'),,:.

Relative Pronouas, Relative Adverbs and Conjuncrions: Concerning Bulgarian Language*

Ivan G Iliev
(Plovdiv Universiry Bulgaria)

Relative pronouns share common features with both relative adverbs and other conjunctions.

That is why, sometimes, forms, belonging to one of these categories, can perform functions,
characteristic of forms, which belcng to one of the other categories. And the goal of this article
is to describe several transformations of that type.

Conceming Bulgarian language,

a well-known

phenomenon

is the use of the

form

demo 'that' , which is a relative adverb of place, in origin, as relative pronoun 'who' (Mlpuea 1978: 188). In the same way, attention has been paid (C:raeoaa 2006) to the ability of relative

pronominal forms to turn into relative adverbs and conjunctions (rur, lrusxe, 4arexe, nole;xe.),
more often with the meaning 'because', 'that is why', 'since'. For example:
N6

BzAAAue cese Ba

B'tlx rxr

lu! t caMa EtA'hArxo

rsce

'(He) did not believe them because

he himself knew every{hing'John

2.24 Codex Zographensis, Code.r Marianus - here lusxe is an

instrumental rclative pronoun, in origin. In this research, attention will be paid to several more, similar transformations, characterislic

of Bulgarian

language: the shift from relatiye adverbs, different from the adverbs

of

place

(xozamo'when', xarono 'as', omu, ue'because'), and other conjunctions (da) into relative
pronouns (better to say, into relative pseudo-pronouns), and the shift ofthe form xarceomo from
a relative pronoun into a relative adverb

of mannel with the meaning 'as', and further - into

preposition xamo'likelas'.

L Relative Pronouns and Rel5live Adverbs

According to Dogramadzhieva (!,orpavagxueaa 1991: 335), relative pronouns, and relative

words. Although syronymy

between these two types

ofForeign Studies Reasearch Fund of2008.

relati'ue pronouns and relarive adverbs are different car.egories. This can be following examples:

of words is possibre; and forms of the one category can be transformed into the other one,

iu"r""i.ol,* ,i.

la. Ifemup cu xynu KHuzu, p!!!!g ocmasu cnel mosa

ext t4u

'Peter bought books, which he left at home later,;

lb. Ilemtp cu rcvnu rcuuzu, demo/utomo ocmaeu uted moea sxt r4u 'Peter bought books, which he left at home later,; 2a. Ifemup ase KHuzume om.r,tacama, Ha ko.nmo zu 6etae
2b. Ilemt

ocmaeun 'Peter took the books from the table, on which he had left them,;

a3e KHuzume om Macama,

xtdemo zu 6etue ocmaeult

'Peter took the books {iom the table, where he had left them,; 2c. IIemup eze xuuzume (*ommaM), @m.)^b!gmo. zu 6eue ocmaeu 'Peter took the books (*from there), from where he had left them,; 3a. Ilemup cu xynu xuuzu ousu dex, e xofimo ese satuama 'Peter bought books that day, in
3b.

g!ig!

he received his salary,;

Ilemtp xynu

rcuuzu ousu deu, gozamo 63e satuama

'Peter bought books that day, when he received his salary,,; 3c. Ilemt p rcynu rcuuzu (*mozaea), xozamo eze sannama 'Peter bought books (*then), when he received salary,.

In the shown sample

present, as designated

by

pronominal correlative noun (the antecedent) is directly designated: naea ,books,, 'uaca'lable" deu'day'; and' besides it, the rerative pronouns can not have another dropped
correlative antecedent, which is implied.

sentences, which contain conjunctive words, relative pronouns are ra,2a,3a. A reason for this assertion is the fact, that, in them, the

In the exarnples, designated by 2c and 3c, the conjunctiv e word. xozamo'when') is a relative adverb, because it modifies the action,
dropped out, but is implied.

(omrct demo

,from

where,,

is also correlated to another adverb (ommav ,from there,, mozaea ,lhen,), which could

regarding place or time, and

be

(rcudento 'where' . rcozamo 'when') is also a directly correlated to .ttaca , rabre' or den , day, the real antecedents are the dropped adverbs marv ,there, or ,lhen,:

In the examples 2b and 3b, although, at fust sight, the conjunctive word _ relative adverb

mozaea

ocmaau KHuzume Ha rrecsms. Ilem.ap ese KHuzume ommqj. (= om.taaconta) ) Ilemt p ese xuuzume om tracama _ (mau) n demo zu 6etae ocmcteu't,peter took the books from the table ^ (there) where he had left them,; or: 'Peter took the

l.Ilemtp

36

2. Ilemt"p a3e 3atuama ousu deu.

Kynu KHuzu ount deu

Ilemtp cu Kynu KHuzu

a?e

mozsea (=

outt

dex)

ITemzp

- (mozaea) {g!!gg

3atuama'Peter bought books that day - (thcn)

when he received his salary', etc.

