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From the SelectedWorks of Akram Shaker
Mahmood
January 2005
ANALYSIS OF FOLDED PLATES
INCLUDING TIME EFFECTS
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ANALYSIS OF FOLDED PLATES INCLUDING TIME EFFECTS
USING FINITE STRIP METHOD

Asst.Prof. Bayan Salim Al-Numan
(1)
Akram Shaker Mahmood
(2)

(1)
Civil Engineering Department \ Al-Mustansiriya University, Iraq
(1)
Civil Engineering Department \ Al-Anbar University, Iraq

Abstract :
The modified higher order finite strip has been attempted for the analysis of folded plate
structures including time effects .The finite strip method may be considered to be a parallel
development with finite element method, by considering strips rather than elements. Creep
and aging phenomena for linear viscoelastic material of concrete are fully considered in this
analysis. For checking the efficiency and accuracy of the suggested method, the examples
are solved by refined finite element (3D-20 Node Viscoelastic element ) using ANSYS
package program .Results of deflection and longitudinal stresses by the proposed finite strip
method are shown to have good agreement with the finite element analysis. For instance ,the
maximum difference in deflection is found about (8%) for age (7 days) and (13%) for age
(1000 days).The difference in longitudinal stresses is found about (18%) for age (7 days )
and (10%) for age (1000 days) .

:

. .
.
(Fortran Power Station 4.0) .
) 20 (
(ANSYS) .
. ) 8 (% ) 7
( ) 13 (% ) 1000 ( ) 18 (%
) 7 ( ) 10 (% ) 1000 ( .

1-Introduction:
A folded plate structure or sometimes called prismatic shell or as previously called hipped
plate is composed of a series of individual plane surfaces, jointed together to produce a
stable construction capable of carrying loads. The lines of intersection between the
individual plates are usually termed "fold lines", "ridges" or "joints" . The adopted folded
plate structure in the present study is of simple and continuous spans, i.e there are two
supporting members (the end diaphragms or gable frames)and with interior support
perpendicular to the longitudinal span. For predicting time-dependent behavior of concrete
under long-term loads, viscoelastic models have been used and continue to be applied in
numerical representation method codes. The most commonly applied theory for concrete
structures is the linear ageing viscoelastic theory for which the superposition theorem
holds ; here , the only numerical complication is the problem of storing the past stress
history . Expansion of creep function in finite Dirichlet ( Prony) series, however, simplifies
the storage problem and renders possible the numerical solution of complex three-
dimensional concrete structures [Anderson 1982].

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2
2-Finite Strip Method:
The finite strip method may be regarded as a special form of the displacement
formulation of the finite element method . In principle , it employs the minimum total
potential energy theorem to develop the relationship between unknown nodal displacement
parameter and applied load . In this method , the folded plates , box girders and plates are
discretized into a number finite strips running from one end support to the other and
connected transversely along their edges by longitudinal nodal lines . The displacement
functions of the finite strips are assumed as a combination of harmonic varying
longitudinally and polynomials varying in the transverse direction .
The analysis of prismatic folded plate structures by the finite strip method was first
introduced by Cheung [1969]. In this method, the folded plate structure, which was
supported at the two ends by diaphragms, was divided into a number of strips. Each strip
was composed of bending strip to resist the out-of-plane forces and plane stress strip to
resist the in-plane forces.
Among the available previous studies , it is shown that the time dependent behavior of
folded plate has not been studied by the finite strip method .This work addresses this
problem and adopts higher order finite strip method that takes into account the combined
effects of viscoelastic material due to load history, ageing and creep .
The finite strip method was extended to treat curved and skewed plate[Cheung1976],
and improved to solve variable cross sections in transverse direction [zaka et al
2003,Fatah 2005] and the variation of thickness in longitudinal direction [Cheung and Li
1989]. The finite strip method can formulate an eigenvalue problem ,which can be applied
to vibration and stability of plates and box girders [Onate and Hinton 1988, Lau et al
2000 ,and Ahmed 2004] . This method can be used in analysis of structures with material
nonlinearity [Cheung et al 1989 ,and Ng et al 1991] . the finite strip method can be extended
to analysis of sandwich structural systems [ Ibrahim and Farah 1978] . The shape
optimization of folded plates and box girders can be carried out by integrating finite strip
method [ Al-Tawash 1999,Sennah and Kennedy 2002 ,and zaka et al 2003].

3-Mathematical Methods of Time Effects :
For prediction of constitutive properties for creep and shrinkage, a mathematical modeling
needs to be used as the input for computer program .
Several practical models for predicting time effect characteristics have been developed .
There are three principal models :
i- ACI (American Concrete Institute )Model :
This model is based on the works of Branson and Christianson in 1971,and Branson et
al 1970 [ACI 209-(92) 1997 , and Baant 1988], ACI committee 209 recommended the
expression for creep and shrinkage . The expression for creep is :
( )
( )
( )
) 1 ...(
10
1
) (
1
,
6 . 0
6 . 0
u
t t
t t
t E
t t J
,
_
+

+

where t is the current age in days , t is the age of loading in days , ( ) t t J , is the specific
creep and
u
v is the ultimate creep coefficient ,which is defined as the ratio of the assumed
creep strain at infinite time to the initial strain at loading. Shrinkage expression is :
( )
( )
) 2 ......( ,
o c
o s
u o s
t t f
t t
t t
+

