Lgic hc trong Pht gio

Lgic hc l mt ngnh hc c mc ch xc nh cc quy tc vn hnh ca t duy tm kim s thc. S d phi vay mn t "lgic" (ting La tinh l logica, ting Hy Lp l logos) trong ngn ng Ty phng v trong ting Vit cng nh ting Hn khng c t no tng ng. Tuy nhin cng c nhiu hc gi ngh dch lgic hc l "nhn minh hc" hay "lun l hc", nhng tht ra th cc t y khng phn nh trung thc c ngha ca t lgic. Tht vy phi cng nhn l trong nn t tng ca nhn loi khng c nhiu h thng lgic ng vi ngha ca n. Ti phng ng, Pht gio a ra mt h thng bin lun v cng c th v c o v nh hng rt su m trong nn t tng chu. Khng gio ch l mt nn trit hc o c, Lo gio c th xem l mt nn trit hc siu hnh, nhng c hai khng a ra c mt nguyn tc lgic no c. Cc tn gio ca n nh V-, Bla-mn, n gio ch da vo nghi l hin dng v cu xin hn l a ra mt h thng suy lun tm hiu s thc. i u vi lgic hc ca Pht gio, cc tro lu t tng trit hc n cng c ngh mt s lun l lgic nhng hon ton khng vng chc. Ti phng Ty th nguyn l lgic ca Aristote (Aristotle, Aristotls) bao trm ton b nn t tng ca th gii Ty phng t thi c i cho n nay ngoi tr cc tro lu tn ngng c thn, v cc nn tn ngng ny khng hm cha mt nguyn tc lgic no c. V th c th ni rng nn t tng Ty phng v cc tro lu tn ngng pht trin song hnh v i nghch nhau t thi trung c m hu qu mang li l tnh trng x hi Ty phng ngy nay. Tm li nhn loi c hai h thng lgic chnh yu v quan trng nht : mt ca c Pht v mt ca Aristote. Bi vit ngn di y trc ht s trnh by vi hng s lc v lgic ca Aristote nhm mc ch gip ngi c so snh v tm hiu d dng hn lgic ca Pht gio. Ring phn lgic ca Pht gio th s c trnh by cn k hn.

S lc v Lgic hc Aristote
Lgic l mt khoa hc tm kim s thc bng l lun, tuy nhin lgic cng c ngha l s mch lc ca ngh v li ni, hay l mt chui s kin xy ra tip ni nhau mt cch hp l. Nh ni qua trn y, lgic ca trit gia c i Hy lp l Aristote (-384 - 322, trc Ty lch tc l sinh sau c Pht khong 180 nm) nh hng su m vo ton th nn t tng Ty phng, t cc trit gia nh Alexandre d'Aphrodise (th k th II) ng thi vi i s Long Th, thnh Thomas d'Aquin (1224 - 1274) thi Trung c ng thi vi Thin s o Nguyn, cho n cc trit gia hin i nh Martin Heiddeger (1889 - 1976),...v k c Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) i vi cc quan nim ca ng v nhng gi tr vt cht.

Trn mt bnh din tht tng qut th Aristote ch trng khi nim cho rng s "hin hu" l mt "thc th" (mt cht liu), v siu hnh hc ch l "khoa hc ca s hin hu vi t cch l mt s hin hu" m thi. Nguyn tc cn bn trong lgic ca Aristote l: " khng c mt vt th no trong cng mt lc li va c v li va khng c mt thuc tnh chung " : - Ci g c, th c; ci g khng, th khng. - Bt c mt vt g cng th, c hoc l khng c; khng c cch th ba no khc. Tm li i vi Aristote, s suy din l cch rt ta t mt hay nhiu nh (mnh ) c bit trc l ng hay l sai (gi chung l tin ) mang li mt hay nhiu nh hay mnh mi c nh gi l ng hay l sai ty theo s tng quan lgic ca chng i vi cc tin c a ra t trc. Nguyn tc ny c c th ho bng s suy din gi l tam on lun. Tam on lun l cch a ra hai mnh mang tnh cch dt khot v khng nh v mnh th ba dng lm kt lun. Aristote trnh by v tam on lun nh sau: "Nu a c xc nh bi b, v c c xc nh bi b, th nht thit a phi c xc nh bi c". Ngi ta c th gi a (thuc tnh ch nh cho kt lun) l mnh chnh, v c (ch th ca kt lun) l mnh th yu. Sau y l mt th d in hnh v tam on lun thng thy: Tt c mi ngi u cht Tt c nhng ngi Hy lp u l ngi Tt c nhng ngi Hy lp u cht Tt c b (ngi) l a (cht) Tt c c (Hy lp) l b (ngi) Tt c c (Hy lp) l a (cht) Mnh chnh Mnh th yu Kt lun

