Project Modul

Expedited Permit Process for PV Systems
with Detailed Explanation to Help Guide Thru the Process

Preparedfor:
NewMexicoStateUniversity
SolarAmericaBoardforCodesandStandards (availableatwww.SolarABCS.org)
Preparedby:
BrooksEngineering 873KellsCircle Vacaville,CA95688 www.brooksolar.com
Version4 May2009
0
Dedication: Thisdocumentisdedicatedtotwokeyindividualsthatrepresenttheverybestofthosewho haveworkedonthecodesandstandardsprocessesastheyrelatetoPVsystems.Thesetwo amazingpeople,TimOwens,ofSantaClaraBuildingDepartment,andChuckWhitaker,ofBEW Engineering,passedawayinthemonthspriortothereleaseofthisstandardizedpermitting process. TimOwens: TimOwenspassedawayinDecemberof2008attheageof??inthemidstofadistinguished careerintheelectricaltradesandcodeenforcement.WhileworkingasChiefElectrical InspectorfortheCityofSanDiegoin1999,Timwasthefirstjurisdictionalofficertoput togetherasimplifiedpermittingprocessforPVsystems.Hisdesiretoseesuchaprocess becomecommonplaceiswhathasdriventhisauthortoworkonimprovingpermittingand approvalprocessesforPVsystemsforthepastdecade.Thesolarcommunity,lostatruefriend andpartnerwhowasdedicatedtothesuccessofsolarphotovoltaicsystemsinCaliforniaand therestoftheU.S. ChuckWhitaker: ChuckWhitakerpassedawayinearlyMayof2009attheageof50inthemidstofa distinguishedcareersupportingthedevelopmentandimplementationofmostofthecodesand standardsthegovernandsupportPVsystemsbothnationallyandinternationally.Hispassing coincidedwiththeinitialreleaseofthisstandardizedpermittingprocess.Theauthorhadthe privilegeofknowingChuckfortwodecadesandworkingcloselywithhimforover8yearsashis employeeandcolleague.ItisdifficulttooverstateChuckscontributiontothePVindustrysince hisinfluenceisfoundinnearlyeverycodeandstandardthathasbeendevelopedforPV equipmentandsystemsoverthepast25years.Itisonlyfittingthatthisdocument,which includeshisinfluence,bededicatedtohismemory.AhugeholeisleftinthePVindustrywith Chuckspassing,anditisthehopeofmanyofusinthecodesandstandardsarenatobeableto carryonhistirelessworkwithasemblanceoftheskill,whit,andhumorthatwasthehallmark ofthisamazingindividual.
INTRODUCTION:............................................................................................................................. 3 ExpeditedPermitProcessforSmallScalePVSystems.................................................................4 ExpeditedPermitGuidelinesforSmallScalePVSystems............................................................8 Section1. RequiredInformationforPermit:...........................................................................8 Section2. Step1:StructuralReviewofPVArrayMountingSystem.......................................8 Section3. Step2:ElectricalReviewofPVSystem(CalculationsforElectricalDiagram)......10 Section4. InverterInformation............................................................................................. 11 Section5. ModuleInformation .............................................................................................. 12 Section6. Arrayinformation................................................................................................. 13 a) NUMBEROFMODULESINSERIES.................................................................................13 b) NUMBEROFPARALLELCIRCUITS.................................................................................. 13 c) LOWESTEXPECTEDAMBIENTTEMP.............................................................................13 d) HIGHESTCONTINUOUSTEMP(ambient)......................................................................13 Section7. SIGNS..................................................................................................................... 14 a) PVPOWERSOURCE....................................................................................................... 14 b) WARNINGSIGNREQUIREDBYNEC690.17..................................................................15 c) PointofConnectionSign[NEC690.54] .........................................................................15 Section8. WiringandOvercurrentProtection......................................................................16 a) DCWiringSystems:....................................................................................................... 16 b) ACWiringSystems........................................................................................................ 18 Section9. ACPointofConnection......................................................................................... 18 Section10. Grounding......................................................................................................... 19 a) SystemGrounding......................................................................................................... 19 b) EquipmentGrounding ................................................................................................... 19 c) SizingofGroundingConductors................................................................................... 20 APPENDIX.....................................................................................................................................21 APPENDIXA:EXAMPLESUBMITTAL............................................................................................ 22 APPENDIXB:STRUCTURAL.......................................................................................................... 26 STRUCTUREWORKSHEETWKS1................................................................................................... 26 B.2 SPANTABLES..................................................................................................................... 27 SpanTableR802.5.1(1),........................................................................................................ 27 SpanTableR802.5.1(2),........................................................................................................ 28 APPENDIXC:SPECIALELECTRICALTOPICS.................................................................................. 29 ModuleFrameGrounding:........................................................................................................... 29 ACConnectiontoBuildingElectricalSystems..............................................................................30 ACConnectiontoLoadSideofMainServicePanel......................................................................30 ACConnectiontoSubpanel:......................................................................................................... 31 ACSupplySideConnection:.......................................................................................................... 32 SourceCircuitOvercurrentProtection:........................................................................................ 33 DisconnectingMeans:................................................................................................................... 34 Provisionsforthephotovoltaicpowersourcedisconnectingmeans:.........................................35 APPENDIXD:COSTSOFPERMITS................................................................................................ 36 APPENDIXE:TEMPERATURETABLES........................................................................................... 37 2
INTRODUCTION:
Theonepageexpeditedpermitprocess,andtheaccompanyingdocumentexplainingeachstep, providesameanstodifferentiatesystemsthatcanbepermittedquicklyandeasilyduetotheir similaritywiththemajorityofsmallscalePVsystems.Asmostsystemshaveunique characteristics,theymaybehandledwithsmalladditionstothisexpeditedprocessormay requiremuchmoreinformation,dependingontheuniquenessoftheinstallation. ThediagramsshownintheExpeditedPermitProcessareavailableonlineatwww.solarabcs.org inaninteractivePDFformatsothatthediagramscanbefilledoutelectronicallyandsubmitted eitherinprintedformorviaemailtothelocaljurisdiction.Anelectronicformatisusedsothat thesuppliedinformationisstandardizedandlegibleforthelocaljurisdiction.Additional drawingswillbeaddedtothewebsiteastheybecomeavailable. Theexpeditedprocessdoesprovideforflexibilityinthestructuralreviewincludingspantables andadditionalinformationfoundinAppendixBofthisexplanatorydocument.PVsystemswith batterybackupmaybeabletouseaportionofthisinformationtoassistthepermitting process,butarrayconfigurationsandthebatterysystemrequireamoredetailedelectrical drawingthanthisprocessprovides. TheappendixtothisexplanatorydocumenthasanexamplesubmittalinAppendixAalsohasa varietyofspecialelectricaltopicsinAppendixC.ItalsoincludestemperaturetablesinAppendix DthatareusedinapplyingtheNationalElectricalCodestemperaturedependentcriteria.This documentisintendedtobeusablethroughouttheUnitedStatesandcanprovidestandard installationdesigndocumentationformostlocationswithintheU.S.andotherregionsthatuse theNationalElectricalCode.
ExpeditedPermitProcessforSmallScalePVSystems
TheinformationinthisguidelineisintendedtohelplocaljurisdictionsandcontractorsidentifywhenPVsystem installationsaresimple,needingonlyabasicreview,andwhenaninstallationismorecomplex.Itislikelythat 50%75%ofallresidentialsystemswillcomplywiththesesimplecriteria.Forprojectsthatfailtomeetthe simplecriteria,aresolutionstepsmaybesuggestedtoprovideapathtopermitapproval.
RequiredInformationforPermit: 1. Siteplanshowinglocationofmajorcomponentsontheproperty.Thisdrawingneednotbeexactlyto scale,butitshouldrepresentrelativelocationofcomponentsatsite(seesuppliedexamplesiteplan). PVarraysondwellingswitha3perimeterspaceatridgeandsidesmaynotneedseparatefireservice review. 2. ElectricaldiagramshowingPVarrayconfiguration,wiringsystem,overcurrentprotection,inverter, disconnects,requiredsigns,andacconnectiontobuilding(seesuppliedstandardelectricaldiagram). 3. Specificationsheetsandinstallationmanuals(ifavailable)forallmanufacturedcomponentsincluding, butnotlimitedto,PVmodules,inverter(s),combinerbox,disconnects,andmountingsystem.
Step1:StructuralReviewofPVArrayMountingSystem
Isthearraytobemountedonadefined,permittedroofstructure? Yes No IfNoduetononcompliantrooforagroundmount,submitcompletedworksheetforthestructureWKS1. RoofInformation: 1. Istheroofingtypelightweight(Yes=composition,lightweightmasonry,metal,etc)_____________ IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1(No=heavymasonry,slate,etc). 2. Doestheroofhaveasingleroofcovering? Yes No IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1. 3. Providemethodandtypeofweatherproofingroofpenetrations(e.g.flashing,caulk).____________
MountingSystemInformation: 1. ThemountingstructureisanengineeredproductdesignedtomountPVmodules? Yes No IfNo,providedetailsofstructuralattachmentcertifiedbyadesignprofessional. 2. Formanufacturedmountingsystems,filloutinformationonthemountingsystembelow: a. MountingSystemManufacturer___________ProductNameandModel#_____________ b. TotalWeightofPVModulesandRails___________lbs c. TotalNumberofAttachmentPoints____________ d. WeightperAttachmentPoint(bc)_________________lbs(ifgreaterthan40lbs,seeWKS1) e. MaximumSpacingBetweenAttachmentPointsonaRail______________inches(seeproduct manualformaximumspacingallowedbasedonmaximumdesignwindspeed) f. TotalSurfaceAreaofPVModules(squarefeet)_________________ft2 g. DistributedWeightofPVModuleonRoof(bf)_______________lbs/ft2 IfdistributedweightofthePVsystemisgreaterthan5lbs/ft2,seeWKS1.
Step2:ElectricalReviewofPVSystem(CalculationsforElectricalDiagram)
InorderforaPVsystemtobeconsideredforanexpeditedpermitprocess,thefollowingmustapply: 1. PVmodules,utilityinteractiveinverters,andcombinerboxesareidentifiedforuseinPVsystems. 2. ThePVarrayiscomposedof4seriesstringsorlessperinverter,and15kWSTCorless. 3. Thetotalinvertercapacityhasacontinuouspoweroutput13,440Wattsorless 4. Theacinterconnectionpointisontheloadsideofservicedisconnectingmeans(690.64(B)). 5. Theelectricaldiagram(E1.1)canbeusedtoaccuratelyrepresentthePVsystem. Filloutthestandardelectricaldiagramcompletely.Aguidetotheelectricaldiagramisprovidedtohelpthe applicantunderstandeachblanktofillin.Iftheelectricalsystemismorecomplexthanthestandardelectrical diagramcaneffectivelycommunicate,provideanalternativediagramwithappropriatedetail.
10'-8"
24 SOLARWORLD SW 175 MODULES IN 2 SERIES STRINGS OF 12 MODULES EACH ON EXISTING SHADE STRUCTURE
12'-7"
J
11'-3"
EXISTING FENCE ROOFTOP J-BOX TO TRANSITION EXPOSED USE-2 TO THWN-2 CONDUCTORS IN " EMT
3'-0"
J
3'-0"
3'-0"
24 SOLARWORLD SW 175 MODULES IN 2 SERIES STRINGS OF 12 MODULES EACH ON EXISTING ROOF STRUCTURE
INVERTER WITH SUPPLIED COMBINER AND DC DISCONNECT
EXISTING ALL-IN-ONE SERVICE EQUIPMENT WITH 40-AMP PV BREAKER AS AC DISCONNECT
Contractor Name, Address and Phone:
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

Drawn By: Checked By:
Sample Site Plan for Small-Scale, Single-Phase PV Systems
Site Name: ___________________________ Site Address: _________________________ System AC Size: ______________________

