Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Negative
Contracted Form
Interrogative
I do not play You do not play He/she/it does not play We do not play You do not play They do not play
I don't play You don't play He/she/it doesn't play We don't play You don't play They don't play
Do I play? Do you play? Does he/she/it play? Do we play? Do you play? Do they play?
The present simple tense is used : To talk about regular activities : John plays tennis once a week. We start work at 9 a.m. every morning. Mary goes to visit her parents on Sundays. To talk about tastes : Peter likes Chinese food. Julie doesn't like classical music. Most children love chocolate. To talk about facts : The sun rises in the east. In Europe, the weather is cold in winter. Authors write books.
Complete each of the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective.
(The answers are at the bottom of the page.)
1. Jeremy is 10 years old. Jenny is 8 years old. Jeremy is (old) ____________ ______ Jenny. 2. The Alps are very high. They are (high) _____ _______________ mountains in Europe. 3. An ocean is (large) ____________ _______ a sea. 4. A Rolls Royce costs a lot of money. A Twingo costs less. A Rolls Royce is (expensive) _______ ________________ _____ a Twingo. 5. John's results were bad. Fred's were very poor. Fred's results were (bad) __________ _____ John's. 6. This exercise is not very difficult. It's ____________ ______ I expected.
7. The weather is not good today. It's raining. I hope the weather will be (good) _____________ next week. 8. People are not very friendly in big cities. They are usually (friendly) ________________ in small towns. 9. In the government of a country, the President is (important) _____ ______ _______________ person. 10. People say that Chinese is (difficult) ______ ____________ to learn than English
4. more expensive than 5. worse than 9. the most important 10. more difficul
3. here.".
6. "I've been taking English lessons for 3 months but I __________ haven't made much progress".
7. Emma only moved house last week and she __________knows her neighbours!".
8. I ____________ save my files and turn off the computer before leaving the office.
9. Peter sent an application form two weeks ago but he __________ hasn't received a reply.
10. The manager resigned yesterday, but his resignation hasn't been officially announced __________.
1) still already
2) always 8) always
5) always
6) still
7)
The past simple tense of regular verbs is formed by adding - ed to the infinitive (for example: - Infinitive : to play Past Simple : I played) The auxiliary did is used to form the negative and interrogative forms Negative
Long Form Contracted Form
Affirmative
Interrogative
I did not play You did not play He/she/it did not play We did not play You did not play They did not play
I didn't play You didn't play He/she/it didn't play We didn't play You didn't play They didn't play
Did I play? Did you play? Did he/she/it play? Did we play? Did you play? Did they play?
The past simple tense is used to talk about finished actions in a finished period of time, for example : Yesterday evening I played tennis with a friend. Last year I started taking tennis lessons. When I was at school I hated history. Five minutes ago I finished the report for my boss. Last week I attended a meeting in Tokyo.
Interrogative Have I done? Have you done? Has he/she/it done? Have we done? Have you done? Have they done?
I have not done You have not done He/she/it has not done We have not done You have not done They have not done
I haven't done You haven't done He/she/it hasn't done We haven't done You haven't done They haven't done
Affirmative I have been doing You have been doing He/she/has been doing We have been doing You have been doing They have been doing
Interrogative
I have not been doing I haven't been doing Have I been doing? You have not been doing You haven't been doing Have you been doing? He/she/it has not been He/she/it hasn't been Has he/she/it been doing doing. doing? We have not been doing We haven't been doing Have we been doing? You have not been doing You haven't been doing Have you been doing? They have not been doing They haven't been doing Have they been doing?
The present perfect is used to refer to actions which take place in an unfinished time period up to the time of speaking.
The present perfect continuous tense is used to refer to an action which started in the past and continues today. I have been learning English since September. (I started in September and I continue to take lessons today.) The present perfect simple is used to refer to the finished part of a continuous action. So far in my English course :
I have learnt new vocabulary. I have revised some grammar rules. (My English course is not finished, but I have finished some of the lessons.)
Example: Today is your English Revision day. It is now 2 p.m. At 9 o'clock this morning you started your revision work. At 2 pm the day is not finished, so you can say : "I have been revising my English since 9 o'clock this morning." (You are still revising your English, so the continuous form is used.) However, you have completed part of the revision work, so you can say, for example "So far today I have revised tenses and irregular verbs." N.B. If you refer to a specific time earlier in the day, you must use the Past Simple :
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"This morning I revised tenses and irregular verbs." or, "I met Charlie for lunch at 12.30"
When the time is mentioned, either a precise time in the past, or a time expression which clearly situates the event in the past. John lived in the country ..... until the age of 6. ..... when he was young. ..... from 1995 to 2002 ..... before he moved to London. ..... a long time ago.
As a general rule, if you can answer the question "when?", use the Past Simple.
The past simple tense of regular verbs is formed by adding - ed to the infinitive (for example: - Infinitive : to play Past Simple : I played)
The auxiliary did is used to form the negative and interrogative forms Negative
Long Form Contracted Form
Affirmative
Interrogative
I did not play You did not play He/she/it did not play We did not play You did not play They did not play
I didn't play You didn't play He/she/it didn't play We didn't play You didn't play They didn't play
Did I play? Did you play? Did he/she/it play? Did we play? Did you play? Did they play?
The past simple tense is used to talk about finished actions in a finished period of time, for example : Yesterday evening I played tennis with a friend. Last year I started taking tennis lessons. When I was at school I hated history. Five minutes ago I finished the report for my boss. Last week I attended a meeting in Tokyo.
Interrogative Had I done? Had you done? Had he/she/it done? Had we done? Had you done? Had they done?
I had not done You had not done He/she/it had not done We had not done You had not done They had not done
I hadn't done You hadn't done He/she/it hadn't done We hadn't done You hadn't done They hadn't done
Affirmative I had been doing You had been doing He/she/it had been doing We had been doing You had been doing They had been doing
Interrogative Had I been doing? Had you been doing? Had he/she/it been doing? Had we been doing? Had you been doing? Had they been doing?
I had not been doing You had not been doing He/she/it had not been doing We had not been doing You had not been doing They had not been doing
I hadn't been doing You hadn't been doing He/she/it hadn't been doing. We hadn't been doing You hadn't been doing They hadn't been doing
The past perfect simple is used to refer to actions which took place before a specific time in the past. Yesterday, between 4pm and 6pm, Paul played a game of tennis with Tom. His mother arrived at 6 pm. When his mother arrived, Paul had finished the game.
Before his mother arrived, Paul had been playing tennis with Tom.
Present Simple
Routine, habits, repetitive actions : I play tennis every Saturday. Tastes : I like chocolate, I hate doing homework. Facts : The sun rises in the east. Continuous actions : - at the time of speaking I am reading this explanation now. - around now : I am learning English this year. Planned future arrangements :
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
I am visiting Rome next Monday. Continuous form: An action started in the past that continues today : I have been learning English since September. Simple form : The completed or finished part of that action :
Past Simple
We have revised grammar rules and verb tenses. Finished actions at a specific finished time in the past. Last year I bought a new car.
Past Continuous
I saw your dog 5 minutes ago. Continuous actions at a specific time in the past : I was having breakfast at 7 o'clock this morning. when a shorter brief event occurred :
Conditional Tense
(example : to call)
Affirmative
Long Form
Negative Contracted Form I wouldn't call You wouldn't call He/she/it wouldn't call We wouldn't call
Interrogative
I would call You would call He/she/it would call We would call
I would not call You would not call He/she/it would not call We would not call
Would I call? Would you call? Would he/she/it call? Would we call?
The conditional (would + verb) is used to refer to an imaginary or hypothetical situation, with an 'if' clause in the past. : If I saw an accident I would call an ambulance.. I would call an ambulance if I saw an accident. It is possible that you will never see an accident, but here you are describing your probable reaction in such circumstances.
If Tom had more money, he would buy a sports car. Tom is not rich, but if he were, this is what he would do.
In English there are different conditional structures : If you see an accident, call a doctor! If I see an accident, I will call a doctor. If I saw an accident, I would call a doctor. If I had seen the accident, I would have called a doctor.
Present + Present
(what is recommended in this situation)
Present + Future
(possible future situation)
Past + Conditional
(imaginary situation)
Present + Present
(what is recommended in this situation)
If you see an accident, call a doctor! If I see an accident, I will call a doctor. If I saw an accident, I would call a doctor. If I had seen the accident, I would have called a doctor
Present + Future
(possible future situation)
Past + Conditional
(imaginary situation)
Used to + Infinitive
(example : I used to smoke)
Affirmative
Long Form
Negative
Contracted Form
Interrogative
I used to smoke
The structure used to + infinitive is used to refer to a discontinued past habit or situation which contrasts with the present. It refers to past habits and states that do not exist today, something that you did regularly in the past but no longer do today.
It exists only in the past. Here are some examples : Tom used to drink coffee. Now he prefers tea. Julie used to fly from London to Paris. Now she takes the Eurostar. I used to drive to work. Now I take the underground. Bill used to live in Wales. Now he lives in Scotland .
This structure cannot be used to say how often something happened, or how long it took. Julie used to visit Paris seven times. Julie visited Paris seven times. Bill used to live in Wales for three years. Bill lived in Wales for three years.
Be/Get used to
(example : to drive) - Be/get 'used to' + noun - Be/get 'used to' + -ing
Affirmative
Long Form
Negative
Contracted Form
Interrogative
I am used to driving
To be used to something means to be accustomed to it. To get used to something means to become accustomed to it. 'Used to' is followed either by a noun or by a verb ending in -ing. Noun Tom is used to noise. Julie is used to hard work. Verb Tom is used to living in a noisy street.
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'Used to' refers to something that was strange before and has become familiar, something that you have learned to accept. It is used with be and get in all tenses : past, present, future and conditional. Now that I live in France, I am used to driving on the right. Since I moved to the city, I have got used to noise. Before I lived in Italy, I wasn't used to eating pasta. I wasn't used to the weather. It took me some time to get used to it.