Tm li lgic ca Aristote mang tnh cch khng nh (c hay l khng c, ng hay l sai, khng chp nhn s "lng chng"). Tuy nhin mt s hc phi lgic ngy nay bc b nguyn tc ny, v theo cc hc phi y th khng nht thit ch c hai trng hp khng nh nh th m cn c mt trng hp th ba thuc vo loi "khng quyt on c" (indcidable), c ngha khng r rng, khng dt khot, khng xc nh r c. Lgic ca Aristote c v rt ph hp vi s cm nhn ca con ngi trc mi hin tng v c th chi phi s nhn thc ni chung ca con ngi t phng Ty cho n phng ng. Tuy nhin Pht gio a ra mt phng php l lun ngc chiu vi qu trnh khng nh ca Aristote, chng hn nh trng hp in hnh sau y: Con ng A bit ni ting Anh Con ng A khng bit ni ting Anh ng A l ngi khng c con Trong trng hp trn y, mnh th ba ph nhn hon ton hai mnh trc, v mc ch ca s ph nhn l to ra mt s phi l ha gii tr li mi s khng nh. Trong kinh sch Pht gio ngi ta thng thy th d v "a con ca mt ngi ph n him mun" (tc khng h sinh ).

Lgic hc Pht gio

Lgic hc Pht gio c hnh thnh trc logic hc Aristote gn hai trm nm. H thng lgic ca Pht gio "thc t" hn v mang mt ch ch hay ng dng r rt hn, do khng nht thit phi c cng nhng quy tc m Aristote a ra. Logic hc Pht gio khng phi l mt ngnh hc ring bit m c th gi y l nhng k thut hay nhng ng dng trc tip gp phn vo s tu tp. Nhng k thut hay ng dng y l g? Mc ch trc ht l chng minh mt s khi nim trong o Php, sau l tm hiu bn th ch thc ca th gii ny. i vi Pht gio, th gii m chng ta ang sng va "tht" mt cch c th, tc c th nhn thy n, s m c n v va chm vo n, nhng th gii cng va "khng tht" v tt c mi hin tng k c t duy ca con ngi ch "tht" mt cch tng i m thi v chng bin ng khng ngng, tc "hin ra" v "bin i" lin tc ging nh nhng "o gic". Do Pht gio ch trng th gii hin tng hm cha hai s thc khc nhau: s thc tng i v s thc tuyt i. Lgic ca Pht gio c cn c v xy dng trn c hai s thc y v th nn hon ton khc bit vi lgic ca Aristote. Nu lgic Aristote hng vo vic tm kim s thc th mc ch ca lgic Pht gio l gip cho con ngi trnh khi c mi sai lm v o gic. thc hin mc ch Pht gio a ra mt k thut gip chng ta nhn thy pha sau s bin ng ca mi hin tng cn c mt th g khc na, l bn cht ti hu ca hin thc, ci bn cht ti hu y Pht gio gi l Tnh khng. S qun thy bn cht ti hu y s gip chng ta trnh c mi sai lm v o gic. Vy k thut y l g ? l mt phng php bin lun tht c th gi l t on lun (trtralme) ting Phn l catuscoti. Vy t on lun l g?

