TRKMENISTANY GARASYZLYGYNY

20 YLLYGYNA BAGYLANAR
DEDICATED TO THE 20th ANNIVERSARY
OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF TURKMENISTAN
20-

TRKMENISTANY
TARYHY WE MEDENI
ADYGRLIKLERI
Garasyzlygy 20 yly iinde edilen
ylmy aylar, wreni we rejelei ileri

Trkmen dwlet neirat gullugy

Agabat 2011

HISTORICAL AND
CULTURAL SITES
OF TURKMENISTAN
DISCOVERIES, RESEARCHES
AND RESTORATION
FOR 20 YEARS
OF INDEPENDENCE

,


20

UOK 902/904
T 90

TRKMENISTANY TARYHY WE MEDENI ADYGRLIKLERI (Garasyzlygy 20 yly iinde

edilen ylmy aylar, wreni we rejelei ileri). A.: Trkmen dwlet neirat gullugy, 2011.
Bu kitaba Trkmenistany ginde erlen taryhy-medeni adygrliklerde 20 yly (19912011) dowamynda amala ayrylan arheologia-barlag ilerine we rejelei abatlay taslamalaryna gatnaan belli alymlary, ele hem a hnrmenleri ylmy makalalary girizildi. Aslynda,
bu makalalar zerur bolan suratlary we yzgylary znde jemlen ylmy hasabat bolup, erine etirilen ileri we barlaglary netijesi barada doly
maglumat berrler. Kitapda Trkmenistany maddy medenietini taryhyny da eamyndan t giki orta asyrlara enli bolan gi gzetimi
hlelendirilr. Makalalar awtory dilinde (trkmen, ilis a-da rus) ap edilip, beleki iki dillerde bolsa gysga mazmunlary berilr.

MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE OF TURKMENISTAN (Discoveries, Researches and

Restoration for 20 years of Independence). A.: Turkmen state publishing service, 2011.
Articles of the well-known investigators and young specialists who were taking part in archaeological expeditions and the projects on conservation and restoration of historical monuments on territory of Turkmenistan during last 20 years (19912011) is included in the book. First of all, this
is articles which represent the developed scientific reports with all indispensable illustrations, giving full understanding about character and results
of studies. The wide panorama of the history of material culture of Turkmenistan from a neolith before the late Middle Ages is presented. Articles
are published in the language of author (Turkmen, English or Russian) and provided with a brief resume in two other languages.

( ,
20 ). .:
, 2011.
, ,
- 20 (19912011).
,
.
. (, )
.

TDKP 120, 2011

KBK 63.4.2 T + 63.3(0)

Trkmen dwlet neirat gullugy, 2011

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gonamylygyny ginden
tapylan gurnama hekeli
kellejigi.
Small head of a composite
statuette from the necropolis
of Gonur.


.

154

Gourdepni
gonamylygyny ginden
tapylan gurnama hekeli
kellejigi.
Small head of a composite
statuette from the necropolis
of Gonur.


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B.C.).
-.

(. 3155, II-
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156

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Full knitting
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157
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Gourdepni
gonamylygyndaky
1-1,5 aly oglanjygy
daky sypatyny
dikeldilen grni.
T.S.Baluewany ii.
Reconstruction of appearance
of the boy of 1-1,5 years old
buried at the Northern Gonur
(grave 2999).
Made by T.S.Baluyeva.

1-1,5 ,

(. 2999).
.. .

Gourdepni
aajylaryny mr
derejeleri
Possibility of the death (qx) in
the Gonur palaeopopulation.
Age dynamics.

(qx)

(age ).

158
Gourdepni
gonamylygyndan tapylan
km mhri blegini
ekilen suraty.
Image on a silver seal from the
necropolis of Gonur.
Fragment.

.
.

( 5 2,1%).
( ., 2001). . ,


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1927; Vallois, 1939; Schwidetzki, 1950; Cappieri,
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159
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Gourdepni
gonamylygyndan ze
ykan km ilgenegi
st tarapy.
Fragment of the head
of a silver pin from the
Grave of lamb
(Northern Gonur).



