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    MIS Short Notes

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    30 views8 pages

    MIS Short Notes

    Uploaded by

    E4eagleo
    MIS Short Notes

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    DSL: Digital subscriber line (DSL, originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of technologies that provide Internet access

    by transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network. In telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses higher frequency bands for data. On the customer premises, a DSL filter on each non-DSL outlet blocks any high frequency interference, to enable simultaneous use of the voice and DSL services. The bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to 40 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, (the direction to the service provider) is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service. In symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) services, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal.

    ATM: An automated or automatic teller machine (ATM) (American, Australian and Indian English), also known as an automated banking machine(ABM) (Canadian English), cash machine, cash-point, cash-line or hole in the wall (British and Hiberno-English), is a computerized telecommunications device that enables the clients of a financial institution to perform financial transactions without the need for a cashier, human clerk or bank teller. ATMs are known by various other names including ATM machine, automated banking machine, "cash machine" (Geldautomat - Germany) and various regional variants derived from trademarks on ATM systems held by particular banks. On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smart card with a chip that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expiration date or CVVC (CVV). Authentication is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN).

    ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is, according to the ATM Forum, "a telecommunications concept defined by ANSI and ITU (formerly CCITT) standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals,"[1] and is designed to unify telecommunication and computer networks.

    Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi (also spelled Wifi or WiFi) is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over acomputer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".[1] However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Allianceinteroperability certification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" trademark. A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video-game console, smartphone, digital camera, tablet or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.

    HTML: HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some tags, known as empty elements, are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments and other types of text-based content. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.

    XML: Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification[3] produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications,[4] all gratisopen standards.[5] The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet.[6] It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicodefor the languages of the world. Although the design

    of XML focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, for example in web services.

    Cyberspace: Cyberspace is a word that began in science fiction literature in the 1980s, was quickly and widely adopted by computer professionals as well as hobbyists, and became a household term in the 1990s. During this period, the uses of the internet, networking, and digital communication were all growing dramatically and the term "cyberspace" was able to represent the many new ideas and phenomena that were emerging.

    Virtual environments[edit]
    Although the present-day, loose use of the term "cyberspace" no longer implies or suggests immersion in a virtual reality, current technology allows the integration of a number of capabilities (sensors, signals, connections, transmissions, processors, and controllers) sufficient to generate a virtual interactive experience that is accessible regardless of a geographic location.

    API (Application Programming Interface) API, an abbreviation of application program interface, is a set of routines,protocols, and tools for building software applications. A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks. Aprogrammer then puts the blocks together.

    Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using shortwavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 24002480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994,[2] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.

    Analog Signals: An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. Digital Signals: A digital signal is a physical signal that is a representation of a sequence of discrete values (a quantified discrete-time signal), for example of an arbitrary bit stream, or of a digitized (sampledand analog-to-digital converted) analog signal. The term digital signal can refer to either of the following:

    1. any continuous-time waveform signal used in digital communication, representing a bit


    stream or other sequence of discrete values

    2. a pulse train signal that switches between a discrete number of voltage levels or levels of light
    intensity, also known as a line coded signal or baseband transmission, for example a signal

    found in digital electronics or in serial communications, or a pulse code modulation (PCM) representation of a digitized analog signal. A signal that is generated by means of a digital modulation method (digital passband transmission), to be transferred between modems, is in the first case considered as a digital signal, and in the second case as converted to an analog signal.

    Broadband:
    The term broadband refers to the wide bandwidth characteristics of a transmission medium and its ability to transport multiple signals and traffic types simultaneously. The medium can be coax, optical fiber, twisted pair or wireless. In contrast, baseband describes a communication system in which information is transported across a single channel.[1] Baseband: In telecommunications and signal processing, baseband is an adjective that describes signals and systems whose range of frequenciesis measured from close to 0 hertz to a cut-off frequency (a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency); it is sometimes used as a noun for a band of frequencies starting close to zero.

