MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS

WADIM ZUDILIN
Contents
1. Complex numbers and sequences (Problem Sheet 1) 1
2. Functions of complex variable (Problem Sheet 2) 4
3. Elementary functions (Problem Sheet 3) 6
4. Integrals (Problem Sheet 4) 9
5. Series (Problem Sheet 5) 14
6. Calculus of residues (Problem Sheet 6) 19
Date: 2nd semester 2012.
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 1
1. Complex numbers and sequences (Problem Sheet 1)
Problem 1.1 (Powers of i). Show that
i
2
= 1, , i
3
= i, i
4
= 1, i
5
= i, . . .
and
1
i
= i,
1
i
2
= 1,
1
i
3
= i, . . . .
Problem 1.2 (Rotation). Multiplication by i is geometrically a counterclockwise
rotation through /2 (90

). Verify this by graphing z and iz and the angle of

rotation for:
(a) z = 2 + 2i; (b) z = 1 5i; (c) z = 4 3i.
Problem 1.3. Verify that
x
1
+ iy
1
x
2
+ iy
2
=
x
1
x
2
+ y
1
y
2
x
2
2
+ y
2
2
+ i
x
2
y
1
x
1
y
2
x
2
2
+ y
2
2
.
Problem 1.4. If the product of two complex numbers is zero, show that at least
one factor must be zero.
Problem 1.5. Show that z = x + iy is pure imaginary if and only if z = z.
Problem 1.6. Verify
z
1
+ z
2
= z
1
+ z
2
, z
1
z
2
= z
1
z
2
, z
1
z
2
= z
1
z
2
,
_
z
1
z
2
_
=
z
1
z
2
for z
1
= 24 + 10i and z
2
= 4 + 6i.
Problem 1.7. Let z
1
= 2 + 3i and z
2
= 4 5i. Showing the details of your work,
nd (in the form x + iy):
(a) (5z
1
+ 3z
2
)
2
;
(b) z
1
z
2
;
(c) Re(1/z
2
1
);
(d) Re(z
2
2
) and (Re z
2
)
2
;
(e) z
2
/z
1
;
(f) z
1
/z
2
and (z
1
/z
2
);
(g) (4z
1
z
2
)
2
;
(h) z
1
/z
1
and z
1
/z
1
;
(i) (z
1
+ z
2
)/(z
1
z
2
).
Problem 1.8. Let z = x + iy. Find
(a) Im(z
3
) and (Imz)
3
;
(b) Re(1/z);
(c) Im((1 + i)
8
z
2
);
(d) Re(1/z
2
).
Problem 1.9 (Laws of addition and multiplication). Derive the following laws for
complex numbers from the corresponding laws for real numbers:
(commutative laws) z
1
+ z
2
= z
2
+ z
1
and z
1
z
2
= z
2
z
1
;
2 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
(associative laws) (z
1
+ z
2
) + z
3
= z
1
+ (z
2
+ z
3
) and (z
1
z
2
)z
3
= z
1
(z
2
z
3
);
(distributive law) z
1
(z
2
+ z
3
) = z
1
z
2
+ z
1
z
3
;
0 + z = z + 0 = z, z + (z) = (z) + z = 0, and z 1 = z.
Problem 1.10. Represent the following numbers in polar form and graph in the
complex plane:
(a) 3 3i, (b) 2i and 2i, (c) 5, (d)
1
2
+
1
4
i,
(e)
1 + i
1 i
, (f)
3

2 + 2i

2
2
3
i
, (g)
6 + 5i
3i
, (h)
2 + 2i
5 + 4i
.
Show the details of your work.
Problem 1.11. Determine the principal value of the argument (Arg):
(a) 1 i, (b) 20 + i, (c) 20 i, (d) 4 3i,
(e)
2
, (f) 7 7i, (g) (1 + i)
12
, (h) (9 + 9i)
3
.
Problem 1.12. Represent in the form x + iy and graph it in the complex plane:
(a) cos

2
+ i sin
_

2
_
, (b) 3(cos 0.2 + i sin 0.2), (c) 4
_
cos

3
i sin

3
_
,
(d) cos(1) + i sin(1), (e) 12
_
cos
3
2
+ i sin
3
2
_
.
Problem 1.13. Represent in the form x + iy and graph it in the complex plane:
(a)

i, (b)
8

1, (c)
4

1, (d)
3

3 + 4i, (e)
5

1.
Problem 1.14 (Square root). (a) Show that w =

z has the values

w
1
=

r
_
cos

2
+ i sin

2
_
,
w
2
=

r
_
cos
_

2
+
_
+ i sin
_

2
+
__
= w
1
.
(b) Obtain from (a) the (often more practical) formula

z =
_
_
|z| + x
2
+ i sign y
_
|z| x
2
_
where sign y = 1 if y 0, sign y = 1 if y < 0, and all square roots of positive
numbers are taken with positive sign.
(c) Find the square roots of
4i, 16 30i, 9 + 8