SIZE FSCM NO
DWG NO
REV
S1.1
SCALE
NTS
Date:
SHEET
EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE TAG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SERVICE PANEL AC DISCONNECT (IF USED) _____VAC, ______A MAIN, ______A BUS, ______A INVERTER OCPD (SEE NOTE 5 FOR INVERTER OCPDs, ALSO SEE GUIDE SECTION 9) GEN METER (IF USED) DC/AC INVERTER DC DISCONNECT COMBINER (IF USED) J-BOX (IF USED) PV ARRAY SOLAR PV MODULE DESCRIPTION PART NUMBER NOTES
UTILITY SERVICE
M 6 7 8
1 2
________ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT J-BOX
COMBINER
DC DISCO
INVERTER AC DC
MAIN OCPD
________ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT
AC DISCO
________ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT
INVERTER OCPD
MAIN SERVICE PANEL
________ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT FOR UNUSED SERIES STRINGS PUT "N/A in BLANK ABOVE SEE GUIDE APPENDIX B FOR INFORMATION ON MODULE AND ARRAY GROUNDING
Disregard if provided with inverter
5 4
BUILDING GROUNDING ELECTRODE
CONDUIT AND CONDUCTOR SCHEDULE TAG DESCRIPTION OR CONDUCTOR TYPE 1 2 3 4 5 THWN-2 THWN-2 USE-2 or PV WIRE or XHHW-2 or XHHW-2 or RHW-2 or RHW-2 COND. NUMBER OF GAUGE CONDUCTORS BARE COPPER EQ. GRD. COND. (EGC) CONDUIT TYPE N/A N/A CONDUIT SIZE N/A N/A
INSULATED EGC DC GROUNDING ELECTRODE COND. THWN-2 or XHHW-2 INSULATED EGC or RHW-2
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

One-Line Standard Electrical Diagram for Small-Scale, Single-Phase PV Systems
Site Name: _________________________ Site Address: _______________________ System AC Size: ____________________

SIZE FSCM NO
DWG NO
REV
E1.1
SCALE
NTS
Date:
SHEET
SIGNSSEE GUIDE SECTION 7 PV MODULE RATINGS @ STC (Guide Section 5)

OCPD = OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE MODULE MAKE MODULE MODEL MAX POWER-POINT CURRENT (IMP) MAX POWER-POINT VOLTAGE (VMP) OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (VOC) V INVERTER MAKE INVERTER MODEL MAX DC VOLT RATING MAX POWER @ 40oC NOMINAL AC VOLTAGE MAX AC CURRENT MAX OCPD RATING V W V A A A A W V or %/oC ) SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT (ISC) MAX SERIES FUSE (OCPD) MAXIMUM POWER MAX VOLTAGE (TYP VOC TEMP COEFF (mV/oC IF COEFF SUPPLIED, CIRCLE UNITS 600VDC) (PMAX) V A NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE REFERENCES SHOWN AS (NEC XXX.XX) NOTES FOR ALL DRAWINGS:
SIGN FOR DC DISCONNECT
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE
RATED MPP CURRENT
RATED MPP VOLTAGE
MAX SYSTEM VOLTAGE
INVERTER RATINGS (Guide Section 4)
MAX CIRCUIT CURRENT
WARNING: ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARDLINE AND LOAD MAY BE ENERGIZED IN OPEN POSITION
SIGN FOR INVERTER OCPD AND AC DISCONNECT (IF USED) SOLAR PV SYSTEM AC POINT OF CONNECTION
AC OUTPUT CURRENT
NOMINAL AC VOLTAGE
THIS PANEL FED BY MULTIPLE SOURCES (UTILITY AND SOLAR)

NOTES FOR ARRAY CIRCUIT WIRING (Guide Section 6 and 8 and Appendix D): 1.) LOWEST EXPECT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE BASED ON ASHRAE MINIMUM MEAN EXTREME DRY BULB TEMPERATURE FOR ASHRAE LOCATION MOST SIMILAR TO INSTALLATION LOCATION. LOWEST EXPECTED AMBIENT TEMP ______oC 2.) HIGHEST CONTINUOUS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE BASED ON ASHRAE HIGHEST MONTH 2% DRY BULB TEMPERATURE FOR ASHRAE LOCATION MOST SIMILAR TO INSTALLATION LOCATION. HIGHEST CONTINUOUS TEMPERATURE _____oC 2.) 2005 ASHRAE FUNDEMENTALS 2% DESIGN TEMPERATURES DO NOT EXCEED 47oC IN THE UNITED STATES (PALM SPRINGS, CA IS 44.1oC). FOR LESS THAN 9 CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS IN ROOF-MOUNTED SUNLIT CONDUIT AT LEAST 0.5" ABOVE ROOF AND USING THE OUTDOOR DESIGN TEMPERATURE OF 47oC OR LESS (ALL OF UNITED STATES), a) 12 AWG, 90oC CONDUCTORS ARE GENERALLY ACCEPTABLE FOR MODULES WITH Isc OF 7.68 AMPS OR LESS WHEN PROTECTED BY A 12-AMP OR SMALLER FUSE. b) 10 AWG, 90oC CONDUCTORS ARE GENERALLY ACCEPTABLE FOR MODULES WITH Isc OF 9.6 AMPS OR LESS WHEN PROTECTED BY A 15-AMP OR SMALLER FUSE.
NOTES FOR INVERTER CIRCUITS (Guide Section 8 and 9):
1) IF UTILITY REQUIRES A VISIBLE-BREAK SWITCH, DOES THIS SWITCH MEET THE REQUIREMENT? YES NO N/A
2) IF GENERATION METER REQUIRED, DOES THIS METER SOCKET MEET THE REQUIREMENT? YES NO N/A
3) SIZE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE (DC) CONDUCTORS BASED ON MAX CURRENT ON NEC 690.53 SIGN OR OCPD RATING AT DISCONNECT
4) SIZE INVERTER OUTPUT CIRCUIT (AC) CONDUCTORS ACCORDING TO INVERTER OCPD AMPERE RATING. (See Guide Section 9)
5) TOTAL OF ______ INVERTER OCPD(s), ONE FOR EACH INVERTER. DOES TOTAL SUPPLY BREAKERS COMPLY WITH 120% BUSBAR EXCEPTION IN 690.64(B)(2)(a)? YES NO
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

SIZE Drawn By: Checked By:
Notes for One-Line Standard Electrical Diagram for Single-Phase PV Systems
Site Name: __________________________ Site Address: ________________________ System AC Size: ______________________

FSCM NO
DWG NO
REV
E1.2
SCALE
NTS
Date:
SHEET
ExpeditedPermitGuidelinesforSmallScalePVSystems
Section1. RequiredInformationforPermit: 1. Siteplanshowinglocationofmajorcomponentsontheproperty.Thisdrawingneednotbe toscale,butitshouldrepresentrelativelocationofcomponentsatsite.(seesupplied examplesiteplan).
Explanation:Thisisasimplediagramtoshowwheretheequipmentislocatedontheproperty. Thiscanbeazoneclearanceplotplanwiththeequipmentclearlyshownandidentifiedontheplan.If PVarrayisgroundmounted,clearlyshowthatsystemwillbemountedwithinallowablezoned setbacks.Seesiteplanexampledrawinginpermitprocessforreference.
2. ElectricaldiagramshowingPVarrayconfiguration,wiringsystem,overcurrentprotection, inverter,disconnects,requiredsigns,andacconnectiontobuilding(seesuppliedstandard electricaldiagram).

Explanation:Thecornerstoneofasimplifiedpermitprocessistheabilitytoexpresstheelectrical designwithagenericelectricaldiagram.Thisdiagramhasbeendesignedtoaccuratelyrepresentthe majorityofsinglephase,residentialsized,PVsystems.PVsystemsmayvarydramaticallyinPVarray layoutandinverterselection.However,themajorityofsmallscale,residentialsizedPVsystemscan beaccuratelyrepresentedbythisdiagram.Thisdiagrammustbefullycompletedfilledoutinorder forthepermitpackagetobesubmitted.
3. Specificationsheetsandinstallationmanuals(ifavailable)forallmanufacturedcomponents including,butnotlimitedto,PVmodules,inverter(s),combinerbox,disconnects,and mountingsystem.

Explanation:Ataminimum,specificationsheetsmustbeprovidedforallmajorcomponents.In additiontothecomponentslisted,otherimportantcomponentsmaybespecialtyfuses,circuit breakers,oranyotheruniqueproductthatmayneedtobereviewedbythelocaljurisdiction. Installationmanualsarealsolistedinthisitem.Thisisreferringtothebriefversionsofmanualsthat arereviewedbythelistingagencycertifyingtheproduct.Somedetailedinstallationmanualscanbe severaldozensorhundredsofpages.Ifthelocaljurisdictionfeelsitisnecessarytoreviewtheselarge documents,agoodalternativewouldbeforthedocumentstobesuppliedelectronically,ratherthan inprint.ItisworthconsiderationthatPDFsofthesecomprehensivemanualsbekeptelectronicallyby thelocaljurisdiction.
Section2. Step1:StructuralReviewofPVArrayMountingSystem Isthearraytobemountedonadefined,permittedroofstructure? Yes meetsmoderncodes) IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1.
No(structure
Explanation:Thereferencetoadefined,permittedroofstructurereferstostructuresthathavea clearinspectionhistorysothatverificationofstructuralelementsisunnecessary.Ifstructural modificationshavebeenmadeduetoremodeling,thosechangesshouldbedocumentedthroughthe permitandreviewprocess.Italsorecognizesthefactthatthecodeenforcementofroofstructural elementshasbeenmuchmoreconsistentacrosstheUnitedStatesinthelast35years.However,there maybemanylocaljurisdictionswhohavebeencarefullyreviewingroofstructuresforamuchlonger periodoftime.Thelocaljurisdictionshouldconsiderextendingthislimitbasedontheperiodthatroofs havebeenconsistentlyinspected.Inareaswherejurisdictionalreviewshavenotextended35yearsinto

thepast,thejurisdictionmayneedtogettheinformationfromWKS1tobesurewhetherornotthe proposedPVsystemisbeinginstalledonatypicalroofstructureornot.
RoofInformation: 1. Istheroofingtypelightweight(Yes=composition,lightweightmasonry,metal,wood shake,etc)_____________ IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1(No=heavymasonry,slate, etc). Explanation:Thereisaneedtodistinguishifaroofhasalightweightproduct.Heavier

roofingmaterials(e.g.slate,heavymasonry,maynothavetheassumeddeadloadingandlive loadingcapacitiesthatarefoundwithlighterweightroofingmaterials.Thesearemuchless commonrooftypesandoftenjustifyafurtherreviewtoclarifythattheroofstructureiseitherin complianceorneedsenhancement.
2. Doestheroofhaveasingleroofcovering? Yes No IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1.

Explanation:Multiplecompositionrooflayersaretakingaportionoralloftheassumed additionalweightallowancefoundinthe5lbs/ft2allowanceattheendofthemountingsystem section.
3. Providemethodandtypeofweatherproofingroofpenetrations(e.g.flashing, caulk).____________
Explanation:Theweatherproofingmethodneedstobespecificallyidentifiedsothatplan checkersandfieldinspectorsarenotifiedaheadoftimeofthemethodbeingused.Some jurisdictionsmayconstrainweatherproofingmethodsandmaterials.
MountingSystemInformation: 1. ThemountingstructureisanengineeredproductdesignedtomountPVmodules? Yes No IfNo,providedetailsofstructuralattachmentcertifiedbyadesignprofessional.

