The Inverse Hyperbolic Function and Their Derivatives

1. The Inverse Hyperbolic Sine Function a) Definition The inverse hyperbolic sine function is defined as follows: y = sinh 1 x iff sinh y = x with y in (,+) and x in (,+) f ( x ) = sinh 1 x : ( , ) ( , )

Domain: (, ) = R Range: (, ) = R
b) Expression: Show that sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1) Proof e x ex Start with y = sinh x = 2 To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y. 1 e x ex 1 y= 2 y = e x x ; Let e x = z > 0 2 y = z z 2 2 zy 1 = 0 2 z e

The quadratic equation in z gives: z = y y 2 + 1

Because z = e x > 0 choose z = y + y 2 + 1 e x = y + y 2 + 1 x = ln( y + y 2 + 1) Now, interchange x and y to obtain:

y = sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1) sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)
c) Derivative

( x + x 2 + 1) ' d d x2 +1 2 x2 +1 2 1 = sinh x = [ln( x + x + 1)] = = = dx dx x + x2 +1 x + x2 +1 x + x2 +1

d sinh 1 x = dx 1 x2 +1

1+

2x

x2 +1 + x 1 x2 +1

2. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine Function cosh hx = y : R (0,1) is not invertible The restricted cosh hx = y : [0, ) (1, ) is invertible a) Definition The inverse hyperbolic cosine function is defined as follows: y = cosh 1 x iff cosh hy = x with y in (1,+) and x in (0,+) f ( x ) = sinh 1 x : (1, ) (0, ) Domain: (1, ) Range: (0, ) b) Expression: Show that sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1) Proof e x + ex Start with y = cosh x = 2 To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y. e x + ex 1 y= 2y = ex + x ; 2 e 1 Let e x = z 1, x 0 2 y = z + z 2 2 zy + 1 = 0 z

The quadratic equation in z gives: z = y y 2 1 Because z = e x 1 choose z = y + y 2 1 e x = y + y 2 1 x = ln( y + y 2 1) Now, interchange x and y to obtain: y = cosh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 1)

cosh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 1)
c) Derivative

d d ( x + x 2 1) ' 2 x2 1 x2 1 2 1 cosh x = [ln( x + x 1)] = = = = dx dx x + x 2 1) x + x 2 1) x + x 2 1)

d cosh 1 x = dx 1 x2 +1

1+

2x

x2 1 + x 1 x2 +1

3. The Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent Function tanh x = y : R (1,1) is invertible a) Definition The inverse hyperbolic tangent function is defined as follows: y = tanh 1 x iff tanh y = x with y in (1,+1) and x in (,+) f ( x ) = tanh 1 x : (1,+1) ( , ) Domain: (1,+1) Range: (, ) 1 x +1 b) Expression: Show that tanh 1 x = ln( ) 2 x 1 Proof e x ex Start with y = tanh x = x e + ex To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y. 1 ex x x x e e e ; y= x = x 1 e +e ex + x e 1 z 2 z y = z 1 ( z 2 + 1) y = z 2 1 ( y 1) z 2 + y + 1 = 0 Let e x = z > 0 y = 1 z2 +1 z+ z y +1 The quadratic equation in z gives: z = 1 y

Because z = e x > 0 choose z = +

y +1 y +1 y +1 x = ln( ex = ) 1 y 1 y 1 y

Now, interchange x and y to obtain: 1 x +1 x +1 ) = ln( ) y = tanh 1 x = ln( 1 x 2 1 x 1 x +1 tanh 1 x = ln( ) 2 1 x c) Derivative d d 1 x +1 1 d x +1 1 d tanh 1 x = [ ln( )] = [ln( )] = [ln( x + 1) ln(1 x)] = dx dx 2 1 x 2 dx 1 x 2 dx 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+ x +1 x 1 = [ + ]= [ ]= [ ]= 2 1+ x 1 x 2 1+ x 1 x 2 (1 + x)(1 x) 1 x 2 1 d tanh 1 x = dx 1 x2

4. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cotangent Function coth x = y : (,0) (0, ) (,1) (1, ) is invertible a) Definition The inverse hyperbolic cotangent function is defined as follows: y = coth 1 x iff coth y = x with y in (,0) (0, ) and x in (,1) (1, ) f ( x ) = tanh 1 x : ( ,1) (1, ) (,0) (0, ) Domain: (,1) (1, ) Range: (,0) (0, ) 1 x +1 b) Expression: Show that coth 1 x = ln( ) 2 x 1 Proof e x + ex Start with y = coth x = x e ex To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y. 1 ex + x x x e +e e ; y= x = x 1 e e ex x e 1 z+ 2 z y = z + 1 z 2 ( y 1) = 1 + y Let e x = z > 0 z 1, x 0 y = 1 z2 1 z z 1+ y The quadratic equation in z gives: z = y 1

Because z = e x > 0 choose z = +

1+ y 1+ y 1+ y ex = x = ln( ) y 1 y 1 y 1

Now, interchange x and y to obtain: 1+ x 1 1+ x ) = ln( ) y = coth 1 x = ln( 2 x 1 x 1 1 1+ x coth 1 x = ln( ) 2 x 1 c) Derivative d d 1 1+ x 1 d 1+ x 1 d coth 1 x = [ ln( )] = [ln( )] = [ln(1 + x) ln( x 1)] = dx dx 2 x 1 2 dx x 1 2 dx 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x 1+ x 1 = [ ]= [ ]= [ ]= 2 1+ x 1 x 2 1+ x 1 x 2 (1 + x)(1 x) 1 x 2 1 d tanh 1 x = dx 1 x2

5. The Inverse Hyperbolic Secant Function sec hx = y : (, ) (0,1]) is NOT invertible Restrict sec hx = y : (0, ) (0,1] a) Definition The inverse hyperbolic secant function is defined as follows: y = sec h 1 x iff sec hy = x with y in (0, ) and x in (0,1] f ( x ) = sec h 1 x : (0,1] (0, ) Domain: (0,1] Range: (0, )

b) Expression: Show that

Proof

1+ 1 x2 sec h x = ln( ) x
1

2 e + e x To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y. 2 2 ; y= x = x 1 e +e x e + x e 2 2z Let e x = z > 1 , x > 0 y = y= 2 z 2 y 2z + y = 0 1 z +1 z+ z 1 1 y2 The quadratic equation in z gives: z = y Start with y = sec hx =
x

Because z = e x > 1 choose z =

x

1+ 1 y2 >1 y

1+ 1 y2 1+ 1 y2 e = ) x = ln( y y Now, interchange x and y to obtain: 1+ 1 x2 ) y = sec h 1 x = ln( x 1+ 1 x2 sec h 1 x = ln( ) x c) Derivative

d d 1+ 1 x2 d 1 1 sec h x = [ln( )] = [ln(1 + 1 x 2 ) ln x] = L = dx dx x dx x 1 x2 d 1 sec h 1 x = dx x 1 x2

6. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cosecant Function csc hx = y : (,0) (0, ) (,0) (0, ) is invertible d) Definition The inverse hyperbolic cosecant function is defined as follows: y = csc h 1 x iff csc hy = x with y in (0, ) and x in (0,1] f ( x ) = sec h 1 x : (,0) (0, ) (,0) (0, ) 2 Expression Start with y = csc h x = x e e x To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y. 2 2 y= x = x 1 e e ex x e 2 2z y= 2 z 2 y 2z y = 0 Let e x = z > 0 , z 1, x 0 y = 1 z 1 z z 1 1+ y2 The quadratic equation in z gives: z = y
1+ 1+ y2 1 1+ y2 z= = + > 0 if y > 0 y y y z= 1 1+ y2 1 1+ y2 1 1+ y2 = = + > 0 if y < 0 y y y y y
x

z=

1+ y2 1 + y | y|

1+ y2 1+ y2 1 1 e = + ) x = ln( + | y| | y| y y

1 1+ x2 ) Now, interchange x and y to obtain: y = csc h 1 x = ln( + |x| x 1 1+ x2 sec h 1 x = ln( + ) |x| x e) Derivative d d 1 1+ x2 1 csc h 1 x = [ln( + )] = L = dx dx x |x| | x | 1+ x2

d 1 sec h 1 x = dx | x | 1+ x2