7i
and comment on the work involved.
Problem 1.15. Solve and graph all solutions, showing the details:
(a) z
2
(8 5i)z + 40 20i = 0;
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 3
(b) z
4
+ (5 14i)z
2
(24 + 10i) = 0;
(c) 8z
2
(36 6i)z + 42 11i = 0;
(d) z
4
+ 16 = 0.
In case (d) use the solutions to factor z
4
+ 16 into quadratic factors with real coef-
cients.
Problem 1.16. (a) Prove that Re z | Re z| |z| and Imz | Imz| |z|.
(b) (Parallelogram equality) Prove
|z
1
+ z
2
|
2
+|z
1
z
2
|
2
= 2|z
1
|
2
+ 2|z
2
|
2
.
(c) (Triangle inequality) Prove
|z
1
+ z
2
| |z
1
| +|z
2
|.
(d) Verify the triangle inequality for z
1
= 4 + 7i and z
2
= 5 + 2i.
4 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
2. Functions of complex variable (Problem Sheet 2)
Problem 2.1. Find and sketch or graph the sets in the complex plane give by
(a) |z 3 2i| =
4
3
, (b) 1 |z 1 + 4i| 5, (c) 0 < |z 1| < 1,
(d) < Re z < , (e) Im(z
2
) = 2, (f) Re z > 1,
(g) |z + 1| = |z 1|, (h) | Arg z|

4
, (i) Re z Imz,
(j) Re(1/z) < 1.
Problem 2.2. Find Re f and Imf; also nd their values at the given point z:
(a) f(z) = 3z
2
6z + 3i, z = 2 + i;
(b) f(z) =
z
z 1
, z = 4 5i;
(c) f(z) =
1
1 z
, z =
1
2
+
1
4
i;
(d) f(z) =
1
z
2
, z = 1 + i.
Problem 2.3. Dierentiate
(a) f(z) =
z
2
9
z
2
+ 1
, (b) f(z) = (z
3
+ i)
2
, (c) f(z) =
3z + 4i
1.5iz 2
,
(d) f(z) =
i
(1 z)
2
, (e) f(z) =
z
2
(z + i)
2
.
Problem 2.4. If f(z) is dierentiable at z
0
, show that f(z) is continuous at z
0
.
Problem 2.5. (a) Show that f(z) = Re z = x is not dierentiable at any z.
(b) Show that f(z) = |z|
2
is dierentiable only at any z = 0.
Problem 2.6. Are the following functions analytic:
(a) f(z) = z
4
, (b) f(z) = Im(z
2
),
(c) f(x + iy) = e
2x
(cos y + i sin y), (d) f(z) =
1
1 z
4
,
(e) f(x + iy) = e
x
(cos y i sin y), (f) f(z) = Arg z,
(g) f(z) = Re z + Imz, (h) f(z) = ln |z| + i Arg z,
(i) f(z) =
i
z
8
, (j) f(z) = z
2
+
1
z
2
.
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 5
Problem 2.7. Are the following functions harmonic? If yes, nd a corresponding
analytic function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y):
(a) u = xy, (b) v = xy,
(c) u =
y
x
2
+ y
2
, (d) u = ln
_
x
2
+ y
2
,
(e) v = ln
_
x
2
+ y
2
, (f) u = x
3
3xy
2
,
(g) u =
1
x
2
+ y
2
, (h) v = (x
2
y
2
)
2
,
(i) u = cos x cosh y, (j) u = e
x
sin 2y.
Problem 2.8. Determine a, b, c such that the given functions are harmonic and nd
a harmonic conjugate:
(a) u = e
3x
cos ay, (b) u = sin x cosh cy, (c) u = ax
3
+ by
3
.
Problem 2.9. Show that if u is harmonic and v is a harmonic conjugate of u, then
u is a harmonic conjugate of v.
6 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
3. Elementary functions (Problem Sheet 3)
Problem 3.1. Use the CauchyRiemann equations to show that e
z
is an entire
function.
Problem 3.2. Compute e
z
(in the form u + iv) and |e
z
|, where
(a) z = 3 + i, (b) z = 1 + 2i, (c) z =

2
i
2
,
(d) z =
7i
2
, (e) z = (1 + i), (f) z = 0.8 5i, (g) z =
9i
2
.
Problem 3.3. Find the real and imaginary parts of
(a) e
2z
, (b) e
z
3
, (c) e
z
2
, (d) e
1/z
.
Problem 3.4. Write in polar form:
(a)

i, (b) 1 + i, (c) 3 + 4i, (d) 9.

