Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data:
Compression/Protection/Transmission Technique
Protocol:
MAC (Medium Access Control) Routing Protocol Transport Protocol (TCP/ UDP) NS-2 CISCO Packet Tracer
2
TOOL
CLASS SCHEDULE
Week Wk1 Jun 13 Wk2 Jun 20
Topics
Intro + Physical Layer Data Link Layer: Error Control/ Flow Control
Note
Q: Physical L
Wk3 Jun 27
Wk4 Jul 4 Wk5 Jul 11 Wk6 Jul 18
NS-2 Project
Q: Data Link L Presentation
Jul 29 29-4
Wk8 Aug 8 Wk9 Aug 15 Wk10 Aug 22
Midterm
Wk11 Aug 29
Wk12 Sep 5 Wk13 Sep 12 Wk14 Sep 19 Sep 24 Oct 4
NS-2 Report
GRADING:
Office Hour
Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet 3rd edition, James F. Kurose & Keith W. Ross, Addison Wesley Computer Network 3rd edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Prentice Hall Computer Network: A System Approach 2nd edition, Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie, Morgan Kaufmann CISCO online material http://cisco.netacad.net/
nawapornn@kmutnb.ac.th
Intro
Transmission Techniques Telecommunication Data Networking
WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATION?
Systems
SIMPLEX TRANSMISSION
Dedicated
AM/FM Radio
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HALF-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
Each network entity can send and receive One direction at a time
Example
Walky-Talky
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FULL-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
Network entity can both send/receive simultaneously Both direction at a time Example
Telephone / Cellphone
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WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATION?
Systems used in transmitting messages over a long distance Voice Communication
Data Communication
Transmission Media/Network
Wireless/Cellular Network Twisted-Pair /Telephone Network Both/ Computer Network
TELECONFERENCE
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COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
Sender:
Transmitting Device transmitting data to the destinations Receiver Device receives transmitted data Voice, Messages, Image, etc. Means by which a communications signal is carried from one system to another, i.e., twisted pair wires, fiber optic, air,
Rules determining the format and transmission of data
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Receiver:
Data:
Media:
Protocol:
COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
Sender Receiver
Protocol
Media Data
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Application
Application
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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5
4 3 2 1
Physical Layer
The physical devices Media Representation of Data (Bits) Message Framing Error Control Media Access Control Flow Control Addressing and Routing decision
3. Network
2 Data Link 1. Physical
Network Layer
Transport Layer
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Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Format data from user for transmission Format data received for user Provide data interfaces, compression, translation between different data formats Application Programming Interface (API)
3. Network
2 Data Link 1. Physical
Application Layer
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5 Application
Same as in OSI Model 4. Transport 3. Network 2 Data Link
Application Layer
1. Physical
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ANALOG TO DIGITAL
M = 2k
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Message
bit
Symbol
Waveform 22
Amplitude and time coordinates of source data. (a) Original analog waveform. (b) Natural-sampled data. (c) Quantized samples. (d) Sample and hold.
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SAMPLE
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Undersampling
SAMPLING THEOREM
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Audio (MP3)
32 kbps AM Quality 96 kbps FM Quality 128 kbps Standard Quality 224 320 kbps Near CD quality
800 bps Recognizable speech 8 kbps Telephone quality 16 kbps videophone quality (General) 128 384 kbps vdo conferencing (Business) 1.25 Mbps VCD quality 5 Mbps DVD quality 8 15 Mbps HDTV quality 29.4 Mbps HD DVD 40 Mbps Blu-ray Disc
Audio
Video
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NYQUIST THEOREM
Sampling rate?
Rmax = Dmax* log2M Rmax < 2B* log2M Rmax is called the channel capacity
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QUANTIZE
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SAMPLING QUANTIZING
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Voice: 4 KHz
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1 high signal; 0 low signal Or some books say 1 low signal; 0 high signal.
Does not posses any clocking component for ease of synchronization. Is not Transparent. Long string of zeros causes loss of synchronization.