Explanation:Nonengineeredrackingsystemshaveundefinedcapabilities.PVsystems shouldonlybemountedusingsystemsthatareengineeredanddesignedforthatpurpose. However,ifaninstallerchoosestouseahybridmountingsystem,thenthesystemcannotbe consideredforexpeditedpermitting.
2. Formanufacturedmountingsystems,filloutinformationonthemountingsystem below: a. MountingSystemManufacturer___________ProductNameand Model#_____________(selfexplanatory) b. TotalWeightofPVModulesandRails___________lbs(includetotalweightofall hardwareusedalongwithmoduleweight) c. TotalNumberofAttachmentPoints____________(selfexplanatory) d. WeightperAttachmentPoint(bc)_________________lbs(ifgreaterthan40 lbs,seeWKS1) 9

Explanation:40lbshasbeenusedbymanyjurisdictionsasareasonablelevelbelow whichpointloadingofroofjoistsandtrussescanbeignored.Moststandardmounting systemshavepointloadingsof2535lbsperattachment.
e. MaximumSpacingBetweenAttachmentPointsonaRail______________inches (seeproductmanualformaximumspacingallowedbasedonwindloading)
Explanation:Dependingonthewindloadingrequirementsofaparticularjurisdiction, thespacingorattachmentsmaybedictatedbythemanufacturersdirections.Forinstance,a particularmanufacturermayallowa72attachmentspacingfora90MPHwindspeed design,butthespacingreducestoamaximumof48whenthedesignwindspeedexceeds 100MPH.
f. TotalSurfaceAreaofPVModules(squarefeet)_________________ft2
Explanation:Takethesurfaceareaofasinglemodule,andmultiplyitbythetotal numberofmodulesintheroofmountedsystem.
g. DistributedWeightofPVModuleonRoof(bf)_______________lbs/ft2 IfdistributedweightofthePVsystemisgreaterthan5lbs/ft2,seeWKS1.
Explanation:The5lbs/ft2limitisbasedontwothings:1)theroofistypicalofstandard codecompliantroofstructuressothatthestructureeitherhastheproperspansandspacing, orproperuseofengineeredtrusses(firstitemunderStep1:StructuralReview);and,2) thereisasinglelayerofroofingsothatthenormalweightallowanceforadditionalroof layersisunusedandavailablefortheweightofthePVsystem.Forapplicationson lightweightmasonryroofingmaterialsandotherlightweightroofingproducts(e.g.metal, shake,etc),thesematerialsdonotacceptmultiplelayersandthereforethe5lbs/ft2 allowanceisusedtoidentifythemaximumallowableadditionalweightforroofsthatare exchangingtheallowableliveloadforadeadloadthatpreventsliveloadsuchaspeople walkingontheroof.
Section3. Step2:ElectricalReviewofPVSystem(CalculationsforElectricalDiagram) InorderforaPVsystemtobeconsideredforanexpeditedpermitprocess,thefollowingmust apply: 1. PVmodules,utilityinteractiveinverters,andcombinerboxesareidentifiedforuseinPV systems.

Explanation:PVutilityinteractiveinvertersmustbespecificallylistedandlabeledforthis application(asrequiredbyNEC690.60and690.4)(Numbersinbracketsrefertosectionsinthe2008 NECthroughoutthisdocument.).Withoutthisspecificidentificationprocessanunacceptable amountofreviewwouldbenecessarytoapproveaninverter.InvertersthatpassUL1741andare listedasutilityinteractivehavemettherequirement.Over500inverterscurrentlymeetthis requirement.Aninclusivelistoftheseinvertersisavailableonlineat http://gosolarcalifornia.com/equipment/inverter.php. PVmodulesmustalsobelistedandidentifiedforuseinPVsystems(asrequiredbyNEC690.4).PV modulesthatpassUL1703andhavea600Voltmaximumvoltagemeettherequirement.Alistof theseinvertersisavailableonlineathttp://gosolarcalifornia.com/equipment/pvmodule.php.Source combinersmustbelistedandlabeledtomeetthedcvoltagerequirementsofthePVsystemorbe specificallytestedforPVsystemsandclearlystatetheallowablemaximumcurrentandvoltage(as requiredbyNEC690.4).
10
2. ThePVarrayiscomposedof4seriesstringsorless,and15kWSTCorless.
Explanation:Thepurposeofthisrequirementistolimitthenumberofoptionsofwhatcan complyasasimplesystemsothatasingleelectricaldiagramcanbeusedtodescribealarge portionofthesystemsbeinginstalled.Theelectricaldiagramcanhandleupto4stringsinparallel. Themaximumof15kWreferstothearraysizebasedonthetotalinstallednameplatecapacity.The limitissettostaygenerallywithinelectricalinterconnectionsthatwouldbeconsideredsimpleand possiblyabletomeetthe120%ofbusbarratingallowanceinNEC690.64(B)inaresidence (Minimumbreakerfora13.44kWacPVsystemis70amps).
3. TheInverterhasacontinuouspoweroutput13,440Wattsorless
Explanation:A70ampbreakerisimportantsincea225ampbusbarina200amppanelwill allowa70ampPVbreaker.Sincethisdoeshappenfromtimetotime,andaninstallercanchooseto installsuchapanelboard,itisconsideredthelargestsimplePVsystemforpurposesofthis guideline.Atableofbreaker/panelboardcombinationsisinSection9ofthisGuideline.
4. Theacinterconnectionpointisontheloadsideofservicedisconnectingmeans(NEC 690.64(B)).
Explanation:Loadsideinterconnectionsarebyfarthemostcommon,particularlyinresidential applications.AnylinesideconnectioniscoveredbyNEC690.64(A)and230.82.Althoughlineside connectionscanbequitestraightforward,theyshouldrequireanadditionalstepintheapproval processandrequireaslightlydifferentelectricaldrawing.
5. Theelectricaldiagram(E1.1)canbeusedtoaccuratelyrepresentthePVsystem.
Explanation:Thebasisforasimplifiedpermitistheuseofthestandardelectricaldiagram. Clearly,PVsystemscanvarysignificantlyinPVarraylayoutandinverterselection.However,the majorityofsmallscale,residentialsizedPVsystemscanbeaccuratelyrepresentedbythisdiagram. Thisdiagrammustbecompletelyfilledoutinorderforthepermitpackagetobeconsidered complete.Thisdiagramisnotintendedforusewithbatterybasedsystems.
Section4. InverterInformation Acopyofthemanufacturersspecificationsheetisrequiredforapermitsubmittal.Inaddition, aprintedoutdigitalphotooftheinverterlistinglabelcanbeveryhelpfulforgatheringthe ratingsoftheequipment.Aprerequisiteforacodeapprovedinstallationistheuseofalisted inverter[NEC690.4;690.60].TodetermineifaninverterislistedbyaNationallyRecognized TestingLaboratory(NRTL)toULStd.1741,thelistinglabelcanbeexaminedtoseeifitislabeled UtilityInteractive.Iftheutilityinteractivelabelingisnotprovided,doestheunitcomplywith therequirementsofIEEEStd.1547asverifiedtheinstructionmanualsvalidatedbythelisting agency.Foracurrentlistofcompliantinverters,visittheGoSolarCaliforniawebsiteat http://gosolarcalifornia.com/equipment/inverter.php.SomeNRTLshavecurrentlisting informationonlineaswell. a) INVERTERMAKE:Thisisthemanufacturersname:(e.g.PVPowered,SMA,etc) b) INVERTERMODEL#:Thisisthemodelnumberonthelistinglabel:(e.g.PVP5200, SB7000US,etc) 11
c) MAXDCVOLTAGERATING:Providedeitheronlistinglabelorspecificationsheet. d) MAXPOWER@40C:Themaximumcontinuousoutputpowerat40Cisrequired informationforthelistinglabelandtheGoSolarCaliforniawebsite.Ifthespecification sheetdoesnotclearlystatethevalue,consulteitheroftheseothertwosources. e) NOMINALACVOLTAGE:Thisistheacoutputvoltageoftheinverterasconfiguredfor thisproject.Someinverterscanoperateatmultipleacvoltages. f) MAXOCPDRATING:Thisisthemaximumovercurrentprotectivedevice(OCPD)rating allowedfortheinverter.Thisiseitherstatedonthelistinglabelorintheinstallation manual.Sometimesthisisalsolistedonthespecificationsheetbutnotalways.Itis importanttocheckthattheinverterOCPDratinginthepanelislessthanorequaltothis maximumratingtopreservethelistingoftheinverter. Section5. ModuleInformation Acopyofthemanufacturersspecificationsheetisrequiredforapermitsubmittal.Inaddition, aprintedoutdigitalphotoofthemodulelistinglabelcanbeveryhelpfulforgatheringthe ratingsoftheequipment.Aprerequisiteforacodeapprovedinstallationistheuseofalisted PVmodules[NEC690.4]toUL1703.ForacurrentlistofmodulesthatarelistedtoUL1703, visittheGoSolarCaliforniawebsite,http://gosolarcalifornia.com/equipment/pvmodule.php.
Explanation:Thismoduleinformationisparticularlyimportantsinceitisusedtocalculate severalcurrentandvoltageparametersrequiredbytheNationalElectricalCode(NEC).Listing informationisnecessaryforNECtestingrequirements[90.7,100,110.3,690.4].(Numbersin bracketsrefertosectionsinthe2008NECthroughoutthisdocument.)
a) MODULEMANUFACTURER:Thisisthemanufacturersname:(e.g.Evergreen, SunPower,etc) b) MODULEMODEL#:Thisisthemodelnumberonthelistinglabel:(e.g.EGS185,SP225, etc) c) MAXIMUMPOWERPOINTCURRENT(IMP)

Explanation:TheratedIMPisneededtocalculatesystemoperatingcurrent.Thisisthecurrent ofthemodulewhenoperatingatSTCandmaximumpower.
d) MAXIMUMPOWERPOINTVOLTAGE(VMP)
Explanation:TheratedVMPisneededtocalculatesystemoperatingvoltage.Thisisthe voltageofthemodulewhenoperatingatSTCandmaximumpower.
e) OPENCIRCUITVOLTAGE(VOC)
Explanation:TheratedVOCisneededtocalculatedmaximumsystemvoltagespecifiedinNEC 690.7.
f) SHORTCIRCUITCURRENT(ISC)
Explanation:TheratedISCisneededtocalculatemaximumcurrentspecifiedinNEC690.8(A).
g) MAXIMUMSERIESFUSE(OCPD)
Explanation:Maximumseriesfuse(OCPD)ratingisneededtoensurethattheproper overcurrentprotectionisprovidedforthemodulesandarraywiring.
h) MAXIMUMPOWER(PMAX)atStandardTestConditions(STCis1000W/m2,25Ccelltemp, &AirMass1.5)
Explanation:MaximumpoweratSTCspecifiestheratedpowerofthePVmoduleunder simulatedconditions.
12
i) MAXIMUMSYSTEMVOLTAGE
Explanation:Maximumsystemvoltage(often600Vdc)isneededtoshowthattheNEC690.7 voltagedoesnotexceedthisvalue.
Section6. Arrayinformation ThissectiondefinestheconfigurationofthePVarray.PVarraysaregenerallymadeupof severalmodulesinseries,calledsourcecircuits.Thesesourcecircuitsareoftenparalleledwith multipleothersourcecircuitstomakeuptheentiredcgeneratingunitcalledthearray.Thelast fouritemsrelatedtothePVarraymustbecalculatedandpostedonasignatthePVPower Sourcedisconnect.Thefirsttwoitemsa)andb)characterizethearraydesignandprovidesthe informationnecessarytocalculatethefouritemsneededtoproduceproperarrayidentification forPVPowerSourcesigndiscussedinSection7thatisrequiredatthesite. a) NUMBEROFMODULESINSERIES
Explanation:Forsimplicity,thisdiagramonlyaddressesthemostcommonconfigurationofPV modulesmultiplemodulesinseries.AlthoughsinglemodulePVpowersourcesexist,itismorecommon toseePVarraysconfiguredwithasmanyas12or16modulesinseries.
b) NUMBEROFPARALLELCIRCUITS
Explanation:Sincesinglephaseinverterscanbeaslargeas12kWormore,andthelargestPV sourcecircuitsareonly2or3kW,itiscommonforPVarraystohavetwoormoresourcecircuitsin parallel.FromExampleinAppendixOne: Numberofmodulesinseries=12 Numberofparallelsourcecircuits=4 Totalnumberofmodules=12x4=48
c) LOWESTEXPECTEDAMBIENTTEMP
Explanation:Upthroughthe2008edition,theNEChasnotclearlydefinedlowestexpectedambient temperature.ASHRAE(AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigeration,andAirConditioningEngineers)has performedstatisticalanalysisonweatherdatafromtheNationalWeatherService.Thesedatainclude valuesforthemeanextremetemperaturesforthelocationswithtemperaturedata.Themeanextreme lowtemperatureisthecoldestexpectedtemperatureforalocation.Halfoftheyearsonrecordhavenot exceededthisnumber,andtheresthaveexceededthisnumber.Thesedataaresuppliedintheappendix forreference.Aproposalislikelytoacceptedforthe2011NECtoincludeaFinePrintNoteto690.7that specifiestheuseoftheASHRAEmeanextremevalueforlowestexpectedambienttemperature.
d) HIGHESTCONTINUOUSTEMP(ambient)
Explanation:Upthroughthe2008edition,theNEChasnotclearlydefinedhighestcontinuous ambienttemperature.ContinuousisdefinedintheNECasa3hourperiod(Article100).ASHRAE (AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigeration,andAirConditioningEngineers)hasperformedstatistical analysisonweatherdatafromtheNationalWeatherService.Thesedataincludedesignvaluesof0.4%, 1%,and2%foreachmonthsignifyingthatthetemperatureonlyexceedstherecordedvalueupto2%of thetimeforagivenlocationwithtemperaturedata.The2%valuehasbeenchosenbytheCopper DevelopmentInstituteasthevaluethatbestrepresentsaconditionthatwouldcreatethe3hour continuousconditionreferredtoinArticle100.Twopercentofonemonthisabout14hours.Sincehigh
13

