IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME2304 ENGINEERING METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT UNIT 1 CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT QUESTION

BANK General concept- generalized measurement system-units and standards-measuring instrumentssensitivity, readability, range of accuracy, precision-static and dynamic response, repeatabilitysystematic and random errors-correction-calibration, interchangeability, 1. a) Describe the general concept of measurement. (6)

1. Define measurement. Measurement- Process, comparing, input signal, pre defined standard.

2. Write down the types of measurement system. Measurement system- Primary, secondary, tertiary measurement.

3. Write down the important requirements of measurement. Important requirements- Standards accurate, instrument, process, provable.

4. Draw the diagram of fundamental measuring system. Fundamental measuring diagram- Measurand, process, standard, result.

5. What is mean by Measurand? Measurand- Physical, chemical, electrical, property, process, variable, measured.

6. Write down the significance of measurement. Measurement significance- Fundamental basis, R&D, described value.

IFETCEMECH III Yr V SEM ME 2304 EMM UNIT I QB VER 1.0

7. Give some example for performance measurement process. Performance measurement examples- Modern power plant, vibrational amplitude.

8. Write short note on need for measurement. Measurement need-True dimension, understand, performance, etc. 1.b) Explain the classification of various measurement methods. (10) 9. Name the fundamental measuring process in measurement. Fundamental measuring process- Direct comparison, primary, secondary standard.

10. Write down the classification of methods of measurement. Measurement method - Comparative, transposition, complementary, deflection. 11. How is direct comparison made in measurement? Direct comparison- Parameter measured, compared, primary or secondary standard.

12. How is indirect comparison done in measurement? Indirect comparison- Transducing device, coverts, quantity, and analog signal.

13. What is primary measurement? Primary measurement- Physical parameter, compared, reference standards.

14. Where secondary measurement is used? Secondary measurement- Translation, quantity, measurement.

15. Write down the requirements need for secondary measurement. Secondary measurement need- Instrument, pressure to displacement, pressure unit.
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16. Give some examples for primary measurement. Primary measmnt examples- Two lengths, determine, two weights determining.

17. What is tertiary measurement? Tertiary measurement- Two translation, pressure measurement, displaying, reading.

18. Draw the block diagram of tertiary measurement system. Tertiary measurement diagram- Primary signal, secondary signal, tertiary signal.

19. Write about comparative method. Comparative method- Quantity, measured, compared, known value.

20. Give short note on coincidence method. Coincidence method- Value, measured, coincided, lines and signals.

21. How is fundamental method used? Fundamental method used- Directly related, definition, quantity.

22. What is contact method? Contact method- Sensor, measuring tip, instrument, area, surface.

23. Write about transposition method. Transposition method- First balance, known value, balance, other new value.

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24. Give short note on complementary method. Complementary method- Measured, combined, known value, same quantity.

25. What is deflection method? Deflection method- Measured, directly, deflection pointer.

2. Give the structure of generalized measuring system and explain. (16)

1. What are the need for generalized measurement system? Generalized measurement needs- Measuring instrument, features, basic elements.

2. Write down the common element consist in generalized measuring system. Generalized common elements- Primary sensing, conversion, manipulation, etc.

3. Draw the block diagram of generalized measuring system. Generalized measurement diagram- Physical variable, input signal, observer.

4. Give short note on primary sensing element. Primary sensing element- Receives energy, measured medium, output, measurand.

5. Give short note on variable conversion element. Variable conversion element- Electrical signal, more suitable, input signal.

6. Give short note on variable manipulation element.

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Variable manipulation elem- Manipulate signal, preserving, original nature, signal.

7. Draw the flow diagram of variable manipulation element. Variable manipulation diag- Input signal, amplifier, output signal, displacement.

8. Give some example for variable manipulation element. Variable manipulation- Displacement amp, voltage amp, greater magnitude.

9. Give short note on data transmission element. Data transmission element- Transmit data, another element, shaft & gear assembly.

10. Give short note on data processing element. Data processing element- Modify data, displayed, finally recorded.

11. Write down the purposes of data processing element. Data processing purpose- Convert, useful, correction, zero offset, temperature error. 12. Give short note on data presentation element. Data presentation element- Element, measured variable, observer, control.

13. Write down the purposes of data presentation element. Data presentation purpose- Measured variable, analog indicator, recorder.

14. How the value of measured variable is indicated? Measured variable values- Pointer, scale, ammeter, voltmeter, camera, etc.