3
where
o
t is the age loading of concrete in days at the completion of curing ,
c
f is a constant
and
s
u
is the ultimate shrinkage .
The coefficient
s
u u
and are defined as function of environmental
humidity ,minimum thickness of structural member , slump ,cement content, percent fine
and air content . More details can be found in chapter three .

ii- CEB-FIP Model Code (1978) :
According to the CEB-FIP Model code (1978) [CEB-FIB 1978 , Gilbert 1988] with
correction in CEB :
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ) 4 .....( ,
) 3 .....( ,
28 28
o s s so o s
c
f f f
c
d d
i
t t t t
E
t t
E
t t
t F t t J

+

+

in which
28
c
E is the elastic modulus of concrete at age 28 days ; 4 . 0
d
;
f
is a coefficient
depending on the environmental humidity and the effective thickness of member ;
s f
and are function of the age and the effective thickness ;
d
is a function of the load
duration
o
t t ; ( ) t F
i
( representing the sum of instantaneous strain and initial creep strain
over a period of several days) is a function of the age at loading . These functions are
defined by graphs consisting of sixteen curves ,for details see [CEB-FIB 1978 ].
iii- BP Model :
This model is either its complete version or its simplified version in [Baant 1988 ,
Baant and Baweja 2000, Baant 2001] . The basic form of this model utilizes equations :
( )
( )
) 5 .....(
2
1
2 1
1
1
1
]
1
o sh
o
u sh sh
t t t
t t
k
where
1
k is a coefficient which depends on the ambient relative humidity . The value of
sh
t
2 1
depends on the size of the member .For basic creep function , elastic strain plus basic
creep under unit of stress at any time t for concrete loading at the age of t ,are expressed
as :
( ) [ ] ) 6 ....( , 1
1
t t C
E
b cb
+

where
cb
is the basic creep ,
b
C is the basic creep coefficient ,which is based on a fictitious
modulus , E , which is the asymptote of a plot of creep versus the logarithm of short times
under load . The total creep function , ( ) t t
ct
, , which is elastic strain plus basic creep plus
drying creep per unit stress, is expressed as :
( )
) 7 ....(
, ,
E
t t t C
o b
cb ct

+
4
The drying coefficient ( )
o b
t t t C , , is given by some expressions , more details are given in
[Baant 1982] .Baant and Prasannan [1989 a,b] presented a general constitutive law for
creep in which the aging due to continuous hydration of cement was taken into account in a
manner that was both simpler and physically better justified than in existing theories .Also
Baant et al [1997] presented a new physical theory and constitutive model for the effects of
long-term aging and drying on concrete creep . The numerical finite element analysis of
creeping structure requires the use of Kelvin or Maxwell chain models, presented by Zi and
Baant [2002] , and identified from a continuous retardation or relaxation spectrum , the
spectrum in turn being determined from the given compliance or relaxation function .
Most of the methods of analysis described herein are based on linearly elastic, isotropic
and nonlinear behavior for folded plate structures. the present study deals with a theoretical
investigation on linear viscoelastic material (concrete) including time effects where by
similar work is not found in literature.
4-Material Models for Viscoelastic Analysis :
In this section, concrete modeling as a viscoelastic material is discussed. Furthermore,
ageing of concrete is also taken into account as a significant issue.
4-1:Compliance Function:
The total strain of a uniaxially loaded concrete specimen at age (t) may be subdivided as
[Anderson 1982 ,Baant 1982, Baant 1988]:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 8 ....( a t t t t t
T S C E
+ + +

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 8 ....(
) 8 ....(
c t t t t
b t t t
o
C E
E

+ +
+

( ) ( ) ( ) ) 8 ....( d t t t
o

+
Creep is considered as constant stress by measuring strains of test specimens loaded
to different stress levels , and plotting the creep isochrones, representing the curves of stress
versus strain for various fixed load duration (see Fig.(1a)) , one finds that within the service
stress range , i.e. for stresses less than about 0.4 of the strength , these curves are
approximately linear . Thus ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ) 9 ( ..... , t
o
t t J t +
in which represents the uniaxial stress , is the axial strain , t is the time , normally
chosen to represent the age of concrete , and ) t J(t, is the compliance function ( often also
called the creep function ) ; this function represent the strain ( elastic plus creep ) at time t
caused by a unit constant uniaxial stress that has been acting since time t` . Within the linear
range , the creep at uniaxial stress is completely characterized by function ) t J(t, . The
typical shape of this function is sketched in Fig.(1b) . The compliance function is often
expressed as a sum of elastic ( instant ) compliance ( ) t E 1 and the creep compliance
( ) t t C , ( also called the specific creep ), i.e.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
) 10 .....(
, 1
,
1
,
t E
t t
t t C
t E
t t J
+
+

5
Fig.(1) a- Creep isochrones
b- Compliance curves for various ages ( t`) at loading
(a) (b)

t-t`=1 min
1 day

100 days

t-t `= 1000 days

Linear

o

Fig.( 2) Decomposition of stress history into stress impulses (Stieltjes) integral)
where ( ) t E is the elastic modulus characterizing the instantaneous deformation at age t` ,
and ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , , t t J t E t t is the ratio of creep deformation to the initial elastic
deformation , called the creep coefficient . The values of for long times such as 30 years
usually lie between 1 and 6 , with 2.5-3 as typical values [Baant 1982 ,and ACI 209-
92(97)] .