T on lun trong Pht gio

Xin trch dn mt on trong Trung B Kinh (Najjhima Nikaya, kinh s 72) nh sau: "Nh Lai [...] tht su thm, v bin, khng thm d c, ging nh i dng. Nhng li l nh hin-hin, khng-hin-hin, hin-hin v khng-hin-hin, khng-hin-hin cng khng phi l khng-hin-hin, khng th dng din t c". Cu pht biu trn y ca c Pht cho thy nguyn tc cn bn ca t on lun, nguyn tc gm c bn mnh thot ra khi s bin lun thng thng. Trong cc kinh in c th ca Nam tng bng ting Pali ngi ta cng thy nu ln nguyn tc ca t on lun nh sau : "C (ati) Khng c (neti) C v khng c (ati ca natica) Khng phi c cng khng phi khng c (nevati na neti): y l nhng li gio hun ca ng Gic ng" Theo hc gi Quentin Ludwig trong quyn sch v Pht gio ca ng (ta Le Bouddhisme, histoire, courant religieux, cultures, nh xut bn Eyrolles, 2005, trang 344) th Aristote v c thy ca ng l Platon (- 428 - 347 trc Ty lch) u bit n t on lun do

c Pht thuyt ging. Tuy nhin cng theo hc gi ny th t on lun Pht gio lm cho h phi bc bi v khng quyt on g c, v php bin lun ca Pht gio mang li mt tnh trng bt nh hng, khng gii quyt c, khng kt lun c. L do cng d hiu v cc trit gia c i Hy Lp ch thy c mt s thc tng i m thi v h ch mun i tm mt s khng nh no , mt th lgic duy nht no . Trong khi y th Pht gio li bc b mi s khng nh quy c v mt th lgic cng thc v cng nhc. Aristote trong quyn "Siu hnh hc" (Mtaphysique) vit nh sau : "V li, tht r rng l bin lun vi mt i th nh th (tc l t on lun) tht khng thy mt i tng no c (ng tht nh th v t on lun ca Pht gio l dng chng minh tnh cch v thc th ca mi hin tng). Bi v n khng ni ln mt iu g c, n khng ni l th ny cng khng ni l khng phi th ny, nhng li ni l th ny v khng phi l th ny. V li thm mt ln na, c hai mnh y lin kt vi nhau cng b ph nhn nt, v li cn ni thm va khng phi th ny m cng va khng khng-phi-th-ny. Bi vy nu khc hn nh th th phi c mt ci g c xc nh sn (y chnh l Tnh khng ca mi hin tng m Aristote khng thy v ng t ra bi ri mt cch r rt). Cu trch dn trn y trch t quyn T in bch khoa trit hc ton cu ca Georges Bugault trong tit mc gii thch v ch Catuscoti tc l t on lun ca Pht gio, v cng xin lu thm l cc phn ng trong ngoc kp l do ngi vit thm vo gip cho ngi c d theo di. Mt khc cng c th phn trch dn trn y l mt trong nhng bng chng m hc gi Quentin Ludwig da vo cho rng Aristote (v c thy ca ng l Platon) tng bit n gio l ca c Pht (?). Trn mt kha cnh khc c l cng cn nu ln l trong ngnh lgic hc ni chung ngoi tam on lun ca Aristote v t on lun ca Pht gio cn c nhiu h thng lgic khc na, chng hn nh lgic bin chng (logique dialectique), lgic ton hc, lgic ng on lun ca trit hc n , v.v... Tuy nhin nhng h thng lgic u thuc vo nhng lnh vc t hay nhiu c bit hoc khng c tm nh hng bao qut ngang hng vi hai h thng lgic ca Pht gio v ca Aristote.

