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ETPL Two-Direction Nonlocal Model for Image Denoising DIP-046 Abstract: Similarities inherent in natural images have been widely exploited for image denoising and other applications. In fact, if a cluster of similar image patches is rearranged into a matrix, similarities exist both between columns and rows. Using the similarities, we present a two-directional nonlocal (TDNL) variational model for image denoising. The solution of our model consists of three components: one component is a scaled version of the original observed image and the other two components are obtained by utilizing the similarities. Specifically, by using the similarity between columns, we get a nonlocal-means-like estimation of the patch with consideration to all similar patches, while the weights are not the pairwise similarities but a set of clusterwise coefficients. Moreover, by using the similarity between rows, we also get nonlocal-autoregression-like estimations for the center pixels of the similar patches. The TDNL model leads to an alternative minimization algorithm. Experiments indicate that the model can perform on par with or better than the state-of-the-art denoising methods. ETPL Optimizing the Error Diffusion Filter for Blue Noise Halftoning With Multiscale Error DIP-047 Diffusion Abstract: A good halftoning output should bear a blue noise characteristic contributed by isotropicallydistributed isolated dots. Multiscale error diffusion (MED) algorithms try to achieve this by exploiting radially symmetric and noncausal error diffusion filters to guarantee spatial homogeneity. In this brief, an optimized diffusion filter is suggested to make the diffusion close to isotropic. When it is used with MED, the resulting output has a nearly ideal blue noise characteristic. ETPL Sparse Representation With Kernels DIP-049 Abstract: Recent research has shown the initial success of sparse coding (Sc) in solving many computer vision tasks. Motivated by the fact that kernel trick can capture the nonlinear similarity of features, which helps in finding a sparse representation of nonlinear features, we propose kernel sparse representation (KSR). Essentially, KSR is a sparse coding technique in a high dimensional feature space mapped by an implicit mapping function. We apply KSR to feature coding in image classification, face recognition, and kernel matrix approximation. More specifically, by incorporating KSR into spatial pyramid matching (SPM), we develop KSRSPM, which achieves a good performance for image classification. Moreover,
ETPL Adaptive Fingerprint Image Enhancement With Emphasis on Preprocessing of Data DIP-067 Abstract: This article proposes several improvements to an adaptive fingerprint enhancement method that is based on contextual filtering. The term adaptive implies that parameters of the method are automatically adjusted based on the input fingerprint image. Five processing blocks comprise the adaptive fingerprint enhancement method, where four of these blocks are updated in our proposed
ETPL Estimation-Theoretic Approach to Delayed Decoding of Predictively Encoded Video DIP-107 Sequences Abstract: Current video coders employ predictive coding with motion compensation to exploit temporal redundancies in the signal. In particular, blocks along a motion trajectory are modeled as an autoregressive (AR) process, and it is generally assumed that the prediction errors are temporally independent and approximate the innovations of this process. Thus, zero-delay encoding and decoding is considered efficient. This paper is premised on the largely ignored fact that these prediction errors are, in fact, temporally dependent due to quantization effects in the prediction loop. It presents an estimation-theoretic delayed decoding scheme, which exploits information from future frames to improve the reconstruction quality of the current frame. In contrast to the standard decoder that reproduces every block instantaneously once the corresponding quantization indices of residues are available, the proposed delayed decoder efficiently combines all accessible (including any future) information in an appropriately derived probability density function, to obtain the optimal delayed reconstruction per transform coefficient. Experiments demonstrate significant gains over the standard decoder. Requisite information about the source AR model is estimated in a spatio-temporally adaptive manner from a bit-stream conforming to the H.264/AVC standard, i.e., no side information needs to be sent to the decoder in order to employ the proposed approach, thereby compatibility with the standard syntax and existing encoders is retained ETPL Correction of Axial and Lateral Chromatic Aberration With False Color Filtering DIP-108 Abstract: In this paper, we