From a point of view of the syntactic division of sentences, it could bc said that relative pronouns introduce mostly attributive subordinate cla:uses (l7emt'p K)nu KHtt.u c deux. ,< xoitrttt

$e

3an:tdma

- In tvhich/what

day?), while relative advclbs introducc advcrbial subordinate

r;3e

clauscs

(Ilenrtp Krnu KHLtzLt, ko?qmo

3amama - When?). Somcwhcte bctrveen both

63e

case

are exampieS of the type: IIemap xyntt rcuutu e deun, Ko\smo

3an.:dtna, becausc atld therc.

at first sight. the subordinate clause modifies the noun deri 'da1", and not thc verb ''9rrlt 'bought'

I:lowevcq the dropped correlative antecedents (mozostr 'tl\en', rrarr 'there') are' in fact' thc linking part bctween the pseudo-antecedent de'u 'day'l,vaca 'table', and the conjunctive rvord

(xodeno 'whcre', xozamo 'whcn'). That is why,

in drc cited examples 2b

and

3b.

rr,derro '*'here' and rozamo 'when', are rather relative adverbs' than relat:t pronouns. In the example lb, the conjunctive word i)emo 'that' (which may be rcplaced
possessing gender and number, relative pronoun &?amo

b-"-. thc

'*'hich', or by thc invariable rclative

)

pronoun /4orr1o

,rvhich" is derived from the adverb r.1ero o 'where'. Llor.vever, it (der?o 'that

is rather a rclative pronoun, and not an adverb, becausc it does not have even an imaginary advcrbial antecedent, and is simply an invariable vartant of xoumrt'r'hich', in the same \\,'ay as ulomo'which'.
During the transition from a relative adverb into a lelative pronoun! deno 'lhal' , as well as other relative adverbs, which are trying lo get plonominalised, usually keep somc syntactic
feahrrcs, which distinguish them from othcl primary rela'.ive pronouns. Such a syntactic featule

is the limited combinativencs with prepositions. Wllilc rolirno'who'may freely combine with
the preposition

crc 'with', for cxample. and all other prepositions, with (rt)deno 'that', this

is

possible only in rare cases of thorough pronominalisation (in general, adverbs of place and tirne

combine only with prepositions, designating direction

or starting point: do 'to', Ha 'to"

orr'from'):

Vulti'ttll'ucHowHomy,2lgmyuzpaiHarypomy-literaltranslation:'Thatchildwith is placed at the cnd !!gl! I played . ..' (Croiixos 1961 217 ), and, in most cases, the preposition
of the sentence, supplemented by another demonstrative pronoun:

Ctc .ut'wtwama ... maa &1!9 Klrtllalte -veco gE

machine,
!!3.1g

43149

- literal translation: 'With

the

wc cut the meat with

!l'

(M-'raleuos 1993: 97) - about this. scc in detail Iliev

(tr{:rues 2001).

There is a relative pronoun and in cases, when the nomiual antccedent is dloppcd out, but is

implied: Cneuua.r l\oleKo\, Kozomo mt"pcex'l met (thc man)

Ehg![ I looked for'

TAfl KltsEqIO C3C C9HAoTo c{axA Af6BA

EAAHI.ICKAA MNOIOAOXNAA

CAC

CHAATA I6CTNAIO

nra^acT

- 'WhateYer they chopped wood

they chopped

wood ... ' (Mruenrv 1923: 101); lrctcdoexu Mafi, xsxeomo ?Jteda-tt, udam o6naqu om Eatxaua' xen ca ...', instead of'...4gI see ...' (Htluo:rona 1986: 145);
@ana me6e, xpana Muatue'

'

... whatever I

see

w
go

fie

6es dapu ,ae c'udeM,

Agg

mrce 6es aona da

HapoaHa

c'

udetu

-'...

whatever

I will

"

instead

of

'"

as

I will

go ...' (6r'nrapcxa

noe3l.tt rpo3a

1981: 339).