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160
Gourdepni
gonamylygyndan tapylan
km mhri blegini
ekilen suraty.
Delineation of an image
on a silver seal from the
necropolis of Gonur.
Fragment.


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161
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Gourdepni
gonamylygyny ginden
tapylan gurnama hekeli
kellejigi.
Small head of a composite
statuette from the necropolis
of Gonur.


.

Gourdepni
gonamylygyndaky
aal magalany daky
sypatyny galam bilen
ekilen
rekonstruksiasy.
T.S.Baluewany ii.
Graphic reconstruction
of appearance of a woman
from of the necropolis
of Gonur (grave 2412).
Made by T.S.Baluyeva.


2412
.
.. .

162

Gourdepni
gonamylygyndaky
erkek adamlary
daky sypatlaryny
rekonstruksiasy.
A.I.Newalodany ii.
Graphic reconstructions
of mens heads from the Gonur
necropolis burials. Made by
A.I.Nechvaloda.



.
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163
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(Bietak M., 1996) ,

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Gourdepni
gonamylygyndaky
aal magalany daky
sypatyny galam bilen
ekilen rekonstruksiasy.
T.S.Baluewany ii.
Graphic reconstruction of
appearance of womans head
from the necropolis of Gonur
(grave 2619).
Made by T.S.Baluyeva.


2619
.
...

Gourdepni
gonamylygyndaky
erkek adamlary
daky sypatlaryny
rekonstruksiasy.
A.I.Newalodany ii.
Graphic reconstructions
os mens heads
from the Gonur burials.
Made by A.I.Nechvaloda.


.
...

164
:
.

. 1987. 2.

, 1967.
..
// . 1967. 1.

, 1989.
..
// .
, 1989.

, 1977.
.. . ., 1977.
, 1998.
.. ( ).
., 1998.
., 2001.
., .., ..,
.., .., .. , - // .. . ., 2001.
, 1927.
.. Crania armenica. .
1 , . II. ., 1927.
., 2001.
.., ., ..
// . . 7. ., 2001.
. 2001.
.., ., ..,
..
() //
. ., 2001.
, , 1984.
.., . .
. . 1-2. , 1984.
, 1955
.. //
, . 28. ., 1955.
, 1962.
..
// . 120.
., 1962.
, , 1972.
.., ..
. ., 1972.
, 1995.
.. - // .
. 1. ., 1995.
, 1987.
..

//

, 1991.
..
//
. ., . 4. ., 1991.
, 2004.
.. // iras 2004. 4.
, 2008.
.. -:
II . .. ? // .
. , 2008.
. 201-205.
, 2008.
.. . // . . 3.
, 2008.
, 2010.
.. (
// : . , 80- . .. . .-, 2010.
, 2010.
.. // . ., 2010.
, , 2008.
.., ..
: -, //

. 80- ...
., 2008.
, , 2006.
.., .. - //
.
75- ...
., 2006.
., 2008.
.., .., .., .,

165
., .
- // . . 2. ., 2008.
, 2004.
. . .
// . ., 2004.
, 1964.
.. . ., 1964.
, 1965.
..
. . . . . , 1965.
, 1974.
..
//
.
., 1974.
, 1976.
.. . , 1976.
, 1987.
..
. , 1987.
, 2008.
..
( 3518
-) //
. . 2. ., 2008.
, 2008.
..
//
, 75-
, - , .. . .
., 2008.

. . 2. ., 2008.
, , 2008.
.., .. - ( - ) //
. . 2. .,
2008.
, 1990.
.. . ,
1990.
, 2001.
.. . ., 2001.
, 2002.
.. .
. . , 2002.
, 2004.
.. . - //
. ., 2004.
, 2005.
.. -: .
, 2005.
, 2008.
. . :
. , 2008.
, , 2005.
., .
// Miras, 2005 3.
, 1998.
.. . // , . , 1998.
, , 1961.
.., ..

// . . 10. , 1961.
, 1966.
..
// . 1966. 4.

, 2009.
.. - () // :
. , 80- . ...
.-, 2009.

, 1976.
.. . , 1976.

