SALEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SALEM-636111 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Year/Sem: III/V

Academic Year: 2013-2014

Prepared by: K.VinothKumar

UNIT-I DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PART A 1. Draw a typical digital communication system. (Nov/Dec 2012, Nov/Dec 2011)
Digital source Source encoder Channel encoder Modulator

Channel

Noise

User

Source decoder

Channel decoder

Detector

2. How can BER of a system be improved? (Nov/Dec 2012) Increasing transmitted signal power Improving Frequency filtering techniques Modulation and demodulation techniques Coding and decoding techniques. 3. Define half power bandwidth. (Nov/Dec 2011) This is the interval between frequencies at which Gx(f) has dropped to half power or 3dB below the peak value.

4. Which parameter is called figure of merit of a digital communication system and why? (Nov/Dec 2010) For digital communication systems, Eb/N0 ratio of bit energy to noise power spectral density is the natural figure of merit. Symbol energy and Eb bit energy is a more useful parameter, to compare different systems because power may go to zero between transmitter and receiver. 5. What is meant by distortion less transmission? (Nov/Dec 2010) Binary sequence (bk) is transmitted in base band transmission and it is recovered. Base band transmission directly send the signal without any modulation. So this sequence is easily affected by ISI and noise. If the frequency response of the transmit, receive filters are known then the received signals is easily reconstructed. For the reconstruction of base band signal proper pulse shape is required. 6. Define the measure of information. (May/June 2012) The knowledge of information theory is the measure of information. Information measure is applied to determine the information rate of discrete sources. 7. Give an advantage and a disadvantage of digital communication. (April/May 2011) Advantage The effect of distortion, noise and interference is less in a digital communication system. This is because the disturbance must be large enough to change the pulse from one state to the other. Regenerative repeaters can be used at fixed distance along the link, to identify and regenerate a pulse before it islh degraded to an ambiguous state. Digital circuits are more reliable and cheaper compared to analog circuits. The Hardware implementation is more flexible than analog hardware because of the use of microprocessors, VLSI chips etc. Signal processing functions like encryption, compression can be employed to maintain the secrecy of the information. Error detecting and Error correcting codes improve the system performance by reducing the probability of error. Disadvantage Large System Bandwidth:- Digital transmission requires a large system bandwidth to communicate the same information in a digital format as compared to analog format. System Synchronization:- Digital detection requires system synchronization whereas the analog signals generally have no such requirement.

8. What is meant by basis set? Any arbitrary signal in the space can be generated by a linear combination of these basis functions. The collections of the basis functions is called basis set. 9. Define noise equivalent bandwidth. WN is defined as WN = Px / Gx(fc) where Px is the total signal power over all frequencies and Gx(fc) is the value of the maximum spectral component. For bandpass signals the maximum spectral content generally occurs at the carrier frequency. 10. What is GSOP? GSOP means for Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure. we have a set of finite energy signal waveforms(SK (t), K = 1,2,,3..M) and we wish to construct a set of orthogonal basis functions. The Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure allows us to construct such a set. 11. Write the expression for bandwidth of digital data signal. Let S(t) represents some practical waveform (signal, noise or signal-noise combination) that we wish to represent over the interval a<t<b. we can always represents this signal by an equivalent orthogonal series S(t) = an is the basis coefficients (t) is s basis set 12. Define dimensionality theorem. A real waveform can be completely specified by N independent pieces of information where N is given by N = 2BT0 N is called the dimension of the waveform in signal space. B is the bandwidth of the signal T0 is the time over which the signal waveform is being described. 13. Define absolute bandwidth. This is the interval between frequencies, outside of which the spectrum is zero. 14. List out the mathematical models of communication channel. i. Additive noise channel or AWGN channel model. ii. Linear filter channel. iii. Linear time-variant filter channel

PART B 1. Explain Gram Schmidt orthogonalisation procedure. (Nov/Dec 2012, Nov/Dec 2011) Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 20. 2. State the advantages and disadvantages of digital communication system. (Nov/Dec 2012) Refer class notes. 3. Discuss in detail the different mathematical model of coummunication channel. (Nov/Dec 2011,Nov/Dec 2012) Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 29. 4. Draw a neat block diagram of a typical digital communication system and explain the function of the key signal processing blocks. (Nov/Dec 2010, May/June 2012) Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 7. 5. (i) Distinguish between base band and bandpass signaling. (ii) Explain Binary symmetric channel and Gaussian channel with their mathematical models. (Nov/Dec 2011, April/May 2011) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: SQ.3. 6. Classify channels. Explain the mathematical model communication channels.(April/May 2011) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 1.14 of any two

7. Derive geometrical representation of signal. Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 15 8. Explain about the performance measure of digital communication system. Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 1.23

UNIT-II BASEBAND FORMATTING TECHNIQUES PART A 1. An analog waveform an with maximum frequency content of 3KHz is to be transmitted over an M-Ary PCM system where M=16. What is the maximum number of bits/sample that should be used in digitizing the analog waveform? (the quantization error is specified not to exceed +1% of the peak to-peak analog signal) (Nov/Dec 2012) Sol Number of levels M = 16 M = 24 = 16 V=4 Number of bits per sample = 4 2. Differentiate the principles of temporal waveform coding and model-based coding. (Nov/Dec 2012) Temporal waveform coding A speech or image source produces the signal that vary with time. If we are to digitize the signals coming out of such a source, we need to digitize some time varying parameter of the time wave form representing the source. This process known as Temporal waveform coding. Model-based coding The analog encoding is based on a mathematical modeling of the source, thereby capturing the source statistics and is called model based coding. 3. Compare uniform and non uniform quantization. (Nov/Dec 2011) S.No Uniform quantization 1 In Uniform type, the quantization levels are uniformly spaced, whereas in non-uniform type the spacing between the levels will be unequal and mostly the relation is logarithmic. Non uniform quantization In Non Uniform Quantizer the step size varies. The use of a non uniform quantizer is equivalent to passing the baseband signal through a compressor and then applying the compressed signal to a uniform quantizer. The resultant signal is then transmitted. At the receiver, a device with a characteristic complementary to the compressor called Expander is used to restore the signal samples to their correct relative level. The Compressor and expander take together constitute a