J(t,t`)

t`= 5 days

50 days

500 days

5000 days

1/E

Time (days)

4-2: Principle of Superposition :
According to this principle , the strain caused by history ( ) t may be obtained by
decomposing the history into small increments ( ) t d applied at times ( t`) , and summing
( as illustrated in Fig.(2) ) the corresponding strains which equal ( ) t d , ( ) t t J , on the basis
of Eq.(9) :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ) 11 ....( ,
0
+
t
o
t t d t t J t
This equation is a general uniaxial constitutive relation defining concrete as an ageing
viscoelastic material . The integral in this equation should be understood as the Stieltjes
integral ,which is preferable to the usual Riemann integral since it applies not only for
continuous but also discontinuous stress histories . When ( ) t is continuous,
( ) ( ) [ ] t d t d t d t d may be substituted, which yields the usual (Riemann ) integral .
For each finite sudden jump ( )
j
t at time
j
t , the term ( ) ( )
j j
t t t J , is implied by the
Stieltjes integral and must be added to the Riemann integral .

( ) t
t d

o
t t ( days )

6
) 16 .....(
1
0 1
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
+
+
+
Symmetric
B

Substituting ( ) ( ) [ ] t d t d t d t d and integrating by parts, one may transform Eq.
(11) to the following equivalent form:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ) 12 .....( ) ( ) , (
0
t t d t t t L
t E
t
t
o
t

+ +

in which ( ) ( ) t t t J t t L , , . Geometrically, this equation means that the stress history
is decomposed into vertical strip each of which is considered as an impulse function of
stress ( Dirac -function ), see Fig.(2). Thus , ( ) t t L , represents the strain at time (t) caused
by a unit stress impulse at time (t`) and is called the stress impulse memory function.
By differentiating Eq.(11) ,it can be seen that the strain rate is expressed by the history
integral ,
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ) 13 ( .....
0
t d
t
t t, J
t E
t
t
t
&
&
where superior dots denote time derivatives .
Based on the hypothesis of linearity ( principle of superposition ) , Eqs.(11) and (3.5) are
generalized as
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 14 .....( ,
0
t t d t t J t
o t
+

or as ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ) 15 .....( ,
0
t t d t t t L
t E
t
t
o t
+
B B
in which
T
zx yz xy z y x zx yz xy z y x
o o o o
T T
] 0 , 0 , 0 , , , [
, ] , , , , , [ , ] , , , , , [

and

The numerical subscription of and denotes the components of the stress and strain
tensors in cartesian coordinates ( ) 3 , 2 , 1 i
i
x , superscript (T) denotes the transpose of a
matrix . and is Poissons ratio generalized for viscoelastic behavior, with ) , ( t t
representing the elastic Poissons ratio at age t.
The matrix formulation in Eqs(14) and (15) is related more directly to the way in computer
programs [Baant 1982 , Baant at el 1997, Baant 2001]. Sometimes it is convenient to
define creep operator
1
E and relaxation operator E by writing Eq.(11) in the forms
o
+

E
1
and ( )
o
E . The multiaxial generalizations are then simply written as
( ) ) 17 .....( or
1
1
o o
+

E B E B
in which
7
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
) 18 .....(
*
0
*
0 0
*
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
2 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
Symmetric
E
B

( )
1 2
2 1
*

The relaxation operator E is the inverse of the creep operator
1
E .

4-3:Age-adjusted Effective Modulus Method :
For many practical purposes , the structural creep analysis need not be very accurate .As a
matter of fact , it makes no sense to do it accurately if the stochastic nature of creep is
ignored and no measures to reduce the statistical uncertainty are taken . Approximate
methods of structural creep analysis are then appropriate . The simplest approach is to
obtain the time variation from algebraic relations , an approach which is usually formulated
as some type of effective modulus .
If the loads are steady , the most attractive method is to use a single , long step
o
t t t spanning from the moment of first loading ,
o
t ,up to the current time ,t,and
consider for this step an effective quasi-elastic stress-strain relation :
( )
( )
( )
) 19 .....(
,
,
1
o
o
o
o
t E
t t
t
E

+ +

B B
in which ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o
t t t t t t , , . If the shape of the
stress curve from t t
o
to is specified , E may be determined on the basis of the compliance
function .
It might seem that the best assumption for determining E would be a linear stress
variation from t t
o
to , for which the following is obtained :
( ) ( ) ) 20 .....( ] 2 , 1 [
o o
t t t E E +
Not so , however ,a better estimate is to assume that the stress jumps discontinuously right
after
o
t and is then constant until the final time . Then one obtains :
( ) ( ) [ ] 1) 2 ....( modulus effective , 1
eff
+
o o
t t t E E E
Still better assumption is to consider that the strain varies from t t
o
to in proportion to
creep coefficient ( ) ( ) t t J t t
o
, or to , , ,which is much closer to the assumption that the stress
is constant after a jump at
o
t rather than to assumption that the stress is linearly varying
Fig.(3). The stress history then is, exactly, a certain linear algebraic function of the
relaxation function ( )
o
t t R , , such that the stress-strain relation may be written in the
algebraic form of Eq(19) with
( ) ( )
( )
) 22 .....(
,
,
o
o o
t t
t t R t E
E

This result was proved by Baant [Baant 1982].
8

(a) (b)

Fig.(3) (a) Stress history (line 1, ) 5 . 0 ,classical effective modulus(curve 2, ) 1 ,and
age-adjusted effective modulus (curve 3), (b) Stress histories for which the age-adjusted
effective modulus gives exact result.