ngha ca t on lun Pht gio

Mc ch ca t on lun Pht gio l a s bin lun lgic ra thot v vt ln trn s thc quy c, c ngha l bc vo mt th gii m ni tt c u c th xy ra c m cng khng c th xy ra c, l ci th gii ca Tnh khng. Trong ci Tnh khng hay s trng khng ca hin thc th tt c u "c th" v ng thi cng li va "khng c th". Tm li hai mnh th nht ca t on lun thuc vo th gii ca s thc quy c, v hai mnh sau thuc vo th gii ca s thc ti hu ca mi hin tng, vt thot ra khi mi quy c. Bn mnh ca t on lun l : - mnh th nht nu ln mt s khng nh. - mnh th hai nu ln mt s i nghch (phn bin) li vi mnh th nht. - mnh th ba l mt s kt hp gia hai mnh trn y (c ngha l va khng nh li va phn bin li s khng nh y). - mnh th t l mt s hy b (hay v hiu ha) c hai mnh th nht v th hai.

Trong kinh Aggi-Vacchagotta thuc Trung B Kinh (Mjjhima Nikaya), nh tu kh hnh Vacchagotta c hi c Pht l sau khi tch dit th c Pht c cn hin hu hay khng, v c Pht tr li nh sau: "Khng th bo rng Nh Lai cn hin hu pha sau ci cht, nhng cng khng th bo rng Nh Li khng cn hin hu, cng khng phi l va hin-hu v va khng-hin-hu, cng khng phi l va khng khng-hin-hu v va khng-hin-hu". y l cch m c Pht dng t on lun tr li cho Vacchagotta. Tht ra th t on lun ca lgic Pht gio khng tri ngc li vi lgic thng thng, bi v vn tn trng nguyn tc khng-mu-thun (non-contradictoire) tng trng bi hai mnh u tin, v ng thi nguyn tc y cng tn trng c lnh vc ca s thc tuyt i, tung trng bi hai mnh sau cng. Do lgic Pht gio phn chia s hiu bit thnh ra hai lnh vc khc bit nhau: lnh vc th nht l s nhn thc (pratyaksa) v lnh vc th hai l s suy din (anumana). Nhn thc l mt s "hiu bit" thuc tri thc trc cm, tc l mt s cm nhn trc tip bng trc gic khi tip xc vi mt hin tng (mt vt th hay mt bin c). S nhn thc "dng li" trong lnh vc ca hin tng v ch lin quan trc tip n hin tng m thi, hon ton khng vng mc vo s vn hnh ca tr tng tng hay kh nng din t v phn bit ca tm thc. S suy din thuc vo lnh vc th hai ca s hiu bit, c ngha l mt s hiu bit da vo s tng quan gia hai hin tng (hai vt th hay hai bin c), l s hiu bit suy l (connaissance discursive) lin quan vi lgic hc. Nu ni mt cch khc th s suy din l mt cch lp lun bng tam hay t on lun trong ch ch mang li mt s hiu bit no . Mun hiu r s khc bit gia nhn thc v din t ra sao th cn phi nm vng khi nim v ng un, tc l nm cu hp to ra mt c th con ngi, trong s nm un th bn un thuc vo lnh vc tm thn v qu trnh vn hnh ca bn un tm thn y s to ra hai th dng hiu bit trnh by trn y.

Cc i lun s v trit hc lgic trong lch s Pht gio

Trn dng lch s pht trin ca Pht gio c nhiu v i lun s tch cc gp phn vo vic din gii gio l ca c Pht, v cng nh m o Php theo dng thi gian m ngy cng tr nn phong ph hn. Trong s cc v y c Ngi Long Th (th k th II) l v ni bt nht sng lp ra hc thuyt Trung o (Madhyamika), mt hc thuyt lin quan n s hiu bit lgic ca Pht gio. Long Th iu khin i hc Na-lan- v sau th giao li trng trch ny cho ngi t gii nht ca mnh l Thnh thin (Aryadeva) sinh vo cui th k th II hay u th k th III (?), v ny cng l mt i lun s rt uyn bc v tip tc khai trin thm hc phi Trung qun. Mt trong cc tc phm quan trng ca Thnh thin l tp lun Bn trm tit (Catuhsataka) gii thch quan im ca Long Th v bn cht v thc th ca mi hin tng.