"
'llke'"

rca (: xaxsamo 6eute ouaz eeqepHu4a e xe6emo' edxa 6e e ce'to Panutla deeo u Panu4a s cenomo) 'Ralitza was !!!9 the eeqepHu4ama edna e ue6emo, ryWg 6eute edua

into a preposition xamo Further, the relati ve adverb xaxmolKaKsomo may tum

fg

Evening Star in the skY';

Ateu xamo xpt e 6ucep (=

xa$w

e aneHa Kpbema'

rywg

e arcu 6uceptm)

'a pearl'

red-[!g blood' tPEE l9s3: 285)'

for example' in Polish: A similar process is observed in other Slavic languages' pates ofyours - are they the same thing A te wasze pierogi, to to samo co ravioli? 'And these
39 the

ravioli is?'(101 Languages ofthe world - Polish)'

III.

Use of Relative

Adver Bs instead of Relative Pronouns

1991: 336), relative adverbs belong to one According to Dogramadzhieva (!orparraagxlena

of the following main tYPes:

a.

of

place: rrp,e(xe), rxp"e(xe)' rzle(xe)

'u'here"

iaMox'

ffiAoix' etc 'to where'

xt'demo, dox'a dem o, uarcud emo' omxt'demo, elc'1,

b. Of time: reraa(xe), nx4,e(xe), rr3,e(xe) 'when', 4,ors4,e(xe) 'to when', orzre'rr(xe) 'from when', etc.

rcozamo, doxozamo, omKozamo, etc.;

c. Of manner: aro(xe), nrco(xe)ce

xaxmo'as', omKanno, etc.,

d. Of quantity: rcarrco(xe) 'as much as', t+,nsua'(xe)

rcotrcomo, doxonrcomo, omKonKomo;

e. Ofcause: 4ane(xe), noxe(xe), rc,rsua(xe), nxp,e(xe) 'since'/'because'

nouecre, saulomo.

Beneath, the abilities pronouns

of these sub-types of relative adverbs to be transposed into relative

will

be shown.

1. Relative Adverbs of Place

was mentioned that the most known transposition of relative adverbial forms into pronominal ones is that one, in which the adverb |Iero 'where' goes into the (semi-)pronoun

It

demo 'who'l'which'.

It must be kept in mind that, in

some cases, demo may be also a relative

adverb, which coincides with the relative pronoun (z)demo only in form: For instance: Omuaav ua xncmomo,

AWme cpequax'I

am going to the place

g@9

I met you'-

when pronominalised, demo could be seen also as dexa. That form is probably a result of contraction of a previous modal relative (z)de xax in a similar way, as Kamo was formed from
xaxmo (more on the modal elements with Bulgarian relative pronouns can be seen
(H.iuren 2008). Examples ofpronominal uses of demo:

in Iliev

...cQemu Teodyp

!4

matuue dnecxa - 'St. Theodore

g@

we selebrate today' (Croxuoe

1972:254);
-.. wudu n' zu m'aa, dem xpanu rct'pn1na

(Xpncror 1956:204);

... arccym ua moa

!4eurca...

(Hnanoo 1973:134);

Koi

e moe uoeerc,

Qg

zo cpemuaa.ue (VrruencxH 1965:. 97)'

2. Relative Adverbs of Time

r'!:, ..: ?r,::l:ii,:r':,t. .,r..!r:!';:l,

out, as a next stage of the development of the.gqjlbt

could be shown: Te ovaxeaxa

yW,

Kozlrlar Ctp6un qe o6neu;

'

Serbia would proclaim war

...'

(Hnqologa

1986:tr:

,,,:-iti,:-:;

antecedent 'rac 'hour' (however, the real correlative

r.'then').

The next step to pronominaljsation of the adverb. ro:

Tu cu aeue

ocnaHufla,
.t ,: ., ,i

,:

,1. lrl:!ii:irfi.;:. it.-:rlt:i::ir:j

osuo6uta, KaKmo CJtsHd npoJtemetaHa,

oclaHura, ootaHulla,

. ,.i, ,lri:ii.lrt rr:;'r,..il Li: t:: . 1;-..;;::;'-r"1:,.; : ..;]itqtii:J' if iJ ,

ry?g cnapu scuuKu 46emt (Pogoncrut Hapo.qHH neorn 1968: 187): 'You madir me sick, as the . ., .,,:i..:",i ,t,:.;. :lt,r rime lgen/gllgb (it) makes the flowers sick'. In this example, at first sight, xoza (hteral kanslation 'when') is correlated lo c.taua'Ame',
and could be perceived as a relative pronoun Kotmo 'which'. Anyway, the real antecedent xoza is *mozaea'then', but the tendency towards pronominalisation can be presumed'

of

In the Damaskin books (see,{evr.rua 1971: 222), interesting examples are observed, when
rcora