Negative
Contracted Form
Interrogative
I am playing You are playing He/she/it is playing We are playing You are playing They are playing
I am not playing You are not playing He/she/it is not playing We are not playing You are not playing They are not playing
I'm not playing You're not playing He/she/it's not playing We're not playing You're not playing They're not playing
Am I playing? Are you playing? Is he/she/it playing? Are we playiing? Are you playing? Are they playing?
The present continuous tense is used : To talk about continuous activities : At the time of speaking : I am reading this page now. Around now, in a more general sense : I am learning English this year. To talk about planned future activities : Tom and Mary are coming to dinner tomorrow. They called to confirm. I am spending my holidays in Australia. I have already booked my flight.
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PRESENT PERFECT The present perfect tense is used : To talk about an action which started in the past and continues today : For and since are used to express duration. I have lived here for 10 years. I have lived here since 2002 (I arrived 10 years ago and I am still here.) To refer to past events in an unfinished period of time. I have written two letters today. (Two letters are written but today is not finished.) To refer to past events that have just happened or been announced : There has been a plane crash near the coast. (We know the event took place but we don't know when.) To talk about a past action with a result in the present. : I've broken my arm. I can't drive (= because my arm is broken now.) To talk and ask about experiences or accomplishments up to the time of speaking : "I'm a writer. I've written 9 books." "Have you ever written a biography?" "No, never." PAST SIMPLE The Past Simple is used: When the period of time is finished. I wrote two letters yesterday. (Yesterday is finished).
When the time is mentioned, either a precise time in the past, or a time expression which clearly situates the event in the past. John lived in the country ..... until the age of 6. ..... when he was young. ..... from 1995 to 2002 ..... before he moved to London. ..... a long time ago.
As a general rule, if you can answer the question "when?", use the Past Simple.
The past simple tense of regular verbs is formed by adding - ed to the infinitive (for example: - Infinitive : to play Past Simple : I played) The auxiliary did is used to form the negative and interrogative forms Negative 12 Interrogative
Affirmative
Long Form
Contracted Form
I did not play You did not play He/she/it did not play We did not play You did not play They did not play
I didn't play You didn't play He/she/it didn't play We didn't play You didn't play They didn't play
Did I play? Did you play? Did he/she/it play? Did we play? Did you play? Did they play?
The past simple tense is used to talk about finished actions in a finished period of time, for example : Yesterday evening I played tennis with a friend. Last year I started taking tennis lessons. When I was at school I hated history. Five minutes ago I finished the report for my boss. Last week I attended a meeting in Tokyo.
PAST PERFECT
If we are already talking about the past, the past perfect is used to to go back to an earlier past time, to refer to something that had already happened or had heen happening. Continuous form : Continuous actions entirely situated in the past. Paul had been revising his English when the postman rang the doorbell. Simple form : .Actions which took place before a specific time in the past. When Tom called at 8 am, Paul had already left for school.
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Interrogative
I had done You had done He/she/it had done We had done You had done They had done
I had not done You had not done He/she/it had not done We had not done You had not done They had not done
I hadn't done You hadn't done He/she/it hadn't done We hadn't done You hadn't done They hadn't done
Had I done? Had you done? Had he/she/it done? Had we done? Had you done? Had they done?
Affirmative
Interrogative
I had been doing I had not been doing I hadn't been doing Had I been doing? You had been doing You had not been doing You hadn't been doing Had you been doing? He/she/it had been doing He/she/it had not been doing He/she/it hadn't been doing. Had he/she/it been doing? We had been doing We had not been doing We hadn't been doing Had we been doing? You had been doing You had not been doing You hadn't been doing Had you been doing? They had been doing They had not been doing They hadn't been doing Had they been doing? The past perfect simple is used to refer to actions which took place before a specific time in the past. Yesterday, between 4pm and 6pm, Paul played a game of tennis with Tom. His mother arrived at 6 pm. When his mother arrived, Paul had finished the game.
Before his mother arrived, Paul had been playing tennis with Tom.
Future Tense
(example : to go)
Affirmative
Long Form
Interrogative
I will go
I will not go 14
I won't go
Will I go?
You will not go He/she/it will not go We will not go You will not go They will not go
Will you go? Will he/she/it go? Will we go? Will you go? Will they go?
Affirmative
Interrogative
I will be going I will not be going You will be going You will not be going He/she/it will be going He/she/it will not be going We will be going We will not be going You will be going You will not be going They will be going They will not be going The future simple is used :
I won't be going You won't be going He/she/it won't be going We won't be going You won't be going They won't be going
Will I be going? Will you be going? Will he/she/it be going? Will we be going? Will you be going? Will they be going?
for predictions : what you think will happen or what is certain to happen. You are going on a long flight. You can say : "I will be tired after my long journey." for spontaneous decisions or offers (a decision made at the time of speaking).
With a group of friends, the phone rings : You can say : "I'll answer it!"
The future continuous is used to refer to a future continuous action. You are going on a long flight. You can say : "In two hours' time I will be having lunch on the plane." "I will be flying over London." "I will be watching a film."
Tense
Present Simple
Use
-Regular activites / routine
Example
Amy and Sue play tennis on Saturdays. Amy and Sue are playing at the moment. -Amy and Sue have played two sets. -They have played several other matches this year.
Present Continuous Continuous present action Present Perf.Simple -Finished part of continous action. -Completed actions in unfinished time period. -Recent events (unspecified time) -Past action with a result in the
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-Their parents have just arrived. -Sue has broken her racket so she can't continue. -They have played in many tournaments. They have been playing tennis since 2 o'clock this afternoon.
Present Perf. Cont. Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple
Finished actions at a specific time in Last Saturday Sue played in another tournament. the past. Past continuous actions. At 2.45 pm they were playing the second set.
Completed actions before a specific Two other people had played a match before Amy and Sue arrived. time or event in the past. Continuous actions before a specific At 4 pm they had been playing for 2 hours. time or event in the past. -Predictions -Spontaneous decisions/offers Continuous future action Completed future action Amy will win the match today. I'll lend you my racket! Tomorrow they will be playing in another club. By September they will have played ten matches.
I had been playing Past Perfect Cont. I will play I will be playing I will have played I will have been playing I would play I would be playing I would have played I would have been playing Future Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Cont. Conditional Simple Conditional Cont. Conditional Perfect Conditional Perf.Cont.
Continuous future action estimatede A 5 pm Amy and Sue will have been playing for 3 hours. at a time in the future. Probable action in an imaginary situation Continuous action in an imaginary situation Speculation about imaginary situations in the past. Continuous hypothetical situations. I would play tennis if I had a racket. Amy would be playing tennis if you came by on Saturday afternoon. I would have played tennis yesterday if you had asked me. I would have been playing with Sue if I had won my last match.
like, love, enjoy, dislike, hate, don't mind, can't stand ... After certain other verbs such as : admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, finish, imagine, involve, keep (on), mention, miss, postpone, suggest ... After prepositions : interested in ... instead of ... good at ... before... after ... After certain expressions : it's no use ... it's no good ... there's no point in ...
After verbs that re want, hope, intend, would like, promise ... afford, agree, arrange, choose, fail, happen, help, learn, manage, offer, refuse, seem ...
After certa
Af glad : (glad to know that ...) (pleased to meet you...) (disappointed to hear...)
Inversion
Inversion means putting the verb before the subject. It is sometimes difficult to remember when inversion is used. Below you will find some guidelines and examples to help you. In normal everyday English, inversion is used :
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To make questions : Does he? Can you? After 'so' 'neither', 'nor' : So do I, neither do I, nor do I.
In written English, as well as in a very formal style, inversion is used in the following cases : After negative adverbial expressions : Under no circumstances can we accept cheques. In no way can he be held responsible. At no time did she say she would come.
After adverbial expressions of place : Round the corner came the postman. On the doorstep was a bunch of flowers.
After 'seldom', 'rarely', 'never', in comparisons : Seldom have I seen such a beautiful view. Rarely did he pay anyone a compliment. Never had I felt so happy.
After 'hardly', 'scarcely', 'no sooner', when one thing happens after another. Hardly had I begun to speak when I was interrupted. Scarcely had we started our meal when the phone rang. No sooner had I arrived than they all started to argue.
After adverbial expressions beginning with 'only' : Only after the meeting did I realize the importance of the subject.
After exclamations with 'here' and 'there' : Here comes the winner! There goes all our money!
Irregular Verbs
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Verb arise be bear beat become begin bend bite blow break bring build burst buy catch choose cling come cost creep cut dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feel fight find fly forget forgive freeze get give go grind have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead learn leave lend let lie light lose
Past Simple arose was/were bore beat became began bent bit blew broke brought built burst bought caught chose clung came cost crept cut dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell felt faught found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went ground had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led learnt left lent let lay lit lost
Past Participle arisen been borne beaten become begun bent bitten blown broken brought built burst bought caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen felt faught found flown forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone ground had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known lain led learnt left lent let lain lit lost
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Irregular Verbs
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Verb make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide speak spell spend spill spit spring stand steal stick stink swear swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write
Past Simple made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid spoke spelt spent spilled/spilt spat sprang stood stole stuck stank swore swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote
Past Participle made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid spoken spelt spent spilled/spilt spat sprung stood stolen stuck stunk sworn swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written
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Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb which express the mood of another verb. They are used to express ideas such as possibility, prediction, speculation, deduction and necessity.
Modal Concept Ability: Example Julie can swim. Can I come with you? ('May' is also used.) Can I help you? That story could be true - who knows! Charlie could swim when he was four years old. Could I use your phone please? Could you tell me the way to the station please? The President may come to our offices if the meeting finishes before 5 pm. May I borrow your dictionary? We might win a prize but I doubt it. The President said he might come. You should take an umbrella in case it rains. I've revised so I should be ready for the test. You ought to write to your grandmother.
