EXP 18 AIM : To investigate the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis PROBLEM STATEMENT : How does light

intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis? HYPOTHESIS : The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of photosynthesis VARIABLES MV : Distance of Hydrilla sp. from light source RV : Number of gas bubbles released in one minutes CV : Temperature of water MATERIALS & APPARATUS : a few stands of Hydrilla sp, 0.2% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, distilled water, plasticine, a light source, a 60W bulb, a 500ml beaker, a test tube, a glass funnel, a stopwatch, a razor, a thermometer and a metre ruler. PROCEDURE : 1. The temperature of water in the beaker is maintained at 28C. 2. A few strands of Hydrilla sp. are chosen. 3. A clean oblique cut is made with a sharp razor near the tower end of the Hydrilla sp. stem under water. 4. The aquatic plant is placed with the bubbling end upwards, inside a glass filter funnel. The funnel is placed upside down in a beaker that contains 0.2% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The sodium hydrogen carbonate solution supplies carbon dioxide to the Hydrilla sp. 5. The apparatus is placed at a distance of 50 cm from the light source. 6. After the plant released bubbles at a constant rate, the number of gas bubbles released in one minutes is counted. This step is repeated twice. 7. Step 6 is repeated by placing the apparatus at different distances, that is at 40 cm, 30 cm, 20 cm and 10 cm from light source to obtain differentlight intensities. 8. The number of gas bubbles released in one minutes counted and recorded. 9. Repeat the experiment three times to get the accurate reading.

RESULT AND DATA : Distance from the light source (cm) Number of gas bubbles released in one minutes (min) 10 20 30 40 50

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EXP 19 AIM : To study the affect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. PROBLEM STATEMENT : How does temperature affect on the rate of photosynthesis HYPOTHESIS : The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of photosynthesis VARIABLES MV : The temperature RV : Number of the bubbles released in one minutes CV : Distance of Hydrilla sp. from the light source MATERIAL & APPARATUS : a few strands of Hydrilla sp, 0.2% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, paper, a 500ml of beaker, boiling tube, a metre ruler, a thermometer, 40W bulb and stopwatch. PROCEDURE: 1. A few strands of Hydrilla sp. are chosen and a clean olique cut is made with sharp razor blade near the lower end of the Hydrilla sp stem under the water with the temperature 10C. 2. The plant is placed 5cm distance from the Hydrilla sp. from the light source. 3. The aquatic plant is placed withnthe bubbling end upwards, inside a glass filter funnel. 4. The funnel is placed upside down in a beaker that contains supplies carbon dioxide to Hydrilla sp. 5. After the bubbles is released at a constant rate, the number of bubbles released in one minutes is counted. 6. Step 1 to step 4 are repeated using a water temperature of 20C, 30C, 40C and 50C. 7. Count and record the number of bubbles released one minutes 8. Repeat the experiment twice to get the accurate reading.

RESULT AND DATA : Temperature (`C) 10 20 30 40 50

Number of bubbles released in one minutes (min)

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EXP 20 AIM : To investigate the effects of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis PROBLEM STATEMENT : How does the carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of the photosynthesis? HYPOTHESIS : The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide, the higher the rate of photosynthesis. VARIABLES MV : Concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate RV : Number of bubbles released in one minutes CV : Distance of Hydrilla sp. from the light source MATERIAL& APPPARATUS : a few stands of Hydrilla sp, ( 0.00%, 0.04%,0.08%,0.12%,0.16% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, distilled water, plasticine, a light source, a 60W bulb, a 500ml beaker, a test tube,a stopwatch, a razor, a thermometer and a metre ruler. PROCEDURE :

1. A few strands of Hydrilla sp. are chosen and a clean olique cut is made with sharp razor blade near the lower end of the Hydrilla sp stem under the water 2. The plant is placed 5cm distance from the Hydrilla sp. from the light source. 3. The aquatic plant is placed withnthe bubbling end upwards, inside a glass filter funnel. The funnel is placed upside down in a beaker that contains 0.00% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution that supplies carbon dioxide to Hydrilla sp. 4. After the bubbles is released at a constant rate, the number of bubbles released in one minutes is counted. 5. Step 1 to step 4 are repeated using a 0.00%,0.04%,0.08%,0.12% and 0.16% of sodium hydrogen carbonate. 6. Count and record the number of bubbles released one minutes 7. Repeat the experiment twice to get the accurate reading. RESULT AND DATA : Concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate (%) Number of bubbles released in one minutes 26 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16

