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Fire Safety Journal 41 (2006) 155163 www.elsevier.com/locate/resaf

The effects of high temperature on compressive and exural strengths of ordinary and high-performance concrete
Metin Husem
Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey Received 29 April 2004; received in revised form 10 October 2005; accepted 5 December 2005

Abstract The variation of compressive and exural strengths of ordinary and high-performance micro-concrete at high temperatures was examined. Compressive and exural strengths of ordinary and high-performance micro-concrete which were exposed to high temperatures (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 1C) and cooled differently (in air and water) were obtained. Compressive and exural strengths of these concrete samples were compared with each other and then compared with the samples which had not been heated. On the other hand, strength loss curves of these concrete samples were compared with the strength loss curves given in the codes. Experimental results indicate that concrete strength decreases with increasing temperature, and the decrease in the strength of ordinary concrete is more than that in high-performance concrete. The type of cooling affects the residual compressive and exural strength, the effect being more pronounced as the temperature increases. Strength loss curves obtained from this study agree with strength loss curves given in the Finnish Code. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: High-performance concrete; Ordinary concrete; High temperature; Compressive strength; Flexural strength; Loss of strength

1. Introduction Concrete has been dened as a composite material obtained using cement, aggregate, water and when necessary chemical and/or mineral additives, placed into moulds of various sizes and shapes and hardened under convenient conditions [13]. Today concrete has been used with an increased strength and durability in connection with the developments in technology in pre-stressed concrete, concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Pre-stressed concrete, concrete and reinforced concrete structures are sometimes exposed to res and many structures become damaged and/or out of use [4]. As it is known, high temperatures caused as a result of re decreases the concrete strength and durability of such structures. Fire resistance of concrete is affected by factors like the type of aggregate and cement used in its composition, the temperature and duration of the re,
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E-mail address: mhusem@ktu.edu.tr. 0379-7112/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.resaf.2005.12.002

sizes of structure members, and moisture content of concrete [57]. Fire resistance of the aggregates is generally high. However, having non-uniform high temperature effect of aggregate or cooling the heated aggregate using water spray may cause internal pressure in the aggregates. This pressure may make the aggregate spall. Some of the deformation in the concrete is due to the expansion of cement in its composition. Hydrated Portland cement contains a signicant amount of free calcium hydroxide and will decompose into calcium oxide due to loss of water at 400450 1C . If this calcium oxide is wetted after being cooled or is kept in a moist environment, it transforms into calcium hydroxide again. The concrete may crumble as a result of such changes in volume [2,3,8,9]. An increase in the size of structural members increases re resistance. The effects of high temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete have been investigated since the 1940s [8,1034]. These studies examined the behavior of cement paste, mortar, concrete samples and reinforced concrete members exposed to high temperature [14]. Results of these studies constituted the technical basis for

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the provisions and recommendations for determining concrete strength of elevated temperature in many codes [14]. For design purpose, mechanical properties of concrete at elevated temperature may be obtained using design curves prescribed in the codes [3338]. Many of these studies were realized for properties of ordinary concrete exposed to high temperature. Fewer studies have been carried out with high-performance concrete than with ordinary concrete [23,2732]. Concrete structures are sometimes exposed to the effects of re. Although there are different ways to extinguish the re, it is generally done with water spray. This causes different stresses in reinforced concrete members at high temperature and the structural member can lose load bearing capacity. In this study, the behavior of ordinary and high-performance concretes exposed to high temperatures is examined after cooling in air or water. In the tests, temperatures of 23, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 1C were chosen for ease of observation of the test results. All series were exposed to same temperatures. To determine the resistance of concrete samples exposed to high temperature, many test methods are used. Three test methods are commonly referred in most experimental programs on the re performance of concretes [14]. These are named as stressed, unstressed and unstressed residual strength tests. In stressed tests, a preload (2040% of the compressive strength at 23 1C) is applied to the specimen prior to heating and is sustained during the heating period. Heat is applied at a constant rate until a target temperature is reached, and is maintained for a time until a thermal steady state is achieved. Stress or strain is then increased at a prescribed rate until the specimen fails. In the unstressed test, the specimen is heated, without preload, at a constant rate to the target temperature, which is maintained until a thermal steady state is achieved. Stress or strain is then applied at a prescribed rate until failure occurs. In unstressed residual strength test, the specimen is heated without preload at a prescribed rate to the target temperature, which is maintained until a thermal steady state is reached within the specimen. The specimen is then allowed to cool, following a prescribed rate, to room temperature. Load or strain is applied at room temperature until the specimen fails. In this study, unstressed residual strength test is used to obtain the effects of high temperature on compressive and exural strengths of ordinary and high-performance concrete. Research has indicated that [20,28,29] strength loss and explosive spalling occur in the concrete exposed to high temperatures. High-performance concrete has been found
Table 1 The physical properties of aggregate Aggregate size Course(44 mm) Fine(o4 mm) Loose density (kg=m3 ) 1445 1485