temperaturesusuallylastforseveraldaysinmostlocations,theassumptionisthatatleastoneortwo3 hourhightemperatureeventswillhappenduringagivenmonth.Thesedataaresuppliedintheappendix forreference.Aproposalforthe2011NEChasbeensubmittedtoincludeaFinePrintNotetoTable 310.16thatspecifiestheuseoftheASHRAE2%dataforthehottestmonthtodeterminehighest continuousambienttemperature.
Section7. SIGNS a) PVPOWERSOURCE i) RATEDMPP(MAXIMUMPOWERPOINT)CURRENT (sumofparallelsourcecircuitoperatingcurrents)

Explanation:RatedMPPcurrentisfoundbymultiplyingthemoduleratedMPPcurrentfora moduleseriesstringbythenumberofsourcecircuitsinparallel. FromtheexampleinAppendixOne: IMP=4.89amps Numberofsourcecircuitsinparallel=4 4.89ampsx4=19.6amps
ii) RATEDMPP(MAXIMUMPOWERPOINT)VOLTAGE (sumofseriesmodulesoperatingvoltageinsourcecircuit)

Explanation:OperatingvoltageisfoundbymultiplyingthemoduleratedMPPvoltagebythe numberofmodulesinaseriessourcecircuit. FromtheexampleinAppendixOne: VMP=35.8Volts Numberofmodulesinseries=12 35.8Voltsx12=430Volts
iii) MAXIMUMSYSTEMVOLTAGE[NEC690.7]
Explanation:MaximumsystemvoltageiscalculatedbymultiplyingthevalueofVoconthe listinglabelbytheappropriatevalueonTable690.7intheNEC,andthenmultiplyingthatvalue bythenumberofmodulesinaseriesstring.ThetableintheNECisbasedoncrystallinesilicon modulesanduseslowestexpectedambienttemperatureatasitetoderivethecorrectionfactor. Somemodulesdonothavethesametemperaturecharacteristicsascrystallinesiliconsothe manufacturersinstructionsmustbeconsultedtodeterminetheproperwaytocorrectvoltage basedonlowestexpectedambienttemperature. FromtheexampleinAppendixOne: ModuleVOC=44.4Volts NumberofModulesinSeries=12 Lowestexpectedambienttemperature(ASHRAE)=0C(SanJose,California) Method1NECTable690.7: MaximumSystemVoltage=VMAX=VOCxNo.ofModulesinSeriesxTable690.7Value VMAX=44.4Vx12x1.10=586Volts<600Volts(sizedproperly) Method2ManufacturersTemperatureCorrectionData: TemperatureCoefficientforVOC=VOC=0.33%/C=0.0033/C RatedTemperature=25C TemperatureIncreaseperModule:
14
PercentageMethod: VMODMAX=VOC+VOCxVOC(%)x(TempLOWTempRATED) VoltageMethod: VMODMAX=VOC+VOC(V)x(TempLOWTempRATED) MaximumSystemVoltage=VMAX=VMODMAXxNumberofModulesinSeries MaximumSystemVoltage=VMAX=44.4V+44.4Vx0.0033/Cx(0C25C)x12 VMAX=[44.4V+44.4Vx0.0033/Cx(25C)]x12=577Volts<600Volts(sizedproperly)
iv) MAXIMUMCIRCUITCURRENT[NEC690.8]
Explanation:ThemaximumcircuitcurrentiscalculatedbymultiplyingtheratedIscofthePV modulebythenumberofsourcecircuitsoperatinginparallel,thenmultiplyingthisvalueby 125%toaccountforextendedperiodsofsunlightabovethetestedsolarintensity(rated irradiance=1000W/m2;maximumcontinuousirradiance=1250W/m2).TheNECin690.53asks fortheshortcircuitcurrentinthe2005and2008editions,butthe2008editionclarifiesinaFine PrintNotethattheintendedvalueisthemaximumcircuitcurrentasdefinedin690.8(A)andisa worstcasecontinuousshortcircuitcurrentvalue. FromtheexampleinAppendixOne: ISC=5.30amps Numberofsourcecircuitsinparallel=4 5.30ampsx4x1.25=26.5amps
b) WARNINGSIGNREQUIREDBYNEC690.17.
Explanation:Anytimeaswitchcanhavetheloadsideenergizedintheopenposition,a warningsignmustbeplacedontheswitch.Thisisnearlyalwaystrueofthedcdisconnectatthe inverter.ThelinesideoftheswitchisenergizedbythePVarray,whiletheloadsideoftheswitch isoftenenergizedbyinputcapacitorsoftheinverter.Thesecapacitorscanremainenergizedfor fiveminutesormoreasthebleedresistorsdissipatethechargeovertime.Thewarningsign shouldreadessentially: WARNING:ELECTRICALSHOCKHAZARDLINEANDLOADMAYBEENERGIZEDINOPENPOSITION
c) PointofConnectionSign[NEC690.54] (TobeplacedontheSolarACDisconnectandACPointofConnectionlocations) i) ACOUTPUTCURRENT

Explanation:Theacoutputcurrent,orratedacoutputcurrentasstatedintheNEC,atthe pointofconnectionisthemaximumcurrentoftheinverteroutputatfullpower.Whentherated currentisnotspecificallycalledoutinthespecificationsheets,itcanbecalculatedbytakingthe maximumpoweroftheinverter,at40C,anddividingthatvaluebythenominalvoltageofthe inverter. FromtheexampleinAppendixOne: MaximumInverterPower=7,000watts NominalVoltage=240Volts IRATED=7,000W/240V=29.2amps
ii) NOMIMALACVOLTAGE
Explanation:Thenominalacvoltage,ornominaloperatingacvoltageasstatedintheNEC, atthepointofconnectionisthenominalvoltage(notmaximumorminimum)oftheinverter output.Itwillbethesameastheservicevoltage.Mostresidentialinvertersoperateat240Volts. FromtheexampleinAppendixOne: NominalVoltage=240Volts
15
Section8. WiringandOvercurrentProtection a) DCWiringSystems: Sourcecircuitconductors: InExposedLocations: PVmoduleinterconnectionsaregenerally90Cwetratedconductors(NEC690.31(A) FPN).Thesameconductortypeistypicallyusedforallhomerunconductorsneeded forsourcecircuitconductorsinexposedlocations. Allowablewiretypesareasfollows: USE2singleconductorcableforexposedlocations.[NEC690.31(B)] PVWireorPVCableasasingleconductorforexposedlocations(requiredforall ungroundedsystems).[NEC690.31(B)]
ExplanationfortheneedforHighTemperatureConductors:Typicaltemperature forPVmodulesinfullsunat20Coutdoortemperatureis50C.Thisisa30Criseabove outdoortemperatures.Onthehottestdayoftheyear,outdoortemperaturescanreacha continuoustemperatureof41CinmanyhotlocationsthroughouttheUnitedStates.This meansthatthePVmodulecouldbeoperatingat71Conthehottestdayoftheyear (41C+30C=71C).75CwireisinsufficientforconnectiontoahotPVmoduleunderthis condition. TofurthersupporttheconcernoverthehightemperatureofPVmodules,afineprint notehasbeenaddedtothe2005NEC.
NEC690.31(A)FPN:Photovoltaicmodulesoperateatelevatedtemperatureswhen exposedtohighambienttemperaturesandtobrightsunlight.Thesetemperaturesmay routinelyexceed70C(158F)inmanylocations.Moduleinterconnectionconductorsare availablewithinsulationratedforwetlocationsandatemperatureratingof90C (194F)orgreater.
InConduitonRooftops: TWOOPTIONSFORSOURCECIRCUITCONDUCTORTYPE(INSIDECONDUITCIRCLE ONE)THWN2andXHHW2

Explanation:Conductorsinconduit,whenexposedtodirectsunlight,mustaccountfor thehighertemperaturescausedbyintensesunlightandtheproximityoftheroof.The2005 NECfirstrecognizedtheissueofsunlitconduitinafineprintnoteinNEC310.10. 310.10FPNNo.2:Conductorsinstalledinconduitexposedtodirectsunlightinclose proximitytorooftopshavebeenshown,undercertainconditions,toexperiencea temperatureriseof17C(30F)aboveambienttemperatureonwhichtheampacityis based. The2008NECcodifiedthisissuebyclassifyingthetemperaturesbasedontheheightabove theroofsurface.Onresidentialroofs,whereconduittypicallyisspacedbetweenand3 abovetheroofsurface,thetemperatureadderisstatedas22Cabovetheambient temperatureaccordingtoNECTable310.15(B)(2)(c).Usingthisadder,alongwiththe
16

ASHRAE2%designdataforthehottestlocationintheU.S.(PalmSprings,CAis44C), producesadesigntemperatureof66C.andcorrectionfactorof0.58for90Cconductors basedonNECTable690.31andTable310.16.Ifnineconductorsorlessareintheexposed conduit(4pairsofconductorsorless),thentheconduitfillcorrectionfactoris0.7according toNECTable310.15(B)(2)(a).Puttingallthesecorrectionfactorstogethermeansthatthe 30C.conductorampacitymustbeasfollows: Ifonlytwostringsinparallel(nofuses): I30C.=IMAX/0.58/0.7=2.46xIMAX IfISC=9.6ampsorless,thenIMAX=ISCx1.25=12ampsorless. IfIMAX=12Amps,thenI30C.=29.5Amps(12AWG,90Crequired(NECTable310.16)) IfISC=6.4ampsorless,thenIMAX=ISCx1.25=8ampsorless. IfIMAX=8Amps,thenI30C.=19.7Amps(14AWG,90Crequired(NECTable310.16)) IffusesareneededtoprotectPVmodules(mostcases): I30C.=IFUSE/0.58/0.7=2.46xIFUSE IfISC=9.6ampsorless,thenIMAX=ISCx1.25=12amps.Theminimumovercurrent protectivedevice(OCPD)asrequiredby690.8(B)is15amps(IFUSE=IMAXx1.25=15A). IfIFUSE=15Amps,thenI30C.=2.46x15A=36.9Amps(10AWG,90Crequired(NEC Table310.16)15Afusetoprotecttheconductor) IfISC=7.68ampsorless,thenIMAX=ISCx1.25=9.6amps.Theminimumovercurrent protectivedevice(OCPD)asrequiredbyNEC690.8(B)is12amps(IFUSE=IMAXx1.25= 12A). IfIFUSE=12Amps,thenI30C.=2.46x12A=29.5Amps(12AWG,90Crequired(NEC Table310.16)12Afusetoprotecttheconductor) IfISC=6.4ampsorless,thenIMAX=ISCx1.25=8amps.Theminimumovercurrent protectivedevice(OCPD)asrequiredby690.8(B)is10amps(IFUSE=IMAXx1.25=10A). IfIFUSE=10Amps,thenI30C.=2.46x10A=24.6Amps(14AWG,90Crequired(NEC Table310.16)10Afusetoprotecttheconductor)
Maximum ModuleISC 9.6Amps 7.68Amps 6.4Amps
RequiredFuse MinimumConductorSize Size inConduit(9conductors) 15Amps 10AWG 12Amps 12AWG 10Amps 14AWG
MinimumConductorSizein FreeAir(atmodules) 10AWG 12AWG 14AWG
SincethehighestISCmodulecommonlyavailableasofthewritingofthisguideislessthan9 amps,10AWGconductorswillalwaysworkregardlessoflocationintheU.S.aslongasthere
17