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15. How does information send through primary sensing element? Primary sensing element- Output, conversion, analog electrical signal, transducer.

16. Write down the function of transducer in primary sensing element. PSE transducer functions- Convert, output signal, analog signal.

17. Draw the diagram for data presentation element. Data presentation diagram- Capillary tube, temperature bulb, linkage pointer, scale.

18. Draw the block diagram of measurement system of a filled thermal system. Filled thermal diagram- Physical quantity, pressure, spiral bourdon, observer.

19. How energy transfer is made between data processing element and data presentation element? Data processing & presentation- Conversion, signal (gauge), physical variables.

20. Give some example for data presentation element. Data presentation examples-Filled thermal system, spiral bourdon tube, observer.

21. What do you mean by data storage element with an example? Data storage element- Alters data, presented, display, recorded, understandable.

22. Write short note on spiral bourdon tube. Spiral bourdon tube- Data transmission, pressure gauge, capillary tube.

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23. How does the variable manipulation and variable conversion used in data presentation element? Variable data presentation- Pressure gauge, coverts, displacement, deflection.

24. Which act as data transmission element in data presentation element? Data transmission element- Pressure build, capillary, spiral bourdon pressure gauge. 25. Which converts pressure into displacement in data presentation element? Data presentation conversion- Variable conversion elemen, transmit, capillary tube.

3. Discuss the concept of units and standards. (16)

1. Define units. Units- Reading, calculation, magnitude, physical quantity.

2. Define kind and magnitude. Kind & magnitude- Specify, perform calculation, physical quantity.

3. What are the categories of S.I units? S.I unit categories- Fundamental, supplementary, derived units.

4. Define fundamental unit. Fundamental unit- Independent, chosen, base unit.

5. What is meter? Meter- length unit, length=165076373 wavelength, light in vacuum.

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6. What is kilogram? Kilogram- mass unit, international prototype preserved, IBWNS.

7. What is seconds? Second- time unit, radiation, corresponding, hyperfine levels.

8. What is Kelvin? Kelvin- temperature unit, fraction (1/273.16), thermodynamic temperature.

9. What is ampere? Ampere- electric current unit, constant current, two straight parallel conductors.

10. What is candela? Candela- luminous intensity unit, (1/600000) m2, black body.

11. Define supplementary units. Supplementary units- Plane angle, solid angle, radian, steradian.

12. What is radian? Radian- Plane angle, subtended, center, unit radius.

13. What is Steradian? Steradian- Solid angle subtended, unit area, spherical surface, unit radius.

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14. Define derived units. Derived units- Fundamental, supplementary, defining equation.

15. What are the categories of derived units? Derived unit categories- Mechanical, electrical, magnetic, thermal units.

16. What is mechanical units? Mechanical units- Force, pressure, stress, weight, torque, etc.

17. What is electric and magnetic units? Electric & magnetic units- Power, energy, electric resistance, etc.

18. What is thermal units? Thermal units- Capacity, latent heat, specific heat, etc.

19. Define standards. Standards- measurement unit, physical representation, physical quantity.

20. What are the different types of standards? Standard types- International, primary, secondary, working standards.

21. What is international standards? International standard- International agreement, absolute measurement.

22. What is primary standards?

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Primary standard- Calibration, verification, maintained, national laboratories.

23. What is secondary standards? Secondary standard- Basic ref standards, measurement, calibration laboratories.

24. What is working standards? Working standards- Check calibrate laboratory instruments, accuracy, performance.

25. Write the difference between line standard and end standard. Line & end standard- Length, engraved lines, blocks, two faces, etc.

4. Discuss in detail about the measuring instruments.(16)

1. What is meant as measuring instrument? Measuring instrument- Instrument, available, quite large, diverse.

2. Write down the classification of measuring instrument. Measuring instrument classification- Deflection, null, analog, digital, active, etc.

3. Write the basis on which the measuring instrument classified. Measuring instrument basis- Application, operation, output signal.

4. Write short note on deflection instrument. Deflection instrument- Measured quantity, related deflection pointer, magnitude.
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5. Write short note on null type instrument. Null type instrument- Effect, quantity, nullified, required nullifying effect, etc.

6. Write short note on analog instrument. Analog instrument- Output, quantity, measured changes, infinite values.

7. Write short note on digital instrument. Digital instrument- Discrete steps, finite number, digital instrument, digits.

8. Write short note on active instrument. Active instrument- Quantity, activates, magnitude, produces measurement.

9. Write short note on passive instrument. Passive instrument- Entire, output produced, quantity measured.

10. Write short note on automatically operated instrument. Automatically opt instrument- Auxiliary device, incorporates, human operator.