Types of Uniform Quantizers: ( based on I/P - O/P Characteristics) 1. Mid-Rise type Quantizer 2. Mid-Tread type Quantizer

Compander. Compander = Compressor + Expander

4. What is meant by temporal quantization. (Nov/Dec 2011) In the case of speech and image digitization, it is require to digitize some time varying parameters of the time waveform. This process is called temporal waveform coding. 5. Why is prefiltering done before sampling? (Nov/Dec 2010) In order to reduce the new high frequency components of the signal. To avoid aliasing, prefiltering is done. 6. Define quantization noise power. (Nov/Dec 2010) The Quantization process introduces an error defined as the difference between the input signal, x(t) and the output signal, y(t). This error is called the Quantization Noise. q(t) = x(t) y(t) Quantization noise is produced in the transmitter end of a PCM system by rounding off sample values of an analog base-band signal to the nearest permissible representation levels of the quantizer. 7. State sampling theorem. (Apr/May 2011, May/Jun 2012) A band limited signal having no spectral components above fm Hz can be determined uniquely by values sampled at uniform intervals of, Ts < 1/2fm sec 8. What is quantization error? (Apr/May 2011) Because of quantization, inherent errors are introduced in the signal. This error is called quantization error. It is expressed mathematically as, = xq(nTs)-x(nTs) Here xq(nTs) is quantized value of the signal x(nTs) is the value of the sample ,before quantization. 9. What is meant by quantization?(May/Jun 2012) Quantization is defined as the process of transforming the sample amplitude of message signal into a discrete amplitude. 10. Define Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval. Nyquist rate = 2 w Hz The sampling rate of 2 w samples per second bandwidth of w Hertz is called Nyquist rate. Nyquist interval = w seconds

It is the time interval between any two adjacent samples. 11. List out the various encoding techniques for analog sources. The encoding techniques are: i. Temporal waveform coding. ii. Spectral waveform coding. iii. Model-based coding. 12. What are the drawbacks of delta modulation? Slope of overload distortion. Granular noise. 13. Differentiate Noise and Fading. S.No 1 Noise Fading It is an unwanted signal that The signal is randomly attenuated tends to interfere with the due to random or semiperiodic required signal variations in the channel The noise can have particular It is frequency dependent and range of frequencies depending different frequency components are upon its source affected unequally It can be minimized by using It can be reduced by employing appropriate filters Automatic Gain Control(AGC)

2 3

14. What do you meant by the term aliasing? It refers to the phenomenon of a high frequency in the spectrum of the signal seemingly taking on the identifyof a lower frequency in the spectrum of its sampled version. Due to aliasing information may be lost. 15. Define pulse position modulation scheme. The position of the pulse changes according to the amplitude of the modulating signal of sampling instant. It is called pulse position modulation.

PART B 1. Explain a DPCM system. Derive the expression for slope overload noise of the system. Show that SNR of DPCM is better than that of PCM. (Nov/Dec 2012) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.41. 2. (i) Compare subband coding. (Nov/Dec 2012) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.72.

(ii) compare the performance of various speech encoding methods. (Nov/Dec 2012) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.85. 3. (i) A television signal has a bandwidth of 4.5 MHz . this signal is sampled, quantized and binary coded to obtain a PCM signal. 1. Determine the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at a rate 20% above nyquist rate. 2. If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels determine the number of binary pulse require to encode each sample. 3. Determine the binary pulse rate of the binary coded signal and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the signal. Refer class notes (ii) Compare different speech coding techniques. (Nov/Dec 2011) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.85 4. (i) Explain the following sampling techniques with necessary waveforms. Impulse sampling Natural sampling (Nov/Dec 2011) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.3 Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 113 (ii) Write short note on spectral waveform coding. (Nov/Dec 2011) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.71 Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no:167 5. State the Nyquist sampling theorem. Demonstrate its validity for an analog signal x(t) having a Fourier transform x( f ) which is zero outside the interval [ - f < f < +f ]. (Nov/Dec 2010) Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.2 6. Explain in detail the various source coding techniques for speech signal and compare their performance. (Nov/Dec 2010) Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 124. Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.32 7. (i)Explain a non-uniform quantization process. (ii)Write notes on temporal waveform coding. (April/May 2011) Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 122,125. Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.24, 2.33 8. (i)Explain a spectral waveform encoding porcess. (ii)Compare various speeches encoding methods. (April/May 2011) Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 167,174.

9. Explain a uniform quantization process. Refer Digital Communication by Amitabha Bhattacharya, Pg.no: 119. 10. With necessary sketches and expressions, briefly explain in detail about delta modulation and types of quantization errors occurring in it. Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.60. 11. With necessary sketches and expressions, briefly explain about flat top sampling. Refer Digital Communication by Simon Haykin, Pg.no: 156. 12. Explain the process of quantization, encoding and decoding in PCM? In what way DPCM is better than PCM? Refer Digital Communication by S.Jaya, Pg.no: 2.33.