EXP 21 AIM : To study the process of aerobic respiration PROBLEM STATEMENT : How does the process of aerobic respiration occur? HYPOTHESIS : In the present of oxygen, living organism undergoes aerobic respiration to produce carbon dioxides, water and energy. VARIABLES MV : Presence of living organism ( cockroach) RV : Height of the coloured liquid CV : The amount of soda lime MATERIAL & APPARATUS : Water, coloured liquid, cockroach, soda lime, vaseline, boiling tube, 500ml pf beaker, 250ml of beaker, capillary tubes, screw clips, rubber tubings, a ruler and wire gauzes. PROCEDURE:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Two boiling tubes labelled A and B are prepared Both boiling tubes are filled with the equal amounts of soda lime. A wire gauze is placed in the middle of boiling tubes A and B respectively. A cockroach is placed on the wire gauze in boiling tubes A. Boiling tubes B does not contain any living organism. The apparatus is set up and is airtight by sealing the stoppers with vaseline. The screw clips of both boiling tubes are closed. The initial heights of the coloured liquid in both capillary tubes are marked. The apparatus is left aside for one hour. After an hour, the height of the coloured liquid in both capillary tubes are measured and recorded.

RESULT AND DATA :

Boiling tubes

Height of the coloured liquid (cm)

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EXP 22 AIM : To study the effects of vigorous exercise on respiration and the heartbeats rates. PROBLEM STATEMENT : What is the effect of the vigorous exercise on respiration and hearbeats rates? HYPOTHESIS : Vigorous exercise increase breathing and heartbeats rates. VARIABLES MV : Relaxing or vigorous exercises RV : Breathing rates and heartbeats CV : Type and duration of exercise MATERIAL & APPARATUS : a student and a stopwatch PROCEDURES : 1. The experiment is carried out by the students in pairs. One person is asked to sit on a chair and relax for 5 minutes 2. The pulse rate is measured by placing two fingers on the underside of the wrist, directly below the base of the thumb. The number of the heartbeats is counted for 15 secondsn and then multiplied by four to obtain the number of heartbeats per minute. 3. The breathing rate of ecah students in the group is counted by placing the palm on the chest for one minutes and record it. 4. Step 2 and step 3 are repeated three times to obtain the average readings of the heartbeats rate and breathing rate. 5. A students is then asked to jog on the spot for 5 minutes. 6. After 5 minutes, the breathing and heartbeats rates of the student are measured immediately. 7. Step 5 is repeated three times to obtain the average readings of the hearbeat and breathing rates. The result are recorded in a table. RESULT AND DATA :

Breathing rate (per min) Condition 1 Before vigorous exercises (Relaxing) Immediately after viogorous exercises 2 3 Average 1

Hearbeat rate ( per min ) 2 3 Average

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EXP 23 AIM : To study the effects of cigarettes smoke on the lungs PROBLEM STATEMENT : What is the effects of the cigarettes smokes on the lungs ? HYPOTHESIS : Cigarettes smoke causes the cotton wool to changes colour and contains acidic gas. VARIABLES MV : The colour of cotton wool RV : The changes of colour and smell of cotton wool and colour of universal indicator CV : Volume of universal indicator MATERIAL & APPARATUS : A cigarette, cotton wool, universal indicator, U-tube, a boling tube,delivery tube, retort stand and clamp, rubber tubing and thermometer. PROCEDURE: 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Record and observe the initial smell and colour of cotton wool and universal indicator. Record the initial temperature of air in the U-tube. 3. Lighted up the cigarette and switched on the filter pump to draw the air of smoke to wet cotton wool through the universal indicator. 4. Record and observe the changes of smell, colour of cotton wool and universal indicator and also temperature in the U-tube after cigarette end. 5. Record it in the table.

RESULT AND DATA :

Effects Colour and smell of cotton wool Colour of universal indicator Temperature of the air in the U-tube (`C)

Before

After

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