48
    Lncil.cc,JI
    l..alcitllic cric:l, Itt
    1..c::ucocnci:..99
    LEUCOXEI-'E, S3. 61
    U.Cnolitc,IO<
    Up:
    Bedct lille-, 1 J
    COCIOKOpk., 14
    Lipc (_ ... ltd):
    ,.,. ---= ......... 9

    Ill-poWiood, 1
    rdleacd, 19-21. SJ
    rd-ol,lO
    UMONITE,SJ
    l.ioeal;.., ISS, 161, 162
    Maf1<,99
    Mopa mWD& 123, 138
    MAON'ESIOFERIUTE, optkoi l'fopert;.,_ 62
    MAGNEtitE:
    ;, allotS gahbto, 83
    basall,138, 139
    CSKXik.82
    wphe'*e. 82
    S3. a
    pneirioe io ayataJioblwi( l56
    M._;.e, -12A, 11.1
    Maotlo oodWc, 10,
    Maf'bk.l41
    dO>po;.le aod scapolltc,

    textu.rt, 88
    MARGAAITE, 49
    MttSSachii$Clts::
    Roekport graaito.. 137
    Sal= lb)'Oidc, 80, 126
    Mnhn
    MElANlTE, .,, 87

    MI.1UTE:
    .......... 10
    bon.tcls, !10
    oepbelinitc., 8l
    optkal propert;.., 49
    Mc.tili4ite, 103
    Melting;
    albite, 129
    uorthice, 131
    aiOI"idc. ut
    c.loltcctic. 129. 131
    rontcrile, easc.atilc, s.il.a. 133

    CJuite. 147, tCS
    122, 157, 166
    M._,.IU&c,44
    MC10Rasis. 114.131
    Mc .. basall, !10, 91. 107
    Mermict
    allta.ite,42
    around zitcoo, 64
    m
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;'1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;:\
    ;<;
    .....
    ... .
    ...
    _... ,
    -
    ,
    -
    ,
    -
    ....,
    ...
    -
    -
    -
    ... '
    -
    ...
    -
    ,o
    -
    ... .
    -
    '
    -
    , '
    -
    ... .
    -
    ... I
    -.
    " -
    ,
    ,..,
    ,.,
    ,11
    ........
    ;-1
    ::11
    Mco.....p.ic:
    1Gda miocral. 14$
    .......... .,
    aacraliiiUOIIbbps
    Ia. ACf' .....,_ 142, 1<7
    14.1, 1d
    pci-K pOl, l.SO
    ...
    -.-.1 Cocico, 146
    rocb, ac->1 cbssif- 140-<1
    -..s
    McuO<piUoro:
    CCDltcl. 14 t, 160
    l'fOIVode,l40
    rc;iooat. 141., 161
    retr08'tde, 140, lS1
    Metuamadsm, 15l
    aoclium,IA spilites, 101
    Meteorite cratcra:.
    ccube aod 59
    ptUdottchylite., 163
    MWolitk 122
    MICA. 49-51, 111
    ........ 51
    lcpdo&c,$1
    SO
    SO
    .....,.,,st.
    ,..a.o. Ia scric:s.. lS6
    MlCROCUioo'E.:

    optlW prGp(-f1ies., 44
    UibiOh'Ui p-aAite, U1
    MiocroLtu. U.S
    t>ogioclas<, '19, 125
    126
    Mt0'06C0Pf. pcuogro.phk, "''
    lttpilieatioo, 4
    p)IIUi:t,er (polar), 6
    rcncccinQ. 20
    Mi(Atl.llltic Ridge, 69, n. 19
    Mtfmlhtc, 1$7, 166
    (bmptophyrc). 106
    blohtc pbcDOCI')$lr.. Sl
    Mock, 9l
    C.UUDihOtl ol, (reM Uts.idc: <OVCI)
    (bmp<ot>I>Y'<), 106
    Mc..'Ot.I.N. Stutwaler 11, 13.133
    MO:>TlautTE. ........ properties. Sl
    10
    MCII"&Oot.-icc. 102:

    aed.lum epoq C.nlld.a
    blhu>)
    t<a 107
    MUUJTC, opolcal pn>pertiel. 31
    U......a.ob.86
    MUSCOVITE:
    bii-,.c. (QIW(,,..
    ..,.,....f!., ..
    -.86.87, 162
    __.,.... r....._ oc7, <a. l.SO
    opcicalp<op<rt ....
    M)looOc. W. l6J
    M)'mldOlc. 117, lJO
    Nauocarboaatilc (.ce. c.ttboaatite)
    NATROUTE, ..,.;w p<oprn;e<6S
    NC()(I')'Mall:iuttoft. l$4
    NEPIIEUNE:
    in. Alooite, 10
    wajte, 81
    nepl\ebnite., $1
    pbonolite, 81
    optic.IJ prope.rtica, 52
    Ncpbdn'IC S)'C.fhiC', 6'?, lO'l. 103
    68. 82. 101. 103
    Ncpbebtt.icic Ill
    Hamp61urc.
    o.-.s. 76. lJ7

    s-b Pood, llA
    ...., Vorl. AdorOod""" 69, 161, 166
    NoduJC':t,. k. llJ
    N()(dm.arlJtc. lCO

    OI'W, 9S98
    cumplc of caiC'ubAion, 98
    Norma.tl\<e mineral" 96
    104
    Northern Sr.a ... 1 Hill, 73. 90
    N()(Wlt.y, RhOf. l34
    NOSEAN, 61
    114
    OccUi (otcUar), li.S 139

    OLIGOCLASE. optial propc:rtict. 45-46
    OUVIl<E:
    ... Null, 68. 69
    m.ubk.89
    pcndohcc. 1Q. 71. OJ
    opootal ......... Sol
    OMPHACITE. j8
    O.Woo
    Mt,tDtO To--p IIJ
    ,.,.......,, l)O
    OPAQUE MII''EAALS, op.W propc.nJC:S.. 53

    113
    Opllilk .exiUtC:, 1()6. 116
    -..-tbol.itc:.US
    J'.bbro, 132.
    dok:tift, 1.31
    Opcical Ddicalrilt (s.r:c iftdl<:atrix)
    <>p<;c"""' (2V). 12
    otlma iOa., a
    oplksiga,ll
    Opcic axis:
    bwi>l7
    Opl;< aoglc (2V). 12
    op1ic.sigtl. 12
    u..WXW. 7, II
    Opec rpu. 14-19
    Opcic iip. ll
    dc.lc-rminati('ln, 14.15, 18
    Ofbtwbf lll. lJ4
    Orcp. Scoakrry, 127
    ORTI<O:LASE:
    opliu.l propclhti. 44
    pc:tthilc. 79
    ORTI10?YROXENE;
    irt, a;abbro, 71, 136
    fftUlllc nodule, '10
    71, 1l3
    P')10XtniCc.
    lroetQIJIC, 13-t
    mcl:.morphie (:.ck$. 1.a1, 148
    art.all"""f"" .. -. 55
    .............
    PlnldiOmOrphic, II$
    103,
    PARAGO>IJTE. opal r<or<"C...lO
    PARGASITE:
    tompouion, 34
    161
    uoaolttc:. 11-1
    f'(',:malt1e. 37, SO, 1.!9
    114, 125
    Pd1IC, 143
    Prhial
    &S.Sm'lhb,.c:l. 14-&-4,$
    nunrraJ 11!...\Cnllll.sc., i11 1nt:tamor phiC
    C;ac:IIU.. I .&loo
    .t9.50
    Jfld (or, J!i()
    rockr.., 108
    Pc:nc:hM. , .. w ,,.
    MOiltr.oc-b!C. 4-1
    miood..c,J4
    45, 77
    10-1
    Mik llldllk, lO
    4S