11. Write short note on manually operated instrument. Manually operated instrument- Manually operated, service, human operator.

12. Write short note on absolute instrument. Absolute instrument- Value, electrical quantity, constant instrument, deflection.

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13. Write short note on secondary instrument. Secondary instrument- Pre-calibrated, comparison, absolute, deflection instrument.

14. Write short note on contacting instrument. Contacting instrument- Instrument, some parts, contact, measuring medium.

15. Write short note on non-contacting instrument. Non-contacting instrument- Instrument, no parts, instrument, measuring medium.

16. Write sort note on intelligent instrument. Intelligent instrument- signal processing, application, algorithm, variable.

17. What are the advantages by using digital instrument? Digital instrument advantages- Direct precise reading, noise resistant, low voltage.

18. Write down the facilities provided by intelligent instrument. Intelligent instrument facilities- Time constant, fault detection, remote operation.

19. Draw the diagram for deflection type instrument. Deflection instrument diagram- Scale, pointer, beam, known, unknown weight.

20. Draw the diagram for null type instrument. Null instrument diagram- Pointer, scale, weight.

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21. Draw the diagram for active type instrument. Active instrument diagram- Power input, liquid, pivot, float, and output.

22. Draw the diagram for passive type instrument. Passive instrument diagram- Scale, pointer, piston, spring, liquid/gas, and cylinder.

23. Give some example for deflection and null type instrument. Deflection instrument examples- Ordinary beam balance, spring balance.

24. Give some example for contact and non-contact type instrument. Contact instrument- Thermometer, bourdon pressure gauge, optical pyrometer.

25. Give some example for absolute and secondary instrument. Absolute instrument-Tangent galvanometer, Rayleigh current, calibrating instmnts.

5. Explain the following term with suitable examples a) Sensitivity b) stability uncertainty.(16) c) readability d) range of accuracy e) precision f)

1. Define the term sensitivity. Sensitivity- Ratio, magnitude, output signal, input signal.

2. Write down the formula for sensitivity. Sensitivity formula- Sensitivity=q0/qi, output change, input change

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3. What you mean by sensitivity measuring instrument? Sensitivity measuring instrument- High as possible, achieves, instrument range.

4. Draw the linear calibration curve. Linear calibration curve diagram-output, input, time, slope

5. Draw the non-linear static characteristics. Non-linear static characteristics diagram-output, input, arc, response.

6. Give some of the units of sensitivity. Sensitivity units- mm/A, mm/ohm, counts per volt, ohms per degree Celsius, etc.

7. Write the sensitivity equation. Sensitivity equation- K=0/ i= 1/ i* 2/ i* 0/ 2.

8. A bourdon tube pressure gauge requires 10 bar to produce 3 vernier division changes in scale. Determine the static sensitivity. Static sensitivity- K=change, output signal, input signal.

9. A Wheatstone bridge requires a change of 6 ohms in the unknown arm of the bridge to produce a 2mm change in the deflection of the galvanometer. Determine the bridge sensitivity. Bridge sensitivity- K=change, output signal, input signal.

10. A spring scale has a quoted sensitivity of 0.1cmkgf. What does it mean?
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Quoted sensitivity- spring weight, applied weight, deflection, spring scale.

11. The amplifier system of a CRO is stated to have a sensitivity of 2.2cmV. What would be the deflection on the screen for an input of 0.38V? CRO sensitivity- Change, output signal = K *, input signal. 12. Define stability. Stability- Ability, measuring instrument, retain calibration, long time period.

13. Define readability. Readability- Closeness, scale, analog instrument, read.

14. Define range of accuracy. Accuracy range- Ability, instrument, response, variable, reference conditions.

15. Define precision. Precision- Degree, exactness, designed instrument, intended performance.

16. Define uncertainty. Uncertainty- Parameter associated, measurement, dispersion, reasonably attributed.

17. What is percentage of full scale reading accuracy? Full scale accuracy-Percentage, measured value, true value, maximum scale value.

18. What is percentage of true value accuracy? True value accuracy- Percentage, value accuracy, measured value, true value.

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19. What is percentage of scale span accuracy? Scale span accuracy- Maximum point, calibrated, minimum reading, scale.