(literal translation 'when') amazingly has the same function as.[ero'who', in combination '(we) saw', although, in some of them, interpretation 'when' is possible:

with the verb

BH.^,'IX M

AA B[,r KAXeMh qro

r.l.]LTh

AA AsMATL

n1AEAHHIIHT

fs: Fl, rom ra

BllA'tX Me r,ra.a,Nl ('Lord,

IXgl!! we saw hungry ...'l'Lord, ylr-gn we

xpAx,rurb ,.,

saw you hungry

...') u re NAXfaNrlXMe

Ae rar

who feed everybody clrK0 1'Lord, you -

...'/'...

because you, Lord, feed everybody

...')

.., sirco cfsr

rltl

ra

BHA'IXM xs.a,xl

('Lord, yhglq we saw thirsty'/'...

nonulb cHrKA 4MAra ('Lord,

II9!!

we saw you

thirsty, Lord ...') ra te

everything

NAnoHXM

Ao

rar

you who give water to

..

'/'. . . !Sg-U!-g you give water, Lord . ..') ... re rzt ,vo4,ier'b
Ae

,lrosnLu

rorl ('

a!94!

...'/'... when ...') ra. sl4,'tX'ue nhrNHKA rA re BLBcAoX M AoMA c ...') rzr
xar.rs cnrKoro AA
cH B

('... who ...'/'...

because

(* rocno.l,r) trotl lsu .,. Aosfhrl n cn,r'rst

('.., whom ...'/'...

40

when ...') 'ra

8HA'bX Me BoAHA

rA

AoHAoXM

... Fn, rsr

rcora

('... who ...'/'... when ...')

norAANllJ NA 4cMArrrA a ria, ce no.rlscn

x norfenef.

In this

passage, the meaning

of

rcona.,

which should be 'who(m),, is supported by the

correlative genitive (animate) forms r,ra.4'xE 'hungry,

, xs4x4 ,thirsty', etc. Someone could

object, that, here, the form rcora is not derived from a relative adverb of time. but from the distorted genitive (animate) form of the pronoun

Korcro

'whom,, and this could make the efforts

to show the tendency, of some relative adverbs becoming relative pronouns, senseless. However,

the adverbial origin of xora is obvious from the example, on the same page: x6D trgrA ra
NAXIaNHX

u r]^h TA HAn0HXue ..,

HAH

TA so^NA nor^Ilax M, ...

,Ig, who (originally =,when,)

gave you food./we once gave you food

...'. In this example,

KorA 'when

who,, is conelated to

Nhl'

we'r and, in no case, it is ofgenitive pronominal origin, but ofadverbial temporal origin.

The difficult process of transformation of adverbs of time into relative pronouns is obvious

from their impossibility of being connected to more prepositions. while, although rarely, examples, such as c demo 'yfi that = with whom'(see above), exist with the new relative
pronoun demo, such a phenomenon is not common with adverbs of time, combinations with the prepositions 'since'and when'.

if

we do not count the

'till':

omKozamo'since when' u dorcozamo'tjll

3, Relative Adverbs of Quantity

Relative adverbs of quantity may also hrm into relative pronouns. An example of this is

Lhe

formxonxomo'as much as'/as many as'(from older rc^rrco )

rcorurco),

which may function as

pronotn (fulxeug .xopq.lo doxa, motxoea ndoxa 'So many people ate, as manv people came'), as well as an adverb:
the adverb KonKomo modjfies directly the verb pa1omn 'to work', and is an adverb, althougi,

if

cognate object

is

added (work),

it will hrrl-

pa6oma' as mruch work I work ...'.

"

ri.

Quantiry with relative pronouns, could be expresriid

ii

iseveral

relative form (originally, singular nominative-accusative neut"er pronoun) and a partitive noun in
the plural genitive:
rArlKo HX% Mor;KTa XlHcroca NocAurraaro K0fA6hta AfLtttATlr cA roN64N6Th

'as manv of them ...

they

will be saved'

Codex Supraslensis 401 .4.

Little by little, the noun in the genitive was replaced by a general form:
BAfe KoAnro sor*1e (instead

of sorcpz)

cuM BXBATI^ a4h

lX

c%M

nfocrn^'elll3ly

noblemen

...',

instead of 'AgrrqgIl gjthe noblemen

...'(Mn:rerau 1896: 98).