arenomorethan9currentcarryingconductorsintheconduitandtheconduitisatleast0.5 abovetheroofsurface.SmallerwirecanbeusedaccordingtotheISCofthemodulesbeing usedandthenumberofconductorsintheconduit.Thesecalculationsareprovidedsothat contractorsandjurisdictionswillnotneedtorepeatthesestandardcalculationsoverand over.Asimpletablesummarizestheminimumconductorsizes.
b) ACWiringSystems InverterOutputCircuitovercurrentprotectionshouldbesizedandprotectedaccordingthe manufacturersdirections.Thecircuitandcorrespondingovercurrentprotectionshouldbe sizedata125%ofthemaximumcontinuousoutputoftheinverter[NEC215.3Overcurrentfor FeederCircuits,andNEC690.8(A)(3)and690.8(B)].The125percentincreaseoverthe maximumInverterOutputCircuitcurrentistoaccountforthestandardlistingofovercurrent devicesto80%ofmaximumcircuitcurrentforcontinuousduty.Theinvertermayalsohavea maximumallowableovercurrentrequirement.

Explanation:Forinstance,theSMASB7000UShasamaximumcontinuousoutputof29.2amps andamaximumallowableovercurrentprotectionof50amps.Thismeansthattheminimumallowable overcurrentis40amps(29.2ampsx1.25=36.5ampsrounduptothenextstandardsize,whichis40 amps)andamaximumof50amps.Normallytheminimumallowablebreakersizeisusedsincethe panelboardsupplybreakersareconstrainedto120%ofthepanelboardbusbarrating. FromtheexampleinAppendixOne: Invertercontinuousoutputrating=7000Watts Nominalinvertervoltage=240Volts Maximumoperatingcurrent=7000Watts/240Volts=29.2Amps Min.InverterOutputCircuitampacity=29.2Ampsx1.25=36.5Amps
Section9. ACPointofConnection NEC690.64(B)coverstherequirementsforPointofConnectionofthePVinvertertothe buildingelectricalsystem.Themostcommonmethodofconnectionisthroughadedicated circuitbreakertoapanelboardbusbar.Thesumofthesupplybreakersfeedingthebusbarofa panelcanbeupto120%ofthebusbarrating.AppendixBtreatsthissubjectindetail.

Explanation:Aservicepanelcontaininga200ampbusbaranda200ampmainbreakerwill allowbreakerstotaling120%ofthebusbarrating(240amps).Sincethemainbreakeris200amps,the PVbreakercanbeupto40ampswithoutexceedingthe120%allowance.Foraservicepanelwitha125 ampbusbaranda100ampmainbreaker,thisprovisionwillallowuptoa50ampbreaker(125ampsx 1.2=150amps;150amps100ampmainbreaker=50ampPVbreaker).
Aprovisioninthe2005NECclarifiesthefactthatdedicatedcircuitbreakersbackfedfromlisted utilityinteractiveinvertersdonotneedtobeindividuallyclampedtothepanelboardbusbars. Thishasalwaysbeenthecase,butmanyinspectorshaveemployedtheprovisionsofNEC 408.36(F)thatthebreakerbesecuredinplacebyanadditionalfastener.Utilityinteractive invertersdonotrequirethisfastenersincetheyaredesignedtoshutdownimmediatelyshould thededicatedbreakerbecomedisconnectedfromthebusbarunderanycondition.This provisionisrepeatedinthe2008NECinaclearandconcisestatement: 18
NEC690.64(B)(6)Fastening.Listedplugintypecircuitbreakersbackfedfromutilityinteractive inverterscomplyingwith690.60shallbepermittedtoomittheadditionalfastenernormally requiredby408.36(D)forsuchapplications. NEC690.64(B)coverstherequirementsforPointofConnectionofthePVinvertertothe buildingelectricalsystem,whichisthemostcommonmethodofconnection.Thetablebelow showsthehowthemaximumcurrentoftheinverter(column1)requiresaminimumsizeOCPD (column2),whichrequiresaminimumsizeconductor(column3),whichrequiresacompatible busbar/mainbreakercombinationinthepanelboard(column4).Thewaytounderstand column4,minimumbusbar/mainbreakercombinationsistolookattherowthatcoincideswith theparticularbreakerbeingselected(fromcolumn2)anduseanycombinationfromcolumn4 foundonthatroworhigherinthetable.Forinstance,a40Ampsinverterbreakerworkswitha 200/200panelcombination,butitalsoworkswitha125/100combinationfoundontherow above.The40Ampbreakerdoesnotworkonthe150/150combination,sincethelargest breakerwouldbe30ampsforthe150/150combination.
TableofNEC690.64(B)ACInterconnectionOptions
Maximum Inverter Current 64Amps 56Amps 48Amps 40Amps 32Amps 24Amps 16Amps 12Amps Required InverterOCPD Size 80Amps 70Amps 60Amps 50Amps 40Amps 30Amps 20Amps 15Amps Minimum ConductorSizein Conduit 4AWG 4AWG 6AWG 8AWG 8AWG 10AWG 12AWG 14AWG MinimumBusbar/MainBreaker Combinations (BusbarAmps/MainAmps) 400/400;200/150 225/200;250/225 300/300;200/175 125/100;150/125 225/225;200/200;150/125 150/150 100/100;70/60 80/80
Section10. Grounding a) SystemGrounding TheNECrequires[690.41]thatallsystemsoperatingabove50voltshaveoneconductor referencedtogroundunlessthesystemcomplieswiththerequirementsofNEC690.35for ungroundedPVarrays. b) EquipmentGrounding Thecodealsorequiresthatallexposednoncurrentcarryingmetalpartsofmoduleframes, equipment,andconductorenclosuresbegroundedregardlessofsystemvoltage[NEC690.43]. Thegroundingofmoduleframeshasreceivedsignificantattentioninthelastseveralyears. Manyjurisdictions,withaheightenedconcernovertheissue,havedramaticallyrestricted effectivegroundingoptions.AdiscussiononmoduleframegroundingisfoundintheAppendix. 19
c) SizingofGroundingConductors i) Equipmentgroundingconductor(EGC)sizing[NEC690.45] ThesizeoftheEGCisdependentonwhetherthesystemhasgroundfaultprotection (GFP)equipmentornot.TheprovisionsforGFPequipmentarestatedinNEC690.5. AlmostallinvertershaveGFPequipmentintegraltotheinverterandrequirethatthePV arraybegroundedattheinverteronly. (1) Systemswithgroundfaultprotectionequipment SizeequipmentgroundingconductoraccordingtoNECTable250.122. (2) Systemswithoutgroundfaultprotectionequipment TheNECrequiresthatequipmentgroundingconductorsforsystemswithoutGFP equipmentbesizedfortwicethecircuitshortcircuitcurrent[NEC690.45]. ii) Systemgroundingconductorsizing (1) ACSystem Sizegroundingelectrodeconductor(GEC)accordingtoNECTable250.66. Normallythesitealreadyhastheconductorandelectrodeinstalledfortheac buildingwiring. (2) DCSystem Sizegroundingelectrodeconductor(GEC)accordingtoNEC250.166.Thisresults inaminimumsizeof8AWG.ThemaximumsizeoftheGECisdependentupon thetypeofgroundingelectrodeorthemaximumsizeconductorinthesystem, whicheverissmaller.
20
APPENDIX
21
APPENDIXA:EXAMPLESUBMITTAL
Step1:StructuralReviewofPVArrayMountingSystem
Isthearraytobemountedonadefined,permittedroofstructure? Yes No (structuremeetsmoderncodes) IfNoduetononcompliantrooforgroundmount,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1. RoofInformation:
1. 2. 3.
Istheroofingtypelightweight(Yes=composition,lightweightmasonry,metal,etc)_Yescomposition IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1(No=heavymasonry,slate,etc). Doestheroofhaveasingleroofcovering? Yes No IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1. Providemethodandtypeofweatherproofingroofpenetrations(e.g.flashing,caulk).__flashing_____ ThemountingstructureisanengineeredproductdesignedtomountPVmodules? Yes No IfNo,providedetailsofstructuralattachmentcertifiedbyadesignprofessional. Formanufacturedmountingsystems,filloutinformationonthemountingsystembelow: a. MountingSystemManufacturer_UniRac_ProductNameandModel#__SolarMount___ b. TotalWeightofPVModulesandRails___1780________lbs c. TotalNumberofAttachmentPoints____48___ d. WeightperAttachmentPoint(bc)____37___________lbs(ifgreaterthan40lbs,seeWKS1) e. MaximumSpacingBetweenAttachmentPointsonaRail______48______inches(seeproduct manualformaximumspacingallowedbasedonmaximumdesignwindspeed) f. TotalSurfaceAreaofPVModules(squarefeet)_____674____________ft2 g. DistributedWeightofPVModuleonRoof(bf)______2.64______lbs/ft2
MountingSystemInformation:
1. 2.
IfdistributedweightofthePVsystemisgreaterthan5lbs/ft2,seeWKS1.
Step2:ElectricalReviewofPVSystem(CalculationsforElectricalDiagram)
InorderforaPVsystemtobeconsideredforanexpeditedpermitprocess,thefollowingmustapply:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PVmodules,utilityinteractiveinverters,andcombinerboxesareidentifiedforuseinPVsystems. ThePVarrayiscomposedof4seriesstringsorless,and15kWSTCorless. TheInverterhasacontinuouspoweroutput13,440Wattsorless Theacinterconnectionpointisontheloadsideofservicedisconnectingmeans(690.64(B)). Theelectricaldiagram(E1.1)canbeusedtoaccuratelyrepresentthePVsystem.
Filloutthestandardelectricaldiagramcompletely.Aguidetotheelectricaldiagramisprovidedtohelpthe applicantunderstandeachblanktofillin.Iftheelectricalsystemismorecomplexthanthestandardelectrical diagramcaneffectivelycommunicate,provideanalternativediagramwithappropriatedetail.
22
10'-8"
24 SOLARWORLD SW 175 MODULES IN 2 SERIES STRINGS OF 12 MODULES EACH ON EXISTING SHADE STRUCTURE
12'-7"
J
11'-3"
EXISTING FENCE ROOFTOP J-BOX TO TRANSITION EXPOSED USE-2 TO THWN-2 CONDUCTORS IN " EMT
3'-0"
J
3'-0" 3'-0"
24 SOLARWORLD SW 175 MODULES IN 2 SERIES STRINGS OF 12 MODULES EACH ON EXISTING ROOF STRUCTURE
INVERTER WITH SUPPLIED COMBINER AND DC DISCONNECT
EXISTING ALL-IN-ONE SERVICE EQUIPMENT WITH 40-AMP PV BREAKER AS AC DISCONNECT
Bill and Teds Solar 456 Industrial Drive San Jose, CA 408-555-1212
Site Plan for Small-Scale, Single-Phase PV Systems
Site Name: Joe and Jane Homeowner Site Address: 123 Sunnyside St., San Jose, CA System AC Size: 6.9 kW Solar Array
Bill Ted
SIZE
FSCM NO
DWG NO
REV
S1.1
SCALE
0 NTS
Date:
SHEET
EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE TAG 1 2 N/A NEMA 4, PVC JUNCTION BOX SMA-supplied SMA-supplied SB7000US FORM 2S D222NRB SD200SL 240VAC, 200-A MAIN, 200-A BUS, 40-A INVERTER OCPD (SEE NOTE 5 FOR INVERTER OCPDs, ALSO SEE GUIDE SECTION 9) GENERAL ELECTRIC 4-JAW SQUARE D, 240VAC, 60-AMP FUSED (SEE GUIDE APPENDIX B) LISTED WITH INVERTER, 600VDC, 60-AMP (SEE GUIDE APPENDIX B) SMA 7000 WATT, SINGLE PHASE (SEE NOTES SHEET FOR DETAILS) 15-A MAX FUSE W/15-A FUSES, 600VDC, 4-STRING MAX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SERVICE PANEL AC DISCONNECT (IF USED) GEN METER (IF USED) DC/AC INVERTER DC DISCONNECT COMBINER (IF USED) J-BOX (IF USED) PV ARRAY ARRAY IS 4 STRINGS WITH 12 MODULES PER SERIES STRING SOLAR PV MODULE SW 175 mono SOLAR WORLD, QUANTITY - 36 (SEE NOTES SHEET FOR DETAILS) DESCRIPTION PART NUMBER NOTES
UTILITY SERVICE
M 6 7 8
1 2
___12___ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT J-BOX
COMBINER
DC DISCO
INVERTER AC DC
MAIN OCPD
___12___ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT
AC DISCO
___12___ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT
INVERTER OCPD
MAIN SERVICE PANEL
___12___ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT FOR UNUSED SERIES STRINGS PUT "N/A in BLANK ABOVE SEE GUIDE APPENDIX B FOR INFORMATION ON MODULE AND ARRAY GROUNDING
Disregard if provided with inverter
5 4
BUILDING GROUNDING ELECTRODE
CONDUIT AND CONDUCTOR SCHEDULE TAG DESCRIPTION OR CONDUCTOR TYPE 1 2 3 4 5 THWN-2 THWN-2 USE-2 or PV WIRE or XHHW-2 or XHHW-2 or RHW-2 or RHW-2 COND. NUMBER OF GAUGE CONDUCTORS 10 AWG 8 BLACK 10 AWG 1 BARE CU 10 AWG 4-R, 4-W, 1-G N/A N/A 6 AWG THWN-2 or XHHW-2 INSULATED EGC or RHW-2 8 AWG N/A N/A 1 BARE CU 1-R, 1-B, 1-W 10 AWG 1 GREEN N/A EMT N/A "
Checked By: Drawn By:
CONDUIT TYPE N/A N/A EMT N/A
CONDUIT SIZE N/A N/A " N/A