It has been numerically demonstrated that , if there is no ageing , the values of E for
concrete are nearly the same as the values of effective modulus
eff
E . If there is ageing ,the
E values given by Eq.(21) can be considerably larger than the effective modulus .
Therefore ,as compared to effective modulus , Eq.(20) is called the age-adjusted effective
modulus [Baant ,1972].Modulus E may be regarded as the effective modulus for a
modified creep coefficient ,i.e. ,
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ) 23 .....( , , 1
o o o
t t t t t E E +
where ( )
o
t t, is a positive coefficient normally less than 1.0 . This type of correction to
the effective modulus has been introduced by many authors on an empirical basis . An
approximate estimate of coefficient has been obtained for relaxation type stress histories
[Trost 1967] .Trosts estimate of is quite close to the exact value given by Eq.(20)
provided that the age-dependence of the elastic modulus is neglected. Because 1 in the
absence of ageing ,coefficient introduces principally a correction for ageing and is
therefore, named by [Baant 1972] the ageing coefficient .
The relaxation function needed in Eq.(20) may be calculated with high accuracy using
step-by-step solution .For practical purpose, the approximation in Eq.(13) may normally be
used in Eq.(20) . Alternatively , a table or graph of the ageing coefficient may be set up
for any given compliance action . But a table or graph becomes impractical if the
dependence of ( )
o
t t J , on any parameters is taken into account , as BP model [Baant and
Bajawe 2000] . If the load involves several sudden load changes , then the age-adjusted
effective modulus method must be applied separately for each load increment and the result
is then superimposed .
The effective modulus gives exact results only if the stress is constant in time (curve 2
Fig.3a) . For all other stress histories sketched in Fig.(3a) there is an error . By contrast , the
age-adjusted effective modulus gives exact results for all the increasing and decreasing
histories sketched in Fig.(3b) , provided that they are expressible as linear functions of the
relaxation function . The stress histories in structures under constant load are normally quite
close to such a time variation . This explains why the age-adjusted effective modulus
method gives far better result than the effective modulus method .

5- Formulation of Finite Strip Analysis:
In the finite strip method, the folded plate into a number of longitudinal strips of
rectangular shape and arbitrary structure is subdivided support conditions. Each strip is
9
composed of plane stress strip and plate bending strip to construct a flat shell strip. A
displacement field within each strip is assumed, for the selected lower order strip the
displacement field is a combination of two parts: a polynomial part f
m
(x) in the transverse
direction and a trigonometric series part Y
m
(y) in the longitudinal direction [Cheung 1976].

( ) ( )
r
1 m
m m
y Y x f w (24)
Where r is the number of series terms. For simply supported strip, the displacement
fields are assumed to be:

a- plane-stress strip

( ) [ ] ( ) ) 26 .....( 1
2
1
1 1
/
2 1
'
+

m
m
r
m
pL
vm
r
m
m m m
v
v
C y
m
a
v x v x v
Y

b- Plate-bending strip
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
(27) ......
2 3 2 1 2 3 1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3 2
1
2
1
3 2
'
1
1
]
1
+
+ + + +
m
m
m
m
r
m
b
m
m
r
m
m
m m m
w
w
C
y
x x x
w x x x x x w x x
w
Y

where
b / x x
( )
a
y m
sin y Y
m

(for simply supported ends)
b = width of strip a = length of strip
also, the adopted strains are:
{ }
{ }
{ }

;
'
1 3
1 3
1 6
x
b
o
x
PL
o
x o
....(28)
where;
{ } [ ]{ }
'
'
r
1 m
m
PL PL
o
PL
xy
PL
y
PL
x
PL
o B
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
...(29)

( ) [ ] ( ) ) 25 .....( 1
2
1
1 1
2 1
'
+

m
m
r
m
pL
um
r
m
m
m m
u
u
C y u x u x u
Y
10

and
{ } [ ]{ }
'
'
r
1 m
m
b b
o
2
2
2
2
2
b
xy
b
y
b
x
b
o B
xy
w
2
y
w
x
w
z ..(30)

{ }
]
) 31 ........(
2 2 1 1
T
m m m m m
PL
v u v u
{ }
]
) 32 ......(
2 2 1
1
T
m m m
m m
b
w
w

Hence Eq. (5) can be rewriten as follows
{ } [ ] { }
m
r
m
om x o B

1
1 6
.....(33)

In which
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
m
2 x 3
b
02 2 x 3
b
01
2 x 3
PL
02 2 x 3
PL
01
om
B
0
B
0
0
B
0
B
B
1
1
]
1
...(34)
and
{ }
]
T
m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m
w v u w v u ..(35)
Hence, the stress-strain relationship elastic material is
{ } [ ] { }
1 x 6 o 6 x 6 1 x 6
E

..(36)

Where
{ }
]
T
b
xy
b
y
b
x
PL
xy
PL
y
PL
x

[E] is the elasticity matrix for isotropic material. By using the minimum total potential
energy principle, one can get the stiffness matrix and the load vector for each strip.
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ] dvol
B
E
B k
m o
v
T
m o m
/
o
..(37)
[ ] [ ] { }dA q c
r
A
T
m m
/
...(38)
Where
[ ] :
m
/
o k
is the strip stiffness matrix in local coordinate system.
[ ]
m
/
r
: is the strip load vector in local coordinate system.
[ ] : c
T
is the strip vector of shape functions.
In folded plate structures, any two plates will generally meet at an angle. In order to
establish the equilibrium of the forces at each nodal line, it is necessary to transform the
stiffness matrix and load vector to the global coordinate system.

