CHAPTER 12: Religion Andrew Cherlin: Deinstitutionalization of Marriage: Gradual disintegration of social norms that undergird(support) the need

for marriage, the meaning of marriage and expectations regarding marital roles. Robert Merton: Self-fulfillment Prophecy- Symbolic Interaction Durkheim: Structural function- Theory of religion: He identify the 3 elements of religion: 1) All religions divide human experience in Profane or Sacred 2) Providing meaning and purpose - religion can provide answers to existential questions. All doctrines religious are based in beliefs people have about the supernatural and those help the people to cope with uncertainties like: birth, death, creation, success, failure, crisis 3) Social cohesion - religion helps maintain social solidarity through shared rituals and beliefs. All religions have rituals. All religions involve regular ceremonial and ritual activities in which a group of believers meet together. Ceremony and ritual in Durkheims view are essential to binding the members or groups together. 4) Social control - religious based morals and norms help maintain conformity and control in society; religion can also legitimize the political system Dysfunctions. The primary criticism of the structural-functional approach to religion is that it overlooks religions For instance; religion can be used to justify terrorism and violence. [12] Religion has often been the justification of and motivation for war. In one sense, this still fits the structuralfunctional approach as it provides social cohesion among the members of one party in a conflict (e.g., the social cohesion among the members of a terrorist group is high), but in a broader sense The Structural-Functional approach to religion has its roots in Emile Durkheim's work on religion. Durkheim argued that religion is, in a sense, the celebration and even worship of human society. Given this approach, Durkheim proposed that religion has three major functions in society: Marx: Conflict theory: Marx believed that religion was the opium of the people, a reflexion of humanity and not of a God. Is the representation of our selfconsciousness. According to Karl Marx, religion is a tool utilized by the ruling classes whereby the masses can shortly relieve their suffering via the act of experiencing religious emotions. It is in the interest of the ruling classes to instill in the masses the religious conviction that their current suffering will lead to eventual happiness. Therefore as long as the public believes in religion, they will not attempt to make any genuine effort to understand and overcome the real source of their suffering, which in Marx's opinion was their capitalist economic system. In this perspective, Marx saw religion as escapism:

Weber: The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of the Capitalism: He tried to show that behind the religious beliefs of Calvinists, and combinations of technologies, allowed the Capitalism to flourish in Europe and spread to the Americas. Certain types of Protestantism ( Calvinism) were supportive of rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities. He defines spirit of capitalism as the ideas and esprit that

favour the rational pursuit of economic gain:

Weber argued that there were many reasons to look for the origins of modern capitalism in the religious ideas of the Reformation. In particular, the Protestant ethic (or more specifically, Calvinist ethic): - motivated the believers to work hard, be successful in business and reinvest their profits in further development rather than frivolous pleasures. The notion of calling meant that each individual had to take action in order to be saved; just being a member of the Church was not enough.

What Weber found, in simple terms: 1.According to the new Protestant religions, an individual was religiously compelled(obligated) to follow a secular(no religious) vocation with as much zeal(great energy) as possible. A person living according to this world view was more likely to accumulate money. 2.The new religions (in particular, Calvinism and other more austere Protestant sects) effectively forbade(prohibit) wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries as a sin. Donations to an individual's church or congregation was limited due to the rejection by certain Protestant sects of icons. Finally, donation of money to the poor or to charity was generally frowned( disapproved) on as it was seen as furthering( promoting) beggary(extreme poverty). This social condition was perceived as laziness, burdening their fellow man, and an affront to God; by not working, one failed to glorify God. The manner in which this paradox was resolved, Weber argued, was the investment of this money, which gave an extreme boost to nascent capitalism.

Martin Luther: Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luther, Lindemann, on November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, Germany. He became convinced that the Church had lost sight of several of the central truths of Christianity taught in Scripture. The

young priest was confronted with the effects of obtaining indulgences on the lives of everyday people. An indulgence is a certificate that absolved individuals of
the temporal penalties of the sins they had confessed. A buyer could purchase one, either for himself or for one of his deceased relatives in purgatory.