BARE COPPER EQ. GRD. COND. (EGC)
One-Line Standard Electrical Diagram for Small-Scale, Single-Phase PV Systems
INSULATED EGC DC GROUNDING ELECTRODE COND.
Bill Ted
SIZE FSCM NO
DWG NO
REV
E1.1
SCALE
0 NTS
Date:
SHEET
SIGNSSEE GUIDE SECTION 7 PV MODULE RATINGS @ STC (Guide Section 5)

OCPD = OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE MODULE MAKE MODULE MODEL MAX POWER-POINT CURRENT (IMP) MAX POWER-POINT VOLTAGE (VMP) OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (VOC) 44.4 V INVERTER MAKE INVERTER MODEL MAX DC VOLT RATING MAX POWER @ 40oC NOMINAL AC VOLTAGE MAX AC CURRENT MAX OCPD RATING SB7000US 600 V 7000 W 240 V 29 A 50 A SMA 5.3 A 15 A 175 W 600 V or %/oC ) -0.33 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT (ISC) MAX SERIES FUSE (OCPD) MAXIMUM POWER MAX VOLTAGE (TYP VOC TEMP COEFF (mV/oC IF COEFF SUPPLIED, CIRCLE UNITS 600VDC) (PMAX) 35.8 V 4.89 A SW 175 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE REFERENCES SHOWN AS (NEC XXX.XX) SOLAR WORLD NOTES FOR ALL DRAWINGS:
SIGN FOR DC DISCONNECT
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE
RATED MPP CURRENT
19.6 A
RATED MPP VOLTAGE
430 V
MAX SYSTEM VOLTAGE
577 V
INVERTER RATINGS (Guide Section 4)
MAX CIRCUIT CURRENT
26.5 A
WARNING: ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARDLINE AND LOAD MAY BE ENERGIZED IN OPEN POSITION
SIGN FOR INVERTER OCPD AND AC DISCONNECT (IF USED) SOLAR PV SYSTEM AC POINT OF CONNECTION
AC OUTPUT CURRENT
29 A
NOMINAL AC VOLTAGE
240 V
THIS PANEL FED BY MULTIPLE SOURCES (UTILITY AND SOLAR)

NOTES FOR ARRAY CIRCUIT WIRING (Guide Section 6 and 8 and Appendix D): 1.) LOWEST EXPECT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE BASED ON ASHRAE MINIMUM MEAN EXTREME DRY BULB TEMPERATURE FOR ASHRAE LOCATION MOST SIMILAR TO INSTALLATION LOCATION. LOWEST EXPECTED AMBIENT TEMP ___0_oC 2.) HIGHEST CONTINUOUS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE BASED ON ASHRAE HIGHEST MONTH 2% DRY BULB TEMPERATURE FOR ASHRAE LOCATION MOST SIMILAR TO INSTALLATION LOCATION. HIGHEST CONTINUOUS TEMPERATURE __34_oC 2.) 2005 ASHRAE FUNDAMENTALS 2% DESIGN TEMPERATURES DO NOT EXCEED 47oC IN THE UNITED STATES (PALM SPRINGS, CA IS 44.1oC). FOR LESS THAN 9 CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS IN ROOF-MOUNTED SUNLIT CONDUIT AT LEAST 0.5" ABOVE ROOF AND USING THE OUTDOOR DESIGN TEMPERATURE OF 47oC OR LESS (ALL OF UNITED STATES), a) 12 AWG, 90oC CONDUCTORS ARE GENERALLY ACCEPTABLE FOR MODULES WITH Isc OF 7.68 AMPS OR LESS WHEN PROTECTED BY A 12-AMP OR SMALLER FUSE. b) 10 AWG, 90oC CONDUCTORS ARE GENERALLY ACCEPTABLE FOR MODULES WITH Isc OF 9.6 AMPS OR LESS WHEN PROTECTED BY A 15-AMP OR SMALLER FUSE.
NOTES FOR INVERTER CIRCUITS (Guide Section 8 and 9):
1) IF UTILITY REQUIRES A VISIBLE-BREAK SWITCH, DOES THIS SWITCH MEET THE REQUIREMENT? YES NO N/A
2) IF GENERATION METER REQUIRED, DOES THIS METER SOCKET MEET THE REQUIREMENT? YES NO N/A
3) SIZE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE (DC) CONDUCTORS BASED ON MAX CURRENT ON NEC 690.53 SIGN OR OCPD RATING AT DISCONNECT
4) SIZE INVERTER OUTPUT CIRCUIT (AC) CONDUCTORS ACCORDING TO INVERTER OCPD AMPERE RATING. (See Guide Section 9)
5) TOTAL OF ___1___ INVERTER OCPD(s), ONE FOR EACH INVERTER. DOES TOTAL SUPPLY BREAKERS COMPLY WITH 120% BUSBAR EXCEPTION IN 690.64(B)(2)(a)? YES NO
SIZE Drawn By: Checked By:
Notes for One-Line Standard Electrical Diagram for Single-Phase PV Systems
Bill Ted
FSCM NO
DWG NO
REV
E1.2
SCALE
0 NTS
Date:
SHEET
APPENDIXB:STRUCTURAL
STRUCTUREWORKSHEETWKS1
Ifarrayisroofmounted: Thissectionisforevaluatingroofstructuralmembersthataresitebuilt.Thisincludesrafter systemsandsitebuilttrusses.Manufacturedtrussandroofjoistsystems,wheninstalledwith properspacing,meettheroofstructurerequirementscoveredinitem2below. 1. Roofconstruction: Rafters Trusses Other: ___________________________________ 2. Describesitebuiltrafterororsitebuilttrusssystem. a. RafterSize:___x___inches b. RafterSpacing:________inches c. Maximumunsupportedspan:_____feet,_____inches d. Aretheraftersoverspanned?(seetheIRCspantablesinB.2.) Yes No e. IfYes,completetherestofthissection. 3. Iftheroofsystemhas: a. overspannedraftersortrusses, b. thearrayover5lbs/ft2onanyroofconstruction,or c. theattachmentswithadeadloadexceeding40lbsperattachment; itisrecommendedthatyouprovideoneofthefollowing: i. Aframingplanthatshowsdetailsforhowyouwillstrengthentherafters usingthesuppliedspantablesinB.2. ii. Confirmationcertifiedbyadesignprofessionalthattheroofstructurewill supportthearray. Ifarrayisgroundmounted: 1. Showarraysupports,framingmembers,andfoundationpostsandfootings. 2. Provideinformationonmountingstructure(s)construction.Ifthemountingstructureis unfamiliartothelocaljurisdictionandismorethansix(6)feetabovegrade,itmay requireengineeringcalculationscertifiedbyadesignprofessional. 3. Showdetailonmoduleattachmentmethodtomountingstructure.
26
B.2
SPANTABLES
AframingplanisrequiredonlyifthecombinedweightofthePVarrayexceeds5poundsper squarefoot(PSForlbs/ft2)ortheexistingraftersareoverspanned.Thefollowingspantables fromthe2003InternationalResidentialCode(IRC)canbeusedtodetermineiftheraftersare overspanned.Forinstallationsinjurisdictionsusingdifferentspantables,followthelocal tables. SpanTableR802.5.1(1),

Usethistableforrafterspansthathaveconventionallightweightdeadloadsanddonothaveaceilingattached.
10 PSF Dead Load

Roof live load = 20 psf, ceiling not attached to rafters, L/=180 Rafter Size 2 x 4 2 x 6 2x8 2 x 10 2 x 12 Themeasurementsbelowareinfeetinches Spacing Species Grade (inches) (e.g.910=9feet,10inches). Douglas #2or 16 910 144 182 223 259 Firlarch better #2or 16 Hemfir 92 142 1711 2111 255 better Douglas #2or 24 710 119 1410 182 210 Firlarch better #2or 24 Hemfir 73 115 148 1710 209 better Usethistableforrafterspansthathaveheavydeadloadsanddonothaveaceilingattached.
20 PSF Dead Load

Roof live load = 20 psf, ceiling not attached to rafters, L/=180 Rafter Size 2 x 4 2 x 6 2x8 2 x 10 2 x 12 Themeasurementsbelowareinfeetinches Spacing Species Grade (inches) (e.g.910=9feet,10inches). Douglas #2or 16 86 125 159 193 224 Firlarch better #2or 16 Hemfir 85 123 156 1811 220 better Douglas #2or 24 611 102 1210 158 183 Firlarch better #2or 24 Hemfir 610 100 128 156 1711 better
27
SpanTableR802.5.1(2),
Usethistableforrafterspanswithaceilingattachedandconventionallightweightdeadloads.
10 PSF Dead Load

Roof live load = 20 psf, ceiling attached to rafters, L/=240 Rafter Size 2 x 4 2 x 6 2x8 2 x 10 2 x 12 Themeasurementsbelowareinfeetinches Spacing Species Grade (inches) (e.g.910=9feet,10inches). Douglas #2or 16 811 141 182 223 259 Firlarch better #2or 16 Hemfir 84 131 173 2111 255 better Douglas #2or 24 710 119 1410 182 210 Firlarch better #2or 24 Hemfir 73 115 148 1710 209 better Usethistableforrafterspanswithaceilingattachedandwhereheavydeadloadsexist.
20 PSF Dead Load

