JUDO

Judo ( jd?, meaning "gentle way") is a modern martial art, combat and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (). Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata()) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori( ). The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from kory (?, traditional schools). The worldwide spread of judo has led to the development of a number of offshoots such as Sambo and Brazilian jiujitsu. Judo practitioners are called judoka. JUDO'S HISTORY The origin of Japan's martial arts is vague, and what we know of it, is more legend than truth. However, the takenouchi-ryu martial art system founded in 1532 is considered the beginning of Japan'sjujitsu forms. The system's founder taught jujitsu in a structured and methodical manner. For the next several hundred years, the martial arts were refined by Samurai who made a lifetime study of some twenty or thirty martial arts. Of these arts only one was based on weaponless self defense -- jujitsu. By the mid-1800's more than 700 different jujitsu systems existed. The most popular were takenouchi-ryu, jikishin-ryu, kyushinryu, yoshin-ryu, mirua-ryu, sekiguchi-ryu, kito-ryu, and tenshin-shinyo-ryu; the last two were instrumental in Judo's development. It was during this time that Japanese politics disintegrated into disarray. Commodore Perry's visit to Japan in the mid-1850's also changed Japanese civilization by opening up a new world to them. In 1868 Imperial rule was restored (Meiji Restoration) and the decline of the Samurai class started along with a rapid decline in all martial arts. Although the government did not officially ban the martial arts, people were not encouraged to learn or practice them since the state was considered more important than the individual. Jujitsu literally fell into disuse. What was once the glory of the samurai was now looked down on and many well established jujitsu schools began to disappear. If the budo concept was to survive the Meiji Restoration, it had to change and become a tool to cultivate an individual and make him a better person for the good of all. As a result budo found a home in physical education and sport. Sport provided teamwork which was good for all and also developed the individual. It was a completephysical education; not just a game. Although self defense techniques were included in the training, emphasis was on using the techniques in a holistic manner. Dr. Jigoro Kano is credited with jujitsu's survival of the Meiji Restoration. He took jujitsu and adapted it to the times. His new methodology was called Judo. In 1882, Dr. Jigoro Kano (The Father of Judo) made a comprehensive study of these ancient self defense forms and integrated the best of these forms into a sport which is known as Kodokan Judo. Judo is a fascinating Olympic sport. More than that, it is an art form. It is now practised in almost every country of the world . What follows is a brief history of the development of what is now a modern Olympic Sport.

Professor Jigoro Kano 1860-1938 The founder of Judo Jigoro Kano was born in 1860, he graduated with a degree in literature from Tokyo Imperial University in 1881 and took a further degree in philosophy the following year. Apart from being the founder of judo, Kano was a leading educationalist and a prominent figure in the Japanese Olympic movement. When Kano began his study of ju-jutsu as a young man, the ju-jutsu masters of the martial arts were struggling to earn a living. Although they were willing to teach the skills handed down to them over many generations, there was little interest among people of the succeeding generation, additionally the demise of the samurai (warrior) class had reduced the need for instruction. At the age of 18 Kano studied the ju-jutsu of the Tenshin Shinyo Ryu under Fukudo and Iso, both instructors at the prestigious Komu Sho. Following the death of Fukuda, Kano remained briefly with master Iso before finishing his pupillage with master Ilkubo. Judo was developed in Japan by Dr Jigoro Kano towards the end of the 19th century and has evolved from being a martial art into one of the worlds most popular sports. Since its inclusion in th e 1964 Olympic Games judo has progressed rapidly and is without doubt the worlds most popular combat sport. Judo is however much more than a sport, it is also seen to be effective as an educational system in both physical and moral spheres.

JUDO THROWING AND GRAPPLING TECHNIQUES

Nage Waza - Judo Throwing Techniques
Te Waza - Judo Hand Techniques

Ippon Seoi Nage - One Hand Shoulder Throw Kata Guruma - Shoulder Wheel Kibisu Gaeshi - One Hand Reversal Kouchi Gaeshi - Minor Inner Reap Reversal Kuchiki Taoshi - Single Leg Takedown Morote Gari - Two Hand Reap Morote Seoi Nage - Two Hand Shoulder Throw Obi Otoshi - Belt Drop Sukui Nage - Scoop Throw Sumi Otoshi - Corner Drop Tai Otoshi - Body Drop Uchi Mata Sukashi - Inner Thigh Void Throw Uki Otoshi - Floating Drop Yama Arashi - Mountain Storm

Koshi Waza - Judo Hip Techniques

Daki Age - High Lift Hane Goshi - Spring Hip Throw Harai Goshi - Sweeping Hip Throw Koshi Guruma - Hip Wheel O Goshi - Major Hip Throw Sode Tsurikomi Goshi - Sleeve Lifting & Pulling Hip Throw Tsuri Goshi - Lifting Hip Throw Tsurikomi Goshi - Lifting & Pulling Hip Throw Uki Goshi - Floating Hip Throw Ushiro Goshi - Rear Throw