11
{ } [ ][ ][ ]
T
o m o
T T
k k
/
. ...(39)
{ } [ ]{ }
m m r
T r
/
...(40)
where
{ }
m o k
: is the strip stiffness matrix in global coordinate system.
{ }
m
r : is the strip load vector in global coordinate system.
[T] : is the transformation matrix.

6-Formulation of Finite Strip Equations for Time Effects Analysis:
The present study deals with the analysis of simply supported and multispan folded
plate structures with time effect . In this study, higher order finite strip with one auxiliary
nodal line are used in the analysis .A computer program (VEFSA) [Visco Elastic Finite
Strip Analysis] is developed and coded using Fortran Power Station 4.0 language. The
development includes updating the concrete material behavior to ageing viscoelastic
behavior by using ACI-209 recommendations, and by including the effects of creep
phenomena in concrete folded plate and box girder bridge structures.
In this section, these aspects of the finite strip method that are peculiar to analysis of
complex concrete structures will be reviewed where the concrete obeys a general first-order
inelastic rate constitutive law .As it is true of concrete structure behavior , it will be assumed
that the displacement gradients are sufficiently small that there is no need to distinguish
between structural equilibrium in the deformed or undeformed configuration .
The basic idea of the finite strip method is explained in the previous chapter .Now, the
model for linearly ageing viscoelastic behavior for finite strip will be explained and how to
be used in the analysis of folded plate . The characteristic creep behavior of concrete that
distinguishes it from the traditional viscoelastic materials is the ageing effect .
Thus, as a function of time the concrete constitutive behavior changes through the
chemical action of hydration. Thus ,it is very important for realistic concrete creep
prediction when in its lifetime the ageing viscoelastic structure is loaded .Fortunately,
experiments indicate that the response due to an increment in load is fairly independent of
all other past load increments , and the superposition principle applies [Baant ,1988 ] . For
small increments in the stress vector { } d at t measured from time of hardening, the total
strain at time (t) is specified by hereditary integral :
( ) { } ( ) [ ]{ } ) 41 .......( ,

t
o
d t t J t

If the material is isotropic and it is assumed that the creep and elastic Poissons ratio are
equal, then the compliance matrix [ ] J can be written for three-dimensional stress states as,
( ) [ ] ( )[ ] ) 42 ....( . , , D t t J t t J

12
[ ]
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
+
+
+

1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
: where
D

where ( ) t t J , is a scalar function .
Numerical creep analysis based on the strain-stress law Eqs.(41) and (42) may be
performed by subdividing the total time interval of interest into time steps t and discrete
times ( ) ,.... 3 , 2 , 1 r t
r
. The integral in Eq.(41) can then be approximated by finite sums
involving incremental stress changes over the time steps. Because the numerical method
results in extensive storage and computational requirements , it has been superseded by
methods that involve approximating the creep functional ( ) t t J , by a Dirichlet series ( Prony
series ) . Thus, trying the constitutive model physically to Maxwell chain models (or Kelvin
chain models), If the relaxation functional is approximated ,which then yields structural
equations of the form:
[ ]{ } { } { }
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
{ } [ ] { } { } [ ] [ ][ ]

+
e e
e
T
e
T
e
e
T
dV D B R and dV B R
dV B D B K
R R K
) 45 .....(
) 44 ......(
) 43 .....(
&
&
&
&
& & &

where [ ] K is the assembled elastic stiffness matrix, { }
&
denotes the vector of unknown
velocities , { } R
&
denotes the rates of external nodal forces ,and { }
R
&
is the initial strain vector
for creep process. The creep function ( ) t t J , is approximated by series of real exponentials
of the form :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) [ ] { } ) 46 ...( .. exp 1
1 1
,
1

n
i
i
i
t t
t E t E
t t J
in which
i
denotes the retardation times and
i
E are age-dependent moduli of individual
Kelvin units . When this function is introduced into superposition integral, Eqs.(41) and
(5.3) ,the integral degenerates into the product of a function of t and function of t . The
latter function does not involve the variable of integration and can be extracted from the
integral ,leaving only an integration of functions that is independent of t . Thus, at each new
time step ,it is necessary only to compute the change in value of the integral from the last
time step rather than the time of initial loading ,as is required in a general case .
Unconditionally stable incremental analysis can be obtained by numerically
approximating the integral at discrete times
N o
t t t ,..., ,
1
and using the assumption that
{ } dt d and ( ) t E
i
are constants within each time interval ( )
r r
t t t
1
. The incremental
stress-strain law is analogous to Eq.(46):
{ } [ ] { } { } ( ) ) 47 ...( & & & D
13
where { } & represents initial strain rates composed of creep, shrinkage and thermal
components .The inelastic strain rate { } & is usually a vector function of stress and
temperature through the Pickett effect ,and either the accumulated inelastic strain of the time
( time hardening ) .In the use of time-hardening behavior ,for instance :
{ } { } { } ) 48 .....( , , T f &
where denotes the time of loading and T the current temperature .Although Eq.(48) is
only a simple prototype for concrete creep in that it does not represent ageing viscoelastic
creep, it can be modified to represent this effect by using Kelvin or Maxwell chains and
age-adjusted creep moduli .
Then, unconditionally stable incremental analysis becomes :
{ } [ ] { } { } ( ) ) 49 ....(
r r r
D E