Problem 3.5. Find all solutions and graph some of them in the complex plane:
(a) e
3z
= 4, (b) e
z
= 2, (c) e
z
= 0, (d) e
z
= 4 3i.
Problem 3.6. Find all z such that
(a) e
z
is real, (b) |e
z
| < 1, (c) e
z
= e
z
.
Problem 3.7. Find (the principal value) Log z when
(a) z = 10, (b) z = 2 + 2i, (c) z = 2 2i,
(d) z = 5 0.1i, (e) z = 3 4i, (f) z = 100,
(g) z = 0.6 + 0.8i, (h) z = ei, (i) z = 1 i.
Problem 3.8. Find all values and graph some of them in the complex plane:
(a) ln 1, (b) ln(1), (c) ln e,
(d) ln(6), (e) ln(4 + 3i), (f) ln(e
i
), (g) ln(e
3i
).
Problem 3.9. Show that the set of values of ln(i
2
) diers from the set of values of
2 ln i.
Problem 3.10. Solve for z:
(a) ln z =
_
2
1
2
i
_
, (b) ln z = 0.3 + 0.7i,
(c) ln z = e i, (d) ln z = 2 +
1
4
i.
Problem 3.11. Showing the details of your work, nd the principal value of
(a) i
2i
and(2i)
i
, (b) 4
3+i
, (c) (1 i)
1+i
, (d) (1 + i)
1i
,
(e) (1)
12i
, (f) i
1/2
, (g) (3 4i)
1/3
.
How can you nd the answer to (c) from the answer to (d)?
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 7
Problem 3.12. Prove that cos z, sin z, cosh z and sinh z are entire functions.
Problem 3.13. Verify by dierentiation that Re cos z and Imsin z are harmonic
functions.
Problem 3.14. Show the following formulae for hyperbolic functions:
(a)
cosh z = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y,
sinh z = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y,
(b)
cosh(z
1
+ z
2
) = cosh z
1
cosh z
2
+ sinh z
1
sinh z
2
,
sinh(z
1
+ z
2
) = sinh z
1
cosh z
2
+ cosh z
1
sinh z
2
,
(c) cosh
2
z sinh
2
z = 1,
(d) cosh
2
z + sinh
2
z = cosh 2z.
Problem 3.15. Compute (in the form u + iv)
(a) cos(1 + i), (b) sin(1 + i), (c) sin 5i and cos 5i,
(d) cos 3i, (e) sinh(4 3i), (f) cosh(4 6i),
(g) cosh(2 + 3i) and cos(3 2i),
(h) i sinh( + 2i) and sin(2 + i),
(i) cosh(2n + 1)i for n = 1, 2, . . . .
Problem 3.16. Show that
Re tan z =
sin x cos x
cos
2
x + sinh
2
y
and Imtan z =
sinh y cosh y
cos
2
x + sinh
2
y
.
Problem 3.17. Find all solutions of the following equations:
(a) cosh z = 0, (b) sin z = 100, (c) cos z = 2i,
(d) cosh z = 1, (e) sinh z = 0.
Problem 3.18. Find all values of z for which (a) cos z, (b) sin z has real values.
Problem 3.19. Using the denitions prove that cos z is even, cos(z) = cos z, and
sin z is odd, sin(z) = sin z.
Problem 3.20. Using the denitions prove that
| sinh y| | cos z| cosh y and | sinh y| | sin z| cosh y.
Conclude that the the complex cosine and sine are not bounded in the whole complex
plane.
Problem 3.21. By denition, the inverse sine w = arcsin z is the relation such
that sin w = z. The inverse cosine w = arccos z is the relation such that cos w = z.
The inverse tangent, inverse cotangent, inverse hyperbolic sine, etc., are dened and
8 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
denoted in a similar fashion. (Note however that all these relations are multivalued.)
Using sin w = (e
iw
e
iw
)/(2i) and similar representations of cos w, etc., show that
(a) arcsin z = i ln(iz +