propose a chromatic aberration (CA) correction algorithm based on a false color filtering technique. In general, CA produces color distortions called color fringes near the contrasting edges of captured images, and these distortions cause false color artifacts. In the proposed method, a false color filtering technique is used to filter out the false color components from the chromasignals of the input image. The filtering process is performed with the adaptive weights obtained from both the gradient and color differences, and the weights are designed to reduce the various types of color fringes regardless of the colors of the artifacts. Moreover, as preprocessors of the filtering process, a transient improvement (TI) technique is applied to enhance the slow transitions of the red and blue channels that are blurred by the CA. The TI process improves the filtering performance by narrowing the false color regions before the filtering process when severe color fringes (typically purple fringes) occur widely. Last, the CA-corrected chroma-signal is combined with the TI chroma-signal to avoid incorrect color adjustment. The experimental results show that the proposed method substantially reduces the CA artifacts and provides natural-looking replacement colors, while it avoids incorrect color adjustment ETPL New Class Tiling Design for Dot-Diffused Halftoning DIP-109 Abstract: In this paper, a new class tiling designed dot diffusion along with the optimized class matrix and diffused matrix are proposed. The result of this method presents a nearly periodic-free halftone when compared to the former schemes. Formerly, the class matrix of the dot diffusion is duplicated and orthogonally tiled to fulfill the entire image for further thresholding and quantized-error diffusion, which accompanies subsequent periodic artifacts. In our observation, this artifact can be solved by manipulating the class tiling with comprising rotation, transpose, and alternatively shifting of the class matrices. As documented in the experimental results, the proposed dot diffusion has been compared with the former halftoning methods with parallelism in terms of image quality, processing efficiency, periodicity, and memory consumption; the proposed dot diffusion exhibits as a very competitive candidate in the printing/display market ETPL W-Tree Indexing for Fast Visual Word Generation
ETPL Determining the Intrinsic Dimension of a Hyperspectral Image Using Random Matrix DIP-119 Theory Abstract: Determining the intrinsic dimension of a hyperspectral image is an important step in the spectral unmixing process and under- or overestimation of this number may lead to incorrect unmixing in unsupervised methods. In this paper, we discuss a new method for determining the intrinsic dimension using recent advances in random matrix theory. This method is entirely unsupervised, free from any userdetermined parameters and allows spectrally correlated noise in the data. Robustness tests are run on synthetic data, to determine how the results were affected by noise levels, noise variability, noise approximation, and spectral characteristics of the end-members. Success rates are determined for many different synthetic images, and the method is tested on two pairs of real images, namely a Cuprite scene taken from Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and SpecTIR sensors, and a Lunar Lakes scene taken from AVIRIS and Hyperion, with good results. ETPL Learning Smooth Pattern Transformation Manifolds DIP-120 Abstract: Manifold models provide low-dimensional representations that are useful for processing and analyzing data in a transformation-invariant way. In this paper, we study the problem of learning smooth pattern transformation manifolds from image sets that represent observations of geometrically transformed signals. To construct a manifold, we build a representative pattern whose transformations accurately fit various input images. We examine two objectives of the manifold-building problem, namely, approximation and classification. For the approximation problem, we propose a greedy method that constructs a representative pattern by selecting analytic atoms from a continuous dictionary manifold. We present a dc optimization scheme that is applicable to a wide range of transformation and dictionary models, and demonstrate its application to the transformation manifolds generated by the rotation, translation, and anisotropic scaling of a reference pattern. Then, we generalize this approach to a setting with multiple transformation manifolds, where each manifold represents a different class of signals. We