to have greater strength loss in the intermediate temperature range than ordinary concrete when exposed to the same heating condition. High-performance concrete specimens are prone to explosive spalling, even when heated at a relatively slow heating rate (p5  C/min). According to the test results obtained from this study, strength loss of highperformance micro-concrete is more than that of ordinary micro-concrete. But explosive spalling in high-performance micro-concrete does not occur in ordinary micro-concrete. 2. The aim of study The main objective of this research is to examine the variation according to cooling type of compressive and exural strength of high-performance micro-concrete and ordinary micro-concrete at high temperatures. Compressive and exural strengths of ordinary and high-performance micro-concrete exposed to high temperatures (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 1C) and cooled in various environments (in air and water) were obtained and the results compared. Tests were also carried out on samples which had not been exposed to high temperatures. The study also examines the effects of minerals and chemical additives used in the production of high-performance concrete, on the mechanical properties of concrete exposed to high temperature. 3. Experimental study 3.1. Materials Because it is commonly used in concrete production in the region, the limestone aggregate was used in ordinary and high-performance concrete production. The maximum aggregate size used was 16 mm. The physical properties of this aggregate are given in Table 1. The petrographic structure of ordinary aggregate includes only opaque minerals o1% and micritic cemented limestone comprising partially old microfossils. In the production of high-performance concrete and micro-concrete, PC 42.5 Portland cement was used. The number 42.5 denotes its characteristic compressive strength in MPa. In the production of ordinary concrete and microconcrete, PC 32.5 Portland cement was used. Some properties of these cements are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. In the production of high-performance concrete and micro-concrete, silica fume and superplasticizer

Dry density(kg=m3 ) 2706 2675

Saturated density (kg=m3 ) 2720 2682

Water absorption (%) 0.43 0.50

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M. Husem / Fire Safety Journal 41 (2006) 155163 Table 2 Some properties of PC 42.5 cement Physical properties Density (g=cm3 ) Specic surface (Blaine) (cm2 =g) Setting Initial (h) time (vicat) Final (h) 3.10 3680 2.10 4.15 Mechanical properties Age (day) 2 7 28 Flexural strength (MPa) 5.75 7.55 8.75 Compressive strength (MPa) 29.05 43.65 52.97 157

Table 3 Some properties of PC 32.5 cement Physical properties Density (g=cm3 ) Specic surface (Blaine) (cm2 =g) Setting time (vicat) Initial (h) Final (h) 3.05 3260 2.10 3.40 Mechanical properties Age (day) 2 7 28 Flexural strength (MPa) 4.01 5.35 6.65 Compressive strength (MPa) 15.20 28.2 36.17

Table 4 Chemical compositions of silica fume Component (%) SiO2 82 Fe2 O3 1.8 Al2 O3 3.2 CaO3 1.4 MgO3 5 CrO3 3 Loss on ignition 2.2 Free CaO 1.2