in which :
( ) [ ]
( )
) 50 ....(
exp 1 1 1 1
1
2 1 2 1

+

n
i
r i
r i i r
r r
E
t t t
E E

and
{ } ( ) [ ]{ } ) 51 .....( exp 1
1
1
*

n
i
r i i r
t
The effect of prior stress histories is contained in the set of initial vectors { }
*
1
, which
are defined by the recurrence formula :
{ }
{ } ( ) [ ]
( )
{ } ( ) ) 52 ....( exp
exp 1
1
*
2 1
*
i r r i
r i
r i i r
r i
t
E
t t

+

Thus, the difficulty of computing at each time step the effects of the entire stress history
is avoided .By restricting to situations of one-dimensional stress , it can be seen that
Dirichelt (Prony) series involves the solution to the system of differential equations
n i E
n i
E
i i i
i i i
n
i
i
,..., 2 , 1
) 53 .....( ,..., 2 , 1
1
+

+

& & &

&
&
&
&

When a unit step stress ( ) t is applied at time t this system of equations ,which
corresponds to the reheological model shown in Fig.(4a) and with variables
i i
E E , , as
indicated , is known as the Kelvin chain model . Since the differential formulation
defined by Eq.(51) states the relations between the rates of stress and strain , it is referred to
as a rate-type formulation. Substituting { } [ ] { } [ ] D D E
r r
for and for and in Eqs.(43),
(44) and (45), and then gives a set of linear equations for the incremental displacement
{ } over the current time interval . This method for creep analysis has proved to be both
unconditionally stable and accurate and suitable for use with arbitrary-sized time steps .
However, the method requires the updating of the stiffness matrix [ ] K at each time step . In
contrast, numerical solution methods that assume constant stress conditions over the time
interval will usually have time step size limitation to ensure numerical stability
[Zienkiewicz et al ,1968].
14

(b)
An alternative formulation of the viscoelasticity problem is through the use of the
relaxation function ( ) [ ] t t H , rather than the creep compliance function ( ) [ ] t t J , ,
( ) { } ( ) [ ] ( ) { } ) 54 ....( ,
0

t
t d t t H t
If the relaxation function is expanded in a Dirichlet series and substituted into
Eq.(53) ,it can be seen that the differential equations ( for one-dimensional stress ) are
obtained [Baant and Wu ,1974] .
) 55 .....( ,...., 2 , 1 ,
1
n i
E
i
i i i
n
i
i

+

&
&
This system of rate equations corresponds to the physical system shown at the bottom of
Fig.(4b) and is called Maxwell chain model. The quantity ,
i i i
E , is the relaxation
time of the th i unit of the Maxwell chain .Incremental stress-strain laws for the Maxwell
chain model have been formulated and structural discretion equations can then be formed,
as described previously . As with the Kelvin model, the stress history in the incremental law
is defined by a recurrence relation , and the need to sum the contribution of the entire stress
history at each time step is eliminated .

Kelvin

7-Numerical Application :
7-1: Example One:
This example demonstrates the capability
of the proposed method, with higher order
finite strip method for analysis of a concrete folded plate with end diaphragm including time
effects . The simply supported folded plate is shown in Fig.(5), with cross section and
loading case as given by [De Fries-Skene and Scordelis 1964] .The simple span is ( 21366
mm ) and has material properties as shown in Tables (1) and (2). The simulation of finite
strip is shown in Fig.(6). From symmetry the analysis of a quarter of the folded plate has
been made, the simulation of integrated finite element is shown in Fig.(7).
The constant non-dimensional coefficient of shear relaxation function (Prony series) of
this example is taken according to Eq.(56) :
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
) 6 5 ....( e 1123.54 e 2000.5056 e 7712.4072 3623.5743 t G
800 t 100 t 50 t
+ +
The shear relaxation function versus time is plotted and compared with ACI-model in
Fig.(8), the percent of error estimated in the fitting program is illustrated in Fig.(9). The
(a)
Fig.(4) Kelvin and Maxwell models
15
30
o
10
o
9
1
0

