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In fig. 7, the curve shows the voltage gain versus the
duty ratio of the proposed converter, and other converters in
[23] and [24] at CCM operation under k =1 and n =3. As two
winding of coupled inductor is used, the voltage gain of
proposed converter is higher than other converters in [23] and
[24]. The proposed converter can using less turns ratio to
achieve the same voltage gain.
Substituting (4) and (13) into (5) and (6) the voltage of
capacitors C
2
and C
5
are obtained as
2 5
= ( ) .
(14)
1
c c in
Dnk
V V nk V
D
= +
And substituting (4), (8) and (12) into (11), the voltage of
capacitor C6 is obtained as
0.5 1
M
CCM
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
D
Proposed Converter
Converter in [24]
Converter in [23]
6
3
(2 ) .
1
c
Dnk
V nk V
D
= +
in
6
(15)
Also, the output voltage can be expressed as
1
+
o c c
V V V =
(16)
Substituting (12) and (15) into (16), the voltage gain is
obtained as
| | ( +1) (1 ) 1+2
= = .
(17)
1 2(1 )
o
CCM
in
D n k k V nk
M
V D D
+
Fig. 7 Voltage-gain versus duty-ratio of the proposed converter, the
converters in [23] and [24] at CCM operation under n = 3 and k =1.
The voltage-gain versus the duty-ratio under various coupling-
coefficients of the coupled-inductor is shown in fig. 6. It
shows that the coupling coefficient results the voltage gain
decline. However, voltage gain is less sensitive to the
coupling-coefficient. When k = 1, the ideal voltage gain is
rewritten as
According to the analysis of the operating modes, the
voltage stresses on main switch S and diodes D
1
-D
6
are given
as
1
,
1 1
o in
ds in
V nV
v V
D n
= =
+
(19)
1 2
1
CCM
n nD
M
D
+ +
=
(18)
1
1
,
1 1
o in
D in
V nV
V V
D n
= =
+
(20)
2 3 4 5 5
= ( )
1 1
.
D D D D D in o in
n n
V V V V V nV
D n
= = = = =
+
V V
(21)
Equations (19), (20) and (21) mean that under the same
voltage gain, the voltage stresses of the proposed converter on
main switch and diodes can be adjusted by the turns ratio.
(B) DCM Operation
6
3
(2 ) ,
c
L
nD
V n V
D
= +
in
(36)
In DCM operation, the typical waveforms are shown in
fig. 4. In the time duration of mode I, switch S is turned on.
Thus, the following equations can be formulated based on fig.
5(a)
Also, the voltage gain is expressed as
1 6
+ (3 1) (2 1) .
o c c in
L
D
V V V n n V
D
(
= = + + +
1
,
I
L in
v V =
(22)
2
.
I
L in
v nV =
(23)
The peak value of the magnetizing-inductor current is given
as
.
in
Lmp s
m
V
I DT
L
=
(24)
Furthermore, the voltage across capacitors C
2
and C
5
can be
written as
(25)
2 2
+
I
c L c
V v V =
3
,
4
1
.
(26)
5 2
+
I
c L c
V v V =
In the time interval of mode II, the following equations can be
expressed based on fig. 5(b):
1
,
II
L in c
v V V =
(27)
2 3 4 2 5 6
+
II
,
L c c c c c
v V V V V V = = =
(28)
2
.
1
II II
L L
v nv =
(29)
During the time interval of mode III, the following equation
can be derived from Fig. 5(c).
1 2
0.
III III
L L
v v = =
(30)
By applying the voltage-second balance principle on coupled
inductor, the following equations are given as
( )
1 1 1
0 (
0.
s L s s
s L s
DT D D T T
I II III
L L L
DT D D T
v dt v dt v dt
+
+
+ +
} } }
+
)
=
)
=
(31)
( )
2 2 2
0 (
0.
s L s s
s L s
DT D D T T
I II III
L L L
DT D D T
v dt v dt v dt
+
+ +
} } }
(32)
Substituting (22) and (27) into (31), the voltage is obtained as
1
(1+ ) ,
c
L
D
V
D
=
in
V
(33)
Similarly, substituting (23) and (28) into (32), the voltage
across capacitors C
2
, C
3
, C
4
, C
5
and C
6
are derived as
3 4
,
c c in
L
nD
V V V
D
= =
(34)
2 5
( ) ,
(35)
c c in
L
nD
V V n V
D
= = +
(
(37)
According to (37), the duty cycle D
L
can be derived as
(1 3 )
.