Sau Long Th v Thnh Thin, ngi ta li thy xut hin thm vo th k th IV mt v i lun s khc na v lgic Pht gio, l ngi Trn Na (Dignaga). Trn Na th gio ti i hc Na-lan- v l t ca ngi Th thn (Vasubandu, ~316 - 396) mt i lun s ca tng phi Duy thc, em ca ngi V trc (Asanga) ngi sng lp ra tng phi ny. V th cng d hiu l t tng ca Trn Na nghing hn v Duy Thc tng. ng ging dy ti i hc Na-lan- v c cng h thng ha ton b lgic hc Pht gio. ng vit rt nhiu v trc tc nhiu tp lun gii v lgic hc. Sau Trn Na li xut hin thm mt i lun s khc l ngi Nguyt Xng (Candrakirti), sinh vo cui th k th IV. Lgic ca Nguyt Xng hon ton l lgic ca Trung Qun tng. Hai trc tc quan trng ca ng l quyn Minh c lun (Prasannapada) ch gii tp Trung qun lun tng ca Long Th v quyn Nhp Trung lun (Madhyamakavatara) th h thng ha ton b hc phi C duyn tng (Prasangika) ca Trung qun tng. T tng ca cc i lun s trn y nh hng su m nn trit hc Pht gio sut nhiu th k sau , cho n ngy i hc Na-lan- b cc o qun Hi gio t ph vo cui th k XII. Cng xin ni thm l nhiu trc tc ca cc v trn y b mt mt trong bin c va k, mt s ch cn li bn dch bng ting Hn hoc bng ting Ty tng. Trong sut mt thi gian di t Long Th cho n Nguyt Xng v sau na, i hc Nalan- hp tc vi cc v vng cng ng thi thng xuyn t chc nhng cuc tranh lun gia cc v trong gio on v c cc v thy khc thuc Pht gio v ngoi Pht gio c mi n t bn ngoi. C nhiu cuc tranh lun ko di hng nhiu nm. Phn trn y tm lc tiu s ca mt s cc v i lun s ni bt nht ca trit hc Pht gio v ng thi cng nu ln mt vi nt sinh hot v tranh ua ti i hc Na-lan- vo mt trong nhng thi k hng thnh v sng chi nht ca i hc ny. Tuy nhin bi vit ny ch gii hn trong vic phn tch mt vi ng nt t tng ca ngi Long Th m thi, v d sao th cc v i s sau Long Th tuy c nhiu nt c th nhng cng khng i ra ngoi lgic chung ca trit hc Pht gio.

Ngi Long Th v lgic Pht gio

Khng c mt chng tch lch s no chnh xc v cuc i ca Long Th, tiu s ca ng gn nh hon ton da vo huyn thoi. Ngi ta ch bit rng ng sinh vo khong gia th k th II v mt vo khong gia th k th III. L ngi min Nam nc n nhng gia nh th gc B-la-mn, v th ng dng ting Phn trong vic vit lch thay v dng ting Pali ca min Nam. ng th gio ti i hc Na-lan- v sau th tr tr v iu khin i hc ny. K thut bin lun lgic ca Long Th l cch o ngc qu trnh suy lun ca cc tro lu trit hc v mt ch rt c quan tm thi by gi l bn th hc (ontologie), l mt ngnh hc tm hiu v s hin hu ca mi s vt v ca con ngi, c ngha l tm