7810 N/mm
7810 N/mm
13250 N/mm
5575 N/mm
13250 N/mm
fitting of Prony series is computed using (PSFP) program. Very good agreement with ACI-
209 model is found and the percent of difference is ranged from (1.4% to 2.78% ).
For verification of the proposed method, the results of analysis at instantaneous time
( ) days t 7 are compared with elastic and elasto-plastic methods, ordinary method ,
elasticity method [De Freis-Skene 1964], finite strip[Cheung1976] and elastic geometrically
nonlinear analysis [ Karkush 1998], and illustrated in Fig.(10). The figure show that good
agreement is found from this verification.
Figure(11) illustrates the deflection history, the relation of vertical displacement versus
time of joint (1). This graph shows good acceptable agreement of the proposed method with
the finite element (3D-20 Node viscoelastic element); at time 7 days, the difference is about
(4%) and it is noticed at the fold line(joint) (1) while the difference is about (13%) at time
1000 days . Deflection at times (7 & 1000) days of mid-span cross section of folded plate
on fold ridges are shown in Fig.(12). The finite element results are higher due to more
release (or degree of freedom ) of displacement fields. The increasing of max deflection
from 7days to 1000 days is (1.529) and (1.384) in the finite element and the proposed
methods respectively. The longitudinal stresses of mid span cross section at times (1000
days) is shown in Fig.(13), the longitudinal stresses has a good agreement with finite
element and the increasing at times (7 to 1000 )days is (2.222) and (2.197) for finite element
and the proposed finite strip analysis respectively of max stresses .

Table (1 ) Concrete properties for test data
Uniaxial compressive strength
c
f (28 days )
21 MPa
Initial uniaxial modulus of elasticity at 28 days 20930 MPa
Poisson ratio 0.0
Initial shear modulus G(0) 10083.5 MPa
Bulk modulus (k) 11190.47 MPa

Table (1) Properties of the assumed concrete mix
Age of
loading
(
a
t
) (day)
Relative
humidity
(H) (%)
Slump
(S) (mm)
Cement
Content
(
3
kg/m )
Fine
aggregate
(F) (%)
Air
content
(A) (%)
7 50 60 400 60 4

Fig.(5) Cross section of DeFries-Skene and Scordelis folded plate with loading
(span 21366 mm)
2640 mm 2640 mm 3000 mm 3000 mm
16
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (days )
E
r
r
o
r

(
%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time (days)
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)

Present F.S.M
Finite Element
4
1
3
2
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
g
i
n
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
e
s

(
M
P
a
)
Finite Elenent
Present F.S.M

Fig.(8) Shear modulus relaxation Fig.(9) Percent of fitting error with time
Fig.(10) Verification of proposed method
using instantaneous analysis

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
28 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (days)
s
h
e
a
r
M
o
d
u
lu
s
(M
P
a
)
ACI-Model
Fitting Program

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Present F.S.M ANSYS
Finite Element
[Defries-Skene
et al 1964]
Ordinary
method
[Defries-Skene
et al 1964]
Elasticity
Method
[Cheung 1976]
Finite Strip
Method
[Krkush 1998]
Non-Linear
Geometrical
F.S.M
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)

1 2
3
4
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
Finite Elenent 7 days
Finite Elenent 1000 days
Present F.S.M 7 days
Present F.S.M 1000 days

Fig.(6) Finite strip simulations
(including 6-strips & 7-joints)
Fig.(11) Deflection time relationship
(Deflection History) at joint (1)
Fig.(13) Longitudinal stresses at time
(1000 days ) for half cross section
4
1
2
3
7
6
5
Joint Number
(Fold Line)
Fig.(7) Finite (3D 20-Node VISCO89) element
simulation (including 4367-nodes & 2086-elements)

Fig.(12) Deflection at (7 &1000 ) days of
mid span for half cross section
17
1736
5000
3000
500
8660 mm 9848 9848 8660 mm
250 mm
W=.0065
2
N/mm

7-2:Example Two:
This example is selected for the analysis of a folded plate under uniform loading, it
has the same dimensions in [Cheung 1976], and it is intended in this work, among other
things, to demonstrate the analysis with including time effects in folded plate structures .
A simply supported folded plate has a cross section and loading pattern, as
illustrated in Fig.(14). Two cases of different loadings are taken from investigation
recommendations considered in the analysis include dead load of the structure, and vertical
live load on the structure .Material properties are shown in Table (3), and the assumed mix
design is the same as in example one (Table (6-2)).The functions of Prony relaxation shear
stresses are given in Eq.(57):
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
) 57 ..( . 7367 . 1049 93364 . 2345 4304 . 6782 7466 . 3205
400 100 50 t t t
e e e t G

+ +
The shear relaxation function versus time is plotted and compared with ACI-model in
Fig.(15) ,and the percent of error estimated in fitting program is illustrated in Fig.(16). The
Prony series fitting has a good agreement with ACI model than from the fitting program ,the
difference is ranged from (1.1%) to (2.4%).
The deflection time relationship of joint (fold line)(1) analyzed using the proposed
finite strip method and linear viscoelastic finite element by 3D- VISCO89 element is
illustrated in Fig.(17) .Good agreements are concluded from proposed method for deflection
history of joint (1) at mid-span of the folded plate ,the differences between the two methods
ranged from (-4%) for time (7days) and increasing to (3.9%) at time (1000 days). The mid
span cross section vertical displacement and longitudinal stresses at times (7 & 1000) days
are shown in Figs.(18) and (6-22).The longitudinal stresses have a difference from (18 %) at
time (7 days) to (9 %) at time (1000 days), computed by the proposed finite strip and finite
element methods. Profile along the folded plate of deflection is shown in Fig.(20).The
deflection profile difference at mid-span is greater than any point on the same fold line .