    Wideband: In communications, a system is wideband when the message bandwidth significantly exceeds the coherence bandwidth of the channel. Some communication links have such a high data ratethat they are forced to use a wide bandwidth; other links may have relatively low data rates, but deliberately use a wider bandwidth than "necessary" for that data rate in order to gain other advantages;

    Bandwidth: In computer networking and computer science, bandwidth,[1] network bandwidth,[2] data bandwidth,[3] or digital bandwidth[4][5] is a measurement of bit-rate of available or consumed data communication resources expressed in bits per second or multiples of it (bit/s, kbit/s, Mbit/s, Gbit/s, etc.).

    Bandwidth (signal processing)


    Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous set of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and may sometimes refer to passband bandwidth, sometimes to baseband bandwidth, depending on context. Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a bandpass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. In case of a low-pass filter or baseband signal, the bandwidth is equal to its upper cut off frequency.

    BIT: A bit is the basic unit of information in computing and digital communications. A bit can have only one of two values, and may therefore be physically implemented with a two-state device. The most common representation of these values are 0and1. The term bit is a contraction of binary digit. The two values can also be interpreted as logical values (true/false, yes/no), algebraic signs (+/), activation states (on/off), or any other two-valued attribute. The correspondence between these values and the physical states of the underlying storage or device is a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used even within the same device or program. The length of a binary number may be referred to as its bit-length. Multiples of bytes SI decimal prefixes Binary IEC binary prefixes Name Value usage Name Value
    (Symbol) (Symbol) 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

    kilobyte (kB)
    megabyte (MB)

    gigabyte (GB) terabyte (TB) petabyte (PB) exabyte (EB) zettabyte (ZB) yottabyte (YB)

    kibibyte (KiB) mebibyte (MiB) gibibyte (GiB) tebibyte (TiB) pebibyte (PiB) exbibyte (EiB) zebibyte (ZiB) yobibyte (YiB)

    210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

    Byte: The byte /bat/ is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer[1][2] and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. The de facto standard of eight bits is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte.

    Kilobyte:
    The kilobyte (symbol: kB) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Although the prefix kilo- means 1000, the term kilobyte and symbol kB have historically been used to refer to either 1024 (210) bytes or 1000 (103) bytes, dependent upon context, in the fields of computer science and information technology

    Megabyte:
    The megabyte (symbol MB, sometimes abbreviated as Mbyte) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage or transmission with three different values depending on context: 1048576 bytes (220) generally for computer memory;[1][2] one million bytes (106, see prefix mega-) generally for computer storage;[1][3] and in rare cases 10001024 (1024000) bytes.[3] The IEEE Standards Board

    has confirmed that mega-means 1000000, with exceptions allowed for the base-two meaning if defined explicitly Gigabyte: The gigabyte (/bat/ GIG--byt or /dbat/[1]) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units (SI), therefore 1 gigabyte is 1000000000bytes. The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB.

    Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced 'ko.ks), is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield.

    Optical Fibre: An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or light pipe,[1] to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Twisted Pair: Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling outelectromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, andcrosstalk between neighbouring pairs. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

    Wireless communication: Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use electromagnetic wireless telecommunications, such as radio. With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few metres for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometres for deep-space radio communications.

    Electronic data interchange (EDI):

    Electronic data interchange (EDI) is a method for transferring data between different computer systems or computer networks. It is commonly used by big companies for e-commerce purposes, such as sending orders to warehouses or tracking their order. It is more than mere e-mail; for instance, organizations might replace bills of lading and even cheques with appropriate EDI messages. It also refers specifically to a family of standards.

    Internet Protocol (IP): The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet. Internet Protocol address (IP address): An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.[1] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there. Router (Computing): A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination.

    Gateway (telecommunications): In telecommunications, the term gateway has the following meaning: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both networks. A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions. Loosely, a computer or computer program configured to perform the tasks of a gateway. For a specific case, see default gateway. Gateways, also called protocol converters, can operate at any network layer. The activities of a gateway are more complex than that of the router or switch as it communicates using more than one protocol.

    Protocols: Communications protocol, a set of rules and regulations that determine how data is transmitted in telecommunications and computer networking

    Modem:
    A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data.

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