cch tr li cc cu hi nh: cc vt th c hin hu hay khng, con ngi c hm cha mt thc ti hay khng? i vi Long Th th tt c nhng th y "khng hin-hu, cng khng phi l khnghin-hu, chng cng khng phi va hin-hu v va khng-hin-hu, cng khng phi cng lc va l khng-hin-hu v va khng phi l khng-hin-hu". Long Th cho rng xc nhn c s hin hu l sai, nhng xc nhn l khng c s hin-hu cng sai, hoc xc nhn s hin-hu v c s khng-hin-hu cng l sai, hoc nu xc nhn c hai u l ng th cng sai. L do l nu mun xc nh nh th th tt nhin phi l thuc mt cch l liu hoc kn o vo mt ci ng. Trong khi Pht gio li ch trng v ng, v th i vi Long Th mi hin tng u "tht", nhng ch "tht" vi t cch l nhng hin tng m thi, chng ging nh mt tm mn cng ra nhng pha sau th khng che giu mt th g c, bi v bn cht ca mi hin tng l Tnh khng. Phng php bin lun m Long Th thng s dng l chng minh s phi l v mu thun, v phng php ny cng thng c s dng trong ton hc: th d s hin hu ca A nht thit cn phi c s hin hu ca B, nu B khng hin hu th A cng s khng hin hu. Long Th khng bao gi chn cho mnh mt v th c nh hay cng nhc no c, khi c ai t mt cu hi th ng vch cho ngi thy tnh cch phi l v mu thun ca cu hi v t ng ph v mi v th khng nh lm cho cc thc mc ca ngi hi v c cu hi tr nn v ngha. Sau y l hai th d in hnh trch t quyn "Nhng li khuyn dnh cho v vng" ca ngi Long Th (da theo bn dch t ting Phn sang ting Php ca Philippe Cornu ta l Conseils au roi, nh xut bn Seuil, collection Sagesses, 2000. Ta ting Phn ca tp lun ny l Rayaparikatharatnavali, ta ca cc bn dch ting Vit l Na-tin T kheo kinh): Cng th, o nh ging nh nc Nhng khng phi l nc, v tht ra th khng c [nc] Cng th, cc cu hp ging nh nhng ci ti [ci ng] Nhng khng h c ci ti no c, v tht ra th chng khng hin hu. (tit 54, trang 28) Ci g nht thi, ngng hin hu, Vy lm th no n c th gi c? Ci g khng phi l nht thi, gi nguyn mt th dng, Vy lm th no n c th gi c? (tit 68, trang 32) Th d th nht cho thy trong o gic nc cng c th c c, nhng y khng phi l nc. Trong Tnh khng th bt c th g cng c th xy ra c, s i nghch nh nguyn cng c th tr thnh mt hin tng lgic, v th m ngi ta vn thng ni nit bn v ta b ch l hai th dng khc nhau ca mt thc th duy nht. Cc trng hp nh th gi l cc trng hp "khng quyt on c" (indcidable) m Aristote khng d tr

trong h thng lgic ca ng. Th d th hai chng minh tht r rng tnh cch phi l ca ngn t v khi nim thuc vo th gii hin tng, tc l s phi l trong ci hu l thng thng ca s thc tng i. Sau ht xin trch dn trong phn on sau y nguyn vn mt tit trong tp Trung qun lun tng ca Long Th chng minh cho thy s ln qun, phi l v v ngha ca ngn t v phng php bin lun ca t on lun.

Mt th d v t on lun ca ngi Long Th

"[Nu] pht biu rng s tt ngh khng phi l mt s khng-hin-hu cng khng phi l mt s hin-hu, th iu y ch c th ng vng khi no "mt s khng-hin-hu" v "mt s hin-hu" c thit lp mt cch vng chc. Nu s tt ngh khng phi l mt s khng-hin-hu m cng khng phi l mt s hinhu, [Th] c ai dm ni rng [s tt ngh] "va khng phi l mt s khng-hin-hu m cng va l mt s hin-hu". Rng ng Nh Lai vn hin hu sau khi dng li, khng c ai c th khng nh c iu y. Rng Ngi khng hin hu? Hay cng lc c hai th? Hoc ci ny cng khng m ci kia cng khng? Khng c ai c th khng nh c. T s tt ngh n s hnh thnh, khng c s khc bit, T s hnh thnh n s tt ngh, khng c s khc bit. Ranh gii ti hu ca s tt ngh cng l ranh gii ti hu ca s hnh thnh, Gia hai ranh gii , khng c mt khong cch no c, d cho l tinh t cch my i na. Pha bn kia ca s tt ngh, c phi l s chm dt hay khng,v.v.? S vnh cu hay khng, v.v.? Cc quan im cho l c mt nit bn, [th] pha sau ch l g, pha trc ch l g? Tt c mi thc th u trng khng, [vy] ly g quy cho s khng-chm-dt? v ly g quy cho s chm-dt? Khng-chm-dt v chm-dt, cng khng phi l va khng-chm-dt m cng li va c chm-dt, th s kin quy cho ci g? Do u n l nh th khng thm bt, do u n l ci g khc hn? Do u n vnh-cu? Do u n khng-vnh-cu? Do u n va vnh-cu li va khng-vnh-cu, hay l khng phi ci ny cng khng phi ci kia? Hnh phc thay cho nhng ai m s bm vu lng xung, hnh phc thay cho s a dng [ca ngn t v s vt] lng xung. ng Nh Lai cha h thuyt ging cho bt c ai v bt c mt iu gio l no". (Trch t tp "Cn bn Trung Qun lun tng" (tit XXIV) ca ngi Long Th, phng theo bn dch ting Php ca Michel Angot).