Can
Could
May
Might
30 ought to be enough for the taxi. Offer/suggestions with Shall I order a taxi? ''I' and 'we' Shall we begin the meeting now? Tomorrow I will be in New York. Future tense auxiliary: Invitations/offers : Will you join us for coffee? Won't you come in?
Will
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The passive form of verbs is made with the different tenses of BE + the past participle : (for example : English is spoken here.) We use the active form of a verb to say what a subject does: The chef cooks food every day. We use the passive form to say what happens to the subject: Food is cooked every day. To subject of a passive verb corresponds to the object of an active verb : Food is cooked every day. (Passive). The chef cooks food every day. (Active)
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We use the passive form of a verb when it is not important who does the action, or when we don't know who does it. The letter was delivered at 9 a.m. The identity of the person who delivered the letter is unknown or unimportant. If we want to say who delivered the letter, we use 'by': The letter was delivered by the postman.
VERB Infinitive : Present Simple : Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Simple Past Contiuous Past Perfect Future Future Perfect Conditional Cond. Perfect
ACTIVE To cook I cook food in the kitchen. I am cooking food in the kitchen. I have cooked food in the kitchen. I cooked food in the kitchen. I was cooking food in the kitchen. I had cooked food in the kitchen. I will cook food in the kitchen. I will have cooked food in the kitchen. I would cook food in the kitchen I would have cooked food in the kitchen.
PASSIVE To be cooked Food is cooked in the kitchen. Food is being cooked in the kitchen. Food has been cooked in the kitchen. Food was cooked in the kitchen. Food was being cooked in the kitchen. Food had been cooked in the kitchen. Food wil be cooked in the kitchen. Food will have been cooked in the kitchen. Food would be cooked in the kitchen. Food would have been cooked int he kitchen.
Mr. Smith said (that) he cleaned his car every Friday. He said (that) he was doing a computer course this year. He said (that) he had visited a museum yesterday.
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I will be 30 tomorrow. He said (that) he would be 30 tomorrow. Questions In indirect or reported questions, the subject changes place. When is your He asked me when my husband was starting his new husband startinghis new job. job? Orders, requests, advice and suggestions Orders, requests, advice and suggestions are often reported by using the infinitive. Be careful! I told him to be careful.
an appointment arrangements/plans an attempt a bed a change/changes a comment a complaint a declaration a discovery a difference / an exception an effort an enquiry an excuse fun of something/somebody an impression a mistake money an offer a point a presentation a profit progress a reservation room for something (find place for) a speech a statement a suggestion sure / certain a telephone call
the accounts an assignment business one's best the crosswords damage a degree / a course drugs (consume/use) your duty exercises a favour the gardening a good turn good / harm a good job your homework a lesson a job justice military service your nails / hair / make-up a project research (something) right/wrong the shopping a test a translation well / badly work
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a threat
without something
Must - Have to
Must and have to both express obligation. However, they are used differently depending on who imposes the obligation. MUST HAVE TO The speaker thinks it is necessary.
Someone else thinks it is necessary. I have to buy flowers for my mother-inlaw. (It is not my decision - my husband asked me to do it.) I have to take more exercise. (The doctor says it is necessary.) I have to call the travel agency. (My boss asked me to book a flight.)
I must buy flowers for my mother. (It's her birthday and I decide to do that.) "You must take more exercise" says the doctor. (The doctor thinks it is necessary.) I must ask my secretary to book a flight for me. (It is important for me not to forget.)
"Dogs must be kept on a lead." I have to keep my dog on a lead. (Written on a sign in the park = a rule which (That's what the sign tells me to do.) must be obeyed.) N.B. In the negative form, the meaning changes. You don't have to tell George = You mustn't tell George = you can tell George if you like, it is important not to tell George = but it isn't necessary. It's your don't tell George. decision.
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Play - Go - Do
SPORTS and LEISURE ACTIVITIES When speaking about sports and leisure activities, the verbs play, go and do are used as shown in the table below.
Verb Explanation Sports with teams, rules and competitions or tournaments. Two people can play a game of tennis.
Sport/Activity Badminton Basketball Football Golf Rugby Tennis , etc Campng Dancing Hiking Horse-riding Sailing Swimming etc.
PLAY
GO
The name of the activity is the gerund form of the verb (-ing) To camp go camping We often go camping in the summer.
DO
Aerobics Athletics Gymnastics Judo Karate Sophie does yoga with a group Yoga of friends. etc.
Remember - Remind
Verb Meaning Example
REMEMBER
- Do you remember the name of the book? - I don't remember the author's name. - Remember to lock the door when you leave.
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- Cause someone to think of something. REMIND - Make someone remember something they may have forgotten.
- Apple tart reminds me of my grandmother. - This town reminds me of the place where I grew up. - Remind me to call my sister. It's her birthday. - I reminded him that we had signed an agreement.
Summary : Anne to her son Steve : Anne to her friend Sue : Sue to Anne : "Remember to turn off the the lights before you leave." "I reminded Steve to turn off the lights before he left." "You remind me of my grandmother - always giving instructions!"
Burgle
A burglar is a person who burgles a house by forcing a way into it and stealing from it. Example : During a recent concert, a number of houses in the area were burgled. The burglar stole essentially jewellery, cash, credit cards and mobile phones. He was caught by the police while trying to steal a car.
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N.B. 'Thief' is a noun describing someone who steals, but the verb 'to thieve'is rarely used. It is more usual to say 'to steal' something, or 'to rob' someone.
Say - Tell
SAY
Say is used to report someone's words. She said "I'm thirsty. I'd like a glass of water." She said (that) she was thirsty and would like a glass of water.. Say is followed by 'to' before the object : Did she actually say that to you? Say is used to ask about languages : Do you know how to say 'water' in Spanish? We say : 'hello', goodbye', 'please', 'thank you', 'congratulations', 'Merry Christmas', 'Happy New Year', 'Happy Birthday'.
TELL
Tell is used to inform or instruct : Could you tell me the way to the station please? Tell the children to go to bed! Tell is followed directly by the object : Did she tell you her name? Tell is used for narration : Tom has always been very good at telling stories. We tell : the time, our name, how to do something, the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, the difference between two things.
Say - Tell
SAY
Say is used to report someone's words. She said "I'm thirsty. I'd like a glass of water." She said (that) she was thirsty and would like a glass of water.. Say is followed by 'to' before the object : Did she actually say that to you? Say is used to ask about languages : Do you know how to say 'water' in Spanish? We say : 'hello', goodbye', 'please', 'thank you', 'congratulations', 'Merry Christmas', 'Happy New Year', 'Happy Birthday'.
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TELL
Tell is used to inform or instruct : Could you tell me the way to the station please? Tell the children to go to bed! Tell is followed directly by the object : Did she tell you her name? Tell is used for narration : Tom has always been very good at telling stories. We tell : the time, our name, how to do something, the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, the difference between two things.
SHALL-WILL SHOULD-WOULD
SHALL - WILL
Shall and will are both modal verbs primarily used to express the future tense. In informal English, the Simple Future is frequently conjugated entirely with the auxiliary 'will', particularly in American English. In more formal English, there is a rule which states that:
the auxiliary shall should be used in the first person, singular and plural (I/we) the auxiliary will should be used in the second and third person, singular and plural, (you, he/she/it, they) Singular I shall you will he/she/it will Plural we shall you will they will
However, shall currently tends to be falling out of use, but it continues to be used with I and we for offers and suggestions. Shall I open the window?
Shall we dance?
SHOULD - WOULD
Should is the conditional form of shall. Should is used : - to give advice : - in hypothetical situations : - to give tentative opinions : You should take regular exercise. Should you need any help, just call me. I should think the cost will be about 100.
Would is the conditional form of will. In informal English today, the conditional tense is usually conjugated entirely with would :
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You should / you ought to write to your grandmother. He has revised all day; he should / he ought to be ready for his exam.
In hypothetical situations : Should anyone call, please take a message. Should you need any help, just call me. If I were you, I should leave. (In this last example, 'would' is often used today.) With 'imagine', 'say' and 'think' to give tentative opinions : I should think the journey will take about two hours.
NEED
Need expresses necessity.
In summer we need to drink more often (= it is necessary for us to drink often.) You needn't / you don't need to take notes. You'll get a summary. (=it is not necessary to take notes.) Need I / Do I need to do this? (=Is it necessary for me to do this?).
Needn't have is used to refer to an action which was performed but later turned out to be unnecessary. We needn't have rushed to the airport; the flight was delayed. He needn't have taken a sweater; the weather was warm. Didn't need to is used to refer to an action in the past which was not performed because there was no need for it. We didn't need to show our passports - ID cards were accepted.
You should / you ought to write to your grandmother. He has revised all day; he should / he ought to be ready for his exam.
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In hypothetical situations : Should anyone call, please take a message. Should you need any help, just call me. If I were you, I should leave. (In this last example, 'would' is often used today.) With 'imagine', 'say' and 'think' to give tentative opinions : I should think the journey will take about two hours.
NEED
Need expresses necessity.
In summer we need to drink more often (= it is necessary for us to drink often.) You needn't / you don't need to take notes. You'll get a summary. (=it is not necessary to take notes.) Need I / Do I need to do this? (=Is it necessary for me to do this?).
Needn't have is used to refer to an action which was performed but later turned out to be unnecessary. We needn't have rushed to the airport; the flight was delayed. He needn't have taken a sweater; the weather was warm. Didn't need to is used to refer to an action in the past which was not performed because there was no need for it. We didn't need to show our passports - ID cards were accepted.
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Nationalities : the British, the Americans, the Japanese, the Chinese, etc.
NO ARTICLE : No article is used in generalisations: I like music Caviar is expensive. Exceptions : I watch television but I listen to the radio and I go to the cinema. I don't play tennis but I play the piano, the guitar, etc.