    JcrlirW; crac.k.s, L t.S
    PI!ROVSK,ITE, opcic:.aJ properliu. S4
    tc.rtlli l.tiU'C). 43. .... 79,
    I 17, 124, 129. tJ7
    Petrogenetic srWI fQr 14950
    Pctrosrl>hy. I
    U4
    ,......,.. ....
    81
    augite. 132
    qunt. 80. 126
    ..... bl<od<. 67. 75. 113
    lcucite, 81
    10
    ftltpOdic, 11
    l'lli\;tiC, 68. lh.19. 12.5
    plagiodii.Se. n. 19. 111
    unidint, l26
    PIILOGOPITE.opoc>ll'or<"..._ Sl
    hotafcb.. qo
    JOl, IO.l
    Ph)llite, 15-&
    Ptc:nlc, 1(t\, 107
    PIEMONTlT, Of"CICIII ptOpCfiiCI-. 42. c;IJ
    riGEONITE, optKal
    Uf\cncd (\ pecA,nM.t.:l
    r.n..-. ''' 1:T
    .>rrnle, 40
    PitChstone:, I'UI
    PI.J\GIOCLASE. <<-41>
    cklc-rftuut""* at cumj"'Ooitioft.. 4b. 71-'7:-.
    n. pbb o. 136
    Mi dAtl.antic Ri\lgc b;u.aJt, 71
    147
    , ...
    Plc.otbroo.m, II
    biotite:. c:.. 51
    r'cmomilc. c>t
    C..l
    h:.lo
    JJICOR, C..l
    Ua. bio411C. 16
    cordcntc:, <ll:,
    Plutooruc n)(b, 99
    p,)il.illhC u:.uurc., t 16
    ia.. pcrtdolllc:, 13J
    py7N.tftllt. 7J
    r oil.jL!)hl,a_\hC ICt;IUI(', l!lfo,16.5
    Poiru cuunrinr n
    Pol.rt:Ntc l l6
    Porpii)TII.C, lt.l, 11b
    ...
    ,
    ...
    -
    -

    -

    -

    ...
    '
    -
    '
    -
    -
    ....

    -
    -
    -
    ,
    .....
    '
    -
    '
    -
    I
    -
    '
    -

    -
    , .
    -
    ,.
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;:'1
    ;11
    :I
    :1
    . :.
    ..
    . .. ,
    :
    .-:

    .r-
    .r.
    D '"
    --

    a.lahosi&t.SS
    ciJorit<*l, 87
    cet'dit:rice, 16-t
    ptl1Ct,87, 164,165
    microdinc., 164
    51ou.roUte, 87
    Preferred oticnlat1oa. 1$3
    Cades:
    cc..WO..,l46
    1no4
    ..._... ...... t.-.. 119
    - W4oM aod -;o.. t.l6
    Priso>otit ..,.WI-. liS
    P'f'<lvack. mdafiiOf'Jibism.. 1.-Q
    Pseudokuc:itc, 48
    Ps.el!docach)iiu:. 153. 1(13
    Pul:as.kitc, 103
    Pumice, JW
    PYRITE, propcrtie1, 53
    Pyrccbstit mMcrW. 121
    PYKOPE:
    Dt!WDCCp611C fxia.. t.n
    ortical pt1)pC'rtia., .. ,
    PYI'.OPHYIJ.ITE:
    m:t.amorrftic 147 ,I ;IS
    os:iuJ propcnit'- Sl
    PYROXENE. SS.$8 (s-ec :.egeriM,
    )11dc he,

    m..crolite. ... l2tt
    pc$itiorlu scri(s. 156
    qudti&Mcral, 11


    m nerat 10-48
    72.
    PYRRII011Te. npial rropenics. 5)
    QUARTZ;
    SO. l24, 126
    in graphic
    SK
    pc$111011 tn
    IW.t.O
    1.&1, ttJ.tofl
    Owr'17 $vth1Ct, '" 10!, 1'!.1
    Ouc:'le<:
    Grt-n\'illc, '?S, 1)0, 163
    Ll\e St. J(\hn f)rUICthm ltC, 72, 1-'. 1!5
    Montt u;gi,.r. '7d, 7.l. 75, 81, l.l-1. 13?