Li kt
Kinh sch c nu ln mt s cu hi m c Pht khng tr li mt cch trc tip m ch phn tch cu hi chng minh cho thy l cc cu hi c t sai. in hnh hn ht l trong kinh Culamalunkya-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya - Trung B kinh, 426-432, bn dch sang ting Php ca Mhan Wijayaratna, nh xut bn Cerf, 1988, trang 113-117). Trong kinh ny ngi t ca Pht tn l Malunkyaputta c nu ln mt s cu hi, chng hn nh: v tr c bt dit hay khng? V tr c bin gii hay khng? Mt sinh linh c gii thot c hin hu sau khi cht hay khng, v.v... c Pht phn tch mi cu hi ca Malunkyaputta thnh bn mnh v sau th cho bit l kh au, gi nua v ci cht l nhng g cp bch v quan trng hn nhiu so vi nhng thc mc ca Malunkyaputta. Cc cu hi ca Malunkyaputta c c Pht phn tch nh sau: 1. V tr c bt dit hay khng? 2. V tr khng bt dit? 3. V tr va bt-dit va khng-bt-dit? 4. V tr ng thi va khng-bt-dit cng va khng phi l khng-bt-dit? 1. V tr v tn? 2. V tr khng v tn? 3. V tr ng thi va v-tn li va khng-v-tn? 4. V tr ng thi va khng-v-tn nhng cng khng phi l khng-v-tn? 1. Mt sinh linh t c gii thot cn hin-hu sau khi cht? 2. Mt sinh linh t c gii thot khng-cn-hin-hu sau khi cht? 3. Mt sinh linh t c gii thot va hin-hu nhng cng va khng-hin-hu sau khi cht? 4. Mt sinh linh c gii thot va khng-hin-hu nhng cng va khng phi l khng-hin-hu sau khi cht? .... Sau y l tm lc mt cu tr li in hnh ca c Pht cho Malunkyaputta: "Ny Malunkyaputta, c quan im theo Nh lai cn hin-hu sau khi cht, c quan im theo Nh Lai khng-cn-hin-hu sau khi cht, c quan im theo Nh Lai va hin-hu cng va khng-hin-hu sau khi cht, c quan im theo Nh Lai khng-hin-hu nhng cng khng phi l khng-hin-hu sau khi cht, nhng trc nht phi hiu rng c sinh, c gi, c cht, c kh, c than khc, c n au, xt xa v tuyt vng. Ta ch ging cho con v s chm dt nhng th y trong th gii ny, trong chnh s sng ny. V th, ny Malunkuyaputta, hy gi ly trong tm nhng g Ta ging, ng nh Ta ging, v nhng g Ta khng ging, ng nh Ta khng ging" Trong cu tr li ca c Pht c hai phn r rt: mt phn th c Pht ging nhng mt phn khc th c Pht khng ging. Phn m c Pht ging thuc vo s tht tng i ca th gii ny, l s tht ca kh au, ca gi nua v ci cht, ci s tht cp bch