N.B. : Adjectives ending with a vowel and a consonant double the consonant big - bigger - biggest except when the consonant is 'w' or 'y' : 33
new - newer - newest. Use : Comparative adjectives are used to compare two things or people to each other. Superlative adjectives are used to compare one member of a group to the whole group.
Adverbs of Frequency
Frequency Adverbs
Adverbs such as always, already, ever, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, still, usually, are placed as follows in sentences :
after the verb BE : Charlie is always late. before other verbs : Tom sometimes takes the bus. between two verbs : or after the first verb if there are more than two : Julie has never travelled on the Eurostar. I would never have thought that. Except if the second verb is an infinitive : Charlie often needs to ask for directions.
Frequency Phrases
Frequency phrases such as every day, once in a while, etc. go at the beginning or at the end of sentences.
I wash my hair every day. Once a month I go to the hairdresser's to have it cut.
A lot of : A lot of can be used in all sentences: affirmative, negative and interrogative. Much - many : Much and many are used in negative and interrogative sentences. They are rarely used in affirmative sentences, except if they begin the sentence . (see below) Much is used with uncountable nouns (for example: 'much English') Many is used with countable nouns (for example : 'many words').
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I make a lot of mistakes. BUT : Much of our food is Do you make a lot I don't know a lot of words. exported. ofmistakes? Many people drive too fast. I don't know many words. Do you make many mistakes?
Negative Interrogative I don't know a lot Do you learn a lot of English? ofEnglish. I don't know much English. De you know much English?
Compare a lot of and a lot : Tom knows a lot of vocabulary. Charlie is talkative. He talks a lot.
STILL
Still is used to refer to continuing situations. They've been married for 40 years and they still love each other. I moved to this town five years ago and I'm still living here.
ALWAYS Always is used to refer to something that happens regularly. I always send cards at Christmas. Sue always takes the 8 o'clock train to work. YET
Yet is used to ask if something expected has happened Has the postman arrived yet? To say that something expected hasn't happened. The book I ordered hasn't arrived yet.
Although - despite
(Although - even though / Despite - in spite of) Although/even though and despite/in spite of are used to combine or link two contrasting statements.
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Although/even though it was raining, he walked to the station. Although/even though he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. Despite/in spite of are followed by a noun, a pronoun or a verb ending in -ing. Despite/in spite of the rain he walked to the station. He noticed the rain but he walked to the station in spite of it. Despite being wet and tired, he walked to the station. Despite/in spite of have the same meaning, but despite is used without 'of'.
Example : He had enough money. He refused to buy a new car. The above two statements can be combined as follows : Although/even though he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. Despite/in spite of having enough money he refused to buy a new car. He had enough money, but despite/in spite of that he refused to buy a new car.
AT - ON - IN
When to use the prepositions at, on and in can sometimes be confusing. Below are some examples to help you.
AT- ON - IN Examples of use : Space/Location David is waiting at the bank. I saw Mary at work, at home, at the party, etc. We met at the station. Time At 9 o'clock At the age of 80. At night. Other Anne is good at English. Look at that car! The golfer aimed at the flag. On television. On the radio. On holiday(s) She writes in English. He is in good humour. They are in danger. We are in good health.
AT
The bank is on the main street. On December 25th. ON The book is on the desk. On Sunday. Don't walk on the grass. On my birthday. The money is in the bank. In 2012. In a minute, a month, a The desk is in the room. year, the future.the past. In the morning, the The children are in the garden. afternoon, the evening. In winter, spring, He works in the city. summer, autumn. 36
IN
Harry and Sally met each other at a barbecue while they were on holidays. They live in the same town so they arranged to meet again at the cinema at 7 o'clockon the following Saturday. The cinema is on main street in the town centre. Later in the evening they had dinner in an Italian restaurant on the square.
NOUNS
(countable, uncountable and plural nouns)
Countable nouns Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places and things that can be counted. For example, books, houses, Americans, cats, dogs, cars, etc. A countable noun can be singular (a book) or plural (two books) The singular form of a verb is used with a singular countable noun : the apple is red The plural form of a verb is used with a plural countable noun : the apples are red. Uncountable nouns Uncountable or mass nouns are concepts, information, materials, substances etc. which are not individual objects and cannot be counted. They have no plural form. For example : water, knowledge, information, literature, milk, cream, air. Uncountable or mass nouns are : used with no indefinite article (a/an) take a singular verb. To talk about a certain quantity, some/a piece of/a glass of/ a slice of, etc. are used. some milk a piece of cheese/cake/pizza a slice of bread a glass of lemonade a piece of advice/information/news/luggage Common uncountable nouns : advice, accommodation, baggage, bread, cheese, equipment, furniture, information, knowledge, money, pasta, work, progress, research, travel... Examples : Water is a necessity. Could I have a slice of bread please? Have some cream with your strawberries. That's an interesting piece of information. Plural nouns with no singular form Some plural nouns have no singular form. Examples are : earnings, glasses, trousers, shorts, scissors, binoculars. These nouns take a plural verb : The company's earnings are increasing every year. These scissors are rusty.
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To refer to one item of clothing, tools or instruments which consist of two parts, a pair of is used : A pair of trousers A pair of scissors. Some nouns appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb. For example : news, gymnastics, athletics, economics, physics, politics The news is not very good I'm afraid. They say politics is a complicated business. Gymnastics is fun to watch. Physics is a difficult subject for many students.
Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house. (John is rich, but in spite of that, he lives in a small house.) Even though she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog. (In spite of the fact that she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog.)
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Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car. (Caroline doesn't like fast cars. It is not because of the price that she won't buy one.) Even if I had time and money, I wouldn't go on a cruise. (It's not because I have no time or no money that I won't go on a cruise. I have other reasons for not going.)
Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house. (John is rich, but in spite of that, he lives in a small house.) Even though she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog. (In spite of the fact that she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog.)
Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car. (Caroline doesn't like fast cars. It is not because of the price that she won't buy one.) Even if I had time and money, I wouldn't go on a cruise. (It's not because I have no time or no money that I won't go on a cruise. I have other reasons for not going.)
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FRENCH Achever Actuellement Affluence Agenda Ancien Assister a Avertissement Bail Blesser Chance Coin Commander Conducteur Confection Controle Deception Decevoir Delai Envie Eventuellement Formidable Fortun Fournitures Gentil Habitat Ignorer Important
Example The renovation was finished at the end of 2010. We have completed the programme. At the moment I am revising my English. There were crowds of people in the streets. I note all my appoinrments in my diary. Our former chairman was more dynamic. All the personnel must attend the meeting. The message was sent as a warning. We can move in as soon as we sign the lease. He was injured in a road accident. Good luck! I hope you'll be as lucky as Tom. The cinema is at the corner of the street. He ordered food for everybody. She told the driver to be careful on the roads. He works in the clothing industry. Tickets are checked before boarding. His failure was a big disappointment. The players were disappointed not to win. We were given a time limit. Friday is the deadline. I don't want / I don't feel like going. Perhaps/If need be I could send a fax. You did a terrific job! The money was donated by a wealthy man. Julie is responsible for office supplies. She's a nice person. Her remarks are always kind The old man was wearing his Sunday clothes. It's best not to pay attention to his behaviour. Take no notice of him! I know nothing about the incident. There was a big crowd waiting to see the Queen.
At the moment, currently. Affluence Crowds Agenda Diary Ancient Former Assist Attend Advertisement Warning Bail Lease Bless Hurt / injure Chance Luck Coin Corner Command Order Conductor Driver Confection Clothing industry Control Check Deception Disappointment Deceive Disappoint Delay Time limit/deadline Envy Want / feel like Possible/perhaps/if Eventually need be Formidable Great/terrific Fortunate Wealthy, well-off Furniture Supplies Gentle Habit Ignore Important Nice / kind Clothes/ dress Not pay attention take no notice know nothing Big / large
Faux amis or 'false friends' are words that appear to be the same in French and in English, but have a different meaning. (Les faux amis sont des mots qui se ressemblent en francais et en anglais mais n'ont pas le meme sens.) FRENCH ENGLISH Incorrect Example Correct
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Inconvenant Injure Large Lecture Librairie Location Monnaie Nuisance Organisme Pice Prvenir Professeur Propre Proprit Realize Regarder Runion Sensible
Inconvenient Improper Injure Insult Large Wide Lecture Reading Library Bookshop Rental / lease Location to rent / to let Money Nuisance Organism Piece Prevent Professor
(tit. d'une chaire)
Improper behaviour will not be tolerated. Please don't take that as an insult. The Champs Elyses is a very wide avenue. Anne likes reading. A bookshop is where you buy books. They signed a 2-year rental/lease. The house was let for two years. I need change for the parking meter. Currency / change What currency is used in Norway? Nolse is a form of pollution that can Harm/damage/pollution be harmful. Organization/agency A relief agency is providing food and shelter. How many rooms are there in the house? Room / a play (theatre) I saw a good play at the theatre yesterday. Warn He shouted to warn people of the danger. Teacher Clean Own Property Accomplish/carry out Come true (a dream) Look at Meeting Summarize / sum up Location / situation Blind Put up with My father is a teacher at the high school. My mother is a professor at the university. The kitchen is clean. Emily has her own car. The property belongs to the rich family. He accompished the task without difficulty. I hope all your dreams will come true. Let's look at the pictures. A meeting was held to discuss the problem. The report summarizes the main points. The offices are in a good location/well situated. We have blinds on our windows. Teachers have to put up with noisy children. Our new neighbours are very nice Jackis a very likeable guy.. He made an attempt/he attempted to escape.
FEW - L ITTLE
(few - fewer - fewest / little - less - least)
Few and little are both quantifiers which mean : 'not a lot' or 'not much/many'. To make comparisons : Few-fewer-fewest are used with countable nouns (a melon, two melons).
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Little-less-least are used with uncountable nouns (milk, cheese, water...). Meaning Few Not many/not a lot Example There are few melons in the shop today. The supermarket has fewer melons. The shop has the fewest melons. There is little milk left in the jug. We bought less milk yesterday.