1 z
2
), (b) arcsinh z = ln(z +

z
2
+ 1),
(c) arccos z = i ln(z +

z
2
1), (d) arccosh z = ln(z +

z
2
1),
(e) arctan z =
i
2
ln
i + z
i z
, (f) arctanh z =
1
2
ln
1 + z
1 z
.
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 9
4. Integrals (Problem Sheet 4)
Problem 4.1. Find and sketch the path and its orientation given by
(a) z(t) = (1 + 3i)t, 1 t 4;
(b) z(t) = 5 2it, 3 t 3;
(c) z(t) = 4 + i + 3e
it
, 0 t 2;
(d) z(t) = 1 + i + e
it
, 0 t 2;
(e) z(t) = e
it
, 0 t ;
(f) z(t) = 3 + 4i + 5e
it
, t 2;
(g) z(t) = 6 cos 2t + 5i sin 2t, 0 t ;
(h) z(t) = 1 + 2t + 8it
2
, 1 t 1;
(i) z(t) = t +
1
2
it
3
, 1 t 2.
Problem 4.2. Sketch and represent parametrically:
(a) segment from 1 + i to 4 2i;
(b) unit circle (clockwise);
(c) segment from a + bi to c + di;
(d) hyperbola xy = 1 from 1 + i to 4 +
1
4
i;
(e) semi-ellipse x
2
/a
2
+ y
2
/b
2
= 1, y 0;
(f) parabola y = 4 4x
2
, 1 x 1;
(g) |z 2 + 3i| = 4 (counterclockwise);
(h) |z + a + bi| = r (clockwise);
(i) ellipse 4(x 1)
2
+ 9(y + 2)
2
= 36.
Problem 4.3. Integrate using Corollary from Theorem 4.4 (Section 4.6 of the lec-
ture notes) or state why it does not apply and then use the basic method outlined
in Section 4.2. Show the details of your work:
(a)
_
C
Re z dz, C the shortest path from 0 to 1 + i;
(b)
_
C
Re z dz, C the parabola y = x
2
from 0 to 1 + i;
(c)
_
C
e
2z
dz, C the shortest path from i to 2i;
(d)
_
C
sin z dz, C any path from 0 to 2i;
(e)
_
C
cos
2
z dz from i along |z| = to i in the right half-plane;
10 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
(f)
_
C
(z + z
1
) dz, C the unit circle (counterclockwise);
(g)
_
C
cosh 4z dz, C any path from i/8 to i/8;
(h)
_
C
z dz, C from 1 + i along the parabola y = x
2
to 1 + i;
(i)
_
C
1
cos
2
z
dz, C any path from /4 to i/4;
(j)
_
C
Imz
2
dz counterclockwise around the triangle with vertices 0, 1, i;
(k)
_
C
ze
z
2
/2
dz, C from i along the axes to 1.
Problem 4.4. Verify Proposition 4.1,
_
C
f(z) dz =
_
C
f(z) dz,
for f(z) = z
2
and C the segment from 1 i to 1 + i.
Problem 4.5. Integrate f(z) counterclockwise around the unit circle, indicating
whether Cauchys theorem (Theorem 4.1) applies:
(a) f(z) = Re z, (b) f(z) =
1
3z i
, (c) f(z) = e
z
2
/2
,
(d) f(z) = 1/z, (e) f(z) = tan z
2
, (f) f(z) =
1
cos(z/2)
,
(g) f(z) =
1
z
8
1.2
, (h) f(z) =
1
4z 3
, (i) f(z) =
1
2|z|
3
,
(h) f(z) = z
2
, (h) f(z) = z
2
cot z.
Problem 4.6. Verify Cauchys theorem (Theorem 4.1 of the lecture notes) for the
integral of z
2
over the boundary of the square with vertices 1 + i, 1 + i, 1 i,
and 1 i (counterclockwise).
Problem 4.7. For what contours C will it follow from Cauchys theorem (Theo-
rem 4.1) that
(a)
_
C
dz
z
= 0, (b)
_
C
cos z
z
6
z
2
dz = 0, (c)
_
C
e
1/z
z
2
+ 9
dz = 0 ?
Problem 4.8. Evaluate (showing the details and using partial fractions if neces-
sary):
(a)
_
C
dz
2z i
, C the circle |z| = 3 (counterclockwise);
(b)
_
C
tanh z dz, C the circle