ETPL Active Contours Driven by the Salient Edge Energy Model DIP-149 Abstract: In this brief, we present a new indicator, i.e., salient edge energy, for guiding a given contour robustly and precisely toward the object boundary. Specifically, we define the salient edge energy by exploiting the higher order statistics on the diffusion space, and incorporate it into a variational level set formulation with the local region-based segmentation energy for solving the problem of curve evolution. In contrast to most previous methods, the proposed salient edge energy allows the curve to find only significant local minima relevant to the object boundary even in the noisy and cluttered background. Moreover, the segmentation performance derived from our new energy is less sensitive to the size of local windows compared with other recently developed methods, owing to the ability of our energy function to suppress diverse clutters. The proposed method has been tested on various images, and experimental results show that the salient edge energy effectively drives the active contour both qualitatively and quantitatively compared to various state-of-the-art methods. ETPL Bayesian Saliency via Low and Mid Level Cues DIP-150 Abstract: Visual saliency detection is a challenging problem in computer vision, but one of great importance and numerous applications. In this paper, we propose a novel model for bottom-up saliency within the Bayesian framework by exploiting low and mid level cues. In contrast to most existing methods that operate directly on low level cues, we propose an algorithm in which a coarse saliency region is first obtained via a convex hull of interest points. We also analyze the saliency information with mid level visual cues via superpixels. We present a Laplacian sparse subspace clustering method to group superpixels with local features, and analyze the results with respect to the coarse saliency region to compute the prior saliency map. We use the low level visual cues based on the convex hull to compute the observation likelihood, thereby facilitating inference of Bayesian saliency at each pixel. Extensive experiments on a large data set show that our Bayesian saliency model performs favorably against the state-of-the-art algorithms. ETPL Exemplar-Based Image Inpainting Using Multiscale Graph Cuts DIP-151
ETPL Regional Spatially Adaptive Total Variation Super-Resolution With Spatial DIP-199 Information Filtering and Clustering Abstract: Total variation is used as a popular and effective image prior model in the regularization-based image processing fields. However, as the total variation model favors a piecewise constant solution, the processing result under high noise intensity in the flat regions of the image is often poor, and some pseudoedges are produced. In this paper, we develop a regional spatially adaptive total variation model. Initially, the spatial information is extracted based on each pixel, and then two filtering processes are added to suppress the effect of pseudoedges. In addition, the spatial information weight is constructed and classified with k-means clustering, and the regularization strength in each region is controlled by the clustering center value. The experimental results, on both simulated and real datasets, show that the proposed approach can effectively reduce the pseudoedges of the total variation regularization in the flat regions, and maintain the partial smoothness of the high-resolution image. More importantly, compared with the traditional pixel-based spatial information adaptive approach, the proposed region-based spatial information adaptive total variation model can better avoid the effect of noise on the spatial information extraction, and maintains robustness with changes in the noise intensity in the super-resolution process. ETPL Detecting, Grouping, and Structure Inference for Invariant Repetitive Patterns in DIP-200 Images Abstract: The efficient and robust extraction of invariant patterns from an image is a long-standing problem in computer vision. Invariant structures are often related to repetitive or near-repetitive patterns. The perception of repetitive patterns in an image is strongly linked to the visual interpretation and composition of textures. Repetitive patterns are products of both repetitive structures as well as repetitive reflections or color patterns. In other words, patterns that exhibit near-stationary behavior provide rich information about objects, their shapes, and their texture in an image. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for repetitive pattern detection and grouping. The algorithm follows the classical region growing image segmentation scheme. It utilizes a mean-shift-like dynamic to group local image patches into clusters. It exploits a continuous joint alignment to: 1) match similar patches, and 2) refine the subspace grouping. We also propose an algorithm for inferring the composition structure of the repetitive patterns. The inference algorithm constructs a data-driven structural completion field, which merges the detected repetitive patterns into specific global geometric structures. The result of higher level grouping for image patterns can be used to infer the geometry of objects and estimate the general layout of a crowded scene. ETPL Compressive Framework for Demosaicing of Natural Images DIP-201 Abstract: Typical consumer digital cameras sense only one out of three color components per image pixel. The problem of demosaicing deals with interpolating those missing color components. In this