Fewer Not as many. Fewest The smallest number Little Less Least Not much/not a lot Not as much
The smallest quantity. The eldest child drinks the least milk.
N.B. A few and a little have a positive meaning = a small quantity. There are a few melons = There is a small number. There is a little milk = There is a small quantity.
FOR
For is followed by a length of time : for one hour. It answers the question : How long? I have been standing here for 10 minutes. Tony is going to San Francisco for a week.
DURING
During is followed by a noun. It means 'throughout the period' or 'in the course of' an action or event. During the summer I go to the beach as often as possible. Exercises were given to us during the lesson.
WHILE
While is followed by a subect and a verb. It means 'during the time that an action was taking place'. They held hands while they were watching the film.. The students took notes while the teacher was speaking.
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For is used to indicate a period of time. For is used with the Present Perfect. I have been waiting at the bus stop for 10 minutes. I have lived in this country for 5 years. I went to Venice for a week-end. For can be used with other verb tenses : Present : I go on holidays for two weeks every summer. Past : When I was sixteen, I stayed in London for two months.
FOR
Future :While I am in the USA , I will be in New York for two days.
SINCE
Since is used to refer to the starting point of actions or situations. It is generally used with the Present Perfect. I have been waiting for the bus since 8 o'clock. I live in Tokyo. I have lived in Tokyo since January 2010.
AGO
Ago is used to say when past events happened, going back from today towards the past. The verb is in the Past Tense. I came to Tokyo two years ago. I arrived at the bus stop 10 minutes ago.
FOR - TO
(purpose)
It is sometimes not clear what structure to use to talk about the use of an object (for cleaning) as opposed to the reason for which the object is used (to clean).
Use or purpose of things/objects To explain the use of an object, what it is used for, we use for following by -ing What is this sponge for? = For what purpose is it used? It is for cleaning the sink. Reason or purpose of actions
To explain why we do something, the reason for which it is done, we use the infinitive (ex: to do)
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What do you use this sponge for? = Why do you use it? I use it to clean the sink. Why did you turn on the radio? I turned on the radio to listen to the news.
IN CASE - UNLESS
In case In case expresses the possibility of something happening. It is used to express the idea of doing something to avoid a possible problem later on. It gives the reason for an action. Take an umbrella in case it rains. = There is a possibility that it will rain, so it's a good idea to take an umbrella. In case + 'of'
In case of means 'if there is'. In case of emergency, call this number. = If there is an emergency, call this number. Unless Unless means 'except if' or 'only if'. Unless replaces 'if' + a negative verb. Sally won't come unless you invite Harry. Sally won't come except if you invite Harry. Sally will only come if you invite Harry. If you don't invite Harry, Sally won't come. We will have a picnic unless it rains. We will have a picnic except if it rains. If it doesn't rain we will have a picnic. If it rains, we won't have a picnic.
LIKE - AS
Like Like is a preposition, used before a noun or pronoun, to say that two things are similar. They behave or operate in the same way.
He works like a slave. The children swim like fish. The boy runs like a hare.
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As As, as a preposition, before a noun or pronoun, is used to refer to jobs and functions.
Compare
I am your friend, and as your friend I advise you to be careful. = It is my role as a friend to warn you. I don't know you, but like your friend, I advise you to be careful. = I think the same way as your friend. I am like your friend in that respect.
Verb : to like
The verb to like is used to talk about tastes, what we enjoy or prefer.
What sport does Peter like? He likes football. What's your favourite food? I like Italian food.
Look like is used to ask for and give an opinion about appearance.
What does Peter look like? He is tall, dark and handsome. He looks like George Clooney.
Preposition (like) + be
What is Julie like? She is reliable, pleasant and helpful. She is like a friend.
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LINKING WORDS
Linking words in English are words that are used to combine or link in one sentence two statements presenting contrast, comparison, condition, supposition, purpose, etc. Linking Words As long as provided (that) providing Example of use You can take my car as long as/provided (that)/providing you don't damage it. (I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.) Although/even though hs is rich, he lives in a small house. (In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.)
Although/even though
Even if
He is poor and has no house, but even if he had money, he wouldn't buy a house. (Supposing he had the money, he still wouldn't buy a house.)
In case
Take an umbrella in case it rains. It might raiin, so it's a good idea to take an umbrella.)
In spite of / despite
In spite of/despite the rain, she walked to the station. in spite of/despite being blind, he walked to the station. (without being affected by the rain or by being blind.)
So that
She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues. (She arrrived early for the purpose of helping her colleagues.)
Whatever
You can count on me whatever you decide to do. (No matter what your decision is, you can count on me.)
Whereas
Tom is rich, whereas Jack is poor. (Tom is rich; in contrast Jack is poor.)
Whenever
I will lend you my car whenever you need it. (No matter when you need my car, I will lend it to you.)
Wherever
OTHER - ANOTHER
Other (adjective) Other is an adjective meaning 'different' which can be used with singular or plural nouns. Here are some examples :
There's some water left in this bottle. The other bottle is empty. Some children learn quickly but other children need more time. I'm not happy with this product. Next time I'll buy an other brand. I can't find my other shoe. Have you got any other questions?
80% of the students arrive on time. The others (the other students) are always late. There are two cookies left. You have one and I'll have the other. Only half of the guests have arrived. Where are the others?
Another (adjective) Another is an adjective which expresses quantity. It means 'additional' or 'one more'. There are six people for dinner but there are only 5 plates. We need another plate. This cake is delicious. Could I have another slice please?. Please give me another chance. I promise to try harder..
POSSESSIVES
Rule Singular Nouns : (even if the meaning is plural or if there are several words.) Examples - Tom's car - The children's toys - The Queen of England's jewels - My parents' car. - The neighbours' dog - My grandparents' house - Denis's wife
Plural Nouns
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- Gladys's job - A friend of my father's (one of my father's friends, not the only one.) - A friend of mine/ his/hers/ours/yours/theirs. - A friend of Julie's - At the hairdresser's - At the dentist's - At the Brown's
Double Possessive
N.B. The apostrophe followed by s ('s) (ex:Tom's), to denote possession, is used for living things. living things (humans and animals) : John's car, the cat's milk, the dog's tail
groups and institutions : The government's proposal, the company's policy. BUT :
the door of the car the leg of the table. the roof of the house.
POSSESSIVES
Rule Singular Nouns : (even if the meaning is plural or if there are several words.) Examples - Tom's car - The children's toys - The Queen of England's jewels - My parents' car. - The neighbours' dog - My grandparents' house - Denis's wife - Gladys's job
Plural Nouns
Add 's after the possessor's - A friend of my father's name, (one of my father's friends, or use a possessive pronoun. not the only one.) - A friend of mine/
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N.B. The apostrophe followed by s ('s) (ex:Tom's), to denote possession, is used for living things. living things (humans and animals) : John's car, the cat's milk, the dog's tail
groups and institutions : The government's proposal, the company's policy. BUT :
the door of the car the leg of the table. the roof of the house.
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PREPOSITIONS
Preposition above across after against along among around before behind below beneath beside between by close to down from in in front of inside into near next to off on onto opposite out of outside over past round through throughout to towards Meaning higher than or over friom one side to the other - following something - later than - in opposition to - in contact with from one end to the other surrounded by - in a circle - near, appproximately - earlier than - in front of at the back of lower than under next to in the space separating two things near, at the side of near from higher to lower where something starts or originates at a point within an area directly before on the inner part of enter a closed space close to beside down or away from in a position touching a surface move to a position on a surface facing, on the other side - move from a closed space - without opposite of inside - above/across - on the surface of beyond in a circular movement from one side to the other in every part of in the direct of / towards in the direction of 50 Examples The sun is above the clouds. It's dangerous to run across the road. - The boy ran after the ball. - I'll phone you after lunch. - Stealing is against the law. - The sofa is against the wall. They are walking along the street. Peter was among the spectators. - He walked around the table. - It costs around 50 euros. - The day before yesterday. - He bowed before the king. Passengers sit behind the driver. Hir shorts are below his knees. The pen was beneath the books. The bank is beside the cinema. Mary sat between Tom and Jane. The restaurant is by the river. The school is near the church. She pulled down the blind. The wind is blowing from the north. The pen is in the drawer. The child ran out in front of the bus. The bird is inside the cage. He went into the shop. The school is near the church. The bank is next to the cinema. He fell off the horse. The plate is on the table. The cat jumped onto the roof of the car. Eva sat opposite Tom at the table. - He got out of the taxi. - She's out of work. The garden is outside the house. - The plane flew over the Atlantic. - She put a sheet over the furniture. She drove past the supermarket. The earth moves round the sun. The Seine flows through Paris. The virus spread throughout the country. On the way to the station. The child ran towards her father.
Exercise Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Complete each of the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective. (The answers are at the bottom of the page.)
1. 2. 3. 4.
Jeremy is 10 years old. Jenny is 8 years old. Jeremy is (old) ____________ ______ Jenny. The Alps are very high. They are (high) _____ _______________ mountains in Europe. An ocean is (large) ____________ _______ a sea. A Rolls Royce costs a lot of money. A Twingo costs less. A Rolls Royce is (expensive) _______ ________________ _____ a Twingo.
John's results were bad. Fred's were very poor. Fred's results were (bad) __________ _____
This exercise is not very difficult. It's ____________ ______ I expected. The weather is not good today. It's raining. I hope the weather will be (good) _____________ next
People are not very friendly in big cities. They are usually (friendly) ________________ in small
People say that Chinese is (difficult) ______ ____________ to learn than English.
Answers :
1. older than 2. the highest 3. larger than 4. more expensive than 5. worse than
6. easier than
7. better
8. friendlier
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3. here.".
6. "I've been taking English lessons for 3 months but I __________ haven't made much progress".