    hca& PfO<hKfng. l-60
    In 4!
    l',UCO... i)-1. 7C.
    bpatM ICXIUre. 111
    Rewtitw
    nte, 59, tl
    lexlure. 117 18. Ul-34. 149, l$7, 166
    R."'Y"-aJl2atioo (c:J:'.U(C$, 1$1$1. 159-61
    Rcnccted Ggl>c (S<e
    1\c:ncuhity, 21, SJ
    Rdracciw: inda, 1
    Relief, II
    lock of io K<lioo, 2Z
    l.S4, 1.64
    llCUtdotioo,9
    -..,.oc _.,.,.._ 1411. 157
    122.157, 166 (..,.abo
    mebill)
    Rb)Odaritc. 102, lOS
    Rhyolite, 102. 11112
    bc1n quartz. in. 80
    mlxed witb basalt.138
    Rh)thmk l:.yerlng (!tt
    RIEBECKJTE;
    ut.. (ckite. 116
    qurtz syc:Ditc. 1S
    ..,..w f"opcm...J,S

    tiscas or rormuJK 1.6-29
    li..ting. o( opdW prvrc-rtie3o. 10-(!6
    also minerub)
    Ruovlav;a., 118
    Rotation of cryslals.156, 16.S
    RU8V,40
    RlfTl LE:
    optical 00
    p01Uh0ft iD Kf'ia.. 1


    b'IJ)> nd ""'' ..
    in curt. 124
    I properties, 4.t
    Siialdiniu:
    UHM!IIiOIU, 14(;
    mtnc:nl 1.&7.-&S
    (bmJ"fopbWC). 1()
    SArPIIIRE .OO
    SAUSlil.RITE; 106
    '>CAPO UTE:
    II\ mJrhlc., 89
    Of!Ci<'l rrc>ptrt i.e$. 60
    in lo(UC\, l5tt
    ('wChi\t{)!;i,y), IS4. 161
    :a,,U,,I pl;.nc lo fold, 162
    CfC:fiUI.)tion, I!IS. lf..t
    SchiiCf(ft, l:tz
    119
    SCHORL (Fc.-toormallne), 63
    Scofla, IX)
    S<Otl.uld:
    124, 132
    Hoddo H..,., Ahenk<Mhoe, 84, 88
    ...... 128
    ........ 82, as. 86. 1215
    SEJU>EimNE;
    iJo o!M>e,CW
    ope leal properties
    Shat<b. &Ius. 121, 12$
    Shut, 15l
    Sl.ookioitc,. 103
    ShoUoe.-:. 107
    SID!iRIT1!, 38
    la:lue (sec poikil()bbuk)
    SIUCA P:>LYMORPBS, S8S9 (see CQt5ite,
    trislolnlite, quatll. trldymile)
    SIUJMA'l!TE:
    facies., 147, l.fS.lSO
    oploal ,.opcrtC$, 31, &I
    Sbm. l.Sl
    Skele-tal ('l)"lals (see dC'ndtit.c)
    deao;agc, lS4
    SocU'$ bw_ 10
    ltlQdrC (ke hclic:iclc)
    141
    SODAUTE. opcic:al ptopc.r1ia. 61
    SODA MtUUTE. 1
    11'\ 1)7
    A(rir:a:
    Budwcld complex. gabbro, 133
    Katood11crilc, 131
    S<Mce couboa:urce)
    SPESSARn!'"E. op:te41 ptoptnld, 47
    (b.mptoph}TC), 106
    SPHALERITE. optical rropenlel. S3
    SflfENt (ht.anite):
    o-rllcal 61. 83
    Ct)$1allobl.utic s.crtCS..l56
    ICXIt:te. II.S
    -. chlldon). 58
    fclue. 126
    \ok;.lnic I ::0
    10'7
    !\riNl!L
    rtl(l\nr()nto in,