Since the general pronominal form

of

quantity xotrcomo coincides with the form

of

the

relative adverb Konkomo, it is taken for granted, that relative adverbs of quantity can also be
trabsformed into relative pronouns. Moreover, there must have been some influence from them

on relative pronouns for the imposition of the general form ro,rrrco instead of the declinable
rco,rrqx (masculine plural), rco,rrrczr (feminine plural), rco,rrrca (neuter plural).

From the adverb xonxomo, by way of connection with prepositions, can be formed omKonkomo 'rather than' and doxonxomo 'as far as' ftoth already conjunctions), however, as
relative pronoun, it may have unlimited connecting abilities: .aa xotxomo 'fot as much as', c
xonrcomo

'wilh

as much as', Ha KorKomo, etc,

4. Relative Adverbs of Manner Relative adverbs of mannet can also lose their adverbial semantics and tum into relative
pronouns. A premise for this was the primary homonymy between the relative adverb of manner,

meaning 'as', and the relative nominative neuter singular pronoun, meaning 'whatever'. Both

forms were expressed through .hKo. Further, although these two functions were formally
distinguished, the relative adverb, as a consequence of different syntactic processes, may be

42

sa in rhe function of
tniecedent):

a relative pronoun

(for example, designating the feature of the nominal

4a e'

4arcwr xAro (instead

literal tmnslation:
no crAroMs

'...

of rarcosa) srAH nfzso (Mr:reruv lg96: g0) _ ,... laws what ...,...

laws gg

,;

4AKoHs

rqA(! (instead

of

rca,rcosz)

e' ur,r u nfl. AN' roArlr^ro nocno4crsa ur (op.

cit.:

8l);

aiuaras tsLro s'bue ('... who was ...'/,... as he was ...,) noroa,tLrs H siaLUs Hcaarc^..,.. ri 4aKfH c AA N |AAA XA ,A.srro csMlb,ra M8 x!{fo qrc AA sMf ,. . . death from which it will die'/'... as it will die, (leunna l97l:120); gaiaam rzln ua.,r'rca' qirctlqa H czsHAA Alsra 8^HKA Kcro cr6 cra ri Ao ..a,iru ,. . . and built a church . .. which still exists, (Op. cit.: 133) ,aecuyt mu ymuulla 6bc uduu o:t, Kbm nbce Hb ueup,y ,The fox went to an ox n!!SX/gg/w!!g (it) was grazing ...' (Jt.rnon 1969: 102);
Budeq uno dt peo,

p4

cit.: 102);
Ast

zypu ur,cpeume,He saw a tree which/gg/gh;il9 (it) was buming, (Op.

mtii

tt

cwtamb Haub z6op, rtxmv tavb

mat'In

what there is here' (lr,Lra4exo

those villages there is no festival like

1993:271);

6eute c.bt4o 4lraKasd,cHa u ryHHa Houl, RqKmo (+6eute) ,ttuuanama eeuep 1986: 145) - 'That night was like it was !!@ the previous night,;

Btn

(Huqoloza

Qap'z dywtn dy ina aptma... u Ha spbmamb eud,tn 4semu, xy6t y tannv de zy n,anu ny ceum1,'The king... saw a flower g!g1 (literally: ,g!,) can not be seen elsewhere,(Croikon: l9s0:23).
As is obvious from the ambiguous interpretations, when the verb after the relative adverb of
manner (o1 already, pronoun) is not szrra /ct'-lt 'to be' or u,uatt 'to have, (but cmo,

,to

stand,,

zopt.'ro bum', naca 'to graze'), there is some doubt whether the conju.nctive word is a relative pronoun, relative adverb, or another conjunction ,while,, for instance.
5. Relative Adverbs of Cause

the fact, that in all cases,

happens aftdr

,Cre; both

meaning 'come!'. This repetition of the verb and conjunctiVe words iesembles the repetition

of

rora'who(m)' with tle verb arp,'tX'ue'we saw', laAIc nfrc'I'bntT s^8liiH w bqa
carura,re

abovei

'::i;1'

'

i:::l

Moro H.a,a NAM'tfH're qjoTo Bl NAT0TB'tI0 NA

.? al qlr80 NaNo
H

ll

cr

('Come you. because you listened ...'/'Come you, who listened

..'')

noqrralc

c'EKoro

Nr r0l4h cB'trh

lrtr si

rnaAexs

('...

because

was hungry

...')

ei'e

,ro xaXlaxr;re ...

aMH AArf

rc ('... come prophets, !2499 you suffered...'/'. . come' prophets. who suffered...') 4afaAu MNe. tp""f* rolrt ('... come you, who ...'),tnno;o npA MoArL 4AKoNI nlaseAxLr a! cr6 Eaq lost'rlc ui,t*o nE'no. ('... because you loved the kingdom of
rie niiur qru
MNWro 4,Ao Hcrr^HX

heaven'/'... you,
?Ao HcrrAcA

g[q

loved the kingdom of heaven

suffered

...')