7. Emma only moved house last week and she __________knows her neighbours!".
8. I ____________ save my files and turn off the computer before leaving the office.
9. Peter sent an application form two weeks ago but he __________ hasn't received a reply.
10. The manager resigned yesterday, but his resignation hasn't been officially announced __________.
Correction 1) still 2) always 3) already 4) yet 5) always 6) still 7) already 8) always 9) still 10) yet
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1.
2.
4.
John rarely sees Paul ___________ they live in the same town.
5.
6.
7.
8. Anna never learned the language ___________ she lived there for two years.
9. ____________ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.
10.
Correction :
1) although 2) despite/in spite of 3) in spite of 4)although 5) in spite 6) although 7) despite/in spite of 8) although 9) in spite 10) although
Conditional Tense
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. (The answers are at the end of the page.)
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4) If Caroline _______________ (arrive) late for a meeting, her boss ______________ (be) angry.
5) If his parents _____________ (come) to visit him, John ______________(bring) them to the theatre.
6) Where _____________ (you go) if you ________________ (can take) a week's holiday?
7) If Julie _____________ (speak) better English, she ________________ (find) a better job.
10) What ________________ (happen) if you ________________ (miss) your flight? Answers :
1) had - would buy 3) would you live - had 4) arrived - would be 5) came would bring 6) would you go- could take 7) spoke- would find 8) invited- would accept 9) lost- would report 10) would happen- missed 2) would you do - saw
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1) Peter refused the offer _______________ he needed the money. 2) ________________ Mary has a car, she walks to work.
3) James won't sell his car __________________ you offer him a good price. 4) ____________________ the man was blind, he walked to the station. 5) We go running every day, _______________ the weather is
bad.
6) I love my job. I wouldn't change jobs _______________ the salary was higher. rich. 7) She gives money to charity __________________ she is not
8)
Answers : 1) even though 2) even though 3) even if 4) even though 5) even if 6) even if 7) even though 8) even if
1.
2. friends.
3.
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6.
8. In Europe, meals are different. People stay at the table ______________ a long time. Answers :
1) for 2) while 3) for 4) while 5) during/for 6) for 7) during 8) for
Future tense
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets : - the future simple (ex : I will watch) - the future continuous (ex : I will be watching 1. I promise I ______________ (call) you as soon as I have any news.
2. This time tomorrow Tom ________________(fly) over the Atlantic on his way to Boston.
3. Those bags look heavy. I _________________________ (carry) one of them for you. 4. They are getting married on Saturday. All the guests _________________ (wear) white.
5. The following week they ______________________ (enjoy) the sun in the West Indies.
7. If you look at this map you ____________ (see) where the islands are.
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5) will be
Gerund - Infinitive
Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
(Correction at the end of the page.)
2. Anne couldn't find a taxi so I offered (drive) ________________ her to the station.
4. I promise (send) _______________ you our new brochure as soon as it's available.
6. I avoid (take) _______________ the car whenever possible, especially in big cities.
8. Bob sent a report to the Chairman instead of (attend) _______________ the meeting.
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complaint
Correction 1) making speak 2) to drive 3) to book 4) to send 5) to meet 6) taking 7) working 8) attending 9) driving 10) to
in case - unless
Complete the following sentences with 'in case' or 'unless'.
(Correction at the end of the page.)
1. Emma won't call you ___________ you give her your phone number. 2. 3. 4. Take a map with you ____________ you can't find the hotel. Ask for a receipt __________ you need it later. ______________ fire, press the red button.
5. I won't lend you my car ____________ you promise to drive carefully. 6. 7. 8. The alarm won't work ____________ you turn it on. We got a second key ____________ we lost the first one. Call this number ______________ emergency.
9. Take your vaccination certificate with you ___________ they ask for it at the airport. 10. I'll see you at the meeting next week_____________ it's cancelled before then.
Correction 1) unless 10) unless 2) in case 3) in case 4) in case of 5) unless 6) unless 7) in case 8) in case of 9) in case
Inversion
Print and reformulate the following sentences using inversion.
(Correction at the end of the page.)
Example :
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1. 2.
I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed . I have seldom heard such a talented singer.
3. If John had known that she liked curry, he would have brought her to an Indian restaurant. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. face. 9. 10. She never at any time said that she was allergic to cats. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice. He had never felt so depressed. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's
Correction 1. Hardly had I begun to apologize when the door closed. 2. Seldom have I heard such a talented singer. 3. Had John known that she liked curry, he would have brought her to an Indian restaurant. 4. Rarely did the artist pay attention to his agent's advice. 5. Never had he felt so depressed. 6. In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers' lost property. 7. No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony. 8. Only when he saw his wife's face did Tom realize the meaning of the comment. 9. Never at any time had she said (that) she was allergic to cats. 10. Under no circumstances can the restaurant accept animals.
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Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of like, look like or be like.
(The answers are at the end of the page.)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Answers:
Are you feeling alright? You ____________________ a ghost! What ________ your children _________________ to do after school? It's incredible how much you ________________ your mother. What________ the weather __________________ in New York at the moment? Caroline works very well. She ___________________ her sister. What ________ your new boss _______________________? Who _________ the baby _________________________? It's a well-known fact that teenagers tend to ________________ junk food. What ______ your new job ____________? Have you visited the new shopping centre? What ____________________?
4) is/like
5) is like
7) does/look like
8)
like / as
Complete the following sentences with the correct word : like or as.
(The correction is at the end of the page.)
1. My sister is not at all __________ me. 2. I've had my hair cut, _________ you can see. 3. Tom has joined a telephone company _________ product manager. 4. When James was a student, he worked every summer ________ a waiter. 5. My friend Mary looks __________ Madonna. 6. Tom qualified ________ an engineer before attending a business school.
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7. Julie is completely overworked. She works _______ a slave! 8. Today is Friday, so today, _________ on every Friday, we wear casual wear. 9. Strong leaders, _________Winston Churchill, are few and far between. 10. He's a very good swimmer. He can swim ________ a fish! Answers : 4. as 5. like 6. as 7. like 8. as 9. like 10. like
1. like 2. as 3. as
linking words
Make one sentence from the two below, using the word(s) in brackets.
Example : It was raining. We played golf. (even though) => Even though it was raining, we played golf.
1.
She wasn't very rich. She gave money to the beggar. (although)
___________________________________________________________________________ 3. You can go out tonight. You must tell us where you are going. (provided)
__________________________________________________________________________ 4. I don't earn a big salary. But if I did, I wouldn't buy a car. (even if)
__________________________________________________________________________ 7. Sue likes Opera. Joe prefers jazz. (They have different tastes.) (whereas)
__________________________________________________________________________
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8.
The weather was bad. They enjoyed the trip. (even though)
__________________________________________________________________________ 10. You have to put the alarm on. If not, it won't work. (unless)
__________________________________________________________________________
linking words
(answers)
1.
She wasn't very rich. She gave money to the beggar. (although) => Although she wasn't very rich, she gave money to the beggar . He left early. He wanted to arrive on time. (so that) => He left early so that he would arrive on time .
2.
3. You can go out tonight. You must tell us where you are going. (provided) => You can go out tonight provided you tell us where you are going. 4. I don't early a big salary. But if I did, I wouldn't buy a car. (even if) =>Even if I earned a big salary I wouldn't buy a car . Take a sandwich. There might be no restaurant. (in case) => Take a sandwich in case there's no restaurant . There was a lot of noise. He managed to sleep. (despite) => Despite the noise, he managed to sleep. Sue likes Opera. Joe prefers jazz. (whereas) => Sue likes Opera whereas Joe prefers Jazz . The weather was bad. They enjoyed the trip. (even though) => Even though the weather was bad they enjoyed the trip.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
He had the 'flu. He went to work. (in spite of) => In spite of having the 'flu he went to work.
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10.
You have to put the alarm on. If not, it won't work. (unless) => Unless you put the alarm on it won't work.
make / do
Complete the sentences below with make or do (in the correct tense).
(The answers are at the end of the page.)
1.
2.
I can't give the answer right away. I'll have to ______ some research.
3.
I'm very pleased with the result. You ______ a great job!
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. I've got a toothache. I'm going to ring the dentist to ___________ an appointment.
10. It's not easy to _________ business with people of different nationalities.
Correction: 1) make 2) do 3) did 4) make 5) doing 6) make 7) making 8) do 9) make 10) do
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Must - Have to
Complete the sentences below with the correct word(s) : 'must' or 'have to'.
(The correction is at the end of the page.)
1. now.
2. "You _________ arrive on time every morning" said the shopkeeper to the new trainee. 3. . 4. job. 5. "You ________ do your homework" said the teacher. Secretaries ________ answer the phone. That's part of their Julie __________ go to work on foot. The buses are on strike.
6. "We__________ invite our neighbours for dinner one day" said my husband. 7. David ________ leave home at 7..30 a.m. in order to get to the office at 9 a.m. 8. "I _______ hurry or I'll miss my flight!"
9. Employees ___________ attend all personnel meetings - it's written in their contracts. 10. "I ________ call my mother - it's her birthday today."
Correction 1. have to 2. must 3. has to 4. have to 5. must 6. must 7. has to 8. must 9. have to 10. must
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2.
Active : Passive :
I saw two armed men in front of the jewellery shop. Two armed men ...
3.
Active : Passive :
The reporter is announcing the results on the radio right now. The results ...
4.
Active : Passive :
Emma had done the housework before the guests arrived. The housework ...
5.
Active : Passive :
The doctor was treating the patient when the ambulance arrived. The patient ...
6.
Active : Passive :
The ambulance will take the patient to the nearest hospital. The patient ...
7.
Active : Passive :
The teacher had announced the results to the students. The results...
8.
Active : Passive :
Tom will have calculated the cost before the end of the day. The cost ...
1.
Active : They take the child to school by car. Passive : The child is taken to school by car.
2.
Active : Passive :
I saw two armed men in front of the jewellery shop. Two armed men were seen in front of the jewellery shop.
3.
Active : Passive :
The reporter is announcing the results on the radio right now. The results are being announced on the radio right now.