z
1
4
i

=
1
2
(clockwise);
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 11
(c)
_
C
e
2z
4z
dz, C consists of |z| = 2 (clockwise) and |z| =
1
2
(counterclockwise);
(d)
_
C
cos z
z
dz, C consists of |z| = 1 (counterclockwise) and |z| = 3
(clockwise);
(e)
_
C
Log(2 + z) dz, C the boundary of the square with vertices 1, i
(counterclockwise);
(f)
_
C
dz
z
2
+ 1
, C the circle |z| =
1
2
(counterclockwise);
(g)
_
C
dz
z
2
+ 1
, C the circle |z i| =
3
2
(counterclockwise);
(h)
_
C
dz
z
2
+ 1
, C the circle |z + i| = 1 (counterclockwise);
(i)
_
C
dz
z
2
+ 1
, C the circle |z i| = 1 (counterclockwise);
(j)
_
C
sin z
z + 2i
dz, C the circle |z 4 2i| = 5.5 (clockwise);
(k)
_
C
tan(z/2)
z
4
16
dz, C the boundary of the square with vertices 1, i
(clockwise).
Problem 4.9. Integrate
z
2
4
z
2
+ 4
counterclockwise around the circle
(a) |z i| = 2, (b) |z 1| = 2, (c) |z + 3i| = 2, (d) |z| =

2
.
Problem 4.10. Using Cauchys integral formula (Theorem 4.5 of the lecture notes)
and showing the details, integrate counterclockwise (or as indicated):
(a)
_
C
z + 2
z 2
dz, C : |z 1| = 2;
(b)
_
C
e
3z
3z i
dz, C : |z| = 1;
(c)
_
C
sinh z
z
2
3z
dz, C : |z| = 1;
(d)
_
C
dz
z
2
1
, C : |z 1| =

2
;
(e)
_
C
dz
z
2
1
, C : |z + 1| = 1;
12 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
(f)
_
C
e
z
z 2i
dz, C : |z 2i| = 4;
(g)
_
C
cos z
2z
dz, C : |z| =
1
2
;
(h)
_
C
tan z
z i
dz, C the boundary of the triangle with vertices 0 and 1 + 2i;
(i)
_
C
e
3z
2z + i
dz, C the boundary of the square with vertices 1, i;
(j)
_
C
Log(z + 1)
z
2
+ 1
dz, C consists of |z 2i| = 2 (counterclockwise) and |z 2i| =
1
2
(clockwise);
(k)
_
C
Log(z 1)
z 5
dz, C : |z 4| = 2;
(l)
_
C
sin z
z
2
2iz
dz, C consists of |z| = 3 (counterclockwise) and |z| = 1
(clockwise);
(m)
_
C
cosh
2
z
(z 1 i)z
2
dz, C consists of |z| = 3 (counterclockwise) and |z| = 1
(clockwise).
Problem 4.11. Show that
_
C
(z z
1
)
1
(z z
2
)
1
dz = 0
for a simple closed contour C enclosing z
1
and z
2
, where z
1
= z
2
.
Problem 4.12. Using Theorem 4.6 and showing the details of your work, integrate
counterclockwise around the circle |z| = 2 (in what follows, n is a positive integer,
a is arbitrary):
(a)
cosh 3z
z
5
, (b)
sin z
(z i/2)
4
, (c)
e
z
cos z
(z /2)
2
, (d)
cos z
z
2n+1
,
(e)
sinh az
z
4
, (f)
Log(z + 3) + cos z
(z + 1)
2
, (g)
z
n
(z a)
n+1
, (h)
e
z
(z a)
n
.
Problem 4.13. Using Theorem 4.6 and showing the details, integrate around C:
(a)
(1 + 2z) cos z
(2z 1)
2
, C the unit circle (counterclockwise);
(b)
sin 4z
(z 4)
3
, C consists of |z| = 5 (counterclockwise) and |z 3| =
3
2
(clockwise);
(c)
tan z
z
2
, C the ellipse 16x
2
+ y
2
= 1 (counterclockwise);
(d)
e
2z
z(z 2i)
2
, C consists of |z i| = 3 (counterclockwise) and |z| = 1 (clockwise);
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 13
(e)
e
z/2
(z a)
4
, C the circle |z 2 i| = 3 (counterclockwise).
Problem 4.14 (Growth of entire functions). (a) If f(z) is not a constant and is
analytic for all z C, and R and M are any positive real numbers (no matter how
large), show that there exist values of z for which |z| > R and |f(z)| > M.
(b) If f(z) is a polynomial of degree n 1 and M is an arbitrary positive real
number (no matter how large), show that there exists a positive real number R such
that |f(z)| > M for all |z| > R.
(c) Show that f(z) = e
z
has the property characterised in (a) but does not have
that characterised in (b).
(d) Prove the fundamental theorem of algebra (Theorem 4.8 of the lecture notes)
using (a).
14 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
5. Series (Problem Sheet 5)
Problem 5.1. Are the following series convergent or divergent? Give a reason:
(a)

