(ii) Identify Data Defination Language (DDL)

A data definition language or data description language (DDL) is a syntax similar to a computer programming language for defining data structures, especially database schemas.

SQL
Unlike many data description languages[clarify], SQL uses a collection of imperative verbs whose effect is to modify the schema of the database by adding, changing, or deleting definitions of tables or other objects. These statements can be freely mixed with other SQL statements, so the DDL is not truly a separate language.

CREATE statements
Create - To make a new database, table, index, or stored query[clarify]. A CREATE statement in SQL creates an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be created depends on which RDBMS is being used, but most support the creation of tables, indexes, users[clarify], synonyms and databases. Some systems (such as PostgreSQL) allow CREATE, and other DDL commands, inside of a transaction and thus they may be rolled back. CREATE TABLE statement A commonly used CREATE command is the CREATE TABLE command. The typical usage is:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [table name] ( [column definitions] ) [table parameters].

column definitions: A comma-separated list consisting of any of the following

Column definition: [column name] [data type] {NULL | NOT NULL} {column options} Primary key definition: PRIMARY KEY ( [comma separated column list] ) Constraints: {CONSTRAINT} [constraint definition] RDBMS specific functionality

For example, the command to create a table named employees with a few sample columns would be:
CREATE TABLE employees ( id INTEGER first_name VARCHAR(50) PRIMARY KEY, NULL,

last_name dateofbirth

VARCHAR(75) DATE

NOT NULL, NULL

Note that some forms of CREATE TABLE DDL may incorporate DML (data manipulation language)-like constructs as well, such as the CREATE TABLE AS SELECT (CTAS) syntax of SQL.[1]

DROP statements
Drop - To destroy an existing database, table, index, or view. A DROP statement in SQL removes an object from a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be dropped depends on which RDBMS is being used, but most support the dropping of tables, users, and databases. Some systems (such as PostgreSQL) allow DROP and other DDL commands to occur inside of a transaction and thus be rolled back. The typical usage is simply:
DROP objecttype objectname.

For example, the command to drop a table named employees would be:
DROP TABLE employees;

The DROP statement is distinct from the DELETE and TRUNCATE statements, in that DELETE and TRUNCATE do not remove the table itself. For example, a DELETE statement might delete some (or all) data from a table while leaving the table itself in the database, whereas a DROP statement would remove the entire table from the database.

ALTER statements
Alter - To modify an existing database object. An ALTER statement in SQL changes the properties of an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be altered depends on which RDBMS is being used. The typical usage is:
ALTER objecttype objectname parameters.

For example, the command to add (then remove) a column named bubbles for an existing table named sink would be:
ALTER TABLE sink ADD bubbles INTEGER; ALTER TABLE sink DROP COLUMN bubbles;

Referential integrity statements

Finally, another kind of DDL sentence in SQL is one used to define referential integrity relationships, usually implemented as primary key and foreign key tags in some columns of the tables. These two statements can be included inside a CREATE TABLE or an ALTER TABLE sentence.

Identify Data manipulation language (DML)

A data manipulation language (DML) is a family of syntax elements similar to a computer programming language used for inserting, deleting and updating data in a database. Performing read-only queries of data is sometimes also considered a component of DML. A popular data manipulation language is that of Structured Query Language (SQL), which is used to retrieve and manipulate data in a relational database.[1] Other forms of DML are those used by IMS/DLI, CODASYL databases, such as IDMS and others. Data manipulation language comprises the SQL data change statements,[2] which modify stored data but not the schema or database objects. Manipulation of persistent database objects, e.g., tables or stored procedures, via the SQL schema statements,[2] rather than the data stored within them, is considered to be part of a separate data definition language. In SQL these two categories are similar in their detailed syntax, data types, expressions etc., but distinct in their overall function.[2] Data manipulation languages have their functional capability organized by the initial word in a statement, which is almost always a verb. In the case of SQL, these verbs are:

SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE ... INSERT INTO ... VALUES ... UPDATE ... SET ... WHERE ... DELETE FROM ... WHERE ...

The purely read-only SELECT query statement is classed with the 'SQL-data' statements[2] and so is considered by the standard to be outside of DML. The SELECT ... INTO form is considered to be DML because it manipulates (i.e. modifies) data. In common practice though, this distinction is not made and SELECT is widely considered to be part of DML.[3]

Most SQL database implementations extend their SQL capabilities by providing imperative, i.e., procedural, languages. Examples of these are Oracle's PL/SQL and DB2's SQL PL. Data manipulation languages tend to have many different flavors and capabilities between database vendors. There have been a number of standards established for SQL by ANSI,[1] but vendors still provide their own extensions to the standard while not implementing the entire standard. Data manipulation languages are divided into two types, procedural programming and declarative programming. Each SQL DML statement is a declarative command. The individual SQL statements are declarative, as opposed to imperative, in that they describe the program's purpose, rather than describing the procedure for accomplishing it. Data manipulation languages were initially only used within computer programs, but with the advent of SQL have come to be used interactively by database administrators.