4.
Active : Passive :
Emma had done the housework before the guests arrived. The housework had been done before the guests arrived.
5.
Active : Passive :
The doctor was treating the patient when the ambulance arrived. The patient was being treated when the ambulance arrived.
6.
Active : Passive :
The ambulance will take the patient to the nearest hospital. The patient will be taken (by ambulance) to the nearest hospital.
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7.
Active : Passive :
The teacher had announced the results to the students. The results had been announced to the students.
8.
Active : Passive :
Tom will have calculated the cost before the end of the day. The cost will have been calculated before the end of the day.
Past Perfect
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the tense in brackets (past perfect simple or continuous).
The correction is at the end of the page.
1. When their mother arrived home, the children __________________ (finish) their homework. 2. The meeting ____________ (start) when I arrived at the office. 3. Julie didn't watch the film because she _____________ (see) it before. 4. The mechanic ______________(repair) her car when Mary arrived at the garage. 5. Caroline was tired when she left the office because she ________________(work) all day. 6. David was playing tennis. When his father arrived, he __________________(play) for 2 hours. 7. When the dessert arrived, Anne wasn't hungry; she _______________(eat) too much. 8. It was my first flight. I ________________ (never fly) before. 9. The dentist was angry because John _______________ (forget) the time of his appointment. 10. On the day of his exam, Joe was ready. He ________________ (revise) for weeks.
Correction 1) had finished 2) had started 3) had seen 4) had repaired 5) had been working 6) had been playing 7) had eaten 8) had never flown 9) had forgotten 10) had been revising
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Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets:
(Correction at the end of the page.)
1. Yesterday evening I__________ (go) to the cinema with a friend. 2. From 1995 to 1998 I __________ (work) in Tokyo. 3. Last night the concert __________ (finish) at midnight. 4. I __________ (arrive) at the office this morning before my colleagues. 5. When he was young, Tom ________ (ride) a bicycle to school. 6. The train was at 8 p.m. so I ___________ (leave) home at 7 p.m. 7. Last Sunday was my mother's birthday, so I __________ (make) a cake. 8. I ___________ (start) to play golf five years ago. 9. The great composer Mozart _________ (die) at the age of 35. 10. Julie _________ (do) a lot of English exercises last week.
Correction 1) went 2) worked 3) finished 4) arrived 5) rode 6) left 7) made 8) started 9) died 10) did
1) When her husband ____________ (arrive) home, Anne __________________(watch) television. 2) I _________________ (prepare) dinner when the telephone _________________ (ring). 3) What ________________________ (you do) when the postman ______________(arrive)? 4) Julie _______________ (learn) to drive when she ___________________ (work) in London.
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5) Where ___________________ (you sit) when the show (begin)? 6) I ________________ (visit) Athens while I ____________________ (tour) Greece. 7) It was when he ____________________ (cross) the street that John______________ (fall). 8) What ________________(you see) while you ______________________ (wait) for the bus? 9) Where _______________________ (you go) when your car ________________(break) down? 10) Julie ________________ (meet) Peter when she ___________________ (walk) in the park.
Correction 1) arrived - was watching 2) was preparing - rang 3) were you doing - arrived 4) learnt/learned - was working 5)were you sitting - began 6) visited - was touring 7) was crossing - fell 8) did you see - you were waiting 9) were you going broke down 10) met - was walking
Possessive exercise
1. Peter has a friend called David. David is ___________________ 2. Peter has a lot of friends, including David. David is _____________________ 3. I know Peter very well. We have become friends. Peter is ________________________ 4. The dog has a long tail so be careful not to walk on it. Don't walk on _________________________ 5. Emma has an appointment with the hairdresser at 10 a.m. At 10 a.m. Emma will be ___________________________ 6. My neighbours have a red car. _______________________ is red. 7. My parents have painted their house blue. _______________________ is blue. 8. The government made a proposal which was rejected by the Trade Unions. The Trade Unions rejected the _____________________
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9. My grandfather has a dog. Its name is Roxy. _____________________________ is Roxy 10.The head office of the company is on Park Avenue. The ____________________________ is on Park Avenue.
1) Peter's friend 2) a friend of Peter's/one of Peter's friends 3) a friend of mine/one of my friends dog's tail 5) at the hairdresser's 6) my neighbours' car 7) my parents' house 8) the government's proposal 9) my grandfather's dog's name 10) company's head office
4) the
Prepositions
Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition :
(Correction at the end of the page.)
1.
2. I'm sorry but I don't understand the reason ________ the increase ________ price. 3. In this company, salaries depend ________ the level of responsibility. 4. 5. teacher. You have to pay ________ the tickets the day you order them. Our new Chairman reminds me ________ my old history
6. Do you think the report could be translated ________ English for the meeting tomorrow? 7. 8. Thank you for offering to help. It's very kind ________ you. Look ________ the woman ________ the picture. Who is she?
9. The manager didn't take part ________ the discussion. He didn't want to intervene. 10. _______ art. 11. 12. wrong. 13. John was late for the meeting as usual. That's typical ________ It's no use taking him to the Louvre. He isn't interested
The food in Japan is very different ________ European food. I don't agree ________ you. ________ my opinion you're
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12) with/in
Prepositions 2
Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition :
(Correction at the end of the page.)
1. London.
2. All books are provided ______ the school. Pupils don't have to pay _____ them. 3. The meeting is _____ September 15th _____ 9 a.m.
4. If you're interested ______ working overseas, you should apply ______ that job 5. London is a big city, but it's very different ________New York.
6. My boss got angry ______ me when I arrived late _____ the second time. 7. I'm not familiar _______ this machine. Could you explain ______ me how it works? 8. English. 9. She wrote the text ______ Japanese, then translated it ______
He left the house, got ______ his car and drove ______.
10. Due to bad weather conditions, the plane couldn't take _______ ______ time. 11. _____ her. She was embarrassed ______ the way people were staring
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12.
13. The authorities talked ______ the need ______ better education in developing countries. 14. ______ my opinion, you should wait _____ confirmation before making a decision. 15.
Correction 1) after 2) by/for 3) on/at 10) off/on 4) in/for 5) from 6) with/for 7) with/to 8) in/into 15) with
11) by/at
12) to/for
13) about/for
14) in/for
3) Julie is at the cinema waiting for Tom. She _______________ (wait) for 10 minutes.
4) Marie only has half an hour for lunch so she usually ______________ (have) a sandwich.
5) David is a good friend of mine. I _______________ (know) him since I was six years old.
8) Once a month Caroline _______________ (go) to the hairdresser's to have her hair cut.
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3) Julie is at the cinema waiting for Tom. She _______________ (wait) for 10 minutes.
4) Marie only has half an hour for lunch so she usually ______________ (have) a sandwich.
5) David is a good friend of mine. I _______________ (know) him since I was six years old.
8) Once a month Caroline _______________ (go) to the hairdresser's to have her hair cut.
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10) Next Saturday, Peter ________________(take) Caroline to the theatre. Correction : 1) visited 2) is revising 3) has been waiting 4) has 5) have known 6) am doing 7) has written 8) goes 9) travelled 10) is taking
2. John is playing a game of tennis. He (play)______________ for 2 hours. 3 I (book)__________ the tickets two weeks ago for the concert in Vienna. 4. The teacher (speak)____________ English since the beginning of this lesson. 5. In your life, how many countries (you-visit) _______________?
6. The Bank (open)__________ a branch in new shopping centre last month. 7. The bus is late and Julie is cold. She (wait)__________ for 10 minutes. 8. Caroline (work)__________ here between 2003 and 2006.
9. Before boarding, John (buy)_______ a book to read during the flight. 10. So far today, I (learn) ____________ several new words in English.
Correction 1- went 2- has been playing 3- booked 4- has been speaking 5- have you visited
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6- opened
8 - worked
9 - bought
start take eat think sleep go like drink write lives 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The film ________________ every day at 8 p.m. Many children _________________ milk with their meals. Cats generally _______________ a lot. Julie _______________ a letter to her mother once a week. Tom and Julie _______________ in a big city in the centre of the country. Tourists _______________ to Egypt to see the pyramids. Jimmy always _______________ the bus to go to school. We all know that children _______________ sweets. Anne _______________ it's a good idea to do English exercises. If you want to be healthy, you must _______________ good food.
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets:
(Present Simple or Present Continuous) (Correction at the end of the page.)
1. 2. 3. 4.
At the moment you _______________ (do) an English exercise. Tom and Julie _______________ (learn) English this year. The Bank __________________ (open) at 9.30 every morning from Monday to Friday. 5. Our cousins ___________________ (come) to see us next Sunday.
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6.
Tom ______________ (read) the newspaper every morning on the train. 7. Julie usually __________________ (clean) the house on Saturdays. 8. At the moment she _________________ (write) a letter to a client. 9. Julie _________________ (speak) three languages : English, French and Spanish. 10. Today is Sunday. Tom and Julie _________________ (relax) in their garden. Correction : 1) takes 6) reads 2) are doing 3) are learning 4) opens 5) are coming 7) cleans 8) is writing 9) speaks 10) are relaxing
2. John is playing a game of tennis. He (play)______________ for 2 hours. 3 I (book)__________ the tickets two weeks ago for the concert in Vienna. 4. The teacher (speak)____________ English since the beginning of this lesson. 5. In your life, how many countries (you-visit) _______________?
6. The Bank (open)__________ a branch in new shopping centre last month. 7. The bus is late and Julie is cold. She (wait)__________ for 10 minutes. 8. 9. Caroline (work)__________ here between 2003 and 2006. Before boarding, John (buy)_______ a book to read during the
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flight. 10. So far today, I (learn) ____________ several new words in English.