(ASTM C-494 F type) admixture were used. Chemical properties of silica fume are given in Table 4. In the examination of the effects of high temperatures on the compressive and exural strengths of high performance and ordinary concrete, micro-concrete samples were used. High performance and ordinary concrete were produced rst and their compressive strengths were determined. Micro-concrete having the same properties with the mortar phase in the concrete was then produced. Micro-concrete is used in the study of the effect of high temperature on exural and compressive strength. 3.2. Mixture and production of concrete The gradations of aggregate used in the high performance and ordinary concrete were the same. The aggregate proportion is given in Table 5. In the mixture proportioning of high performance and ordinary concrete, water to cement ratios of 0.30 and 0.50 were used, respectively. The mixture proportions of concretes are given in Table 6. In the production of high-performance concrete, silica fume was added (10% of weight of cement) and superplasticizer admixture was used (2% of total weight of cement and silica fume). In mixing concrete, a concrete mixer having 80 l capacity and inclined axes was used. Each granulometric aggregate was weighed and placed into the concrete mixer moistened in

Table 5 The gradation of aggregate Gradation class 0 mm0.25 mm 0.25 mm0.50 mm 0.50 mm1.00 mm 1.00 mm2.00 mm 2.00 mm4.00 mm 4.00 mm8.00 mm 8.00 mm16.00 mm %, total weight 4 8 8 12 21 19 28

advance and mixed for 3 min with the addition of saturation water, for 3 min with the addition of cement (together with silica fume, if any), and thereafter, mixed for another 3 min without stopping to add the mixing water (together with the superplasticizer admixture, if any). The resulting concrete was placed in standard cylinder (150 mm 300 mm) moulds at 3 stages and 12 samples were prepared in each production (12 samples for high-performance concrete and 12 samples for ordinary concrete). The samples, which were taken out the day after, were kept in water at 22 2  C for 21 days. They were kept at 23 1C and 65% relative humidity until the time of the experiment. The specimens were 28 days old at the time of the tests.

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158 M. Husem / Fire Safety Journal 41 (2006) 155163 Table 6 Mix design of high performance and ordinary concrete Concretes W/C Cement kg=m3 Water kg=m3 Total aggregate kg=m3 Absorbed water kg=m3 Admixtures SP kg=m3 HPC OC 0.30 0.50 500 350 150 175 1789 1829 9.5 11.70 22 SF kg=m3 50

HPC, high-performance concrete; SP, superplasticizer admixture; OC, ordinary concrete; and SF, silica fume.

Table 7 Mix design of micro-high performance and ordinary micro-concrete Components Micro-highperformance concrete kg=m3 786 236 1286 78.6 25.9 Micro-ordinary concrete kg=m3

Table 8 The gradation of aggregate for micro-concrete Gradation class 0 mm0.25 mm 0.25 mm0.50 mm 0.50 mm1.00 mm 1.00 mm2.00 mm 2.00 mm4.00 mm %, total weight 7 15 15 23 40

Cement Water Sand Silica fume Superplasticizer

572 286 1345

3.3. Mixture and production of micro-concrete The mix proportions of micro-high performance (HPMC) and ordinary micro-concrete (OMC) are given in Table 7. The maximum aggregate size used was 4 mm. The gradation of aggregate is given in Table 8. On examining the effects of high temperature on the mechanical properties of high performance and ordinary concrete, prismatic micro-concrete experimental samples with dimensions of 40 mm 40 mm 160 mm were produced to represent the mortar in the composition of such concrete. Watercement ratios (in high-performance concrete it is 0.30, in ordinary concrete 0.50) and cementsand ratios used in the production of concrete (in high-performance concrete it is 0.620, in ordinary concrete 0.425) are the same in order to obtain the mortars in high performance and ordinary concrete in the production of such samples. They are placed into prismatic moulds in three stages, applying vibration for 15 s. The samples were taken out of their moulds after 1 day and kept in water at 22 2  C for 21 days. Until the time of the experiment, they were kept at 23 1C, and 65% relative humidity. For each micro-concrete type, 180 test samples were produced. The samples were 28 days old at the time of the experiment. 3.4. Test procedure In this study, uniaxial compressive tests on high performance and ordinary concrete samples (for each concrete 12 samples) were performed with a constant loading rate of 0.15 MPa/s. The reason of choosing 0.15 MPa/s is to keep the loading rate to a minimum in the comparison of test results.