Roof live load = 20 psf, ceiling attached to rafters, L/=240 Rafter Size 2 x 4 2 x 6 2x8 2 x 10 2 x 12 Themeasurementsbelowareinfeetinches Spacing Species Grade (inches) (e.g.910=9feet,10inches). Douglas #2or 16 86 125 159 193 224 Firlarch better #2or 16 Hemfir 84 123 156 1811 220 better Douglas #2or 24 611 102 1210 158 183 Firlarch better #2or 24 Hemfir 610 100 128 156 1711 better
Usetheconventionallightweightdeadloadtablewhentheexistingroofingmaterialsarewood shake,woodshingle,compositionroofingorlightweighttileroofs.(Therationaleforallowing thesetablestobeusedisthattheinstallationofaPVsystemshouldbeconsideredaspartof theliveload,sinceadditionalloadingwillnotbeaddedtothesectionoftheroofwhereaPV arrayisinstalled.) Whereheavyroofingsystemsexist(e.g.claytileorheavyconcretetileroofs),usethe20lbs/ft2 deadloadtables.
28
APPENDIXC:SPECIALELECTRICALTOPICS
ModuleFrameGrounding:
Theprimaryconcernraisedbyindustryexperts,includingtheSolarABCs,hasbeenthefactthat theanodizedaluminumframesincontactwithanodizedaluminumrailsmaynotcreatean adequateandreliableelectricalconnection.Untilthisissuewasraised,mostinspectorsand contractorsweresatisfiedwithgroundingthemetalsupportstructureratherthangrounding individualmodules.Severalstandardandnewgroundingmethodscanaddresstheelectrical bondofthemoduleframetoitssupportbypenetratingeachnonconductivesurfacewitha sharp,metallurgicallycompatibledevice.Thisdevicemaybeasimpleasastainlesssteelstar washer,orasuniqueasaspeciallydesignedgroundingclipwithsharppointstopiercethe anodizing. PVmodulegroundingoptionsincludeavarietyofmethodsincludinggroundingscrewsorlugs oneachmoduleconnectedtoagroundwire,ormethodsthatcreateanelectricalbond betweenthemoduleframeanditssupportstructure.InstallationmanualsforPVmoduleshave becomemoreexplicitaboutgroundingmethods,butitisnotnecessaryforthemanualtostate everypossiblemethodofcompliance.TheUL1703teststandardforthesafetyofPVmodulesis beingrevisedtoallowanymethodthatmeetstherequirementsofUL467,Groundingand BondingEquipmentaslongasthemetalsarecompatibleandthematerialsareableto withstandanoutdoorenvironmentandexpandstheoptionsforgroundingmodules.
29
ACConnectiontoBuildingElectricalSystems ACConnectiontoLoadSideofMainServicePanel
TheconnectionofPVsystemsinverteroutputcircuittotheloadsideoftheMainServicepanel isthemostcommoninstallationmethod.Thistypeofconnectionisgovernedbythe requirementsofNEC690.64(B).TheserequirementsdictatethatthemaximumsumofOCPDs thatcanbefedintoaconductororbusbaris120%ofthebusbarorconductorrating(NEC 690.64(B)(1)).Forexample,ifabusbarhasacurrentratingof225amps,andamainbreaker ratedat200amps,thenthemaximumbreakerratingforaPVinverteris70ampsasshown below: MaximumallowableOCPD:Busbar=225A;120%ofBusbar=225Ax1.2=270A ExistingMainOCPD=200A MaximumPVOCPD=MaximumallowableOCPDExistingMainOCPD =270A200A=70A Todeterminethemaximumsizeinverterthatcanbefedintoa70AOCPD,rememberthatmost circuitbreakersandotherOCPDsarelimitedto80%oftheircurrentratingforcontinuous operation.Thismeansthat70Acircuitbreakermustbesizedsothat56Acanpassthroughthe breakeronacontinuousbasis(3hoursormore).SincePVinvertersareratedbasedontheir maximumpowerat40Cforacontinuous3hourperiod,aninvertercapableofacontinuous 56Aiscapableof11,648Wattsat208Vac;13,440Wacat240Vac;and15,512Wacat277Vac. Theonlywaytoputmorecurrentintotheloadsideoftheservicepanelinthisisexample,isto reducethesizeofthemainOCPD.TotheextentthatthemainOCPDisreduced,thePVinverter OCPDmaybeincreased.However,anytimeamainOCPDisreduced,aloadcalculation followingtherequirementsofNECArticle220mustbecalculatedtoshowthattheloadonthe mainOCPDwillnotseemorethanan80%continuousloadatthechosenOCPDrating. Ifnootherpanelboardsexistonthisservice,theonlyotheropportunitytoinstallalargerPV systemistomakeasupplysideserviceconnection(NEC690.64(A)).Thismethodisdiscussedin theACSupplySideConnectionsectioninthisAppendix.
30
ACConnectiontoSubpanel:
Whenasiteservicecontainsmorethanonepanelboard,thepanelsfedfromthemainservice panelarereferredtoassubpanels.TheNEC,in690.64(B)(1),allowstheinverterOCPDtobe connectedatanylocationinthepremiseswiringsystem,providedthatthe120%ofbusbarand conductorampacitylimitationisobserved. Forexample,alargeresidencehasamainpanelwitha400ampratingwitha400ampmain OCPD.Froma200ampbreakerinthis400amppanelisa200amppanelattheoppositeend oftheresidence.Inthisexample,thePVarrayislocatedmuchclosertothe200amppanel,so thepreferredinterconnectionpointisthe200amppanel.AslongastheinverterOCPD complieswithlimitationsofthe200amppanel,theinvertercaninterconnectatthatpanel. Witha200ampbusbaranda200ampmainbreaker,thelargestPVOCPDallowedinthatpanel is40amps(seediscussiononACConnectiontoLoadSideofMainServicePanelinthis Appendix).Assuminga40ampPVOCPCissufficientforthePVinverter(e.g.7000Watt inverter),theissuesofconcerninthesubpanelareaddress. Nowconsiderthecurrentflowatthemainservicepanel.The2008NECinstructstheinstallerto calculatethesumofthesupplyOCPDsatthemainservicepanelbasedontheratingofinverter OCPD,whichis40amps,notthe200ampfeederbreakerthatfeedsthesubpanel[NEC 690.64(B)(1)].Clearly,the40ampPVOCPDdoesnotexceedthe120%ofbusbarratinginthe 400amppanel,whereas,hadthe200ampfeederbreakervaluebeenusedinthecalculation, theinstallationwouldhavebeeninviolation. Takingthisexampleoneadditionalstep,shouldanotherPVinverterbedesired,duetothelarge electricalconsumptionoftheresidence,thereisstillampacityallowanceinthe400ampmain panelbusbar.TheallowableinverterOCPDsizewouldbecalculatedasfollows: MaximumallowableOCPD:Busbar=400A;120%ofBusbar=400Ax1.2=480A ExistingMainOCPD=400A;InverterOCPDin200Asubpanel=40A MaximumPVOCPDin400Apanel=MaximumallowableOCPDExistingMainOCPD InverterOCPDin200Asubpanel=480A400A=40A Thereforeanadditional40AinverterOCPDcouldbeplacedinthemainpanelwithoutany changestothepanel. ShouldalargerPVsystembedesiredthancouldbehandledbythetwo40Abreakersinthis example,refertothediscussionsinACConnectiontoLoadSideofMainServicePanelinthis Appendix. 31

ACSupplySideConnection:
WhenthesizeofPVsystemisrelativelylargerelativetothesizeofthesiteservice,itisfairly commontoconsiderasupplysideconnectionfortheinverterOCPD.Wheneverthe120% allowanceforOCPDsconnectedtobusbarsorconductorscannotbeobserved,duetosizeof therequiredPVOCPDandthelimitedsizeoftheservicepanel,thesupplysideconnectionmay betheonlyalternativeavailable.Asupplysideconnectionbydefinitionismadebetweenthe servicemeterandtheservicedisconnect. Notallservicescanbelegallyconnectedatthispoint.Forinstance,manyallinonemeter panels,usedroutinelyinnewresidentialconstruction,havenomeansofmakingsucha connectionwithoutviolatingthelistingoftheproduct.Ontheotherendofthesizespectrum, manylarge3,000ampservicepanelshavenospaceforsuchaconnection.Tofurther complicatethissituation,someutilitieshavebegunrequiringmeteringcurrenttransformersto beinstalledontheloadsideofserviceOCPD,makingasupplysideconnectionimpossible. Withthosecomplicationsaside,wewilldiscussthesituationswhereasupplysideconnectionis possibleanddoesnotviolatetheequipmentlistingsoftheserviceequipment.TheNECcovers supplysideconnectionsin230.82.ThesupplysideconnectionforthePVsystemmusthavea disconnectandOCPDlocatedimmediatelyadjacenttothemainservicedisconnectasspecified in230.91.Eventhoughthetaprule,discussedinArticle240.99doesnotapplytosupplyside connections,thesizeoftheconductorsconnectingthesupplysideconnectiontothePVOCPD aresizedaccordingtoratingoftheOCPD.Therefore,ifa60ampfuseddisconnectisusedas thePVOCPD,theconductorsizebetweenthesupplysideconnectionandthePVOCPDneed onlybe6AWG,regardlessofthesizeofserviceconductors. ThemethodofterminationofPVconductorstothesupplyconductorsorbusbar,dependson theserviceequipmentandconductors.Inanycase,theservicevoltagewillneedtobe interruptedtotieintotheserviceconductorsorbusbarunlesstheveryrareexceptions outlinedinNFPA70Eareinvolvedatfacilitieslikehospitalswherethecutinprocessmustbe donewhileenergized.Typicalterminationmethodsincludeseveraloptions: 1. luggingtoanaccessibleperforatedbuswithinserviceequipment; 2. usingemptysetofdoublebarrellugswithinserviceequipment; 3. usingpiercinglugsonconductorsbetweenmeterandservicedisconnect; 4. anylugidentifiedformakingconnectionstoconductorsofthesizerangeinstalled. Ofteninstallinglugsonserviceconductorswillrequireremovalofserviceconductorsand conduitandreinstallingconductorswithajunctionboxtoaccommodatetheconnection.
32
SourceCircuitOvercurrentProtection:
SourcecircuitovercurrentprotectionmustbesizedsothatboththePVmoduleandthe conductorfromthemoduletotheovercurrentdeviceareproperlyprotected[690.9(A),240.20 (A)].PVmodulesmustbeprotectedsothatthemaximumseriesfuserating,printedonthe listinglabel,isnotexceeded.Itisimportanttonotethateventhoughthelistinglabelstates fuserating,amoreaccuratetermwouldbethemaximumseriesovercurrentprotection ratingsinceeitherafuseoracircuitbreakermaybeusedtosatisfythislistingrequirement.The modulemaybeprotectedeitherbyinstallingfusesorcircuitbreakersinaseriesstringof modulesorbythedesignofthePVsystem. InverterslistedwithaMaximumutilitybackfeedcurrentthatiswellabove2amps(typically equaltothemaximumallowableoutputovercurrentprotection)mustbeassumedtoprovide backfeedcurrenttothePVarray.Eachsourcecircuitmusthaveovercurrentprotectionthatis greaterthanorequaltotheminimumPVSourceCircuitcurrentratingandlessthanorequalto themaximumseriesfuserating.
Explanation:Foranarraywithamaximumsourcecircuitcurrentof6.8ampsandamaximum seriesfuseratingof15amps,Theminimumfuseratingwouldbe9amps(nextlargerfuseratingabove 8.5amps;6.8Ax1.25=8.5A)andthemaximumwouldbe15amps.
Inverterslistedwithamaximumutilitybackfeedcurrentthatis2ampsorless(e.g.FroniusIG 5100),twosourcecircuitscanbeconnectedtotheinverterwithoutrequiringovercurrent protectiononeithercircuit.

Explanation:Ifanarraycontainingtwostringsinparallelisconnectedtoaninverterthatisa limitedbackfeedingsource(2ampsorless),themaximumcurrentinastringisequaltothecurrentfrom theotherstringinparallelplusthemaximumbackfedcurrentfromtheinverter.Ifthemaximumcurrent ofeachstringis6.8Amps,andtheinverterprovides2amps,thenthemaximumcurrentinafaultatany PVmoduleis8.8Ampsandthemaximumseriesfuseratingofthemodulewillneverbeexceeded(i.e.a modulewithanISCof5.4ampwillhaveamaximumseriesovercurrentdeviceratingofatleast10amps).
Forsmallerinverterslistedwithamaximumutilitybackfeedcurrentthatisnolargerthanthe modulemaximumovercurrentdevicerating(e.g.EnphaseM200witha1.6amputility backfeed),asinglesourcecircuitcanbeconnectedtotheinverterwithoutrequiring overcurrentprotectiononthearraycircuit.