Correction 1- went 2- has been playing 3- booked 4- has been speaking 5- have you visited 6- opened 7- has been waiting 8 - worked 9 - bought 10- have learnt
I have visited New York two months ago. Anne isnt here at the moment. Shes been to London. In your life, how many different countries did you visit? Theyve opened the new shopping centre last week. How many pages did you read so far this week ? When have you bought your car? Ive lived in London since 5 years. Ive seen that film last Friday. His English improved a lot this year. In his last job, Peter has travelled to Germany every month. Julie has worked here between 1997 and 1999. How many films did you see this month ? When has Mary arrived ? Before leaving for Boston, I have bought a good dictionary. So far I didnt receive a reply to my invitation.
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1. 2.
I visited New York two months ago. Anne isnt here at the moment. Shes gone to London.
3. In your life, how many different countries have you visited? 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. They opened the new shopping centre last week. How many pages have you read so far this week ? When did you buy your car? Ive lived in London for 5 years. I saw that film last Friday. His English has improved a lot this year. In his last job, Peter travelled to Germany every month. Julie worked here between 1997 and 1999. How many films have you seen this month ? When did Mary arrive ? Before leaving for Boston, I bought a good dictionary. So far I haven't received a reply to my invitation.
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1. 2. travels. 3. 4. 5. lesson? 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
I live in a house I have bought 7 years ago. The man who lives next door wrote four books about his
I have been listening to the recording several times today. Did you ever taste a cereal called quinoa? How many new words did you note down so far in this
Caroline has been visiting Hong Kong five times already. Ive seen that programme on television last night How many times have you been asking for an explanation? My English improved a lot this year. In her previous job, Julie has spoken English a lot. Jack has worked here between 1996 and 1999. How many times did you go to the theatre this year? How long ago has Emma taken up golf? When I was 6 years old, I have got a bicycle for Christmas. So far I didnt make too many mistakes. Tony is still watching TV. He has watched it for 3 hours. I hate red meat. Since I was a child I have been hating it. How long have you attended these classes? There is no lesson today. The teacher has been on holiday.
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20.
1. 2. travels. 3. 4. 5. lesson? 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. hours.
I live in a house I bought 7 years ago. The man who lives next door has written four books about his
I have listened to the recording several times today. Have you ever tasted a cereal called quinoa? How many new words have you noted down so far in this
Caroline has visited Hong Kong five times already. I saw that programme on television last night How many times have you asked for an explanation? My English has improved a lot this year. In her previous job, Julie spoke English a lot. Jack worked here between 1996 and 1999. How many times have you gone to the theatre this year? How long ago did Emma take up golf? When I was 6 years old, I got a bicycle for Christmas. So far I haven't made too many mistakes. Tony is still watching TV. He has been watching it for 3
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I hate red meat. Since I was a child I have hated it. How long have you been attending these classes? There is no lesson today. The teacher has gone on holiday. I can relax now. I have finished this exercise!
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
How long are you learning English ? How many cigarettes have you been smoking this afternoon ? I am working here since 1995. Ive had my watch since a long time. How many years are you living in London ? Mark is exhausted. He is playing tennis since two hours.. Sophie is doing very well at school since the beginning of the year. I have worn this sweater since 9 oclock this morning. I know Laura for many years. Peter is attending English classes since two years. My best friend has always been hating fish. How many chapters of the book did you read so far ? I am waiting for the bus since a long time. I have listened carefully to the teacher since the beginning of the
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lesson. 15. How long are you a member of the tennis club ?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. hours.
How long have you been learning English ? How many cigarettes have you smoked this afternoon ? I have been working here since 1995. Ive had my watch for a long time. How many years have you been living in London ? Mark is exhausted. He has been playing tennis for two
7. Sophie has been doing very well at school since the beginning of the year. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. I have been wearing this sweater since 9 oclock this morning. I have known Laura for many years. Peter has been attending English classes for two years. My best friend has always hated fish. How many chapters of the book have you read so far ? I have been waiting for the bus for a long time.
14. I have been listening carefully to the teacher since the beginning of the lesson. 15. How long have you been a member of the tennis club ?
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2.
Direct speech : Christine : "I saw Amy at the bank on Monday." Reported Speech : Christine said ...
3.
Direct speech : The driver : "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights." Reported Speech : The driver said ...
4.
Direct speech : Jonathan: "I've returned the dictionary to the library". Reported Speech : Jonathan said ..
5.
Direct speech : The doctor : "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive." Reported Speech : The doctor said ...
6.
7.
Shop assistant: "Are you looking for something special?" The shop assistant ...
8.
Jack : "I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help. Jack said ...
1.
Direct speech : David : "There is an excellent band playing later on." Reported Speech : David said there was an excellent bank playing later on.
2.
Direct speech : Christine : "I saw Amy at the bank on Monday." Reported Speech : Christine said she had seen Amy at the bank on Monday.
3.
Direct speech : The driver : "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights." Reported Speech : The driver said he was going to turn right at the traffic lights.
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4.
Direct speech : Jonathan: "I've returned the dictionary to the library". Reported Speech : Jonathan said he had returned the dictionary to the library.
5.
Direct speech : The doctor : "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive." Reported Speech : The doctor said he would send me/us the results as soon as they arrived.
6.
Caroline : "Will you come to my party on Saturday?" Caroline asked (me) if I would come to her party on
7.
Shop assistant: "Are you looking for something special?" The shop assistant asked if I was looking for something
8.
Jack : "I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help. Jack said he would lend me his grammar book if I thought it would help.
so - neither
Complete column B using so or neither, as in the examples given. A Example 1: Sean is Irish. Michael is Irish too. >>> Example 2 : Tom doesn't like sailing. I don't like sailing either. >>> 1) My sister loves chocolate. I love chocolate too. B Example 1: Sean is Irish. So is Michael. Example 2 : Tom doesn't like sailing. Neither do I 1)
2)
3)
4) 5)
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6) David's job isn't well paid. My job isn't well paid either.
6)
7) My parents would love to live by the sea. I would love to live by the sea too.
7)
8) Tom wouldn't like to lose his job. Peter wouldn't like to lose his job either.
8)
9)
10) Bill didn't understand the joke. His wife didn't understand the joke either.
so - neither
Correction
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Peter. 9)
My sister loves chocolate. So do I. Peter was late. So was Mary. They can't speak Chinese. Neither can we. Coffee keeps you awake. So does tea. Sarah doesn't like coffee. Neither does Jane. David's job isn't well paid. Neither is mine. My parents would love to live by the sea. So would I. Tom wouldn't like to lose his job. Neither would
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10)
2.
3.
4.
5.
The land is not suitable for agriculture so _________ of the food is imported.
6.
7.
8.
Answers :
1) some/a few little 2) any/much 3) many 4) some/a little 5) much 6) a few 7) many 8) a
Example : Tom______________ (take) the bus to go to work, now he Tom used to take the bus to go to work... Sending emails to my grandmother is difficult. She isn't ___________a used to using a computer.
walks.
=>
computer.
1.
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2. We haven't seen Bob very often since he got a promotion. He's very busy. He _____________________(not be) so busy. 3. I've just got my first job. It's exciting but I'll have _______________________(work) regular hours. 4. It is difficult for Tom to drive in England. He ____________________ (drive) on the left-hand side of the road. 5. school. 6. People from India usually find our food tasteless. They ________________________ (eat) spicy food. 7. Computers ________________ (be) very expensive. Now the prices are more reasonable. 8. English has become international. Businessmen ________________________ (speak) English at international meetings. 9. During my childhood, I ________________ (spend) a lot of time with my grandparents. 10. Maria _________________ (think) that she would never ________________________ (live) in New York. Correction 1. Caroline used to have a walkman, now she had an ipod. 2. We haven't seen Bob very often since he got a promotion. He's very busy. He didn't use to be so busy. 3. I've just got my first job. It's exciting but I'll have to get used to working regular hours. 4. It is difficult for Tom to drive in England. He isn't used to driving on the left-hand side of the road. 5. When Peter was young, he used to ride a bicycle to school. 6. People from India usually find our food tasteless. They are used to eating spicy food. 7. Computers used to be very expensive. Now the prices are more reasonable. 8. English has become international. Businessmen are used to speaking / have got used to speaking English at international meetings. 9. During my childhood, I used to spend a lot of time with my grandparents. 10. Maria used to think that she would never get used to living in New York When Peter was young, he ________________ (ride) a bicycle to
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1.
You are welcome to come and stay with us __________ you like.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8. The teacher says I don't participate enough, but ____________ I try to speak, someone interrupts me!
9.
10.
Answers:
4) whichever
5) whatever
6) wherever
7) whoever
8)
whether - if
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Complete the following sentences using whether, whether or not or if. (Choose 'if' when it is possible to use it.)
(The answers are at the end of the page.)
1.
2. cinema.
3. not!
5. offices.
6. _________________ I buy the cake or make it myself won't make it less fattening!
7. boss.
10. by train. .
Answers: 1) whether or not 6) whether 7) if
wish - if
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Rephrase the following sentences using wish or if. ex : I don't have a dog and I regret that. 1. I don't speak Chinese and I regret that.
_____________________________________________________________ 2. Tom didn't work hard last year and now he's sorry.
_____________________________________________________________ 3. The children are shouting and I'd like them to stop.
_____________________________________________________________ 4. Caroline isn't rich enough to buy an apartment otherwise she would do that. _____________________________________________________________ 5. My car broke down on Sunday and I regret that that happened.
_____________________________________________________________ 6. In your position I think you should have a check-up once a year.
_____________________________________________________________ 8. I don't have any cake to offer you and I'm sorry about that .
_____________________________________________________________
wish - if
(answers)
answers
1. I don't speak Chinese and I regret that. I wish I spoke Chinese Tom didn't work hard last year and now he's sorry. Tom wishes he had worked hard (or harder) last
2. year.
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3.
The children are shouting and I'd like them to stop. I wish the children would stop shouting.
4. Caroline isn't rich enough to buy an apartment otherwise she would do that. If Caroline were rich enough she would buy an apartment. 5. happened. My car broke down on Sunday and I regret that that
8. that .
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