RC Op-Amp Circuits (5.

4)

Dr. Holbert November 14, 2002

ECE201 Lect-20

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Digital Meters and Oscilloscopes

Most multimeters and oscilloscopes are now digital. A digital multimeter or a digital oscilloscope has an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. Most digital meters and all digital oscilloscopes have one or more processors.

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Data Acquisition Systems

In many applications, digital meters and scopes are being replaced by data acquisition cards that fit into a computer. The data acquisition cards have A/D converters. The computer provides processing and storage for the data.
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A Generic Digital Meter

Input Switching and Ranging Amplifier A/D Converter

Display

Processor

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Voltage Measurements

100V 10V 1V

Hi

Com

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Model for Meter

Hi 10M Com Ideal Meter

The ideal meter measures the voltage across its inputs. No current flows into it; it has infinite input resistance.
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Meter Loading
Hi R Com 10M Ideal Meter

The 10M meter resistance in parallel with R may change the voltage that you measure.
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Loading
When measuring the voltage across R, we need to make sure that R is much less than 10M. If R is close to 10M, significant current flows through the meter, changing the voltage across R.

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Loading Example
Hi 50A 2M Com 10M Ideal Meter

Without Meter: voltage is 100V With Meter: measured voltage is 83.3V

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Current Measurements

100V 10V 1V

Com Amp

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Measuring Large Currents (> 100mA)

The current to be measured is passed through a small resistor (called a shunt resistor) and the resulting voltage across the shunt resistor is measured. From the voltage, the current can be computed.
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Meter Loading
Amp R Rs Com Ideal Meter

The Rs shunt resistance in series with R may change the current that you measure.
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The Voltage Follower

+ vin + +

vout

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Without a Voltage Follower

Rs Sensor + + vA/D A/D Converter

vs

RA/D

vA/D is not equal to vs

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Op-Amp Review
The ideal op-amp model leads to the following conditions: i+ = i- = 0 v+ = v The op amp will set the output voltage to whatever value results in the same voltages at the inputs.
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Op-Amp Review
To solve an op-amp circuit, we usually apply KCL (nodal analysis) at one or both of the inputs. We then invoke the consequences of the ideal model. We solve for the op-amp output voltage.

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With a Voltage Follower

+ vs + Rs + vA/D Sensor A/D Converter

RA/D

vA/D is equal to vs
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An Integrator
C R Vin + + + Vout

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KCL at the Inverting Input

C iC(t) R iR(t) ivin(t) + + + vout(t)

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KCL
i = 0 vin (t ) v vin (t ) iR (t ) = = R R d (vout (t ) v ) dvout (t ) i C (t ) = C =C dt dt

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Solve for vout(t)

vin (t ) dv out (t ) +C =0 R dt dvout (t ) vin (t ) = dt RC vin ( x) vout (t ) = dx RC
t

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Class Example
Learning Extension E5.9

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