... e,rare

rie uos on,.it

li

ct, *rn*.o

('... you, who

GAAaq

..-'l'... @C

you suffered

.'.')

,.. e,u're n

*rt, t i,n4n
you

cfl

KA4sBA^ Moero HM

('.. . come martyrs,

ylg

said my name . ..'/'come martlrs,

bg5g

('.'. who ...'/'... because ...') cre n no'pr,o s sej'rosa .., !aA3l H ahte nocrlr'ttltt Afl! ('! - ... who '. .'/'. Xrse et ficroaeale ino because ...' crc r0a6le ... t Arq x abr xenhr nocrNltll qt!10 ('! - ... who ...'/'... !9gggg.'.') cre nocrrll.,. caArg H ahre xeNLt MNr'tqH 4a.gii uoero uue tl (! -'... martyrs, 9fu ..''l'... martyrs, lSlUlSg you ..') ) cx norf LNIX re X86ABllrG ^r.ruA ... !aA.T.e n trte uor riqin xorro ('. . glg
said my name...'...

rure

eiqin n 4,fo"nnqn ,'. rorro

..

...'/'...

because

...')

cte ,rnsn,re cblloMAol ..,

AATc

h Bble uox r,r(in

wsAAtHA

Ko.uao

cr AABAAe NA ct'lfoThl ,..

H

G AT H Ebte FOllTo CTa nofAa,sBAA

so,r'nil .,, ll

KoHTO cTe

lo^hl ,..

tsgtll! cr

NAX|ANH/\e

rAAANhr H trOXA! cr NAnolrBAAt xhAxbl,

etc (,{eur.rna 1971: 221).

In this interesting passage, not only the uses of the relative adverbs of cause (or 'clear'
conjunctions): re,
oT

n, and, even, of the conjunction ra (see the similar uses of its cognate AA,

further), may be interpreted as a relative pronoun 'who', side by side with rorro, but the
opposite is possible, too: the relative pronouns KoHro, Illoro and the relative adverb .a,ero, which became a relative pronoun later, can be interpreted as conjunctions u\omo

of

cause. As to the words

(vaianl of sat4omo 'because')

and demo (variant

of sadema 'because'), there is nothing

unusual in their interpretation as conjunctions of cause (however, both of them can be 'clear'

relative pronouns, too). As to the relative ptonolJn Koumo 'who', one should remember that relative pronouns easily turn into conjunctions (this was said at the beginning of the article).

44

Moreover, the direct predecessor

of xoumo -

hir(G,

may also be used with a causative

meaning 'because', 'since', 'as' (see [aaugor 1976:125): 4"iarorz so archr nca 40^B oyracll lorA rana4,aer xa,rirca xo rule oy4prrz Ba f8K0y NALUeb xe4 a .., r{Tatraer crla,Xsr '... since/when the Devil sees the sceptre in our hand, he runs away'.

In Rhodopian folk songs, there are examples of other causative forms, tending to become
relative pronouns:

3aquu ,ue dade, .uq yuurco,

ua

ua

nycma 6ydana

!g_49

Hut4o He 3Hae,

Sevepo .q.nzav Heaecma,

ympuHo cmaeau Moauqe

-'..- wlg/qi4gg

he is not experienced, (and)

I am still a virgin ...'

(E:ra ce rue, npearlaa 1952: 130).

IV. Use of Conjuctions instead of Relative Pronouns

After having explained how some relative adverbs,

originally

meaning 'u'here', 'when', 'as', 'as much as', 'because', may replace, or, at least, tend to replace,

relative pronouns, an attempt will be made to show how other conjunctions, different from
relative adverbs, can also tend to

fulfill that function. The difference

between relative adverbs

and conjunctions is, sometimes, not quite clear. Regarding the Old Bulgarian (Old Slavic) conjunctive words,
example,
rarco,

it is not explained well (by [orpavasxnena l99l:

333-335) why, for

in a temporal ('when') or causal ('since') meaning, is defined as conjunction, and

why rer4,a 'when',

4axeNe

'since', noxexe 'since' are defined as relative adverbs (in the same

place, relative adverbs are defined not as conjunctions, but as conjunctive words). The abovementioned qe and orr, usually are regarded as conjunctions, too.