Luther began to teach that salvation is completely a gift of Gods grace through Jesus received by faith. Luther declared that the papacy formed no part of the original and immutable essence of the Church. Calvin: French reformer, was a Roman Catholic priest, who rejected it and turned to the study of law obeying his father. Later he returned to the study of theology when his father died. Calvins ambition was not to be a professional lawyer, but a man of letters. During his time in Paris, Calvin left Roman Catholicism and joined the Protestant movement, subsequently becoming an informal leader to other Paris protestants. Calvin was highly critical of the abuses in the French Catholic church but he never doubted that he was Gods chosen instrument in the spiritual regeneration of the world. He became a leader in protestant churches in Geneva, but the established clergy rejected him. As a result of government resistance, Farel and Calvin left Geneva and Calvin moved to Strasbourg. When Calvins supporters won the election to the Geneva city council in 1541, he was invited back to the city where he remained until his death in 1564. He died at age 54 in Geneva, after writing volumes on his understandings of the Holy Scriptures. Calvin repudiated the distinction between sacred and secular duty and the prevailing notion that work is a necessary evil. Rather, he taught, work is a calling from God. Therefore, one glorifies God in his work by working diligently and joyfully. Calvin did not invent capitalism, but he did teach that one of the rewards of hard work is wealth. His philosophy of work allowed capitalism to flourish where it was practiced. Adam Smith: Born in 1723 in Scotland. Smith moved to London in 1776, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom. It covered such concepts as the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy (transactions between private parties are free from state intervention, including restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies.). Wealth of Nations established economics as an autonomous subject and launched the economic doctrine of free enterprise. Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and still holds true today. He is most often recognized for the expression the invisible hand, which he used to demonstrate how self-interest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nation's economy, with public welfare coming as a by-product. This is a metaphor first coined by the economist Adam Smith. The exact phrase is used just three times in his writings, but has come to capture his important claim that by trying to maximize their own gains in a free market, individual ambition benefits society, even if the ambitious have no benevolent intentions. Smith argued that state and personal efforts, to promote social good are ineffectual compared to unbridled market forces.

Joseph Schumpeters Born in Hungary in1883. 1942 book, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. The analysis that led Schumpeter to his conclusion differed totally from Karl Marxs. Marx believed that capitalism would be destroyed by its enemies, that capitalism will collapse and will be replaced by socialism. Schumpeter believed that capitalism would be destroyed by its successes, creative destruction", it will collapse from within and replaced but socialism: can be understood as an evolutionary process of continuous innovation and 'creative destruction' Schumpeter's theory is that the success of capitalism will lead to a form of corporatism. As the development of capitalism proceeds the entrepreneur becomes obsolescent, It will affect the position of the entire bourgeois stratum', destroys the remnants of the feudal ruling class, reduces the importance of the small producer and trader, democratic majorities vote for restrictions. all factors that will destroy the structure of capitalism. The intellectual and social climate will be replaced by socialism in some form. One of the great advantages of capitalism, he argues, is that as compared with precapitalist periods, when education was a privilege of the few, more and more people acquire (higher) education. The availability of fulfilling work is, however, limited, increasing unemployment and discontent and protests.

Religion: System of beliefs and practices related to sacred things that unites believers into a moral community Secularization: Is the processof transforming thing, ideas or events from the sacred realm to the nonsacred or secular realm. Ex: events from the sacred authority (the clergy) to the state, medicine, and so on. Fundamentalism: Religious movements that believe their most sacred books are the literal word of God, accept traditional interpretations of those books, and stress the importance of living with those traditional interpretations. Profane: Represents all that is routine and taken for granted in everyday world, things known and familiar and that we can control and manipulate. Sacred: Events and things that we hold in awe and reverence, and we cannot understand or control Rituals: Solemn ceremonies performed by all religions that have religious or sacred character

Functions of Religion: Provides meaning for death Morality, agent of socialization and social control: reinforce values and norms of any culture and make them be perceived as moral. Folks, Mores, Laws all comes from religion Values become sacred Offer support, consolation, reconciliation in times of need Gives feelings of belongingness Promotes welfare: Religion teaches to the people to serve the masses and promote their welfare. It gives message that "the service to humanity is service to God". For this reason, people spend money to feed poor and needy. Religion influences in politics: During ancient and medieval period, the monarchs were treating themselves as the representatives of the God or ruling the society in the name of God. Even today, Political leaders take oath in the name of God. The political system of the countries of the world like Bhutan, Pakistan, Italy, Germany, England etc. are influenced by religion. Influences economy: Sociologists like Sombart and Max Weber rightly established the relationship of religion with economic system. Weber observed the influence of Protestant ethics in the development of capitalism.