(1 2 )
in
L
o i
n DV
D
V n
n
V
+
=
+
(38)
From fig. 4, the average value of i
c6
is computed as
6
1
.
2 3 1
Lmp
c L
I
o
I D
n
I =
+
(39)
Since I
c6
is equal to zero under steady state, equations (24),
(38), and I
c6
= 0 can be substituted to (39). Thus, equations
(39) can be rewritten as follows:
| |
2 2
.
2 (1 2 )
in s o
o in m
D V T V
V n V L
=
+ R
(40)
Then, the normalized magnetizing-inductor time constant is
defined as
,
m m s
Lm
s
L L f
RT R
t =
(41)
where f
s
is the switching frequency.
Substituting (41) into (40), the voltage gain is given by
2 2
1 2 (1 2 )
.
2 4 2
o
DCM
in Lm
V n n
M
V
D
t
+ +
= = + +
(42)
The curve of the voltage gain is showed in fig. 8 which
illustrates the voltage-gain versus the duty-ratio under various
Lm
.
(C) Boundary Operating Condition between CCM and DCM
If the proposed converter is operated in boundary
condition mode, the voltage gain of CCM operation is equal
to the voltage gain of DCM operation. The boundary
normalized magnetizing-inductor time constant
LmB
can be
derived from (18) and (42) as
2
(1 )
.
2(1 3 )(1 2 )
LmB
D D
n n nD
t
=
+ + +
(43)
Fig. 9 shows the curve of
LmB
. If
Lm
is larger than
LmB
, the
proposed converter is operated in CCM.
V
o
/ V
in
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
D
DCM (under Lm = 0.0005)
CCM
DCM (under Lm = 0.0006)
DCM (under Lm = 0.0007)
Fig. 8 Voltage-gain versus duty-ratio at DCM operation under various
Lm
and
at CCM operation under n = 3 and k = 1.
CCM
DCM
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0016
0.0020
D
LmB
t
Fig. 9 Boundary condition of the proposed converter under n = 3.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
A prototype circuit is implemented in the laboratory to
demonstrate the practicability of the proposed converter. The
specifications are as follows:
1) input DC voltage V
in
: 24 V
2) output DC voltage V
o
: 400 V
3) maximum output power: 200 W
4) switching frequency: 50 kHz
5) MOSFET S: IRL83036
6) Diodes D
1
: MBRF20200CT, D
2
/D
3
/D
4
/D
5
/D
6
:
DESP29
7) Coupled inductor: ETD-59, core pc40, N
p
: N
s
= 1 : 3
L
m
= 30 H; L
k
= 0.12 H
8) Capacitors C
2
/C
3
/C
4
/C
5
: 22 F/ 200 V, C
1
: 47F/ 160
V, C
6
: 47 F/ 400 V
Fig. 10 shows the measured waveforms for full-load P
o
= 200 W and V
in
= 24 V. The proposed converter is operated
in CCM under full-load condition. In the measured
waveforms, the peak value of V
ds
is 60.04 V. The duty cycle is
51% and the voltage stress is clamped at appropriately 49 V
during the switch-off period. The waveforms demonstrate that
the steady-state analysis is corresponded. Therefore, the low-
voltage rated switch can be adopted to achieve high efficiency
for the proposed converter.
The waveform of secondary-side current i
s
in fig. 10(a)
shows that the proposed converter is operated in CCM
because the current is not equal to zero when the switch is
turned on. In fig. 10(b), the waveforms of i
D2
and i
D4
show
that capacitors C
2
and C
4
are charged in the different time
durations. Fig. 10(c) shows that the energy of leakage
inductor L
k
is released to capacitor C
1
through diode D
1
. Fig.