    -.'lO
    f'lop>d.lto6
    l.dvJ,htK rim. 13-1
    opdc.tl prOf!Cnc._ 62
    SJ"'nr(t.\ tenure, II.S
    STAUROUTE:
    iJI ACP diagram, 142-43
    in Af'M (Thompson) dirrgram, 144
    mel.amorpbic 14&, 1$0
    opl;c.ll'fopcrtC$,6l

    poUtion ia a')11alobltllic seria. lS6
    $nL81TE, opckalpropc;.., 6S
    snSHOVITE, .19
    Strain, 151, 1$9, 160. 163
    Scrudure. 114
    vok&oic nxb, IIS.ll
    pt.<oai< .,.._ rocb, W-23
    Slblltalinc YOicaaic roc4 108
    s-.J sru-. 115
    Subopbilic tutrne. t 16. 131
    SULf'!OE:
    Immiscible liquid, 139
    op;c.lprOportla,53
    101
    Tabubr,1LS
    Trod>)t4c.153
    Tahiti. bwll. 127
    TALC:
    prope.n ies. 63
    posilioo in aysuUobb.sl.c 1$6
    po<11domorpll ah<r DIMK, fR
    Tc ........ UI
    J(ll. lOlo 101
    Tuthcnite. 103
    Te.durc, J J4
    roeks., 18
    metAmOrphic rocb.. 1St-57
    Thc:ralicc. 103
    nr... KC:Ciocls:
    po6hc<!. 19, 23
    pre:partiQQ. 2122
    Tholciit e.. llJ
    teaooit: 1 13
    THOMSONITE, 6S
    ... )pl.kU.t....k.8l
    Toe b-. 14S
    Tt'CPII'- 103
    TITANAUCIT1!.
    lh.. albJi gabbro, 83. 134
    e.t..toeXitt. 73
    ncpbd.rn11e, 82
    pcridcc ite. 68
    opt.W prapcn.a.. S7
    TllaftliC s.pkac)
    Trwu1o;c ... 101
    TOURMAUI'-'E. OfKeal p!Open;es. 63, 83
    i.Miuioru '" 165
    in tt)')lallobla:uit: seric.s. 1.56
    ,.,.

    :t
    :1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    ;1
    :-.
    :a
    ......
    A.
    _,

    -

    -

    -

    .......

    -


    -

    -

    ;..:.
    ;..:.
    ;..:.
    :.).
    .
    .......

    :'i
    :'i
    ;"'
    :1

    ;-.
    :-.

    -..
    -
    ..
    -
    ..
    -
    ..
    -

    -
    ..
    -
    ..
    -

    -

    -

    -
    -
    -

    -
    -
    ..-

    -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    ,., ... yudelile, 107

    Trxllyce. un

    Tr...,.cidoiiCII .... 122, 128
    TR.I!MCUTE:
    iDalaiic:Mc.88
    ...... :n
    nuDYMJTE. opli<al S9, ao
    Trilt.Ur., JllU
    T""'oGot, 104, 134
    Troodhjrlcc. 103
    nomRMAJOTE, :w
    Tult, Ill
    weldU. 121, 124
    T\dri$1te. 123
    'Nnttifli in:
    tlbli !eJdspar, 4).44, 19
    catbot.atu. 38
    chloritoid. 87
    k.udtt, 4&. 81
    pOcoooitc, 56,,.
    pl.pocwc, So-46. 77. 78
    tlcedicc &Dd cummiQgtoUc.l3
    -.. ..... 6<
    Upodil, UXI
    Ulllaboli< 99
    UluuWoc: roct., 99, 101. 104