Dysfunctions of Religion: Holy war and religious terrorism: Religions sometimes use war, violence, and terrorism to promote their religious goals.ex: jihad A major criticism of many religions is that they require beliefs that are irrational, unscientific, or unreasonable. Religions often require behaviors that are not sensible, are contradictory or impossible to follow. Religions cannot adapt to a changing world, and their teachings are outdated in comparison with modern Western morals. For instance, the rules on certain diets (no eating pork) Islam has permitted the child marriage of older men to girls as young as 10 years of age. The Seyaj Organization for the Protection of Children describes cases of a 10-year-old girl being married and raped in Yemen; a 13-year-old Yemeni girl dying of internal bleeding three days after marriage, and a 12year-old girl dying in childbirth after marriage.

Faith healing based practices for purposes have come into direct conflict with both the medical profession and the law, when victims of these practices are harmed. Some religions treat illness, both mental and physical, in a manner that does not heal, and in some cases exacerbates the problem: Specific examples include faith healing of certain Christian sects, the Christian Science religion which eschews medical care, and exorcisms. many religions view some types of natural sexual activity (such as homosexuality or masturbation) as evil or immoral, and that this view can sometimes lead to neuroses or other ill effects Genital modification and mutilation: many religions endorse male circumcision and female genital cutting, which he views as genital mutilation, Homophobia: from discrimination to genocide; or woman repression Suppression of scientific progress: Examples include controversies over the use of birth control, opposition to research into embryonic stem cells, or theological objections to vaccination, anesthesia, and blood transfusion. Extracted from criticism of religion-Wikipedia Church: religions organizations that have become institutionalized. They have endured for generations, have become an active part of the society and support the norms of the society. Low degree of tension with society, Tolerant with institutions, Traditional authority, bureaucratic organization. Ex: Catholics, Lutherans. Sects: Are religious organizations that reject the social environment in which they exist. A sect is a small religious group that has branched off of a larger established religion. Is a voluntary association. Sects have many beliefs and practices in common with the religion that they have broken off from, but are differentiated by a number of doctrinal differences. High degree of tension with the society, intolerant with the institutions, informal organization, charismatic authority. Ex: Jehovahs Witnesses
Sect. This is a small, voluntary, exclusive religious group, demanding total commitment from its followers and emphasizing its separateness from and rejection of society. There has been considerable debate about these characteristics and a wide variety of subtypes have been identified and studied by sociologists, but the 'church sect typology' remains a central focus of the sociology of religion. It is argued that, when sects are successful in recruiting members and grow in size and complexity, they tend to approximate the denomination, which is a mid-point on the church-sect continuum. Religious commitment becomes less intense, because over time members are born -into rather than converted to the sect. This is often referred to as 'the second generation problem' and the whole

Cult: Sect like religious organization that is independent of the religious traditions of the society and experience the most tension with the society -They can form without breaking off from another religious group, though this is by no means always the case. - They are not advocating a return to pure religion but rather the embracement of something new. -Cults are also much more likely to be led by charismatic leaders -They are outside of the tradition, have a different God or Gods, or no God at all.

- A cult, has a high degree of tension with the surrounding society, new and innovative. Ex: Scientology, Unification Church
Cult. In its anthropological usage, a cult is the beliefs and practices of a particular group in relation to a god or gods. In sociology, it is often associated with the discussion of church-sect typologies. The cult is regarded as a small, flexible group whose religion is characterized by its individualism, syncretism and frequently esoteric belief. While it has been suggested that religious sects emphasize fellowship and cults enhance private, individual experience, in practice it is often theoretically difficult to distinguish religious groups in these terms.' The modern proliferation of cults, often with specifically Oriental religious ideas, has brought into question the nature and extent of secularization in Western industrial societies.

Civil religion Set of institutionalized rituals, beliefs and symbols to the US nation. Is a sociological theory talking about the religion of the American nation, is the folk

religion of a nation or a political culture, often practiciced by leaders:

Reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, Singing the national anthem, Folding and displaying the flag, Displaying the picture of the President along with a crucifix or Last supper picture. The concept goes back to the 19th century but in current form was developed by sociologist Robert Bellah in 1967 in an article, "Civil Religion in America." There is a viewpoint that some Americans have come to see the document of the United States Constitution, along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights as being a cornerstone of a type of civic or civil religion. According to Bellah, Americans embrace a common "civil religion" with certain fundamental beliefs, values, holidays, and rituals, parallel to, or independent of, their chosen religion. Presidents have often served in central roles in civil religion, and the nation providing Semi-religious honors to its martyrs--such as Lincoln and the soldiers killed in the Civil War and in the world wars, The civil rights movement, And 9-11.