Abstract: We generalize the method of Slow Feature Analysis (SFA) for vector-valued functions of several variables and apply it to the problem of blind source separation, in particular to image separation. It is generally necessary to use multivariate SFA instead of univariate SFA for separating multidimensional signals. For the linear case, an exact mathematical analysis is given, which shows in particular that the sources are perfectly separated by SFA if and only if they and their first-order derivatives are uncorrelated. When the sources are correlated, we apply the following technique called Decorrelation Filtering: use a linear filter to decorrelate the sources and their derivatives in the given mixture, then apply the unmixing matrix obtained on the filtered mixtures to the original mixtures. If the filtered sources are perfectly separated by this matrix, so are the original sources. A decorrelation filter can be numerically obtained by solving a nonlinear optimization problem. This technique can also be applied to other linear separation methods, whose output signals are decorrelated, such as ICA. When there are more mixtures than sources, one can determine the actual number of sources by using a regularized version of SFA with decorrelation filtering. Extensive numerical experiments using SFA and ICA with decorrelation filtering, supported by mathematical analysis, demonstrate the potential of our methods for solving problems involving blind source separation. ETPL Parameter Estimation for Blind and Non-Blind Deblurring Using Residual Whiteness DIP-232 Measures Abstract: Image deblurring (ID) is an ill-posed problem typically addressed by using regularization, or prior knowledge, on the unknown image (and also on the blur operator, in the blind case). ID is often formulated as an optimization problem, where the objective function includes a data term encouraging the estimated image (and blur, in blind ID) to explain the observed data well (typically, the squared norm of a residual) plus a regularizer that penalizes solutions deemed undesirable. The performance of this approach depends critically (among other things) on the relative weight of the regularizer (the regularization parameter) and on the number of iterations of the algorithm used to address the optimization problem. In this paper, we propose new criteria for adjusting the regularization parameter and/or the number of iterations of ID algorithms. The rationale is that if the recovered image (and blur, in blind ID) is well estimated, the residual image is spectrally white; contrarily, a poorly deblurred image typically exhibits structured artifacts (e.g., ringing, oversmoothness), yielding residuals that are not spectrally white. The proposed criterion is particularly well suited to a recent blind ID algorithm that uses continuation, i.e., slowly decreases the regularization parameter along the iterations; in this case, choosing this parameter and deciding when to stop are one and the same thing. Our experiments show that the proposed whiteness-based criteria yield improvements in SNR, on average, only 0.15 dB below those obtained by (clairvoyantly) stopping the algorithm at the best SNR. We also illustrate the proposed criteria on non-blind ID, reporting results that are competitive with state-of-the-art criteria (such as Monte Carlo-based GSURE and projected SURE), which, however, are not applicable for blind ID. ETPL Image Processing Using Smooth Ordering of its Patches DIP-233 Abstract: We propose an image processing scheme based on reordering of its patches. For a given corrupted image, we extract all patches with overlaps, refer to these as coordinates in high-dimensional space, and order them such that they are chained in the shortest possible path, essentially solving the traveling salesman problem. The obtained ordering applied to the corrupted image implies a permutation of the image pixels to what should be a regular signal. This enables us to obtain good recovery of the clean image by applying relatively simple one-dimensional smoothing operations (such as filtering or interpolation) to the reordered set of pixels. We explore the use of the proposed approach to image denoising and inpainting, and show promising results in both cases.