From a point of view of Modem Bulgarian literary language, however, due to formal
reasons, there is a clear difference between intenogative pronouns and adverbs, on the one hatd, and relative pronouns and adverbs, on the other. They may form opposing pairs:

Interrogative:

Relative:

roi'who'
xade'where'

xo mo'who'
m'demo'wherc'

that't

Regarding Modem Russian, some scholars in colloquial speech, the reiative pronoun *okopib1..g of ptrpose tmo6t'l 'in order to': .. . . . ., qeto6eK, Mie uytcen to, Eglupa| Mxe

sryeu

uenoeex.

"oror"-"t'r,o vmo6u etntrcn sa emy pi6

Actually, here, the function of the relative pronoun is fulfilled by the conjunction da 'to', which does not fulfill some of its other functions, which may be: A. Purpose: Bcnxa cympuu az udean my*
.. . to breathe

ls

duxaM ceelcecmma Ha nponemma,I came here

...';

B. Condition: Edno up';

C. Concession:

lg

noceeut, cmo ce

patrda'If

you sow one thing, a hundred

will grow

II

eduN seun da ce

cxpueu, Hauume t4e me Har,reprm 'Although you may

hide ... they will find you';

D. Cause: Ptyeme nu ouataxa

(PBE 1981: s23-524).

Qg

ptxoaaxatre 'O:ur hands got tired because of clapping,

In some of its

uses, da may be a relative adverb

of time 'when': ,[oide

dennm da ce

c6ozyeaue'The day to say 'Good bye' came'. Maybe, it is not a coincidence that this element is part of the temponl adverbs rcr24,1_'when', romAA 'when',
archaic and witness of old unfinished syntactic processes:
HcnAaNHUl

rrn4,l

,then,.

Such uses are verv

c,A 4,exne AA loAtrz 'That day came for her

!q give birth (literal translation: ...

when she was about to give birth') Luke 2. 6 Codex Assemanianus (in Cod- Zographensis, Cod. Marianus and Sava 3 book

yognru

et);

nfuAera IoAHNA AA BLctKts u(e 0y6HTz BZt MsNHTS (H cl1xbsx nf[N0*irH sonosx

,Al

hour

will come when ...' John 16. 2 Zogr., Mar,

Assem.

Elsewhere, this word, da, may have additional nuances of unfinished action (as in some
the examples with rct'm aboye: dt peo, rcom zypu):

of

Cpeuut n nax uue de4a, 1969:102).

dt

6uem

uut xomxt 'He met some children !q beat

a cat'

(Jlulor

Possible use ofDa as adverb of manner 'as'presumes the Russian example:

daaza

[gxoueut,4g4

'As (?) you like it, in the same way I will do/give it' Qfatrc 1978:412).

40

Due to the rnultiple homonymic meanings of da,

it is sometimes difficult to say what

,

that

word mean, in some uses. However, after a nominal pseudo-antecedent (voeex'man'

as

deu 'day'),

in the examples above, its meaning and function is similar to the meaning and function of the

hybrid word derzo 'that', and widens the spectrum ofwords, which may express relativity.

V. Conclusions

All

shown examples of transposition, from one into another category of words, add to the

explanation

of

relations between relative pronouns and their cognate words, and show the

richness of meanings and nuances, which may' be expressed through them.

It is obvious

that,

although most of the relative adverbs can not

fulfiIl the function of

a relative pronoun, all

of

them have made attempts to acquire the characteristic features ofthat word category.

Er,,rrapuca HapoaHa noe3nq u flpo3a. T. I. IOHanrxn necsN, ( [anugon, A. Pe.runx-ungcxc na flpe:srrep l(o:va. Cot]nr. 1976. Aa,rr. B. To,rxossril cnoBapb xHBaro BenHKopycKaro {3rxa. T. I Mocxsa. 1978. .{elruHa, E. Tuxonpaaoacxuil aaMacKLIH. Eo.nrapcxNfi naMlrrar{x XVII n. I,Icc,re4oraure u rexcr. r{. IL fla:reorpa$croe o[]IcaHHe I{ Texcr CoSur. 1971. AorpaMaAr{neBa, En. Cr'ro:u; Clro:ur .qylru; .[y6reruocr H oMour.rMuqHocr Ha crrc3HHre cpeacrBa. In: lpauarrxa na crapo6urrapcrm e:ux. CoQlu. 1991. E,ra ce rre, [peBrrBa. Poaoncnu HapoAHIr neour (3anlrca:r B;r. flpuuoncxcu). CoQu-r. 1952. 3arMoB, ii., M. Kana.rao. CynpacurcxN u,ru Perron c6opuux. I, II. Corpu-a. 1982-83. finanon, ii. KoHuxoecxo eBaHreJIHg - noro6urrapcru narIerHHK or 1852 r. In: C,rasucruqeu
c6opnux (no cnyvafi
1973.