3.The invocation of God in political speeches and public monuments; 4.The quotation of religious texts on public occasions by political leaders; 5.The veneration of past political leaders; 6.The veneration of veterans and casualties of a nation's wars; 7.The use of religious symbols on public buildings; 8.Crowds singing the national anthem at certain public gatherings; 9.Parades or display of the national flag on certain patriotic holidays; 10. Oaths of allegiance, such as the Pledge of Allegiance of the United States; 11. Ceremonies concomitant to the inauguration of a president or the

12. 13. 14.

coronation of a king; Retelling exaggerated, one-sided, and simplified mythologized tales of Founding Fathers and other great leaders Monuments commemorating great leaders of the past or historic events; Monuments to dead soldiers or annual ceremonies to remember them;

Religious Right: Loose coalition of Protestant and some Catholic fundamentalist who believe that US government and social institutions should operate according to their interpretation of Christian principles and practices. Opposition to abortion, liberal sexual mores, gay and lesbian rights, unites them Chapter 13: Politics Coercion: Is the exercise of power through the force or threat of force Authority: Is power supported by norms and values that are legitimate Power: Ability to direct others behavior and act as one wishes, even against their resistance; includes coercion and authority Traditional authority: (Coined by Weber) Right to make decisions for others that are based on sanctity or time honored routines. Ex: Monarchies, patriarchies, beliefs half century ago that husbands has to make all the decisions in the family, and it was accepted because it was based in tradition for the past Charismatic authority: (Coined by Weber.) Authority based on extraordinary personal characteristics of the leader. Ex: Gandhi, Kennedy, and Osama Bin Laden. Rational Legal Authority: (Coined by Weber.) Right to make decisions based in rationally established rules .Ex: our government that follows the rules of the Constitution Political Institutions: Institutions concerned with the social structure of power, (family, workplace, school, church) the most prominent is the state. The State: is the social structure that successfully claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of coercion and physical force within a territory. State exercises power over the society as a whole. Sources of coercion used by the State: Police power, imprison, and even kill people in certain circumstances. Taxation to legally take money from individuals Maintaining a armed force to deal with foreign powers

Authoritarian Systems: Political systems in which the leadership is not selected by the people and legally cannot be changed by them. Ex: dictatorships, monarchies, theocracies (this two are based in tradition), but others may be based in terror and coercion only. Ex: Fidel Castro, Taliban Democracies: Political systems that provide regular constitutional opportunities for change the leadership according with the will of the majority. Two basic groups exist: the group in power and 1 or more oppositions groups trying to get in power; and the public participation choosing among the competitors. Founded mostly in wealthier nations of the world With a large and affluent middle class with social and economics resources to organize effectively It can flourish in countries with high-income inequalities and small middle class like India. High levels of literacy.
Pluralist Model: (structural functional)- David Reisman: Focuses on the processes of checks and balances within the US government and non governmental groups This system makes impossible for any branch exert its force over other branch. In the Pluralist model the power is shared for the groups of interest .The model says that each group have power in different sectors of American life. There is no extreme groups more powerful than the rest The model points out that there is a shifting of allegiance, in which different coalitions of groups arise in each decision according with their interests. This shifting between the groups avoids any group to become the winning side all the time. No single group can possibly dominate in society since, for every force exerted by one group, there is an equal and opposite force exerted by other groups. Any group can get advantage over the others The distribution of power in society is not uneven; it is widely dispersed rather than concentrated into the hands of the few. Pluralists see the decision making process a little inefficient, but free of conflict Pluralists argue that such a system is healthy because it encourages political participation, it ensures that people can exert influence over decision makers, it ensures that power is dispersed rather than concentrated into the hands of a few and, at the same time, it allows the view of minority groups to be voiced.
There are great inequalities in power and wealth, but they are disbursed among several groups. This means there is "polyarchy," not a hierarchy. Different groups have power on different issues. Pluralism is based on the image of a free-market economy. Politicians compete for the support of voters in the electoral arena in the same way capitalists compete for buyers in the marketplace. Just as the market system gives consumers freedom and sovereignty, so too does the political system give voters sovereignty. Due to this relationship between voters and elected officials, government is neutral in disputes among groups, that is, it has no inherent interests of its own, and therefore can arbitrate among the competing interests. It is like an umpire or a judge.

