TECHNO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM IN TROPICAL CLIMATE UNIVERSITY BUILDING Case Study Building Description and

Simulation Analysis The information technology division (ITD) building, a four-story university building with seven thermal zones per floor or 28 thermal zones in total was selected for this case study. The building is located in Rockhampton campus of Central Queensland University (CQU), Australia at Latitude 23.4 S and Longitude 150.5 E. Its orientation is 75 metres in the east-west direction and 45 metres in the north-south direction (345 N). Complete air-conditioned floor area of the building is 4260 m2 and has floor-to-floor height of 4.2m. ITD Building has a fairly standard construction, with light weight 130mm concrete floor slabs, single glazed conventional external walls (40%) with blind, light weight 100 mm cavity brick partition wall covered with 215 mm2 gypsum board, suspended type 15mm ceiling tiles. The building is occupied from 7 am to 6 pm Monday to Friday. Research students have limited access to this building on weekends and holidays. The HVAC systems used in the building is constant air volume (CAV) with 17 air-handling units (AHUs) serving the different zones of the building. The cooling of the building is provided by chilled water from the plant through two reciprocating air cooled chillers. Under design condition each chiller has a maximum total capacity of 420 kW and supplies 13 L/s at leaving water temperature 7C, with a return water temperature of 12 C. Both chillers are controlled by the cooling demand of the AHUs. Each floor has separate thermostat control with zone set points between 23.5 to 24 C for summer and 21.5 to 22 C for winter. Economic Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage Options The capital and operating cost required for the TES system can be calculated by the following formulations (Dorgan & Elleson 1993; Haberl 1993).

Water chiller with Cool TES strategy has been chosen for determining the effective cost of daily expenses by excluding the existing water chiller. If we rearrange the equation (1) and (2) for storage options then the daily cost can be calculated by the following equation:

Equation (3) is applicable for daily effective expenses and if we exclude the cost of the chiller in equation (3), then we get daily effective cost as given by equation (4).

Reference: Rahman M., Rasul M., Khan M. (2008). Techno-Economic Study of Thermal Energy Storage Systems in Tropical Climate University Building, Engineers Australia.

Appendix Table 1. Cooling Load Profile for Full Load Storage and Partial Storage

TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A 10 MW SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT USING AMMONIA-BASED THERMOCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Case Study Description Thermochemical reactions offer an interesting means to effectively convert, store as well as transport solar energy, with the potential to make solar power available on a 24h basis. Following original work by Carden (1977) and co-workers, recent R&D progress at the Aus tralian National University (ANU) by Lovegrove and Luzzi (1996) has encouraged the investiga tion of the viability of a complete solar thermal power plant system based on the reversible thermochemical ammonia reaction:

The main objective has been to thoroughly assess the techno-economic performance of a hypothetical 10 MW solar thermal power plant, designed for 24-h base-load operation. This paper reports on the status of this study by summarising results regarding the design, performance modelling and preliminary costing of key system components. Conceptual System Design The system is based around one or more endothermic reactors (R-101), which are driven by solar heat, and a single exothermic reactor for heat recovery via generation of superheated steam (R-102). Associated with these reactors are counter-ow heat exchangers (E-101 and E-102). They exchange heat between the inlet and outlet reactant ows and so ensure that the remainder of the system (e.g. energy storage, transport piping and compressors) operate at ambient temperature. Operating Parameter Selection A capacity of 10 MW has been chosen for the base-load solar thermal power plant in this study since such a capacity would comfortably meet some 3050% of the current mean loads of main mining facilities as well as of typical major towns at Australian remote and end-of-grid locations (Wolf, 1992). Furthermore, a 10 MW base-load solar plant would allow for application of cost effective, conventional steam Rankine cycle as well as ammonia synthesis plant technology, and for mass-production of the solar eld components.

Appendix

Reference: Luzzi A., Lovegrove K., Filippi E., Fricker H., Schmitz-Goeb M., Chandapillai M., Kaneff S., (1998). Techno-Economic Analysis of a 10 MW Solar Thermal Powerplant using Ammonia-based Thermochemical Energy Storage, Great Britain

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY DEPLOYMENT IN SPAIN Case Study Description The objective of the work is to estimate the socio-economic impacts of increasing the installed solar thermal energy power capacity in Spain. Using an input output (IO) analysis, this paper estimates the increase in the demand for goods and services as well as in employment derived from solar thermal plants in Spain under two different scenarios: (a) based on two solar thermal power plants currently in operation (with 50 and 17 MW of installed capacity); (b) the compliance to the Spanish Renewable Energy Plan (PER) 20052010 reaching 500 MW by 2010. Results show that the multiplier effect of the PER is 2.3 and the total employment generated would reach 108,992 equivalent full-time jobs of 1 year of duration. Despite this is an aggregated result, this gure represents 4.5% of current Spanish unemployment. It can be concluded that the socio-economic effect of the PERs solar thermal installed capacity goal would be remarkable.

Reference: Caldes N., Varela M., Santamara M., Saez R. (2008). Economic impact of solar thermal electricity deployment in Spain, Madrid, Spain