VII

Mex,[yHapogeH KoHtpec Ha cnaBl.Icrure

arr

Bapnrana). Co$nr'

npn ynorpe6ara Ha demo c npe.qno3lr. In: O6yvenlrero no 6r',rrapcxu e3!rK B HaqaJroro ua XXI sex. 9acr I. Ermapcxu e:ux. Cuo:rqu. 2001. I{,rnes, Hn. ,,Ornocnrenuo"-uo,qa;IHH pa3uupfiTenu npu 6rnrapcxure orHocHTetHu MecroHMeHr.rr. In: C6opnux s naMer Ha aolt. a-p l. lep,4xuxon. 2008. (In the press). Kpyvnurua, I'I. Koncrpyrunr c MecroHMenlteM rcomopui B coBpeMeHHoM pyccrorl x:uxe In:

I{,rrren,

IIn. Oco6enocrlr

Bonpocrt s:uxo:Halrn.{. 2. 1968. -llu,ron, M. Ynorpe6a Ha noAqHHHTenH[ cblo3H B 6lmapcxlrre ,{HaJIeKTH In: Li:secru.{ ua

I,lncrurpa:a Ernrapcrn e:ux. 18. 1969. Mn,rernv, ,I. Honu sraxo-6rmapcrn rpaMoru
]a{orBopeHut, Hayxa H KHnxHuHa. 13. 1896.

or

Epauoa.

In: C6opxux 3a

Hapo.qHH

)\In.reruv, JI. Csnuoecxlr aaMacKIlH. Hono6l:rrapcrl naMerHllK

or 18 B. In: Elrrapcxn 1923. 7. crapxuu. Mupven, K. trlcroptruecxa rpaMarlrKa ua 6r,:rrapcxn.a e:ux. CoSur. 1978. Nl.rraaeHoe, .NI. Br:rrapcxure ronopu n Pyrrr'utr. CoSn.a. 1993. M,'rarenon, Cr. I,lcropux Ha 6urapcru.n e:nx. Co$ur, 1979 Hnuo,rona, P. 6r..Irapcxnre vecrorMeHH.s. Co$ua. 1986 Peqnun Ha 6r,rrapcxun e:un (Kp. 9o,raxona). 7 . Co$ux. 1993. Po.qorcxu HapoaHlr neuru. C6opnux. (Ar. llpurloncxlr n H. llpurloncru). Be,ruro Tlpnoao.
1968.

C.rranona,

T.

Crapo6r,,rrapcxure

penaruBH

CTOp

qecKH

acncKT.

In:

Paleobulgarica/Crapo6r,rraplcruxa 4. 2006. Croiixon, Cr. Xpucrouanu no 6s:rrapcra guaJleKronornr' CoQur' 1950. Croiixon, C.r. Eanarcxn.sr roaop. In: Tpylose no 6l,rrapcta aua:reKrotorns. 3. 1967. CroqHon, NL Par"txoecru .[altacxlrs. Iu: Po.qoncrlr c6opnux. 3 1972. Yu"]eHcrcu, I'L Krocren.qu:rcxHtr foBop. In: Tpyaone no El,rrapcxa .qua.rekro:rorn{.
Corlu.a.

1965.

XpHcroB, f. lonoptr Ha ce,ro Hosa Ha,qeN,la, Xacxoscxo. In: I'l:secrug Ha I4ucruryra no 6l:rrapcxtr e:Hn. 4. 1956. l[enxrru, B. CassrrHa rcsura. Casxrretcp6ypr 1903. .firuq, B. Mapuiucroe qerBepoeBaHrerre. fpau. 1906.
Jagic, V. Quattuor evangcliarum codex glagoliticus olim Zographensis. Berolini, 1879. Kurz, J. Evangcliarium Assemani. Prague, 1955.
Polish. ln:

l0l

Languages ofthe World. Transparent Language. Inc.2002-

48