Power- Elite model: (Based in Conflict Theory- C Wright Mills): A relatively unified elite group is who makes all the decisions in its own interest: The power is very unevenly distributed, and therefore creating meaningful social change is difficult, unless people organize together in union or social movements. Power elite: comprises the people who occupy the top positions in three bureaucracies (military, industry, and executive branch of the government) and who are thought to act together to run the Unites States in their own interests. America is governed by Military Industrial complex.

Benjamin Hooks: (Bureaucracy) Globalization

Elite theory, which says that the leaders of big organizations inevitably dominate all large-scale societies, including the United States. State autonomy theory. It is a general theory of recent Western civilization, which stresses that government is always an independent force, thanks in part to its control of the military. It therefore says that the government in the United States is the most important power center. State autonomy theorists assert that predominant power is located in government, not in the general citizenry or a dominant social class. Following European usage, advocates of this theory, who now sometimes call themselves historical institutionalists, employ the phrase "the state" rather than "government" to emphasize the government's independence from the rest of society. This state independence, usually called "autonomy," is said to be due to several intertwined factors: (1) its monopoly on the legitimate use of force within the country; (2) its unique role in defending the country from foreign rivals and (3) its regulatory and taxing powers. Low level of voting: 1/3 of voting age population dont register people with more education, income are more politically actives older people participates more African American and Hispanics are equally likely to vote. People think the political process is corrupt, or both parties are similar and with little differences each other. In some states people has to register annually, pass some literacy tests and pay taxes in order to vote The registration is in specific days and voting too non compatibles with working schedules Ex- felony disenfranchisement: loss of voting privileges suffered for those who have been convicted of a felony: Ex: convicted for selling marijuana at 20s, may be ineligible for voting for the rest of his life.

ECONOMY

Economic institutions: social structure concerned with the production and distribution of good and services. Capitalism: economic system based in competition, in which most wealth is private property, to be used by its owners to maximize their own gain (ex: land, capital, labor). Each of us seeks to maximize their own profits by working harder, implementing technical innovation, and sharp eye on consumer demands. Generally workers earn less than owners of industries

10

Socialism: Economic structure in which productive tools (land, capital, labor) are owned and managed by the workers and used for the collective good. Societal resources are used for the benefit of the society as a whole rather than only for individuals. Resources are controlled by the group and produces equitable distribution Mixed: Is a mixture of both capitalism and socialism. Most western societies are like this. Services like mail, railroad, steel, and energy are socialized. Health care, education is partially socialized (in charge of government). Ex: US are a mixed economy. Politic Economy: Refers to the interaction of political and economic forms within a nation. Socialism and capitalism can coexist with either authoritarian or democratic political systems. Ex: Socialism+ Democracy = United Kingdom, Sweden / Socialism+ Authoritarian = China, Cuba/ Capitalist+ Democratic = US, Japan/ Capitalist+ Autocratic = Singapore, Saudi Arabia. Primary Production: Is extracting raw materials from the environment (pre industrial economy: farming, fishing, forestry, hunting, and mining. Characteristic in Europe 500 years ago, still today in many societies. Secondary: The Industrial Revolution brought a shift from primary to secondary, processing of raw materials .Ex: ore, cotton, wood processed by steel, textile, lumber industries. Others industries: automobiles, clothing, and furniture. It causes enormous increases in standard of living Tertiary: Postindustrial, is production of services: physicians, teachers, hotel maids, police officers, and grocery stores
Wal-Mart effect: Is a corporation so large and powerful that has affected the US economy. Is a monopoly corporation that holds so large market share that can drive any competitors out of business, and even set the prices they want it for its goods and services. Wal Mart earns its profit setting their prices very low and selling in vast quantities Consumers and everyone else pay a high price in many other ways. Manufacturers that work with Wal-Mart also can be driven out of Business by being required by Wal-Mart to set their prices very low that even they cannot earn a profit. In towns where Wal-Mart has appeared most small business had gone out of business because they couldnt compete. This causes lost of jobs, lost of stability, lost of middle class. Many people end up working in Wal-Mart with salaries below the level of poverty. Wal-Mart then manages its own prices, the suppliers prices, and his competitors. Mc Donalization Economy: McDonaldization is a term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society Ritzer highlighted four primary components of McDonaldization: 15. Efficiency the optimal method for accomplishing a task. Efficiency in McDonaldization means that every aspect of the organization is geared toward the minimization of time. Calculability objective should be quantifiable (e.g., sales) rather than subjective (e.g., taste). McDonaldization developed the notion that quantity equals quality, Organizations want consumers to believe that they are getting a large amount of

16.