hn i vi Malunkyaputta. Phn m c Pht khng ging cho Malunkyaputta l s tht tuyt i ca bn th mi hin tng trong v tr ny. c Pht ch nhc cho Malunkyaputta phi gi trong tm nhng g m c Pht khng ging ng nh c Pht khng ging. Tuy khng ging nhng c Pht phn tch cc cu hi ca Malunkyaputta thnh bn mnh ca t on lun trong mc ch chng minh cho Malunkyaputta thy cc cu hi y l phi l, v ngha v v ch, nhng li khng ging cho Malunkyaputta v Tnh khng ca mi hin tng. Tht vy Malunkyaputta khng phi l mt t c tm c ca Ma-ha Ca-dip, ci yn lng m c Pht khng tr li trn vn cc cu hi ca Malunkyaputta khc vi ci yn lng khi c Pht cm cnh hoa a ln cho Ma-ha Ca-dip xem m khng ni g c. Ci yn lng vt ln trn kh au, ca gi nua v ci cht, vt ra bn ngoi bin gii ca v tr, vt ln trn nit bn v c ta b, ci yn lng trong nht thi Malunkyaputtra khng cn bit. Ci yn lng y chnh l Tnh khng ca mi hin tng v ca s gii thot. Ci yn lng y l mt s cm nhn trc tip khng th gii thch bng li. Trong tp Nhp Lng gi kinh (Lankavatarasutra) ngi ta thy mt cu pht biu ca c Pht nh sau :" T lc Gic ng cho n khi tch dit, Nh Lai cha h ni mt li no, v cng s khng ni mt li no, bi v khng ni chnh l li ni ca Nh Lai". (phng theo li tm dch ca hc gi Alain Grosrey trong quyn Le Grand Livre du Bouddhisme, nh xut bn Albin Michel, 2007, trang 509). Nguyn vn cu trn y theo bn Vit dch ca Tu Khi c s nh sau: "B tt i Tu li bch c Pht rng : "Tha c Th Tn ! c Nh Lai ni rng, m no ta chng i B ? m no ta vo Bt Nit Bn ? Ta trung gian chng ni mt ch, Pht ni chng phi ni. c Th Tn y vo nhng ngha g m ni li nh vy ? Li ni ca Pht chng phi li ni ?" (ti liu trong "Trang nh Qung c", www.quangduc.com). Cu pht biu trn y cho thy c Pht ch l s yn lng lm trung gian gia chng ta v s thc tuyt i. Tht vy i vi s tht ti hu th hin-hu l sai, khng-hin-hu cng l sai, va khng-hin-hu va hin-hu cng l sai, khng-hin-hu cng khng phi l khng-hin-hu cng l sai. Tt c u sai nn chng c g m ni c. Tt c nhng th g ni ln c ch l nhng to tc ca tm thc v l thuc vo ci ti ca mt c th m thi. Dng hin hu l mt chui hin tng mang tnh cch tng lin, li ko nhau v lin tc tri chy khng ngng ngh. Dng tri chy y khng h hm cha bt c mt i tng no cng khng mang mt ch ch no c. Trn dng tri chy t nhin y khng c mt thc th bn vng no cng khng c mt s t on no c. S hin hu l hu qu ca mt qu trnh hnh thnh khng ngng v bt tn, qu trnh khng c khi thy cng chng c chm dt, tuyt nhin khng hm cha bt c mt ch th hay mt i tng no. Trc ci lgic ca mi hin tng, c Pht gi yn lng v khng ni g c, cc t ca Ngi ch nghe thy ting vang t nhng cu hi ca h di li t s yn lng ca c Pht m thi. Tm li ci lgic hc ca Pht gio khng phi dng i tm mt s thc no c m ng hn l nh thc s u m ca chnh mnh, thc c ngn t v khi nim ch c tnh cch quy c, mi thc mc v bin lun ch n thun l nhng bm vu ca tm thc m thi.

Bures-Sur-Yvette, ngy 02.04.10 Hoang Phong