FAQ ANSWERS ::: FD-FQ-01. How do I select the type of Isolated Footing?

Answer: Usually the footing shall be designed as isolated footings but when two columns are very near each other and both the footings are fouling each other, footing can be made combined for 2 or multiple columns. A separate Combined Footing Design program for designing footing with 2 columns is available. There are four options in Isolated Footing Design: a. Concentric Load: When Grids Only option is used in building idealization footing shall be designed with this type (Only for Concentric Vertical Loads). b. Uniaxial Moment: This type of footing can be designed only in case of industrial shade structures where the moments are predominant in one direction only. c. Biaxial Moment : When the building is analyzed for Horizontal Loads such as EarthQuake / Wind Loads all the footings shall be designed for this type. A pyramidal shape of footing sloping in all four directions is used in this type. d. Constant Depth : This type shall be used when footings are to be designed with constant depth without any slope. In case of designing footings of this type only for Concentric Loads the moment values for Mx and My shall be entered as Zero. BACK FD-FQ-02. How do I design Raft Foundation ? Answer : Raft Foundation Slab without beams provided below the entire are of the building cannot be designed with the software. However the design is possible if the beams are provided connecting the columns in the raft slab. The raft slab shall be treated as a separate floor grid with beams and slabs supported by the columns above. The analysis and design of this grid shall be carried out as a normal floor slab except here the loading is applicable from bottom (due to water table). The reinforcement detailing shall be reversed (top and bottom bars in beams and slabs). The upward load on the raft slab usually will be due to the water pressure for a depth of slab below ground level. If the multiple columns are in one line and the combined footing is to be provided, then this slab shall be treated as a continuous beam, and the analysis of this beam shall be performed. The beam design program shall be used for calculating the area of reinforcement. However the reinforcement detailing shall be reversed (top and bottom bars in beams and slabs). FD-FQ-03. How do I design Combined Footing? Answer : Usually the footing shall be designed as isolated footings but when two columns are very near each other and both the footings are fouling each other, footing can be made combined for 2 or multiple columns. A separate Combined Footing Design program for designing footing with 2 columns is available. BACK FD-FQ-04. What is the difference between Gross Bearing Capacity & Net Bearing Capacity? Answer : Properties of different types of soils are as follows : Permissible Net Bearing Capacity of Soil (T/mt2)

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Hard Rock Soft Rock Moorum Hard & Stiff Clays Sand with Clay Moist Clay Black Cotton Soil

above 100 40 - 90 20 - 45 30 - 20 20 - 30 10 - 20 5 - 10

Density of Soil (T/mt3) a. b. c. Earth Dry to Wet 1.6 - 2.4 Sand Dry to Wet 1.4 - 2.0 SoftSlit Dry to Wet 1.6 - 1.8

Safe Bearing Capacity increases with increase in Depth the footing from original ground level. The Gross Bearing Capacity of soil is equal to Net Bearing Capacity + (Depth of Footing X Density of Soil). If you want to ignore the increase in bearing capacity of soil with footing depth, the value of density of soil shall be entered as Zero. FD-FQ-05. What should be the value for Soil Inc. during Footing Design? Answer : If the Frame Analysis is performed for Earthquake and Wind Loads, IS Code 1893 allows to increase the Soil Bearing Pressure by 25%. That means,for the Load Combination for which, Earthquake and Wind Loads are considered the Soil Inc. value can be changed to 1.25. For the first Load combination, i.e. DL+LL, this value should be 1.0 only. However the design is possible if the beams are provided connecting the columns in the raft slab. The raft slab shall be treated as a separate floor grid with beams and slabs supported by the columns above.