ETPL Reducing the Complexity of the N-FINDR Algorithm for Hyperspectral Image DIP-239 Analysis Abstract: The N-FINDR algorithm for unmixing hyperspectral data is both popular and successful. However, opportunities for improving the algorithm exist, particularly to reduce its computational expense. Two approaches to achieve this are examined. First, the redundancy inherent in the determinant calculations at the heart of N-FINDR is reduced using an LDU decomposition to form two new algorithms, one based on the original N-FINDR algorithm and one based on the closely related Sequential N-FINDR algorithm. The second approach lowers complexity by reducing the repetition of the volume calculations by removing pixels unlikely to represent pure materials. This is accomplished at no additional cost through the reuse of the volume calculations inherent in the Sequential N-FINDR algorithm. Various thresholding methods for excluding pixels are considered. The impact of these modifications on complexity and the accuracy is examined on simulated and real data showing that the LDU-based approaches save considerable complexity, while pixel reduction methods, with appropriate threshold selection, can produce a favorable complexity-accuracy trade-off. ETPL 3-D Curvilinear Structure Detection Filter Via Structure-Ball Analysis DIP-240 Abstract: Curvilinear structure detection filters are crucial building blocks in many medical image processing applications, where they are used to detect important structures, such as blood vessels, airways, and other similar fibrous tissues. Unfortunately, most of these filters are plagued by an implicit single structure direction assumption, which results in a loss of signal around bifurcations. This peculiarity limits the performance of all subsequent processes, such as understanding angiography
ETPL Image Completion by Diffusion Maps and Spectral Relaxation DIP-250 Abstract: We present a framework for image inpainting that utilizes the diffusion framework approach to spectral dimensionality reduction. We show that on formulating the inpainting problem in the embedding domain, the domain to be inpainted is smoother in general, particularly for the textured images. Thus, the textured images can be inpainted through simple exemplar-based and variational methods. We discuss the properties of the induced smoothness and relate it to the underlying assumptions used in contemporary inpainting schemes. As the diffusion embedding is nonlinear and noninvertible, we propose a novel computational approach to approximate the inverse mapping from the inpainted embedding space to the image domain. We formulate the mapping as a discrete optimization problem, solved through spectral relaxation. The effectiveness of the presented method is exemplified by inpainting real images, where it is shown to compare favorably with contemporary state-of-the-art schemes. ETPL A Continuous Method for Reducing Interpolation Artifacts in Mutual InformationDIP-251 Based Rigid Image Registration Abstract: We propose an approach for computing mutual information in rigid multimodality image registration. Images to be registered are modeled as functions defined on a continuous image domain. Analytic forms of the probability density functions for the images and the joint probability density function are first defined in 1D. We describe how the entropies of the images, the joint entropy, and
ETPL SparCLeS: Dynamic Sparse Classifiers With Level Sets for Robust DIP-260 Beard/Moustache Detection and Segmentation Abstract: Robust facial hair detection and segmentation is a highly valued soft biometric attribute for carrying out forensic facial analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel and fully automatic system, called SparCLeS, for beard/moustache detection and segmentation in challenging facial images. SparCLeS uses the multiscale self-quotient (MSQ) algorithm to preprocess facial images and deal with illumination variation. Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) features are extracted from the preprocessed images and a dynamic sparse classifier is built using these features to classify a facial region as either containing skin or facial hair. A level set based approach, which makes use of the advantages of both global and local information, is then used to segment the regions of a face containing facial hair. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed system in detecting and segmenting facial hair regions in images drawn from three databases, i.e., the NIST Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge (MBGC) still face database, the NIST Color Facial Recognition Technology FERET database, and the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) database. ETPL Cross-Domain Object Recognition Via Input-Output Kernel Analysis DIP-261 Abstract: It is of great importance to investigate the domain adaptation problem of image object recognition, because now image data is available from a variety of source domains. To understand the changes in data distributions across domains, we study both the input and output kernel spaces for crossdomain learning situations, where most labeled training images are from a source domain and testing images are from a different target domain. To address the feature distribution change issue in the
ETPL Classification of Time Series of Multispectral Images With Limited Training Data DIP-270 Abstract: Image classification usually requires the availability of reliable reference data collected for the considered image to train supervised classifiers. Unfortunately when time series of images are considered, this is seldom possible because of the costs associated with reference data collection. In most of the applications it is realistic to have reference data available for one or few images of a time series acquired on the area of interest. In this paper, we present a novel system for automatically classifying image time series that takes advantage of image(s) with an associated reference information (i.e., the source domain) to classify image(s) for which reference information is not available (i.e., the target domain). The proposed system exploits the already available knowledge on the source domain and, when possible, integrates it with a minimum amount of new labeled data for the target domain. In addition, it is able to handle possible significant differences between statistical distributions of the source and target domains.