n=0
(10 15i)
n
n!
, (b)

n=0
(1)
n
(1 + 2i)
2n+1
(2n + 1!
, (c)

n=0
i
n
n
2
2i
,
(d)

n=1
1

n
, (e)

n=2
1
ln n
, (f)

n=1
i
n
n
,
(g)

n=0
(n!)
3
(3n)!
(1 + i)
n
, (h)

n=0
n i
3n + 2i
, (i)

n=1
n
2
_
i
3
_
n
.
Problem 5.2. Show that if a series converges absolutely, it is convergent.
Problem 5.3. (a) Let

z
n+1
z
n

q < 1,
so that the series z
1
+ z
2
+ z
3
+ converges by the ratio test. Show that the
remainder R
n
= z
n+1
+ z
n+2
+ satises the inequality
|R
n
|
|z
n
|
1 q
.
(b) Using (a), nd how many terms suce for computing the sum S of the series

n=1
n + i
2
n
n
with an error exceeding 0.05, and compute S to this accuracy.
Problem 5.4. Consider the power series

n=0
a
n
(z z
0
)
n
.
Its radius of convergence R is dened as the minimal nonnegative number such that
the series converges for z inside the circle |z z
0
| = R and diverges outside this
circle (the existence of such R is guaranteed by the results in Section 5.3 of lecture
notes).
(a) (CauchyHadamard formula) Show that if the (real) limit
L
1
= lim
n

a
n+1
a
n

exists, then R = 1/L

1
. (If |a
n+1
/a
n
| , then R = 0 the series converges only
at the centre z
0
.)
(b) (Cauchy radical formula) Show that R = 1/L
2
where
L
2
= limsup
n
|a
n
|
1/n
.
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 15
(Although application of this formula is usually more cumbersome compared to the
CauchyHadamard formula, it always works, because the greatest limit point exists
for any real sequence.)
Problem 5.5. Show that if

n
a
n
z
n
has nite radius of convergence R, then

n
a
n
z
2n
has radius of convergence

R. Give examples.
Problem 5.6. Find the centre and the radius of convergence of the following power
series. Show the details:
(a)

n=1
(z + i)
n
n
2
, (b)

n=0
2
100n
n!
z
n
, (c)

n=1
n!
n
n
(z + 1)
n
,
(d)

n=1
n
n
n!
(z + 2i)
n
, (e)

n=0
_
a
b
_
n
z
n
, (f)

n=0
(1)
n
2
2n
(n!)
2
z
2n
,
(g)

n=0
(n i)
n
z
n
, (h)

n=0
(2z)
2n
(2n)!
, (i)

n=1
(1)
n+1
n
z
n
,
(j)

n=0
4
n
(1 + i)
n
(z 5)
n
, (k)

n=0
(1)
n
(2n)!
z
2n
, (l)

n=0
2
n
(z i)
4n
,
(m)

n=0
_
2 + 3i
5 i
_
n
(z )
n
, (n)

n=0
n
4
2
n
z
2n
, (o)

n=0
(4n)!
2
n
(n!)
4
(z + i)
n
,
(p)

n=2
n(n 1)(z 3 + 2i)
n
.
Problem 5.7. Does there exist a power series in powers of z that converges at
z = 30 + 10i and diverges at z = 31 6i? Give reason.
Problem 5.8. Find the radius of convergence in two ways: (a) directly by the
CauchyHadamard formula in Problem 5.4, and (b) from a series of simpler terms
obtained by dierentiating or integrating the power series (Section 5.4 of lecture
notes):
(a)

n=2
n(n + 1)
3
n
(z 2i)
n
, (b)

n=1
4
n
n(n + 1)
z
n
,
(c)

n=1
n
2
n
(z + i)
2n
, (d)

n=0
(1)
n
2n + 1
_
z

_
2n+1
,
(e)

n=1
3
n
n(n + 1)
5
n
(z 1)
2n
, (f)

n=k
_
n
k
__
z
4
_
n
,
(g)

n=1
(7)
n
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
z
2n
, (h)

n=1
2n(2n 1)
n
n
z
2n2
,
16 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
(i)

n=0
_
n + k
n
_
1
z
n+k
, (j)

n=0
_
n + m
m
_
z
n
.
Problem 5.9. Show that
1
(1 z)
2
=

n=0
(n + 1)z
n
(a) by using multiplication of power series (Section 5.5), and (b) by dierentiating
a suitable series.
Problem 5.10. Show that multiplication of the power series