Clock
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1 make transition; 0 stay at the same level Can recover from the long string of 1s but not long string of 0s
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
MANCHESTER
signal transition rate doubled Because of the greater number of transitions it occupies a significantly large bandwidth. Efficiency = 50%
Manchester
Clock
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Goal: address inefficiency of Manchester encoding, while avoiding long periods of low signals Solution:
Use 5 bits to encode every sequence of four bits such that no 5 bit code has more than one leading 0 and two trailing 0s Use NRZI to encode the 5 bit codes Efficiency is 80%
4-bit 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 5-bit 11110 01001 10100 10101 01010 01011 01110 01111 4-bit 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 5-bit 10010 10011 10110 10111 11010 11011 11100 11101
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HOMEWORK!!!
1.
2.
Explain how each of these codes work and convert the bit stream in problem 1
a) b) c)
HOMEWORK
3. Consider the BMC code in the figure: a) Explain how BMC code work? b) Is the BMC code given in Figure 2 a good or bad code? Why? c) Convert string 100100011 using BMC code.
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WORKSHEET PROBLEM 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Bipolar
Pseudoternary
0 0 0
NRZI
NRZ
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Clock
WORKSHEET PROBLEM 2
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
BMC
Manchester
Differential Manchester
Clock
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MODULATING
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Constellation Diagram
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8-PSK
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16 QAM
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Properties of the physical media Technology chosen for signaling and detecting network signals
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Transmission Media
Guided (wired)
Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cable
Unguided (wireless)
AIR
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop) To private branch exchange (PBX) 10Mbps or 100Mbps
Within buildings
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Analog
Digital
Use either analog or digital signals repeater every 2km or 3km
Limited distance Limited bandwidth (250MHz) Limited data rate (1000Mbps) Susceptible to interference and noise
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Coupling of signal from one pair to another Coupling takes place when transmit signal entering the link couples back to receiving pair, i.e. near transmitted signal is picked up by near receiving pair
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UTP CATEGORIES
Cat 3
Cat 4 Cat 5
up to 16MHz Data Rate up to 10 Mbps Voice grade found in most offices Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm up to 20 MHz Used for 10BaseT, 100BaseT networks
up to 100MHz Used for 10BaseT, 100BaseT, and 1000BaseT networks Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm Bandwidth = 250MHz
Cat 6
STRAIGHT-THROUGH, CROSSOVER,
ROLLOVER
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COAXIAL CABLE
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Ariel to TV Cable TV
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Analog
Amplifiers every few km Closer if higher frequency Up to 500MHz
Digital
Repeater every 1km Closer for higher data rates
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BNC Terminator :
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OPTICAL FIBER
Made up of The core: carries the light pulses The cladding: reflects the light pulses back into the core) The buffer coating: protects the core and cladding from moisture, damage, etc.
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Applications
Greater capacity
Smaller size & weight Lower attenuation Electromagnetic isolation Greater repeater spacing
Long-haul trunks Metropolitan trunks Rural exchange trunks Subscriber loops LANs
10s of km at least
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Twisted
RJ45
Thinnet
Thicknet
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Coaxial Cable used in Bus Network 10 = 10Mbps 2 = 200 meters 5 = 500 meters
WIRELESS PROPAGATION
Ground wave
Follows contour of earth Up to 2MHz AM radio
Sky wave
Amateur radio, BBC world service, Voice of America Signal reflected from ionosphere layer of upper atmosphere (Actually refracted)
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Characteristics
Parabolic dish as transmitting/receiving devices Operate at low GHz band (4-6 GHz and 21-23 GHz) Focused beam (narrow and highly directional) Line of sight (Transmitter and Receivers must be adjusted carefully so that they are aligned) Susceptible to atmospheric interference Vulnerable to eavesdropping so often the signal is encrypted. Long haul telecommunications (Telephone Relay Tower)
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Usage:
SATELLITE MICROWAVE
Characteristics:
Satellite is relay station Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats signal and transmits on another frequency Requires geo-stationary orbit
Usage
Television Long distance telephone Private business networks
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BROADCAST RADIO
Characteristics:
Usages:
AM/FM radio UHF and VHF television
UHF (300 MHz and 3 GHz ) VHF (30 MHz to 300 MHz)
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INFRARED
Characteristics:
Modulate noncoherent infrared light Line of sight (or reflection) Can be blocked by walls
Usages:
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