10(d) reveals that V
c1
, V
c2
and V
c4
satisfy equations (33), (34)
and (35). In addition, output voltage V
o
is consistent with
Equation (37). Fig. 10(e) shows the voltage stress of main
switch and diodes, and demonstrates the consistency of
Equations (19), (20) and (21). Fig. 11 shows the proposed
converter under the output power variation between light-load
20 W and full-load 200 W.
Fig. 12 shows the experimental conversion efficiency of
the proposed converter. Maximum efficiency is around
95.31% at P
o
= 80 W and V
in
= 24 V. The full-load efficiency
is appropriately 94.06 % at P
o
= 200 W, V
in
= 24 V, and V
out
=
400 V. Compared to other converter, the efficiency is
improved about 2%.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11 Load variation between light-load P
o
= 20 W and full-load P
o
= 200 W. (c)
Fig. 12 Experimental conversion efficiency.
(d)
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has proposed a novel, high efficiency, and
high step-up DC-DC converter with the coupled inductor and
switched capacitors techniques. The proposed converter adds
passive components without extra winding stage, and uses
capacitors charged in parallel and discharged in series with a
coupled-inductor to achieve high step-up voltage gain. The
steady-state analyses of voltage gain and boundary operating
condition are discussed. Finally, a prototype circuit of the
proposed converter is implemented in the laboratory.
Experimental results verify that high efficiency and high step-
up voltage gain can be achieved. The efficiency is 95.31%.
The voltage stress on the main switches is 60 V, thus low
voltage ratings and low on-state resistance levels R
DS(ON)
switch can be selected. (e)
Fig. 10 Experiment results under full-load P
o
= 200 W.
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Yi-Ping Hsieh was born in Tainan, Taiwan, in
1986. He received the B.S. degree and the M.S.
degree in electrical engineering from national
Cheng-Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan, in 2008
and 2010, respectively. He is currently pursuing a
Ph.D. degree at NCKU, Taiwan. His research
interests are power factor correction, DC/DC power
converter, DC/AC inverter, renewable energy
conversion, LED lighting and electronic ballast.
Jiann-Fuh Chen (S79M80) was born in Chung-
Hua, Taiwan, in 1955. He received his B.S., M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from NCKU
in 1978, 1980 and 1985, respectively.
Since 1980, he has been with the department of
Electrical Engineering at NCKU, where he is
currently a professor. His research interests are power
electronics and energy conversion.
Tsorng-Juu (Peter) Liang (M93-SM10) was born
in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He received his B.S. degree
in Electrophysics from National Chiao-Tung
University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 1985. He received
his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering
from the University of Missouri, Columbia, USA, in
1990 and 1993, respectively.
He is currently a Professor of Electrical
Engineering and Director of Green Energy
Electronics Research Center (GEERC), National
Cheng-Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan. Currently, he is the
Associate Editor of IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, the Associate Editor of
IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems-I, and the Technical Committee Chair of
IEEE CAS Systems Power and Energy Circuits and Systems Technical
Committee. He is also on the Board of Directors for Compucase Enterprise
Co., Ltd and Catcher Technology Co., Ltd.
Dr. Liang has authored or coauthored 50 journal and more than 100
conference papers. He was the Director of Electrical Laboratories at NCKU
from 2001-2004. In 2008, he received Outstanding Engineer, The Chinese
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Kaohsiung Chapter and Outstanding
Professor Award, Taiwan Power Electronics Conference. In 2010, he received
Teaching Excellence Award, National Cheng Kung University and
Outstanding Engineers Professor Award, The Chinese Institute of Electrical
Engineering, Kaohsiung Branch. He is a member of the IEEE Societies of
power electronics, industrial electronics, circuits and system, and industrial
applications. His research interests include high efficiency power converters,
high efficiency lighting systems, renewable energy conversion, and power ICs
design.
Lung-Sheng Yang was born in Tainan, Taiwan,
R.O.C., in 1967. He received the B.S. degree in
electrical engineering from National Taiwan
Institute of Technology, Taiwan, the M.S. degree
in electrical engineering from National Tsing-Hua
University, Taiwan, and the Ph.D degree in
electrical engineering from National Cheng-Kung
University in 1990, 1992, and 2007 respectively.
He is currently with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Far East University, Tainan, where
he is an assistant professor. His research interests
are power factor correction, dcdc converters, renewable energy conversion,
and electronic ballasts.