20. Write the characteristics of precision. Precision character- Conformity, significant figures.

21. What is conformity? Conformity- Resistor true value, consistently, repeatedly indicates available scale.

22. What are significant figures? Significant figures- Actual information, magnitude, measurement precision quantity.

23. Distinguish between precision and accuracy. Precision & accuracy- Precise measurement, accurate, vice versa.

24. Write the mathematical expression for precision. Precision mathematical expression- Value, average, set, measured values.

25. How was stability determined? Stability determined- Predictability, repeated measurement, single characteristics.

6. Give brief an account of static and dynamic characteristics. (16) 1. Define static response.
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Static response- Instrument required, condition, varying, time.

2. Define dynamic response. Dynamic response- Time, varying process, variable measurement.

3. Define calibration. Calibration- Static performance, obtained, one form, another form process.

4. What is accuracy ? Accuracy- Closeness, measurement, compared, expected value.

5. Write about precision. Precision- Consistency, repeatability, measurement, successive reading.

6. What is resolution? Resolution- Smallest change, measured variable, instrument, respond.

7. Define sensitivity. Sensitivity- Ratio, change, output time, input time.

8. Write short note on threshold. Threshold- Minimum value, below input, no output appeared.

9. Define drift. Drift- Variation, change, output, given input, time period.
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10. Define error. Error- Deviation, true value, desired value.

11. What is repeatability? Repeatability- Closeness, agreement, consecutive measurement, operating condns.

12. What is mean by reproducibility? Reproducibility- Closeness agreement, repeated measurement, over period, time.

13. Define dead zone. Dead zone- Largest range, measured variable, instrument, not respond.

14. Define backlash. Backlash- Lost motion, free play, mechanical elements.

15. What is true value? True value- Errorless, value, measured variable.

16. Define hysteresis. Hysteresis- Maximum difference, measured quantity, upscale, downscale reading.

17. Define linearity. Linearity- Ability, produce, input, symmetrically, linearly.

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18. Define range of span. Span range- Minimum, maximum value, quantity, designed instrument.

19. What is bias? Bias- Constant error, full range, measurement, instrument.

20. Write about tolerance. Tolerance- Maximum allowable, error, measurement.

21. Define stability. Stability- Ability, retain, performance, operating life, storage life.

22. Write the types of dynamic quantities. Dynamic quantity types- Steady state periodic, transient.

23. Define steady state periodic. Steady state periodic- Output magnitude, repeating, time cycle.

24. Define transient. Transient- Output, magnitude, not repeat.

25. Write the classification of dynamic system. Dynamic system classification- Zero-order, first-order, second-order, higher-order.

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26. State the dynamic characteristics of simplified measuring system. Simplified measuring system- Speed, response, lag, fidelity, dynamic error.

7. a) Define error and give its classifications. (4)

1.

Define the term errors in measurement. Errors - Difference, measured value, true value.

2. What is absolute error? Absolute error- True value, conventional true value, arithmetic.

3. Define relative error. Relative error- Result of absolute error, comparison, calculation.

4. What are the classifications of absolute error? Absolute error classifications- True, apparent absolute error.

5. Write about true absolute error. True absolute error- Algebraic difference, result, measured quantity.

6. Write about apparent absolute error. Apparent absolute error- Series of measurement, algebraic, arithmetic mean. 7.b) Discuss in detail about reporting results. (4) 7. What is known as reporting result? Reporting result- Experimental setup, written record, determination.
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8. Give the types of reports. Report types- Executive summary, laboratory note, full report, technical paper.

9. Discuss executive summary. Executive summary- Key features, work done, work concluded.

10. What is laboratory note? Laboratory note- Familiar, project, immediate supervisor, experimentalist.

11. Write about progress report. Progress report- Several interim reports, current status, eventually incorporated.

12. What is full technical report? Full technical report- Complete story, direct touch, review, sponsoring agency.

13. Brief about technical paper. Technical paper- Brief summary, project, tailored, time allotment, publication. 7. c) Explain in detail of input function and its types. (8) 14. What is known as input function? Input function- Parameter, determine, system behavior.

15. List out the various types of input. Input types- Step, ramp, impulse, sinusoidal.
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16. What is step input? Step input- Application, sudden change, input.

17. Give the advantages and disadvantages of step input. Step input advantages - Simple to apply, easy to understand, absorbs energy, etc

18. Write about ramp input. Ramp input- Input signal, linearly, constant rate, time.

19. Give the advantages and disadvantages of ramp input. Ramp input advantages Absence, sudden change, time- precision, accuracy affect.