11

product for not a lot of money. Workers in these organizations are judged by how fast they are instead of the quality of work they do. 17. Predictability standardized and uniform services. "Predictability" means that no matter where a person goes, they will receive the same service and receive the same product every time when interacting with the McDonaldized organization. This also applies to the workers in those organizations. Their tasks are highly repetitive, highly routine, and predictable. 18. Control standardized and uniform employees, replacement of human by nonhuman technologies With these four processes, a strategy which is rational within a narrow scope can lead to outcomes that are harmful or irrational. Ritzer also outlines Irrationality of Rationality as fifth aspect of McDonaldization. "Despite the advantages it offers, bureaucracy suffers from the irrationality of rationality. Like a fast-food restaurant, a bureaucracy can be a dehumanizing place in which to work over quantification leading to low quality work, unpredictability as employees grow unclear about what they are supposed to do

Marx:

Conflict theory: Marx believed that religion was the opium of the people, # a reflexion of humanity and not of a God. Is the representation of our selfconsciousness. # According to Karl Marx, religion is a tool utilized by the ruling classes to help the masses relieve their suffering by experiencing religious emotions; making them believe that is going to lead to eventual happiness. The ruling classes want to instill religious conviction in order that they will not attempt to make any genuine effort to understand and overcome the real source of their suffering, which in Marx's opinion was their capitalist economic system. In this perspective, Marx saw religion as escapism:

Chapter 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality

12

Race: A category of people treated as distinct on account of physical characteristics to which social importance has been assigned Ethnic Group: Category group whose members are thought to share a common origin and important elements of a common culture Social construction of race and ethnicity: process through which a culture defines what constitutes a race or an ethnic group Prejudice: Is an irrational, negative attitude toward a category of people. Goes beyond of stereotyping, is always negative and irrational. Is learned by the process of socialization: a person who believes all Italians is associated with the Mafia Three factors are associated to be the cause of prejudice: Authoritarianism (submissive with those in authority and aggressive and negative with those in lower status), Scapegoating(blaming others for the own errors or problems) and Frustration. Racism: Is the belief that inherited physical characteristics associated with racial groups determines individuals abilities and provide a legitimate basis for unequal treatment. Ex: Us put all Japanese American citizen in concentration camps during World War II in absence of evidence of disloyalty from them. Discrimination: Is the unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in categories. Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is a behavior. Can go together. Ex: If your boss thinks that African Americans are less intelligent than some whites (prejudice), he may pay less to them (Discrimination) Majority group/ Minority group: A group that is culturally, economically and politically dominant or subordinated

CHAPTER 14: URBANIZATION

Mortality: Incidence of death Fertility: Incidence of childbearing Immigration: Permanent movement of people into the same country Internal immigration: Movement of people inside the country: Ex: Katrina, Movement to Sunbelt states of Southwest from the north following jobs or warmer temperatures City: Is an area of dense population where most people do not engage in agriculture purists. Cities needs are civilizations go together. The food supplies from agriculture need to be transported to the city. It is necessary a surplus and growth food in other places. Most cities are modern. Cities has an industrial core, manufacturing core, central business district. Were rare in the 1920s. The Industrial Revolution result in the formation of the c ities, population booms. Stable agriculture and a way to transporter resulted in the formation of cities. Car development, Building of bridges, highways. Robert Moses: The Power Broker (Moses's image suffered a further blow in 1974 with the publication of The th Power Broker, a Pulitzer Prize-winning biography by Robert A. Caro): He was a master builder in the mid -20 century The most powerful man in NY, one of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban planning in the United States. He changed shorelines, built bridges, tunnels and roadways, and transformed neighborhoods, He control 13 construction agencies in the State. (Northern and Southern States Highways= Allowed the development of Long Island). Metropolitan area: Is a county that has a city of 50,000 or more people plus any neighboring counties that are significantly linked economically or socially with the core city. Some metropolitan areas have only 1 county; other can have half a dozen counties as NY.