In determining the effects of high temperature on the compressive and exural strength of HPMC and OMC, a exural test was done on the prismatic samples with dimensions 40 mm 40 mm 160 mm. Compressive tests were done on the samples which had been broken before. For each micro-concrete, 36 samples were used at each test temperature. The tests were performed at ve different temperatures (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 1C) in order to have practical measurements. Twelve of these samples were kept at 23 1C and the other 24 samples were put in the oven. They were removed 1 h after the desired temperature was reached. Twelve of these samples were cooled in water and the other 12 were cooled in air (at room temperature) until they were at 23 1C. The exural and compressive tests were performed on the cooled samples and 12 others which were kept at 23 1C. 4. Results and discussion Compressive strength tests are done on the concrete and micro-concrete samples. Twelve samples were used for each series of experiments. The average compressive strengths and standard deviations are given in Table 9. In this study, ordinary concrete with an average compressive strength of 34 MPa and high-performance concrete with an average compressive strength of 71 MPa have been produced using the composition ratios in Table 6. Micro-concrete samples are produced to represent the mortar phase of the produced ordinary and high-performance concrete. The samples produced for the examination of the behavior of HPMC and OMC exposed to high temperature are placed into an oven with a heating capacity of 1200 1C. The variation of the oven temperature as a function of time is given in Fig. 1. As it is seen in the gure, the rate of

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achieving an oven temperature of 1000 1C is 6.67 1C/min in OMC and 5.5 1C/min in HPMC. The slope of time temperature curve is higher for HPMC than for OMC. Because HPMC has a structure with fewer pores than OMC, therefore thermal conductivity of HPMC is higher than that of OMC. Twenty-eight days after their production, experimental samples were kept in the oven until the temperature is 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 1C, respectively. Then, they were taken out of the oven and some of them were left to cool in air and some of them in water till they reached 23 1C. Cooled in air or water, samples were rst exposed to exural and then to compressive experimentation on broken pieces. The exural test was carried out on 12 samples for each series, but the compressive strength test

Table 9 The mechanical properties of concretes Concretes Average compressive strength (MPa) 71 34 Standard division(MPa)

HPC OC

1.3 0.8

1200 1000

800 600 400 200 0 0 50 100 150 HPMC OMC

Time (minute)

Fig. 1. Variation of oven temperature by time.

was performed on 24 samples for each series. The compressive and exural strengths obtained in this way are given in Table 10. Change with temperature of exural strength of HPMC and OMC concrete is given in Fig. 2, and change with temperature of compressive strength of micro-concretes is given Fig. 3. In these gures, ordinary micro-concrete is denoted as OMC, high-performance micro-concrete as HPMC, air cooling as AC, and water cooling as WC. The exural strength of OMC cooled in air after being exposed to the effect of different temperatures is lower than that of the reference samples: 21% for 200 1C, 33% for 400 1C, 58% for 600 1C, 63% for 800 1C. Flexural strength of OMC cooled in water after being exposed to the effect of different temperature is also lower than that of reference samples: 22% for 200 1C, 36% for 400 1C, 68% for 600 1C, 84% for 800 1C. The compressive strength of OMC cooled in air is less than that of the reference samples: 7% for 200 1C, 12% for 400 1C, 27% for 600 1C, 47% for 800 1C. Compressive strength of OMC cooled in water is also less than that of reference samples: 27% for 200 1C, 29% for 400 1C, 44% for 600 1C. Because the samples disintegrated in water, compressive tests on samples could not be completed for 800 and 1000 1C. The exural strength of HPMC cooled in air after being exposed to the effect of different temperature is lower than that of reference samples: 36% for 200 1C, 27% for 400 1C, 36% for 600 1C, 60% for 800 1C, 71% for 1000 1C. The exural strength of HPMC cooled in water after being exposed to the effect of different temperature is also lower than that of reference samples: 30% for 200 1C, 28% for 400 1C, 45% for 600 1C, 70% for 800 1C. Because the samples disintegrated in water, exural tests on samples could not be completed for 1000 1C. Compressive strength of HPMC cooled in air is smaller than that of reference samples: 32% for 200 1C, 23% for 400 1C, 26% for 600 1C, 51% for 800 1C and 75% for 1000 1C. Compressive strength of HPMC cooled in water is also less than that of the reference samples: 33% for 200 1C, 29% for 400 1C, 34% for 600 1C, 56% for 800 1C. Because the samples