, 1947.
.. // ,
VI-VII. 1947.

, 1987.
..
. , 1987.

, 2008.
.. :
- // -

, 2000.
..
// .

, 1980.
.. . , 1980.

166
.
. 2. ., 2000.

1962.

, , 1978.
.., .. // . 1978. 5.

Dubova, 2009.
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of the Third International Symposium on Middle Asia
Intercultural Space (MAIS). Tehran, 2009.

, , 1978.
.., ..
( 1975 .) //
. 14.
1978.

Dubova, Kufterin, 2008.

Dubova N.A., Kufterin V.V. To Postcranial Palaeopathology
of the Population of Gonur-depe (Southern Turkmenistan).
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, , 1984.
.., ..
. ,
1984.

Dubova, Rykushina, 2004.

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Gonur-depe: some anthropological data // . ., 2004.

, 1998.
.. - -. . . . ., 1998.

Ehrhardt, 1965.
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in Vorderindien // Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und
Anthropologie. Bd. 56. Stuttgart, 1965.

, 1974.
.. ( ) //
.
., 1974.

Jungner, 2004.
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research in Turkmenistan // . .,
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, 1989.
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Vallois, 1939.
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167
N.A.Dubowa

Gourdepedki arheologik iler Trkmenistany

paleoantropologiasyny tze aspekti

Gourdepede amala ayrylyp gelinn arheologik

gazuw-agtary ilerini dowamynda geirilen
antropologia barlaglara kp drli hnrmenler
gatnaypdylar, ol sanda: Italiany Rim herini
L.Pigorini gadymy etnografia Milli muzeini
antropologia blmini ylmy igrleri A.Sperduti,
L.Bondoli we R.Makkiarelli we B.Hemphill (AB).
Gourdepni gonamylygyndan 19982001-nji
yllar arasynda trkmen antropology O.Babakow
tarapyndan esasy kraniologik maglumatlary
ygnanyldy. ele hem ol jalananlary jynsyny we
ayny kesgitledi.
2000-nji yly gz mwsminden balap
bu ilere Russia Federasiasyny Ylymlar
akademiasyny Etnologia we antropologia
institutyny antropologlar topary Gourdepedki
geiriln ilere giridiler. Bu iler 2001-nji
yldan RYA-ny Arheologia institutyny we
Trkmenistany Medeniet ministrligini, 2006-njy yldan balap bolsa RYA-ny Etnologia we
antropologia instituty bilen Taryhy we medeni
adygrlikleri goramak, wrenmek hem-de rejelemek
bouna Trkmenistany milli mdirligini arasynda
gol ekilen Ylalaygy ginde amala ayryldy.
Gourdepede wrenilen maddy galyndylary
medeni nietlei ugurlaryna we jalamak dplerine
gr bu erde asyrlary dowamynda ol bir halky
aandygyny bellemek bolar. zge halky (baga
medenieti bolanlar) bu ere gelip gonandygy barada
hi hili subutnamalar ze ykmady. ol sebpli
Demirgazyk Gourdan we gonamylykdan ygnanan
maglumatlary hakyky paleopopulasia diip
hasap etmge doly hakymyz bardyr. Gourdepni
paleodemografiasy bouna ygnanan maglumatlar
bu populasiany okary aay derejesini
bolandygyny we demografik nazardan rn
abadandygyny subut edr.
Margianany gadymy ilatyny zi we kellesini
morfologiasy wrenilende ilki zne nsi ekdiren
zat: iki jynsda-da dolihokefal grnli bolan esasy
topary arasynda brahikefal kelle anaklary hem
du gelndigi. Bu irki zamanlara degili bolan
munu aly netijeler Orta Aziany ginde ilkinji
gezek du gelr. Gourdepni maglumatlary bizi
eamymyzdan ki III myllygy sounda
brahikefalizasia prosesini Gnorta Trkmenistany
sebitlerini hem z iine alandygyny grkezr.
Ikinji wajyp netije Gourdepni gadymy
ilatyny kellni kebini emeli tadan tgetmek