13

Concentric zone City: Is a city that develops in concentric rings from the center concentrically outward. NY city Ethnic City: Has a characteristic ethnicity, with very distinct ethnicity dominating it. Ex: The most distinct German city is Milwaukee; the French city could be New Orleans. Plate City: Chicago, every city has different ethnicity, developed in different sections Garden City: A residential suburb or community planned so as to provide a pleasant environment with low-density housing and open public land. Ex: Charleston South Carolina, Charles, and Virginia Edge City: Suburban centers that now have an existence largely separate from the cities that spawned them. A city that was once a suburb and turn itself in a city. Ex: Suffolk Consortium Agreement (1899): Ny was created, as we know it now by the contortion Agreement. This connected Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, Bronx, , Staten Island to NYcity. Before that NY was only Manhattan.

Louis Wirth (1938): He saw the negative consequences of urban life. His view was that urban life was promoting isolation and lack of interaction. Modern cities and the increase of density were changing their relationships between people;
People cannot know each other, weakening of the bonds, declining of the social importance of the family. There is a shift away from primary relationships to secondary relationships. People interact each other only in relation with their roles, no deeper than that. Ex: deli cashier and the doorman of his or her apartment building. Personal relations become superficial and transitory. CHAPTER 15: Social Change Social Change: Is any significant modification or transformation of social structures and sociocultural processes over time. There are 3 potential sources of change: Collective behavior, social movements and technology. Collective Behavior: Nonroutine action by an emotionally aroused gathering of people who face an ambiguous situation, generally spontaneous and unplanned. Ex: crowd surfing in a rock concert, street celebration, candle lit vigils. Is from short duration and non-organized. Characteristics: Random: may occur today or may not, not previsible Spontaneously: not planned Vague norms: Unclear norms Inadequate norms: People considers innapropiate Contested norms: conflictive Reasons: Disasters and wars: # Black plague (1/2 of population of Europe was destroyed in 14s century)blaming to witchcraft; destroyed feudal lands, no people to work the land # WW I= wiped monarquies in Europe, war with Mexico allowed to Us gain territoty of California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah.

14

Rise of societies: Rise of Germany change the configuration of Europe, the same with the rise of US from Britain empire, change North America. Decline of societies: Roman Empire , Britain empire( change the freedom of Africa), Decline of Soviet Union change Rusia. Dark Ages: Period of little literacy, low communication Ex: Europe after the collapse of Roman Empire. Technology:Application of science to improve human life (electric light, cars, computers)- Very low index of use in India, Africa, Paraguay, Pakistan, Afghanistan, South America) we depend on technology, the more complex, the more difficult to modify it or control it Ex: the light goes off we cannot do anything in the house, no trains Ex: people who understand technology has a lot of power( pay per view, cable companies) Ex: Reproductive technology: has change the world, birth control- sexual behavior. Each technology has(+) and (-) functions or aspects. Social Movements: Is an ongoing, goal directed effort to fundamentally challenge social institutions, attitudes or way of life. Ex environmental movements, immigrants movements. Is complex, may include sit-ins; riots letter writing campaigns, lobbying etc. Talcon Parsons: (Structural Functionalist )- He gave the evolutionary view of social change. Social change evolve over time by functions and dysfunctions . One part of the society affect others. The society take evolutionary changes toward harmony, stability and evolution in some new , unique directions. Ex: rise of cities, produces changes in individuals and families by having to travel more to work. Oswald Spingle: He gave the cyclical theory of decline of civilizations. All societies go toward cyclical of slow development, maturation and decline, and this pattern repeats starting again. He wrote The Decline of the West. Ex: Actually we are in decline. Arnold Toymbee: He believes that societies develop by challenges . No challenge , no socities and desintegration Ex: the challenge of Napoleon in Germany, The challenge of Norway to defeat the foreign domain, which afterward produced great prosperity in that Nation. The challenges of the Presidents. Veblin: (Conflict theory): Theory of the leisure class: The vested interests of people is what causes change Ex: electric companies have vested interests in promoting electric cars But Gas companies are against that Societies changes when the vested interest for change are bigger that the vested interest for no change Ex: privacy law to protect music, and people that want it download the music for free in internet. Social Movements occurs because 3 factors acting together:

15

Relative- Deprivation Theory: (Structural functional ): Social movements arise when people experience an intolerable gap between their rewards and their expectations. When we believe that we should have more of what we actually have, especially if it is the result of unfair treatment The individual compare to others or with past situations, is why is relative, no absolute. Can occur when the conditions are stable, or improving or when they are declining. This theory doesnt explain why in same conditions some people participate in social movements and other no. Resource mobilization theory: (Conflict Theory) Social movements develop when individuals who experience deprivation can obtain the resources they need to mobilize for action, is not anger or resentment, is rather organization and resources what result in movement. Ex: Movements are most common in affluent societies Insurgent conciousness theory: (Symbolic Interaction) Suggests that social movements develop when political opportunities are available and when individuals had developed a sense that change is possible an needed that is called insurgent consciousness. The individuals understand their real identities and want them to change. Ex: feminist movement.