20. Define impulse input. Impulse input- Signal, zero value, high magnitude

21. Write about sinusoidal input. Sinusoidal input- Unique input, output signal, output-amplitude, phase.

22. List out the reason for using sinusoidal input. Sinusoidal input reason- Periodicity, time varying, different amplitudes, phases.

23. Draw the graph for step input. Step input graph-amplitude, time, parallel, straight line.

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24. Draw the graph for ramp input. Ramp input graph-amplitude, time, slope.

25. Draw the graph for impulse input. Impulse input graph-amplitude, time, rectangular, motion.

26. Draw the graph for sinusoidal input. Sinusoidal input graph-amplitude, time, wave. 8. Discuss the different types of errors in measurement.(16) 1. Write the classifications of error in measurement. Errors classifications- Static, loading, dynamic.

2. Define static error. Static error- Physical nature, various components, measuring system.

3. What are the classifications of static error? Static error classifications- Characteristics, reading, environmental.

4. Give short note on characteristic error. Characteristic error- Deviation, output, nominal performance specification.

5. What is reading error give some example? Reading error examples- Exclusively applied, parallax error, interpolation error.

6. Write a note on environmental error.

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Environmental error- environment changes, influences, reading instrument.

7. What are the conditions used to eliminate the environmental error? Environmental error- Monitoring atmosphere, calibration, automatic devices.

8. Write a note on loading error. Loading error- Measure quantity, loss energy, errors introduced.

9. What is dynamic error? Dynamic error- Variation, Measurand, inertia, friction, clamping action.

10. Write the classifications for dynamic error. Dynamic error classifications- Systematic, random error.

11. Write about systematic error. Systematic error- Constant, similar form, sense, magnitude.

12. Write about controllable errors. Controllable errors- Systematic error, determined, reduced.

13. What is random error? Random error- Randomly, reason, error, not specified.

14. Give some error included in systematic error. Systematic error inclusion- Calibration, ambient, avoidable, stylus pressure.
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15. Write short note on calibration error. Calibration error- Known input, measurement system, necessary action.

16. What is ambient error? Ambient error- Variation, atmospheric condition, calibrated, pressure, temperature.

17. Write about avoidable error. Avoidable error- Parallax, non-alignment, work piece, improper location.

18. Discuss stylus pressure error. Stylus pressure error- Measured, particular pressure, deflection, sufficient pressure.

19. Draw the diagram for stylus pressure. Stylus pressure diagram- Stylus, surface, error.

20. Write the parts of characteristic error. Characteristic error parts- Linearity, repeatability, hysteresis, resolution.

21. What is interpolation error? Interpolation error- Reading error, inexact evaluation, index position.

22. Give some examples for loading error. Loading error examples- Steam flow, nozzle, tubes.

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23. Give the sources for random error. Random error - Displacement, level joints, position setting, reading scale error.

24. What is instrumental error? Instrumental error- Shortcomings, instrument, inherent, mechanical structure.

25. Distinguish between systematic error and random error. 26. Systematic error- Magnitude sense, repetitive nature, determined, reduced. Random error- not determined, non consistent, not eliminated. 9. Explain dimensional and geometric tolerance. (16) 1. Define tolerance. Tolerance- Amount, variation, basic size, maximum and minimum limits, size.

2. Define deviation. Deviation- Difference, actual size, basic size.

3. Define zero line. Zero line- Line, basic size, deviation, line.

4. Discuss about geometric tolerances. Geometric tolerances- Variation, possible, manufactured parts, geometries.

5. Discuss about ISO system of tolerance. ISO system tolerance- Holes, shaft, basic size 28 holes, 28 shafts, etc.
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6. Write the 28 fundamental deviation for holes in ISO system tolerance. Holes 28 fundamental- A, B, C, CD, D, E, EF, F,.. etc

7. Write down the 28 fundamental deviation for shaft in ISO system tolerance. Shaft 28 fundamental - a, b, c, cd, d, e, ef, ..etc

8. What are the 18 tolerance grade used in ISO system tolerance? 18 tolerance- IT01, IT0, IT1, IT2, IT3,..IT16.

9. Write down the types of geometric variations. Geometric variation types- Form variation, position variation.

10. Define form variation. Form variation- Variation, actual form, geometrical ideal form.

11. Define position variation. Position variation- Variation, actual position, geometrical position, another form.

12. What is defined as datum feature? Datum feature- Any geometry, tolerances, references. 13. What are the classification of characteristics to be tolerance? Tolerance characteristic classification- Form tolerances, positional tolerances.