(deformirlemek) dbini bolandygydyr. Kelle a

naklarda galan yzlara gr, aga dogan gnnden
kellejigini berk mata bilen daypdyrlar (kellni arka
zni aagyndan depesine enli). Awtory ygnan
maglumatlaryna gr, bu dp Trkmenistany
ginde u gnki gne enli hem saklanyp galypdyr.
Antropologik barlaglary beren netijelerini
esasynda margulylary hzirki zaman trkmenleri
gadymy ata-babalarydygyny anyk bellemek bolar,
sebbi hzirki zaman trkmen halkyny kp sanly
toparlaryny kebinde gadymy margulylary kebi
bilen rn akyn mezelikler grnr.

Dadan asalan
dzmli hekeljik.
Composite stone figurine.

.

168
Gourdepni
gonamylygynda jalanan
skulptura (hekel) ekili.
A.I.Newalodany ii.
Sculptural anthropological
reconstruction
of the women image.
Made by A.I.Nechvaloda.


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N. A. Dubova

New Aspect of Palaeoanthropology of Turkmenistan

(Explorations at Gonur-depe)
The capital of the Margush country, Gonur-depe, is
a bright and fully studied object of the Bactria-Margiana archaeological complex (BMAC) under the recent
data dating from 2300-1600 B.C. It occupies a special
place among synchronous historical monuments equally with such as Altyn-depe, Anau, Sapallitepa, monuments in the valley of Swat River, Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa. Gonur represents a considerable interest for
solution of many questions concerning formation of
the Central Asian population including development of
its image features. The material received here, clears

up nice points regarding appearance within the territory of Central Asia during the Bronze Age of several
anthropological variants whereas earlier the only one,
more or less homogeneousmediterranean anthropological type was widespread all over this region.
Anthropological researches during archaeological
excavations at Gonur have been carried out by different experts: Italian, Russian, Turkmen ones. The
main craniological material from necropolis of Gonur was collected by O.Babkov from 1998 through
2001. Also he has defined sex and age of the buri-

169
eds. Judging by funeral rites and cultural attribution
of material remains, the full continuity of population
is traced on the monument. There are no evidences of
its changing or appearance during any period of large
mass of the migrants having other cultural complex.
Therefore, there are all reasons to consider a combined series originating from the necropolis and ruins
of Northern Gonur a real palaeo-population. Obtained data on palaeodemography of Gonur-depe testify
that this population had a high standard of living and
was highly successful in the demographic respect.
The first thing, attracted attention when researching
morphology of head and face of the Margiana ancient
population, is that among the dolychocephalous (as
a whole) group of representatives of both sexes the
brachycephalous skulls are found. For so early period
such result is received for the first time in territory of
Central Asia. Gonur material shows that the process
of brachycephalization also captured Southern Turkmenistan in the late III millennium B.C.
The second important conclusion is that among
the Gonurians a custom of artificial deformation of
head was current. Judging by the traces remained on
skulls, almost right after birth of a child a tight fillet

had been applied on his head. One part of this fillet

had covered a nape from below and the second one
placed on sinciput, closer to a forehead or behind
almost on the top of nape. According to the field
materials of the author, this tradition is widespread
in Turkmenistan now. The changes of cranium for
m, fixed on the skulls referring to the Bronze Age
(II millennium B.C.) in Gonur, almost completely
coincide with those impacts upon cranium bones by
applying of the fillet on a child head immediately
after his birth occurred among the Turkmens as far
back as in the XX century
At the present stage of anthropological re
searches it is possible to say surely that the ancient
Margushians are undoubtedly ancestors of the modern
Turkmens, asmany modern groups the Turkmens
have the same features of image. Of course, during
later periods new waves poured into the structure of
the population of Turkmenistan. They have brought
with themselves new features more massive and
flattened faces. But the people, whose appearance is
known from the Gonur materials, without any doubt
has taken a substantial part in forming a modern
variety of the Turkmen people.
Gourdepni
gonamylygynda
jalanan erkek
skulptura (hekel) ekili.
A.I.Newalodany ii.
Head from the Gonur burial.
Made by A.I.Nechvaloda.


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