Other important factors: Leadership: Martin L King, John Calvin, John Adams, Malcolm X Mobilization: Society gains control of new resources .Is the process by which a unit gains control of assets it did not previously control: when gain resources, like weapons, technology, goods, money, members, or support of other organizations. Frame alignment: Process of convince individuals for participation, attracting new members, convincing that their values are those of the social movement. Organization: people has to be organized no caotic Media coverage:Print, panphlets, TV, Internet Set the right time, and the right city. Who will use the resources better will win (people, organization, media) Countermovement: Social movements the seek to reverse or resist changes advocated by an opposing movement. Generally happens because the original movement achieved moderate success. Ex: movements against gay movements, Roman Catholic counter Reformation Technology: Human application of knowledge to the making of tools and to the use of natural resources.

16

Oswald Spingle:

He gave the cyclical theory of decline of civilizations. All societies go toward cyclical of slow development, maturation and decline, and this pattern repeats starting again. He wrote The Decline of the West. He believes that societies develop by challenges . No challenge , no socities and desintegration
Ex: the challenge of Napoleon in Germany, The challenge of Norway to defeat the foreign domain, which afterward produced great prosperity in that Nation. The challenges of the Presidents

Ex: Actually we are in decline.

Arnold Toymbee:

CHAPTER 12: EDUCATION Educational Institution: Is the social structure concerned with the formal transmition of knowledge Hidden curriculum: Conflict Theory- It says that public schools socializes young people into obedience and conformity, while elite private schools trains people to think creatively, assuming that they are naturally superior and deserve privilege. Public schools prepare students for being working class. Credentialism: Conflict theory that states the assumption that some individuals are better than others simply because they have a particular credential education. Structural Theory of Education: The education system has been designed to meet multiple needs or functions: Training/Knowledge Socialization: discipline, obedience, cooperation, punctuality Sorting: Ensures to get the best of each student abilities Promoting Change: By encouraging critical thinking and analytical skills Tracking: Early evaluations to determine the educational progress a child will be encouraged to follow. Students are placed in different programs according to their levels of abilities (self-fulfillment prophecy) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: (Robert Merton- Symbolic Interaction)- Is a false definition of situation evoking a new behavior which makes the original false conception come true. Ex: When teachers assume that certain students can not succeed because of their race, sex, or class, teachers give those students less opportinunities to do so, and this makes this people actually not succeed. Privatization: Process of taking goods and services out of governmental control and treating them like any other marketable commodity, to be bought and sold in the market. Conflict theory of Education: Education is a Capitalist Tool: To benefit the ruling class: public schools prepare students for being a working class (hidden curriculum), in order of being part of the capitalist word.

17

Education is a Cultural Tool: To learn cultural historical perspective of the dominant culture Status Marker: (Credentialism) CHAPTER 11= FAMILY: Family: Relatively permanent group of persons linked together in social roles by ties of blood, adoption, marriage or quasi- marital commitment. Marriage: Institutionalized social structure that provides an enduring framework for regulating sexual behavior and childbearing Extended Family: Family in which a couple and their children live with other kin, such as wifes or husbands parents or siblings. Nuclear Family: Family in which a couple and their children form an independent household living apart from other kin Monogamy: Marriage with a 1 wife or 1 husband. Polygamy: More then 1 spouse at the time. Rites of passage: Formal rituals that mark the end of one age status and the beginning of another Homogamy: Tendency to choose a mate similar in status to oneself Endogamy: Practice of choosing a mate from within ones own racial, ethnic or religious group Deinstitutionalization of marriage: Gradual disintegration of social norms that undergird the need for marriage, the meaning of marriage and expectations regarding marital roles (Andrew Cherlin) Divorce rate: Calculated as the number of divorces each year per 1000 married woman Divorce probability: Is the estimated probability that a marriage will ever en d in divorce within a given time period. School Choice: refers to a range of options that enable families to choose where their children go to school: Tuition voucher and income taxes: Designed to help pay for private schools Magnet schools: public schools with high quality programs Charter schools: similar to magnet but they are private, receive public funds and students are required to get some level of performance Home schooling:

18

19