Table 10 The mechanical properties of micro-concrete in different temperatures Temperature ( C) Ordinary micro-concrete Flexural strength (MPa) Compressive strength (MPa) High-performance micro-concrete Flexural strength (MPa) Compressive strength (MPa)

Temperature (C)

Type of cooling in air 23 200 400 600 800 1000 in water 9.1 7.1 5.8 2.9 1.5 0.2 in air in water 59.4 43.2 42.1 33.0 0 0 in air in water 9.7 6.8 7.0 5.3 2.9 0 in air in water 85.1 57.1 60.1 56.2 37.6 0

7.2 6.1 3.8 3.4 0.7

55 52.2 43.4 31.5 6.5

6.2 7.1 6.2 3.9 2.8

58 65.4 62.9 41.3 21

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160
12 Flextural strength (MPa) 10 8 6 4 2 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
OMC-AC OMC-WC HPMC-AC HPMC-WC

M. Husem / Fire Safety Journal 41 (2006) 155163

Temperature

Fig. 2. Variation of exural strength with temperature.

Compressive strength (MPa)

100
OMC-AC

80 60 40 20 0 0 200 400 600 800 Temperature

OMC-WC HPMC-AC HPMC-WC

1000

1200

Fig. 3. Variation of compressive strength with temperature.

disintegrated in water, compressive test on samples could not be completed for 1000 1C. As one will see from these gures, exural and compressive strength of high-performance concrete cooled in air and water after being exposed to the effect of high temperature decrease up to 200 1C compared to the exural and compressive strengths of the reference samples and the strength rapidly decreases after showing a certain increase at 200400 1C. This decrease is more in those samples cooled in water. Decrease in exural and compressive strength of ordinary concrete is much more compared to that of high-performance concrete. And this shows that high-performance concrete is more resistant to the effect of high temperature. However, above 600 1C, decrease in the strength of both concretes rapidly increases. The reason for this is that there is no signicant change in concretes up to a temperature of 300 1C in aggregate and mortar phases, and that there are signicant changes in aggregate and mortar phases after this temperature. These results are in harmony with the results of various research studies [17,18,22]. Flexural and compressive strengths of OMC and HPMC exposed to a high temperature, then cooled in water are less than those cooled in air. It is apparent that strength losses of OMC cooled in water compared to OMC cooled in air is more than the losses of HPMC (see Table 10). In the former studies, it is stated that, when ordinary concrete is heated to 300 1C, strength loss changes by 1020% and up to 600 1C it changes by 6070%. In addition, high-performance concrete heated over 450 1C