14. Write the characteristics for form tolerance.

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Form tolerance characteristics- Form, single feature, orientation, related features.

15. Write the characteristics for position tolerance. Position tolerance characteristics- Position, related features, single features.

16. Write the characteristic to be tolerance for form of single features. Form single feature - Straightness, flatness, circularity, cylindricity, etc.

17. Write the characteristics to be tolerance for orientation of related features. Form orientation tolerance- Perpendicularity, angularity, run out.

18. Write the characteristics to be tolerance for position of related features. Related feature position- Position, concentricity, coaxiality, symmetry.

19. What are the indication used for geometric tolerance? Geometric tolerance- Boxes, two cells, characteristics, tolerance value, etc.

20. Write about basic holes and basic shaft. Basic holes & shaft- Hole, lower, minimum deviation, maximum deviation zero.

21. Give the methods of indicating tolerances on drawing. Tolerance diagram- Basic size, tolerance symbol, deviation value, size limits.

22. What are the indication used for linear dimension tolerance? Linear dimension tolerance-specifications, methods, tolerance drawing.
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23. Write the indication of tolerance in angular dimension. Angular dimension tolerance- Measured units, degree, minutes, seconds.

24. How the tolerance given by basic size and tolerance symbol? Tolerance basic & symbols- deviation value, symbols, tolerance symbols.

25. How the tolerance given by basic size and deviation? Tolerance basic-deviation- Bilateral sys, unilateral system, upper, lower deviation.

26. Give the tolerance by limits of sizes. Tolerance size limits- Tolerance, maximum and minimum, limits, basic size-40mm. 10. Discuss in detail about interchangeability. (8) 1. Define interchangeability. Interchangeability- Operation, parts, component, same shape and dimensions.

2. What is known as interchangeable parts? Interchangeable parts- Part, substituted, component manufactured, dimensions.

3. What is interchangeable manufacture? Interchangeable manufacture- Manufact, parts assembly, selection, large parts.

4. Write about spare parts. Spare parts- Alternate, interchangeable, replacement, maintenance.
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5. Give the advantages of interchangeability. Interchangeability advantages- Replacing parts, easy repair, low cost, etc.

6. Write down the standards followed for interchangeability. Interchangeability standard followed- International, local, standard.

7. How does international standards obtain universal standard? International universal standard- Universal, interchangeability, selective assembly.

8. What is universal or full interchangeability? Universal/full interchangeability- Parts, assembly, random selection, large number.

9. What is selective assembly? Selective assembly- Holes, shaft basis, corresponding product, varying tolerance.

10. Give the advantages of interchangeable manufacture. Interchangeable manuf- Component, large batch, repair, fitting, not necessary.

11. Write down the possible R series. Possible R series- R5, R10, R20, R40.

12. Write the application area of R series. R-series applications- Hydraulics, hoisting, sheet metal, hydraulic cylinder diameter.

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10. b) Discuss in detail about instruments and its types. (8) 13. Write the representation for first-order system. First-order system- d(t)=a1(dy/dt)+a0y static sensitivity, time constant.

14. Write the representation for second order system. Second order sys- d(t)=a2(d2y/dt2)+a1(dy/dt)+a0y, damp ratio, undamp natural freq.

15. List out the types of instrument. Instrument types- Zero-order, first order, second order.

16. What is zero order system? Zero order system- No dynamic error, varying output, conversion ratio 1/a0.

17. What is known as static sensitivity of zero order instrument? Zero order sensitivity- Conversion ratio, 1/a0, zero order instruments.

18. Write short note on first order system. First order system- Static, sensitivity, time constant.

19. Write the equation for step response of first order system. Step response- y(t)/K=1-e(1/) stedy state, final value, times, time constant

20. Write the equation for ramp response of first order system. Ramp response- y(t)/K=t-+e(-1/), time constant, static sensitivity.

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21. What are the equation for impulse response of first order system? Impulse response- (dy/dt)+y=, infinite magnitude, input function, time constant.

22. Write the equation for second order system. Second order system- y(s)/K=L(dt)/(a2/a0*s2+a1/a0*s+1), critically, over, damped.

23. Writhe the equation for step response of second order system. Step response- y(t)/K=1-e(-nt) sin(nt+), damped condition, critical condition.

24. Write the equation for ramp response of second order system. Ramp response- y(t)/K=t-2/n[1- e(-nt)(1+ nt/2)], undamped, overdamped condition

25. Write the equation for impulse response of second order system. Impulse response- y(t)/K=2nte(-nt), under damped, critical, over damped.

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