    UL opdcd prope:nlc:l. 6l
    UodW.Moty (.ce ex!inc:cion)
    Uowei&..7
    !WHop, 16-17
    iadioeatN.. llll
    optic tJCiJ. ragure, 14
    UVAROVIT. optlcal P"'t""'i"" 41
    Vario1it:., ll5
    Vuidc (vttticulAr), 12:(). 127
    cylindc r, 120
    p;pe,l27
    VESU\'IANITE (ido<ra.s<):
    111 ubilicate, 89
    optical propcrtlc$.. 64
    Vcsvv\u., &cuc:idco. Sl
    V'eropl>)'rl< ,.,...,.. I 14, 126
    (lampropllyw<).t06
    v-
    dfcct .... aizo.
    C"''Ikic. &o. spu.llO. 121
    __,.... ...... ..--... 1<0
    Volcao0e....t..99
    --..os.u
    v.,.l21
    w .......... lot .... St. Hdca, 79
    Webltericc. 104
    Wd>rlilc, 104
    Wcldocl tufl, Ul, UA, Ill
    WOLLASTONITE:
    io IILitbiC, 90
    Optlcai properti ... 64
    pOSitioa in 1S6
    103. 109
    XeD0<1)'1.123
    Xcoolltb, tcddcalal, copaiC, 123
    Zeolite facies:
    (OOditKw.,
    m*ral acmbbaa. l47-48
    ZEOUI'ES;
    ...... )ld.ok. l%t
    boWI,Il
    ..
    Optapropenlc&. 6S
    f"Vbk- i. f"CIH'U.IM ""' ... :Z
    Zimbabwe (Uodesia) (oc:e c .... o,bo of)
    ZIRCON, opli<al propenlc&. 64,12
    z<W!;nc=
    iD. DQW.&D t.Dd MII)'M. 61

    tilldua;ite. 73
    tourmall.At, 63, 83
    DOfmal.. rc\'CrK, OiCilluory, 45, 79. 118
    bOW'pW:
    m
    i.D dllori,old. 39
    io tituaugite. 51
    I
    I I
    f
    1
    .: j
    I

    ~
    I
    ~ I
    s
    ~
    I
    I
    f'
    I ~
    I
    ~
    ;1
    ~
    ~ I
    .-1
    ..
    ~
    . ~
    ~
    0
    ;II
    ;I
    ;1
    ;'I
    "
    ;1
    "
    :"1
    1!
    ::"1
    "
    ;,-,
    :1
    ::'"!
    z
    l
    :"'1
    0
    :'1
    "


    ..
    :'1
    a:
    ~
    :'1

    0
    :'1
    "
    w
    ~
    ;1
    "
    >
    w
    u
    8
    w
    :>
    %
    ~
    ;1

    S!
    ~
    w
    z
    ~
    ~ ~
    z ..
    <
    >
    ..
    w
    ;1
    -
    i

    8
    v

    "
    "
    :>
    ~
    lS
    "
    ~

    f
    -
    ..
    ="'
    <
    z
    ~
    K
    -
    ..
    -
    "
    <
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    w
    -
    -
    :"'iii

    ;"ii
    ""'ii

    ;"II
    178
    ;""''

    01
    -

    - ; ; ~ . -
    -
    ..
    --

    ...
    ..
    -

    -

    -
    ..
    -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -

    -

    -

    .-

    ,-

    -

    -

    3 '
    -

    -
    ~
    1:'
    r:
    I"':
    ,..
    r::
    r::
    r-:
    ;
    r:
    '
    \
    ..
    r::

    r:
    r::
    r:
    r:


    ~



    ~

    I

    '
    C'
    -
    . '
    r.::
    c
    tt
    ro . ,
    -
    .. .... . .
    -
    ....
    ~

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