has a 40% strength loss [14,28]. In this study, test results show that compressive strength loss of OMC heated to 400 1C and cooled in air is 12%, in water is 29%. Compressive strength loss of samples heated up to 600 1C and cooled in air is 27%, in water is 44%. Compressive strength loss of HPMC heated to 400 1C and cooled in air is 23%, in water is 29%. Compressive strength loss of same concrete heated to 600 1C and cooled in air is 26%, in water is 34%. In the test results it is seen that compressive strength of OMC under the effect of high temperature and cooled in air and water has a decreasing trend when the temperature increases. Strength loss curves obtained from this study for the ordinary concrete have the same trendbut different changing ratioobtained from Abrams [33], Morita et al. [34], and Furumura et al. [39] and from studies in NIST [14,29]. In the present study, it is seen that the strength of high-performance concrete exposed to high temperature and cooled in air and water decreases until 200 1C, an increase between 200 and 400 1C and a continuous decrease after 400 1C (see in Fig. 3 and Table 10). The strength increase at 200400 1C in the samples cooled in air is more than for those cooled in water. These results have a similar trend to those of Khoury [22] and Hammer [40,41] and to the studies at NIST [14,24,27,29]. However, in Khourys study, strength decreases until 100 1C, increases between 100 and 400 1C and decreases continuously above 400 1C. In the studies performed at NIST, strength in highperformance concrete decreased until 100 1C, increased between 100 and 200 1C for some concrete mixtures and decreased rapidly after 200 1C. In Hammers study, the strength decreased until 300 1C (except the concrete produced without silica fume), increased from 300 to 450 1C and decreased rapidly after 450 1C. According to the results obtained from the tests, when the temperature is increased from 23 to 200 1C, compressive strength loss of HPMC is 32% for the specimens which were cooled in air and 33% for the specimens which were cooled in water. When the temperature is 400 1C, compressive strength loss is 23% for cooling in air and 29% for cooling in water. As it can be seen in Fig. 3, when the temperature is increased from 200 to 400 1C, compressive strength gain is 13% for the specimens cooling in air and 5% for those cooled in water. The former studies indicated that the increase is caused by evaporation of free water and removal of water of crystallization from the cement paste [42]. This result is supported by the experiments in that the specimens cooled in air have more strength gain than the specimens cooled in water because while they were being cooled in water some of the evaporated water is regained. It was reported that when explosive spalling occurs, the temperature range is between 300 and 650 1C [14,25,27,29]. Many factors were identied as affecting explosive spalling. These factors include age, moisture content, type of gravel and sand used, curing method, rate of heating [15]. In this study, it has been observed that when the temperature is

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M. Husem / Fire Safety Journal 41 (2006) 155163 Table 11 The mechanical properties of micro concrete with silica fume or superplasticizer admixture Temp.  C Micro-concrete with superplasticizer (without silica fume) Flexural strength (MPa) 23 400 600 9.6 8.5 8.3 Compr. strength (MPa) 63.4 66.0 66.7 Micro-concrete with silica fume (without superplasticizer) Flexural strength (MPa) 5.7 6.8 5.6 Compr. strength(MPa) 47.8 42.3 41 High-performance micro-concrete (in Table 10) Flexural strength(MPa) 9.7 7.1 6.2 Compr. strength(MPa) 85.1 65.4 62.9 161

12
Flextural strength (MPa)

10 8 6 4 2 0 0 200 400 Temperature 600 800

SPMC SFMC HPMC HPMC-WC

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

Compressive strength (MPa)

SPMC

SFMC

HPMC

HPMC-WC

Fig. 4. Variation of exural strength of high-performance micro-concrete with temperature.

200

400 Temperature

600

800

Fig. 5. Variation of compressive strength of high-performance microconcrete with temperature.

