Hidden Work Categories of Hidden work: Concealed work Unrecognized work (voluntary and domestic work)

Concealed work branches into: - Deviant work - Non- declared work Deviant work (Departing from usual or accepted standards): Illegal criminal activities (drug dealing, children trafficking etc.) Socially stigmatized work= not necessary, socially unaccepted, illegal activities. (prostitution, sex industry)

Non- declared work: Earnings that are not taxed = cash in hand work. When doing work wit hout reporting it and paying income tax. Avoiding to pay tax (rich people not paying tax) Benefit fraud = claiming Housing and Council tax benefits and Social security benefits but having no right to claim it (not being applicable for these benefits). =Housing Benefit is government financial help for low income earners to pay their rent. Council tax benefits is reduction of tax on income for those with low income. Asylum seekers and illegal immigrants = working without a work permit (work visa) and earning money without paying tax

From: Dead men working: time and space in Londons (illegal) migrant economy by Ahmad (2008) The article draws attention on the example of CONCEALED, NON DECLARED WORK illegal immigrants work. It can be used when focusing on this category of hidden work. Study of Londons Pakistani immigrant economy migrated and some British Pakistani working long hours, in poor working conditions, having a low pay and being exposed to the general context of insecurity. Specific problems faced my illegal migrants, have not been brought by literature which focused on the changing nature of employment in Western societies. These changes raise debates about the extent to which there are new forms of flexibility within the labour market and its impact on the labour process, work life balance,

health and safety in the workplace and the phenomenological experience of the working classes. Post-industrial and neoliberal capitalism bring socially destructive consequences which bring the rise of theorises of risk by academics. For example, Beck (1992) argues that in the new economy insecurity is central. Risk has become socially constructed. This shift has important implications in the contemporary world where conditions of gross inequality ( winner takes all markets) create a context in which few profit while many are left feeling pressure to move from one position to another to not get left behind. There is a growing argument of the increasingly unfavourable position of certain forms of labour in the capitalist, neoliberal regimes of economic organization in Western societies. Emerging issue of precarity (sociological view of labor conditions ) growing concern of academics on insecurity and class. Argument: What worries workers in this emerging age of precarity (the contemporary world) is not the pay or safer working conditions but rather the control of workers working time: the right to plan workers future with a minimum of security and job certainty: the right to the minimum degree of predictability that is essential for building workers social relations and feelings of affection. This development has important implications for migrant workers. Authors paper aims to look at specific forms of risk and precarity that link to the illegal migration in the context of human smuggling (trafficking) from Pakistan to London. He wants to achieve this aim by questioning whether smuggled migrants face a specific set of problems and therefore differ from other groups and categories of migrant workers, past and present. He wants to answer the question of smugglings consequences though a study of illegality in the labour process.

Methodology and Research Design The researcher needed to develop links with migrants and their employers thought contacts. Research method: Participant observation of migrant workers directly in their places of work. + 21 semi-structured interviews of differing lengths Participants were all male

Participants: many smuggled illegally working migrants, some British born, some Afghans that entered UK though Pakistan, some legally in the UK but working illegally (students with full time jobs, visitors with full time jobs). Employers were all Pakistani.

From Pakistan to London: smuggling and illegal work in context GROWING VULNERABILITY OF THE SMUGGLING PROCESS: Crossing the border and sea crossing illegally many have gone missing or died Tough regimes of state surveillance (especially after 9/11) Many cases of migrants being killed by the police Smuggling- life risk- taking activity Pakistani search for jobs that do not require structural embeddedness in the formal economy. They dominate service sector jobs; meat shops, chicken shops, restaurants, grocery stores, cash and carries etc.

The experience of work in immigrant areas Focus of the article is the experience of work by smuggled Pakistani The experience of work by smuggled Pakistani is similar to the factory work they used to do. Work characterized by poor conditions, low pay, low status, long hours and physical.

Connecting with Time at work topic Intensification of work done by worker, in this case illegal migrants The new economy, with Fordism brought many South Asians men important improvement in pay and working conditions in the late 1960s and 1970s. However, Fordism brings intensity of labour and decrease of wasted time in the workplace which brings increase in exhaustion in the labour process. Workers had to use most of their time out of work recovering from intensive work at workplace. This contributed to the strict separation between working and non- working hours. Immigrants work without contract, 12-16 hours per day, 6-7 times a week. No fixed holidays, free time nor lunch breaks which distinguishes from factory work. Mainstream service industries go through the intensification of labour process because of high competition which is why they require the intensity of labour and decrease of wasted time at the workplace. Working conditions, health and safety are generally poor: the men interviewed reported standing for the entire working day, being constantly cold because of refrigerators (keeping meat cold), burning themselves, cutting themselves etc.

Smugglers have high financial and psychological burdens need to pay back the agent that panned their entry to the UK and family pressures of earning money in the UK. = Migrants feel like their time in the UK has been paid for and they have to use every moment productively. They can be deported anytime = another reason why they use their time on Western land to work intensively Ethical considerations tiredness, sleep deprivation, antisocial hours promote neither good health nor safe working. Poor living conditions in order to cut costs eating cheap fast food, many living in the same room. Difference between illegal migrants in the service sector and the factory migrants that grew under Fordism- migrants were rewarded for working in the country for years with being able to get citizenship and establish home and family. Illegal migrants satisfaction of basic human needs is unreachable. Illegal migrants are prisoners monetarized (with value of money) time, locked into an endless cycle of work- they lose great parts of their lives working in order to secure future that may never arrive Indifference and social damage which are fundamental results of capitalism. This article has shown that smuggled migrants tend to deal with a specific set of limitations, most of which are more known/noticeable versions of pressures that face all of those working within the immigrant economy.