Lesson 47 : Colligative Properties of Solutions Objective : 1.

Explain qualitatively the effect of a non-volatile solute on the vapour pressure of a solvent , and hence on its melting and boiling points. 2. Use the phase diagram of water and salt solution to show : the lowering of vapour pressure the elevation of boiling point the depression of melting point Activity 1:

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The phase diagram of water shows how the physical state of water changes with temperature and pressure. The graph divided into three areas. Each area of the graph represents the conditions of temperature and pressure at which one of the phases is at equilibrium. Label each area of the phase diagram. Each line represents the conditions of temperature and pressure at which two phases exist at dynamic equilibrium. Label the curve which represent melting point of ice against pressure and boiling point of water againts pressure. Draft with the dot line to represent the melting point of ice and boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure. Effect of adding a non-volatile solid such as NaCl to water.

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The vapour pressure of water is lowered by the presence of the dissolved solute. Some of the molecules of water are displaced by the nonvolatile solute particles at the surface. The surface area from which the water molecules can escape is reduced. As the solute particles do not escape form a vapour, there are now fewer molecules in the vapour phase. The elevation of boiling point A liquid starts to boil when its vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The vapour pressure of the solution is less than that of water as there are fewer molecules escaping form the surface. More heat energy is required to increase the vapour pressure of the solution till it is equal to atmospheric pressure. Hence, the boiling point of the solution is higher than that of pure water. Freezing point depression When water is cooled, its molecules lose kinetic energy. The intermolecular force in water becomes stronger, At O0C, the molecules are arranged in an orderly arrangement to form ice.

The presence of a non-volatile solute makes it more difficult for the water molecules to achieve the orderly arrangement of its solid state. Hence, the freezing point of the solution is lower than the freezing point of pure water (O0C)

Exercise: 1. Colligative properties 1.1) 2 g of sugar is dissolved in a 1000 g of water. Which one of the following statements is true about the solution formed? A. The vapour pressure of the solution is higher than that of pure water. B. The freezing point of the solution is lower than 0 C. C. The solution will never boil at 1 atm pressure. 1.2) The boiling point of water increases by 0.51 C when one mole of a non-volatile solvent is dissolved in 1000 g of water. a. Calculate the boiling point of the solution formed by dissolving 700 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 1000 g of water. b. Calculate the boiling point of the solution formed by dissolving 500.0 g of glucose in 750 g of water. 1.3) The freezing point of water is decreased by 1.86 C when one mole of a non-volatile solvent is dissolved in 1000 g of water.An automotive antifreeze solution is made by dissolving 22.5 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) in 1000 g of water.Ethylene glycol is a non-volatile solute. Calculate the freezing point of the antifreeze solution.

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The presence of non-volatile solute such as NaCl in water results in a decrease in vapour pressure of water. a decrease in freezing point of water. An decrease in the boiling point of water. Q: What is the effect of increasing the concentration of dissolved NaCl on the vapour pressure of the solution? The greater the concentration of the dissolved NaCl, the lower is the vapour pressure of the solution. 7. Properties such as lowering of the vapour pressure, elevation of the boiling point and depression of the freezing point are known as colligative properties as they depend on the molar concentrations of the dissolved non-volatile solute and not on their nature.

Activity 2 : Q: How the vapour pressure of water is decreased by the presence of a non-volatile solute? 1. Water molecules escape form the surface into the atmosphere.