400500 1C, approximately 30% of samples produced from HPMC spalled in the experiment. To examine the effect of admixed material used in concrete producing the explosive spalling, micro-concrete was rst produced without using the superplasticizer admixture (which is used for the production of HPMC), and then without using silica fume (Table 11). These concretes were exposed to a heat process of 400 and 600 1C and cooled in air. The results are given in Fig. 4. As seen in the gure, exural strength of micro-concrete produced using superplasticizer admixture is 1% less than the exural strength of HPMC for 23 1C, 20% more for 400 1C, and 34% more for 600 1C. As for exural strength of micro-concrete produced using silica fume (without using superplasticizer admixture), it is 41%, 4% and 10% less than that of HPMC for 23, 400 and 600 1C, respectively. Likewise, the compressive strength of microconcrete produced using superplasticizer admixture (without using silica fume) is 25% less than the compressive strength of HPMC for 23 1C, and 1% more for 400 1C, 6% more for 600 1C. Compressive strength of micro-concrete produced using silica fume is less than the compressive strength of HPMC by 44% for 23 1C, 35% for 400 1C and 35% for 600 1C. And this shows that the decrease in the exural and compressive strength of micro-concrete produced using only silica fume is more than that of micro-concrete produced using only superplasticizer admixture and that the concrete produced using silica fume is affected more from high temperature. According to the results of experimentation conducted, it is considered that

the burst in HPMC is caused by the expansion of silica fume (Fig. 5). Strength loss curves of micro-concrete used in this study are given in Fig. 6 with the design curves given in Codes [3538]. As it is seen in this gure, the Finnish Code is more suitable than the other Codes for high-performance concrete (except cooled in water) until 400 1C. CEB [35] and the Finnish Code [38] are more suitable than Eurocode [36,37] for ordinary and high-performance concrete between 400 and 600 1C. After 600 1C, Eurocode design curves are the most suitable ones except for ordinary concrete cooled in water. 5. Conclusions The conclusions drawn from the results obtained in this study are as follows:

Ordinary concrete with an average compressive strength of 34 MPa and high-performance concrete with an average compressive strength of 71 MPa have been produced. In order to represent their mortars microconcrete samples have been prepared. In ordinary and HPMC exposed to high temperature, exural and compressive strength decreases with the increase of temperature. Such decrease is greater in those cooled in water. The compressive strength of HPMC cooled in air and water decreased up to 200 1C. The compressive strength of

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1.2
Eurocode Desing Curve (Siliceous aggregate) Eurocode Design Curve (Calcareous aggregate) CEB Desing Curve Finnish Design Curve (rakMK B4 K70-K100) OMC (Cooling in air) OMC (Cooling in water) HPMC (Cooling in air) HPMC (Cooling in water)

0.8 fc/f'c(23)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Temperature (C)

Fig. 6. Comparison of design curves and experimental loss of strength curves.

 

HPMC was increased between 200 and 400 1C. The compressive strength of OMC was decreased continuously. The compressive strength gain was 13% for specimens cooling in air. For the specimens cooling in water the strength gain was 5%. The compressive test was not done for OMC in the temperature above 600 1C, because of concrete samples disintegrated. For HPMC, the compressive test was not done at temperatures above 800 1C. It has been observed that some samples produced from HPMC spall explosively at temperatures between 400 and 500 1C and it has been seen that the cause for such explosive spalling in high-performance concrete is expansion of silica fume used in the production of such concretes. The explosive spalling was not observed for OMC specimens. Experimental studies indicated that OMC and HPMC produced using limestone aggregate caused loss of strength in high percentages in those cooled in water after being exposed to high temperature. Studies show that experimental samples have been damaged to a great extent and they have lost their compressive strengths if high-performance concrete is cooled in water after being exposed to the temperature of 800 1C, and ordinary concrete is cooled in water after being exposed to the temperature of 600 1C. The concrete may completely lose its strength as a result of the immediate expansions that will form during the expansion of mineral admixture used in the production of high-performance concretes in high temperature and/ or water spray-cooling of a reinforced concrete building element exposed to high temperature as a result of a re. The CEN Eurocode and the CEBs design curves for properties of re-exposed concrete are not applicable to

high strength micro-concrete. Finnish Code is more suitable for high-performance concrete especially until 400 1C temperature. These codes are not applicable to OMC and HPMC cooled in water.

References
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