n=0
z
n
n!
by itself gives

n=0
2
n
z
n
n!
Problem 5.11. Using
(1 + z)
p
(1 + z)
q
= (1 + z)
p+q
,
obtain
r

n=0
_
p
n
__
q
r n
_
=
_
p + q
r
_
.
Problem 5.12. Let an analytic function f(z) is represented by its Taylor series

n=0
a
n
z
n
in a neighbourhood of the origin.
(a) Show that if f(z) is odd (that is, f(z) = f(z)), then a
n
= 0 for even n.
(b) Show that if f(z) is even (that is, f(z) = f(z)), then a
n
= 0 for odd n.
Give examples.
Problem 5.13. Find the Taylor series of the given function with the given point
as centre and determine the radius of convergence:
(a) e
2z
, 0, (b)
1
1 z
3
, 0, (c) e
z
, 2i,
(d) cos
2
z, 0, (e) sin z,
1
2
, (f)
1
z
, 1,
(g)
1
1 z
, i, (h) Log(1 z), i, (i) e
z
2
/2
, 0,
(j) e
z
2
_
z
0
e
t
2
dt, 0, (k) z
6
z
4
+ z
2
1, 1, (l) sinh(z 2i), 2i.
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 17
Problem 5.14. Find the Taylor expansion with centre at the origin by termwise
integrating the integrand:
(a) erf z =
2

_
z
0
e
w
2
dw, (b) Si(z) =
_
z
0
sin w
w
dw,
(c) S(z) =
_
z
0
sin w
2
dw, (d) C(z) =
_
z
0
cos w
2
dw.
The integrals cannot be evaluated by the usual methods of calculus. They dene the
error function erf z, sine integral Si(z), and Fresnel integrals S(z) and C(z), which
occur in statistics, heat condution, optics, and other applications. These are special
so-called higher transcendental functions.
Problem 5.15. Developing
1

1 z
2
and integrating, show that
arcsin z = z +
_
1
2
_
z
3
3
+
_
1 3
2 4
_
z
5
5
+
_
1 3 5
2 4 6
_
z
7
7
+
for |z| < 1; the series represents the principal value of arcsin z.
Problem 5.16. Using the relation
sin z = tan z cos z
and the Taylor series of sin z and cos z at z = 0, nd the rst four nonzero terms of
the Taylor series of tan z.
Problem 5.17. Expand the given function in a Laurent series that converges for
r < |z| < R and determine the precise region of convergence:
(a)
1
z
4
z
5
, (b) z cos
1
z
, (c)
e
z
z
3
,
(d)
cosh 2z
z
2
, (e) z
3
e
1/z
2
, (f)
e
z
z
2
z
3
.
Problem 5.18. Expand the given function in a Laurent series that converges for
r < |z z
0
| < R and determine the precise region of convergence:
(a)
e
z
z 1
, z
0
= 1, (b)
sin z
(z
1
4
)
3
, z
0
=
1
4
,
(c)
1
z
2
+ 1
, z
0
= i, (d)
cos z
(z )
4
, z
0
= ,
(e)
1
(z + i)
2
(z + i)
, z
0
= i, (f)
z
3
(z + i)
2
, z
0
= i,
(g)
z
2
4
z 1
, z
0
= 1, (h) z
2
sinh
1
z
, z
0
= 0.
18 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
Problem 5.19. Find all Taylor and Laurent series with centre z = z
0
and determine
the precise region of convergence:
(a)
1
1 z
3
, z
0
= 0, (b)
1
1 z
2
, z
0
= 1, (c)
z
2
1 z
4
, z
0
= 0,
(d)
1
z
, z
0
= 1, (e)
z
3
2iz
2
(z i)
2
, z
0
= i, (f)
sinh z
(z 1)
4
, z
0
= 1,
(g)
4z 1
z
4
1
, z
0
= 0, (h)
1
z
2
, z
0
= i, (i)
sin z
z +
1
2

, z
0
=
1
2
.
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 19
6. Calculus of residues (Problem Sheet 6)
Problem 6.1. Determine the location and kind of the singularities of the following
functions in the nite plane and at innity. In the case of poles also state the order:
(a) tan
2
z, (b) z +
2
z

3
z
2
,
(c) cot z
2
, (d) z
3
e
1/(z1)
,
(e) cos z sin z, (f)
1
cos z sin z
,
(g)
sin 3z
(z
4
1)
4
, (h)
4
z 1
+
2
(z 1)
2

