TRAINING REPORT

COMPANY:-PSPCL(PUNJAB STATE
CORPORATION LIMITED)

POWER

PLACE:MUKERIAN POWER PLANT 1

BY VIKAS KUMAR Reg No.:11004534 Lovely professional university Phagwara,Punjab

INDEX:1)ABOUT MUKERIAN HYDEL POWER PROJECT:2)CAPACITY ,LOCATION & SALIENT FEATURES 3)HYDEL POWER PLANT 4)HISTORY OF HYDROPOWER PLANT 5)TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS 6)SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 7)LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 8)LIST OF MAJOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN INDIA. 9)ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER

ABOUT MUKERIAN HYDEL POWER PROJECT:MUKERIAN HYDEL PROJECT,

Mukerian Hydel Project is one of the main Hydro Electric Projects in the Northern Region situated in the Hoshiarpur District of Punjab. The Mukerian Hydel Project is run of the river project, constructed at Mukerian Hydel Channel emanating from Shah-Nehar Barrage constructed down stream of Pong Dam on River Beas . The Barrage has 52 gates and a small artificial lake of holding capacity 3404 acres feet to feed the Mukerian Hydel Channel. Mukerian Hydel Channel is 37 Km .long and lined with Cement Concrete and having maximum water carrying capacity of 11500 cusecs. The Mukerian Hydel Project comprises of 4 No. Power Houses. Power House No. 1 & 2 have 6 Nos (3 at each Power House). Machines of 15 MW capacity each whereas Power House No.III & IV have 6 No. (3 at each Power House) machines of 19.5 MW capacity each. The total generating capacity is 207 MW of all the 12 No. Machines

HYDEL POWER PLANT CAPACITY AND LOCATION:Description Capacity R.D. Location PH-I 45MW 6365Mtrs. Talwara PH-2 45MW 16004 Mtrs. Hazipur PH-3 58.5MW PH-4 58.5MW

18879 Mtrs. 27404Mtrs Ralli Uchi-Bassi

SALIENT FEATURES OF MUKERIAN HYDEL POWER PROJECT ARE AS UNDER:Sr. No. Description of the generating units 1 Rating of each units 2 No. of Units at each PH. 3 Manufacturer 4 Turbine Output 5 Max.Net Head. 6 Min.Net Head 7 Rated Net Head 8 Discharge required per M/c for max. generation. 9 Type of Turbine 10 No. of blades. 11 Dia. of runner 12 Generator voltage 13 Type of generator 14 15 Normal speed Direction of rotation PH No.1&2 15 MW 3 No. BHEL Bhopal 21000HP 17.5 Mrs. 16.5 Mtrs. 16.8 Mtrs. 3708 cusec KAPLAN 6 3962mm 11000 Volts Vertical, salient pole Umbrella type. 150 RPM Clockwise PH No.3&4 19.5 MW 3 No. BHEL Haridwar. 27300HP 22.5Mtrs. 21.95Mtrs. 21.95 Mtrs. 3701 cusec. KAPLAN 6 3650mm 11000 Volts. Vertical salient pole Umbrella type. 166.7 RPM. Clockwise

HYDEL POWER PLANT:-

Hydro means "water". So, hydropower is "water power" and hydroelectric power is electricity generated using water power. Potential energy (or the "stored" energy in a reservoir) becomes kinetic (or moving energy). This is changed to mechanical energy in a power plant, which is then turned into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power is a renewable resource. In an impoundment facility , water is stored behind a dam in a reservoir. In the dam is a water intake. This is a narrow opening to a tunnel called a penstock. Water

pressure (from the weight of the water and gravity) forces the water through the penstock and onto the blades of a turbine. A turbine is similar to the blades of a child's pinwheel. But instead of breath making the pinwheel turn, the moving water pushes the blades and turns the turbine. The turbine spins because of the force of the water. The turbine is connected to an electrical generator inside the powerhouse. The generator produces electricity that travels over long-distance power lines to homes and businesses. The entire process is called hydroelectricity.

HISTORY OF HYDROPOWER
Humans have been harnessing water to perform work for thousands of years. The Greeks used water wheels for grinding wheat into flour more than 2,000 years ago. Besides grinding flour, the power of the water was used to saw wood and power textile mills and manufacturing plants.

For more than a century, the technology for using falling water to create hydroelectricity has existed. The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military engineer, Bernard Forest de Blidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique. In this four volume work, he described using a vertical-axis versus a horizontalaxis machine.

During the 1700s and 1800s, water turbine development continued. In 1880, a brush arc light dynamo driven by a water turbine was used to provide theatre and storefront lighting in Grand Rapids, Michigan; and in 1881, a brush dynamo connected to a turbine in a flour mill provided street lighting at Niagara Falls, New York. These two projects used direct-current technology.

Alternating current is used today. That breakthrough came when the electric generator was coupled to the turbine, which resulted in the world's, and the United States', first hydroelectric plant located in Appleton, Wisconsin, in 1882.

TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS

There are three types of hydropower facilities: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Some hydropower plants use dams and some do not. The images below show both types of hydropower plants. Many dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was added later. In the United States, there are about 80,000 dams of which only 2,400 produce power. The other dams are for recreation, stock/farm ponds, flood control, water supply, and irrigation. Hydropower plants range in size from small systems for a home or village to large projects producing electricity for utilities.

IMPOUNDMENT

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level.

DIVERSION

A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam.

PUMPED STORAGE
When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity. Pumped storage hydro-electricity works on a very simple principle.Two reservoirs at different altitudes are required. When the water is released, from the upper reservoir, energy is created by the downflow which is directed through high-pressure shafts, linked to turbines. In turn, the turbines power the generators to create electricity.Water is pumped back to the upper reservoir by linking a pump shaft to the turbine shaft, using a motor to drive the pump. The pump motors are powered by electricity from the National Grid - the process usually takes place overnight when national electricity demand is at its lowestA dynamic response Dinorwig's six generating units can achieve maximum output, from zero, within 16 seconds.Pump storage generation offers a critical back-up facility during periods of excessive demand on the national grid system.

SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.

Large hydropower
Although definitions vary, the U.S. Department of Energy defines large hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30 megawatts.

Small hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of 100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.

Microhydropower
A microhydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or microhydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or village.

TURBINES INSTALLATION

LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into electrical energy. Such plants are suitable were water with suitable head are available. The layout covered in this article is just a simple one and only cover the important parts of hydroelectric plant.The different parts of a hydroelectric power plant are

(1) Dam

Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir.The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is called head race.

(2) Spillway

A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible.

(3) Penstock and Tunnel

Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems.Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain.

(4) Surge Tank

Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the water requirements increase, it supplies the collected water thereby regulating water flow and pressure inside the penstock.

(5)TURBINE
The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. Power is recovered from both the hydrostatic head and from the kinetic energy of the flowing water. The design combines features of radial and axial turbines. The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin. The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and recover kinetic energy.

(6) Power Station

Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The water brought to the power station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational torque is transfered to the generator and is converted into electricity. The used water is released through the tail race. The difference between head race and tail race is called gross head and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head available to the turbine for generation of electricity.

THIS IS A LIST OF MAJOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN INDIA.

STATIOM Srisailam Dam Nagarjunasagar Sardar Sarovar Baspa-II Nathpa Jhakri Bhakra Dam Dehar Baira Suil Chamera-I Chamera-II Pong Uri Hydroelectric Dam Dulhasti Salal COMMUNITY Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Punjab Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir OPERATOR APGenco APGenco SSNNL JHPL SJVNL BBMB BBMB NHPC NHPC NHPC BBMB NHPC GENERATOR UNITS 6 150, 7 110 1 X 110, 7 X 100.8, 5 X 30 6X200, 5X140 3 X 100 6 X 250 5 X 108, 5 X 157 6 X 165 3 X 60 3 X 180 3 X 100 6 x 66 4 X 120 CAPACITY (MW) 1,670 965 1,450 300 1,500 1,325 990 180 540 300 396 480

NHPC NHPC

3 X 130 6 X 115

390 690

Sharavathi Kalinadi

Karnataka Karnataka

KPCL KPCL

10 X 103.5, 2X27.5, 4 X 60 2X50, 2x135, 4X150, 3X50, 3X40

1,469 1,225

Linganamakki Dam Idukki Bansagar Dam Bargi Dam Madikheda Dam

Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh KSEB 6 X 130

55 780 425 105 60

Omkareshwar Indira Sagar Loktak Khuga Dam Koyna Mulshi Dam Jayakwadi Dam Rangeet Teesta-V Tanakpur Dhauliganga-I Loharinag

Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Manipur Manipur Maharashtra Maharashtra Maharashtra Sikkim Sikkim Uttarakhand Uttarakhand

NHPC NHPC NHPC MahaGenco

8 X 65 8 X 125 3 X 35 18 X 106.67

520 1,000 105 1,920 150 12 60 510 120 280 600

NHPC NHPC NHPC NHPC 40

3 X 20 3 X 170 3X 4X 70 4X 150

Uttarakhand NTPC

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER

Hydropower offers advantages over other energy sources but faces unique environmental challenges.

ADVANTAGES
Hydropower is a fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. Hydropower is a domestic source of energy. Hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, thus it's a renewable power source. Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand. Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity.

Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations are required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these opportunities. Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.

DISADVANTAGES
Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Downstream fish passage is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.

Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian (riverbank) habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques, which oxygenate the water. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats.

Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is not available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity.

New hydropower facilities impact the local environment and may compete with other uses for the land. Those alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation. Humans, flora, and fauna may lose their natural habitat. Local cultures and historical sites may be impinged upon. Some older hydropower facilities may have historic value, so renovations of these facilities must also be sensitive to such preservation concerns and to impacts on plant and animal life.