 Utsuri Goshi - Hip Shift Throw

Ashi Waza - Judo Foot Techniques

Ashi Guruma - Leg Wheel Deashi Harai - Front Foot Sweep Hane Goshi Gaeshi - Spring Hip Counter Harai Goshi Gaeshi - Hip Sweep Counter Harai Tsurikomi Ashi - Lift Pull Foot Sweep Hiza Guruma - Knee Wheel Kosoto Gake - Minor Outer Hook Kosoto Gari - Minor Outside Reaping Throw Kouchi Gari - Minor Inner Reaping Throw O Guruma - Large Wheel Okuri Ashi Harai - Sliding or Following Foot Sweep Osoto Gaeshi - Major Outside Reaping Counter Osoto Gari - Major Outside Reaping Throw Osoto Guruma - Major Outer Wheel Osoto Otoshi - Major Outer Drop Ouchi Gaeshi - Major Inner Reaping Counter Ouchi Gari - Major Inner Reaping Throw Sasae Tsurikomi Ashi - Lifting Pulling Ankle Throw Tsubame Gaeshi - Swallow Counter Uchi Mata - Inner Thigh Throw Uchi Mata Gaeshi - Inner Thigh Throw Counter

Sutemi Waza - Judo Sacrifice Techniques

Daki Wakare - High Separation Hane Makikomi - Springing Wrap Around Harai Makikomi - Hip Sweep Wrap Around Hikikomi Gaeshi - Pull-In Reversal Osoto Makikomi - Major Outside Wrap Around Soto Makikomi - Outer Wrap Around Sumi Gaeshi - Corner Reversal Tani Otoshi - Valley Drop Tawara Gaeshi - Rice Bag Reversal Throw Tomoe Nage - Circle Throw Uchi Makikomi - Inner Wrap Around Uchi Mata Makikomi - Inner Thigh Wrap Around Uki Waza - Floating Drop Ura Nage - Rear Throw Yoko Gake - Side Hook Yoko Guruma - Side Wheel Yoko Otoshi - Side Drop Yoko Wakare - Side Separation

Katame Waza - Judo Grappling Techniques

Osae Waza - Judo Pinning Techniques

Kami Shiho Gatame - Top Four Corner Hold Kata Gatame - Shoulder Hold Kesa Gatame - Scarf Hold Kuzure Kesa Gatame - Broken Scarf Hold Kuzure Kami Shiho Gatame - Broken Top Four Corner Hold Tate Shiho Gatame - Vertical Four Corner Hold Yoko Shiho Gatame - Side Four Corner Hold

Shime Waza - Judo Choking Techniques

Do Jime - Trunk Lock Gyaku Juji Jime - Reverse Cross Choke Hadaka Jime - Rear Naked Choke Kata Ha Jime - Single Wing Choke Kata Juji Jime - Half Cross Choke Kata Te Jime - Single Hand Choke Nami Juji Jime - Normal Cross Choke Okuri Eri Jime - Sliding Lapel Choke Ryo Te Jime - Two Handed Choke Sankaku Jime - Triangle Choke Sode Guruma Jime - Sleeve Wheel Choke Tsukkomi Jime - Thrust Choke

Kansetsu Waza - Judo Joint Lock Techniques

Ashi Garami - Leg Lock Ude Garami - Bent Arm Lock Ude Hishigi Ashi Gatame - Leg Arm Bar Ude Hishigi Hara Gatame - Stomach Arm Bar Ude Hishigi Hiza Gatame - Knee Arm Bar Ude Hishigi Juji Gatame - Cross Arm Bar Ude Hishigi Sankaku Gatame - Triangle Lock Ude Hishigi Te Gatame - Hand Lock Ude Hishigi Ude Gatame - Straight Arm Lock Ude Hishigi Waki Gatame - Armpit Lock

ILLUSTRATIONS
Dai-ikkyo (group 1)

De-ashiharai

Hizaguruma

SasaeUki-goshi tsurikomi-ashi

Osoto-gari

O-goshi

Ouchi-gari

Seoi-nage

Dai-nikyo (group 2)

Kosoto-gari Kouchi-gari

Koshiguruma

Tsurikomigoshi

Okuri-ashiharai

Tai-otoshi

Harai-goshi

Uchi-mata

Dai-sankyo (group 3)

Kosotogake

Tsurigoshi

Yoko-otoshi

HaraiAshi-guruma Hane-goshi tsurikomi- Tomoe-nage ashi

Kata-guruma

Dai-yonkyo (group 4)

Sumi-gaeshi

Tani-otoshi

Hanemakikomi

Sukui-nage

Utsuri-goshi O-guruma

Soto-makikomi Uki-otoshi

Dai-gokyo (group 5)

Osotoguruma

Uki-waza

Yoko-wakare

Yoko-guruma

Ushirogoshi

Ura-nage

Sumi-otoshi

Yoko-gake