Table (3 ) Concrete properties for test data
Concrete density ( )
concr

3 6
mm N 10 24

Initial uniaxial modulus of elasticity at 28 days 20000 MPa
Poisson ratio ( ) 0.15
Initial shear modulus G(0) 10083.5 MPa
Bulk modulus (k) 9523.8 MPa

Fig.(14 ) Dimensions and loading of folded plate for example two
18
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
28 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (days )
E
r
r
o
r

(
%
)
Fig.(16) Percent of fitting error versus time Fig.(15) Shear modulus relaxation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time (days )
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
Present F.S.M.
Finite element
Fig.(17) Deflection-time relationship
(Deflection History) at joint (1)

Fig.(18) Longitudinal stresses at time (7 & 1000
days ) for mid-span cross section
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Finite Element (7 day)
Finite Element (1000 day)
Present F.S.M (7 days )

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
28 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (days)
S
h
e
a
r

M
o
d
u
l
u
s

(
M
P
a
)
ACI-209 Formula
Fittingprogram

-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 10000 20000 30000 35000 40000 50000 60000 70000
Length of Folded plate (mm)
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
Finite Element(7 day)
Finite Element (1000 days)
Present F.S.M (7 days)
Fig.(19) Profile of deflection along length of folded plate for joint (1)
at time (7 & 1000) days
19
8-Conclusions :
Numerical implementation of the proposed linear viscoelastic finite strip method to a
number of folded plate structures and box girder bridge has given a number of conclusions .
These are presented herein :
1- The finite strip method is accurate and efficient technique for the analysis of linear
viscoelasticity behavior of concrete folded plate structures with opposite simply
supported ends with rigid end diaphragms and with or without internal diaphragms,
and under different loading types.
2- The model utilizes materials property data obtained from references and contributed
in ACI-209 committee recommendation. This model is worked out in this study to
represent the concrete as a viscoelastic material.
3- The slope of the deflection-time relationships for all the four numerical examples
analyzed in this study shows a sharp increase of total deflection at early ages (from 7
to 200 )days, and the slope of these relationships continues to decrease with age ,
until the curves become asymptotic to horizontal line.
4- The longitudinal stresses in the proposed method has good agreement with
VISCO89 3D element analysis. The difference in the longitudinal stresses is about
(18%) at age 7 days and about (10%) at age 1000 days .
5- Variation of the vertical deflection predicted by this proposed method is in good
agreement with the finite element solution . The difference in maximum deflection is
not more than (8 % ) in early age (7 days), and the maximum difference is (13%) at
terminal stage (time at 1000 days).
6- Least square method is used in fitting Prony series with exponential reducing
function. This procedure gave very good agreement with ACI model .

Reference:
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Concrete Structures , ACI Manual of Concrete Practice ,Part 1, pp.1-47 .
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degree of Master of Science .
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Material Nonlinearity , Computers & Structures, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 289-294.
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Vol.95,No.ST12, pp.2963-2979 .
Cheung, Y. K. (1976) Finite Strip Method in Structural Analysis , Pergamon Press, U.K.
De Fries-Skene, A. and Scordelis, A. C. (1964) Direct Stiffness Solution Of Folded Plates, J. Struct.
Engrg. Div., ASCE, Vol.90,No.ST4, pp.15-47.
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Method , Thesis presented to the University of Al-Anbar, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
degree of Master of Science .
Gilbert, R. I. (1988) Time Effects in Concrete Structures , Elsevier Science publisher, B.V.,
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Ibrahim, I. M. and Farah, A. (1978) Enhancing the Damping of Slabs by ViscoElastic Layers,
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Karkush, M. O. (1998) Non-Linear Behavior of Folded Plate Structures, Thesis presented to the
University of Bablyon, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science .
Lau, D. T., Cheung, M. S. and Cheng, S. H. (2000) 3D Flutter Analysis of Bridges by Spline
Finite Strip Method ,J. Struct. Engrg. Div., ASCE, Vol.126,No.ST10, pp.1246
Ng, S. F., Cheung, M. S., and Bingzhang, Z. (1991) Finite Strip Method for Analysis of Structures
with Material Nonlinearity , J. Struct. Engrg. Div. , ASCE , Vol.117 , No.ST2, pp.489-500 .
Onate, E., and Hinton, E. (1988) Free Vibration Analysis of Plate Using Finite Strip Method ,
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Press , Swansea .
zaka, M., Taysi, N., and Kolcu, F. (2003) Buckling Optimization of Variable Thickness Prismatic
Folded Plate , J. of Thin-Walled Structures ,Vol.20 ,pp.1-20
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of Bridge Engineering ,ASCE, Vol.7,No.2,pp.134-143 .
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Concrete and Prestressed Concrete , Beton und Stahlbetonban (West Berlin), Vol.62, No.11, pp.230-
238, and No.11, pp.261-269, (Cited in ACI Committee 209(92)(1997).

Zi, G., and Baant, Z. P. (2002) Continuous Relaxation Spectrum for Concrete Creep and its
Incorporation into MicroPlane Model M4 , J. Engrg. Mech. , ASCE, Vol.128,No.EM12,
pp.1331-1336.
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Creep Analysis , International Journal of Mechanical Science ,Vol.10, pp.807-827 .


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