8
(z 1)
3
,
(i) cosh
1
z
2
+ 1
, (j)
e
1/(z1)
e
z
1
.
Problem 6.2. Determine the location and order of the zeros:
(a) (z + 16i)
4
, (b) (z
4
16)
4
,
(c) z
3
sin
3
z, (d) cosh
2
z,
(e) (3z
2
+ 1)e
z
, (f) (z
2
1)
2
(e
z
2
1),
(g) (z
2
+ 4)(e
z
1)
2
, (h) (sin z 1)
3
,
(i) (1 cos z)
2
, (j) e
z
e
2z
.
Problem 6.3. If f(z) is analytic and has a zero of order n at z = z
0
show that
f
2
(z) has a zero of order 2n at the point.
Problem 6.4. If f
1
(z) and f
2
(z) are analytic in a domain D and equal at a sequence
of points z
n
D that converges in D, show that f
1
(z) and f
2
(z) coincide in D.
Problem 6.5. Find all the singularities and the corresponding residues. Show the
details of your work:
(a)
1
4 + z
2
, (b)
cos z
z
6
, (c)
sin z
z
6
, (d)
z
2
+ 1
z
2
z
,
(e) cot z, (f) sec z, (g)
1
(z
2
1)
2
, (h)
1/3
z
4
1
,
(i) tan z, (j)
z
2
z
4
1
.
Problem 6.6. Evaluate (counterclockwise):
(a)
_
C
sin z
z
4
dz, C : |z i| = 2;
(b)
_
C
e
1/z
dz, C : |z| = 1;
(c)
_
C
dz
sinh
1
2
z
, C : |z 1| = 1.4;
20 MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
(d)
_
C
tan z dz, C : |z| = 1;
(e)
_
C
tan z dz, C : |z| = 2;
(f)
_
C
e
z
cos z
dz, C : |z| = 4.5;
(g)
_
C
coth z dz, C : |z| = 1;
(h)
_
C
e
z
cos z
dz, C : |z i| = 1.5;
(i)
_
C
cosh z
z
2
3iz
dz, C : |z| = 1;
(j)
_
C
tan z
z
3
dz, C :

z +
1
2
i

= 1;
(k)
_
C
1 4z + 6z
2
(z
2
+
1
4
)(2 z)
dz, C : |z| = 1;
(l)
_
C
30z
2
23z + 5
(2z 1)
2
(3z 1)
dz, C : |z| = 1.
Problem 6.7. Evaluate the following integrals involving sine and cosine:
(a)
_
2
0
dt
7 + 6 cos t
, (b)
_

0
dt
2 + cos t
,
(c)
_
2
0
dt
37 12 cos t
, (d)
_
2
0
dt
8 2 sin t
,
(e)
_
2
0
dt
5 4 sin t
, (f)
_
2
0
sin
2
t
5 4 cos t
dt,
(g)
_
2
0
cos t
13 12 cos 2t
dt, (h)
_
2
0
1 + 4 cos t
17 8 cos t
dt.
Problem 6.8. Evaluate the following improper integrals:
(a)
_

dx
x
2
+ 1
, (b)
_

x
x
4
+ 1
dx,
(c)
_

dx
x
6
+ 1
, (d)
_

dx
(x
2
2x + 5)
2
,
(e)
_

dx
(x
2
+ 4)
2
, (f)
_

dx
x
4
+ 16
,
(g)
_

x
3
1 + x
8
dx, (h)
_

dx
(x
2
+ 1)(x
2
+ 9)
,
(i)
_

x
(x
2
2x + 2)
2
dx, (j)
_

x
2
+ 1
x
4
+ 1
dx,
MATH2420 / 3242: COMPLEX ANALYSIS PROBLEMS 21
(k)
_

sin x
x
4
+ 1
dx, (l)
_

cos x
x
4
+ 1
dx,
(m)
_

sin 3x
x
4
+ 1
dx, (n)
_

cos 4x
x
4
+ 5x
2
+ 4
dx.
Problem 6.9. Find the Cauchy principal value:
(a)
_

x + 2
x
3
+ x
dx, (b)
_

x
2
x
4
1
dx, (c)
_

x + 5
x
3
x
dx,
(d)
_

dx
x
4
+ 3x
2
4
, (e)
_

dx
x
4
1
.
Problem 6.10. Integrating e
z
2
along the boundary C of the rectangle with vertices
a, a, a + ib, a + ib, letting a , and using
_

0
e
x
2
dx =

2
,
show that
_

0
e
x
2
cos 2bx dx =

2
e
b
2
.