Explanation:Ifasinglestringarray(couldbeasinglemodulearray)isconnectedtoaninverter thatprovideslessthantheratedmodulemaximumovercurrentdeviceratinginbackfeedcurrent,itis equivalenttohavingthatsizeovercurrentdevicepreventcurrentflowfromtheutilityandthearrayis protected.ThemaximumreversefaultcurrentatanyPVmoduleistheamountoftheinverterutility backfeedcurrentandthemaximumseriesfuseratingofthemodulewillneverbeexceeded.
33
DisconnectingMeans:
TheNECdefinesdisconnectingmeansinthefollowway: NECArticle100DisconnectingMeans.Adevice,orgroupofdevices,orothermeansbywhich theconductorsofacircuitcanbedisconnectedfromtheirsourceofsupply. Aprimarypurposeofadisconnectingmeansistoopenacircuitprovidingasourceofsupplyso thattheequipmentfedbythatsourcecanbemaintainedwithoutexposingtheoperatorto hazardousvoltages(NFPA70E). DisconnectingMeansinInverters: Variousinvertershaveprovidedavarietyofintegraldcandacdisconnects.Thesedisconnects mayormaynotprovidethenecessaryisolationformaintenance.Thekeyindifferentiating whetherthesupplieddisconnectsprovidetheappropriateisolationistoreviewtheprimary methodofmaintenanceandrepairofthedevice.Ifthedevicehasastandardmeansof removingthepartsneedingservice,withoutexposingthetechniciantohazardousvoltages (anythingover50Volts),thesupplieddisconnectsmeettheintentofmaintenance disconnectingmeans.Ifthetechnicianisexposedtovoltagesabove50Voltsduringservice, evenwiththesupplieddisconnectingmeans,externaldisconnectingmeansmaybenecessary. ItisimportanttopointoutthateverycurrentlyavailablePVinverter,thatdoesnotoperateon abatterysystem,hasinputcapacitors.Thesecapacitorsmayremainenergizedforfiveormore minutesafterallexternalsourcesareremovedfromaninverter.Internalbleedresistors removethisvoltageoveraprescribedtimeperiod,andwarninglabelsareprovidedonthe invertertoidentifythishazard.Thishazardistypicalofelectricalequipmentusingsignificant capacitance.Thiscapacitivesourceiscontrolledbywarningsignageandbleedresistorsandnot generallybyinternalorexternaldisconnects.Disconnectsshouldnotberequiredtocontrolthe capacitivesourceduringmaintenanceorserviceoftheinverter. UtilityRequiredDisconnectingMeans: UtilitiesmayrequiresomemethodtoisolatePVsystemsfromtheirgridduringmaintenance procedures.Theisolationdeviceisusuallyrequiredtoprovideavisiblebreakinorderto comply,andmoldedcasecircuitbreakersdonotmeetthatrequirement.Severalutilities, includingtheutilitywiththemostPVinstallationsintheU.S.,PacificGas&Electric,have adoptedapolicyofallowingresidentialPVsystemswithselfcontainedmeters(themost commonresidentialtypemeter)toprovidethenecessaryvisiblebreakviaremovalofthe meter.Forinstallationswithcurrenttransformermeters,aseparatevisiblebreakswitchis almostalwaysrequired.Whentheutilityrequiresavisiblebreakswitch,thisswitchmaybe usedtoprovidetheNECrequiredacswitchformaintainingtheinverteriftheinverterislocated intheimmediatevicinityoftheswitch.
34
Provisionsforthephotovoltaicpowersourcedisconnectingmeans:
The2005NECstatesin690.14(C)(1),Location.Thephotovoltaicdisconnectingmeansshallbe installedatareadilyaccessiblelocationeitheroutsideofabuildingorstructureorinside nearestthepointofentranceofthesystemconductors.Thephotovoltaicsystemdisconnecting meansshallnotbeinstalledinbathrooms. a) ReadilyaccessibleNECArticle100states,Accessible,Readily(ReadilyAccessible). Capableofbeingreachedquicklyforoperation,renewal,orinspectionswithoutrequiring thosetowhomreadyaccessisrequisitetoclimboverorremoveobstaclesortoresortto portableladders,andsoforth. b) Readilyaccessibleprovisionisprimarilyforemergencyoperation.Ifthedisconnectis notmountedincloseproximityoftheserviceentrancedisconnect(usuallywithin10 feetofthemeterlocationorservicedisconnectswitch),thenadiagramordirectory mustbeprovidedtoclearlyidentifywherethedisconnectingmeansislocated. c) Arooftopdisconnectonaresidentialroofwillnormallynotqualifyasareadily accessibledisconnect. Anexceptiontothisrequirementwasaddedtothe2005NECtoprovideadditionalclarification forresidentialandbuildingintegratedPVsystems.Thisexceptionreads: Exception:Installationsthatcomplywith690.31(E)shallbepermittedtohavethe disconnectingmeanslocatedremotefromthepointofentryofthesystemconductors. NEC690.31(E)states: (E)DirectCurrentPhotovoltaicSourceandOutputCircuitsInsideaBuilding.Wheredirect currentphotovoltaicsourceoroutputcircuitsofautilityinteractiveinverterfromabuilding integratedorotherphotovoltaicsystemareruninsideabuildingorstructure,theyshallbe containedinmetallicracewaysorenclosuresfromthepointofpenetrationofthesurfaceofthe buildingorstructuretothefirstreadilyaccessibledisconnectingmeans.Thedisconnecting meansshallcomplywith690.14(A)through690.14(D). Althoughmetalcladcableisnotspecificallycalledoutin690.31(E),manyjurisdictionsconsider installationswithmetalcladcableasmeetingtheintentofthisnewprovision.Notethatthis newsectionspecificallymentionsbuildingintegratedsystems.Thewaythe2002NECwas written,aroofintegratedPVsystemcannotreasonablycomplythe690.14(C)(1)aswritten. 35
APPENDIXD:COSTSOFPERMITS
Eachjurisdictionmayhavedifferentinternalcostsstructuresandapproachestoworking withsolarPVsystems.Thefollowingsectionisprovidedasasuggestionindevelopingthe coststructureforalocaljurisdiction.
Explanation:Costsforpermitsareoftenbasedontheoverallprojectcost.Thisworkswellfor manyconventionalprojectsbecausethisaccuratelyrepresentsthescaleoftheproject.However, withaPVinstallation,theequipmentcostsaremuchhigherthanwithotherprojectsofsimilar scope.ItisthereforerecommendedthatanalternativepermitfeescalebeusedforPVsystem installations.ThescopeofaPVinstallationissimilartothatofinstallingaretrofittedresidential HVACsystem.ThepermittingcostsforaPVsystemshouldbesimilartothoseforanHVAC system. Althoughinitialplanreviewandfieldinspectioncostsmaybeslightlyhigherforthefirstfew systems,thosecostsshouldreduceasthelocaljurisdictionbecomesfamiliarwiththe installations.Asubdivisionofmorethan10unitsshouldbeconsideredforanadditionalfee reductionbasedontherepetitivenatureofthereviews.Asuggestedfeescheduleisasfollows: SmallPVsystem(upto4kW):$75$200 LargePVsystem(upto10kW):$150$400 Forsystemsof1050kW,considerapermitcostof$15$40perkW. Forsystemsof50100kW,considerapermitcostof$1,500. Forsystemsof100500kW,considerapermitcostof$3,000. Forsystemsupto1000kW,considerapermitcostof$3,000$5,000.
36
APPENDIXE:TEMPERATURETABLES
37
DesignTemperaturesForVariousU.S.Cities Thefollowingtableindicatesthe2%designtemperature(averagedforJuneAugust)forvariouscities;andthe lowestexpectambienttemperature[690.7]foreachlocation(MinMeanExtremeAnnualDB).Thefirstcolumnis elevationofthestationforcomparingclimateswithlocationsnotlisted.ColumntworepresentstheASHRAE2% designtemperature(1).Thethirdthroughsixthcolumnistheresultantambienttemperatureinsidetheconduit unloaded(2).Itisthetemperaturethewireissubjectedto.Thelastcolumnisthelowestexpectambient temperatureforthatcity,basedon30yearsofweatherdata.Thisisthetemperaturetobeusedformaximum voltagecalculationsin NEC 690.7.AlltemperaturesinCelcius. High Temp.inConduitinSunlight(C) ExtremeAnnualDB Elev 2% Distanceaboveroof. Mean State Station (M) DB 0"0.5" 0.5"3.5" 3.5"12" 12"36" Max Min
AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AL AL BARROW DEADHORSE BARTERISWSOAP KOTZEBUE BETTLES FORTYUKON NOME SAINTMARY`S(AWOS) UNALAKLEETFIELD BETHEL MCGRATH TALKEETNA KENAIMUNICIPALAP SOLDOTNA NENANAMUNICIPALAP FAIRBANKS EIELSONAFB BIGDELTA FTRICHARDSON/BRYANTAPT GULKANA ELMENDORFAFB ANCHORAGE ANCHORAGEMERRILLFIELD VALDEZWSO WHITTIER SEWARD NORTHWAYAIRPORT CORDOVA STPAULIS. COLDBAY DILLINGHAM(AMOS) KINGSALMON PORTHEIDEN(AMOS) ILIAMNAARPT HOMERARPT MIDDLETONISLANDAUT KODIAK YAKUTAT SITKAJAPONSKIAP JUNEAUINT`LARPT WRANGELL KETCHIKANINTLAP ANNETTE SHEMYA ADAKNAS FIVEFINGERISLAND MOBILE MONTGOMERY 4 23 11 5 205 135 7 95 4 46 103 105 26 33 109 138 167 388 115 481 65 35 42 7 9 18 522 12 7 29 29 15 29 56 27 36 34 9 4 3 13 23 34 30 5 7 67 62 14 19 15 20 26 27 21 22 21 22 25 24 20 21 27 27 27 25 23 24 23 22 23 21 21 21 26 21 12 15 21 22 18 21 18 17 20 20 19 23 21 22 23 13 15 18 34 36 47 52 48 53 59 60 54 55 54 55 58 57 53 54 60 60 60 58 56 57 56 55 56 54 54 54 59 54 45 48 54 55 51 54 51 50 53 53 52 56 54 55 56 46 48 51 67 69 36 41 37 42 48 49 43 44 43 44 47 46 42 43 49 49 49 47 45 46 45 44 45 43 43 43 48 43 34 37 43 44 40 43 40 39 42 42 41 45 43 44 45 35 37 40 56 58 31 36 32 37 43 44 38 39 38 39 42 41 37 38 44 44 44 42 40 41 40 39 40 38 38 38 43 38 29 32 38 39 35 38 35 34 37 37 36 40 38 39 40 30 32 35 51 53 28 33 29 34 40 41 35 36 35 36 39 38 34 35 41 41 41 39 37 38 37 36 37 35 35 35 40 35 26 29 35 36 32 35 32 31 34 34 33 37 35 36 37 27 29 32 48 50 19 24 N/A 24 29 29 24 24 N/A 25 28 27 24 24 30 31 31 28 27 27 25 25 26 25 23 26 28 26 15 19 24 25 N/A N/A 21 19 24 24 24 27 25 25 27 14 20 22 36 37 43 45 N/A 39 47 48 37 34 N/A 35 46 36 33 34 46 43 44 47 31 45 29 26 26 17 17 17 48 23 19 17 34 35 N/A N/A 21 10 17 21 11 18 13 14 12 8 11 9 7 9
State AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Station MAXWELLAFB DOTHANMUNICIPALAP CAIRNSFIELDFORTRUCKER BIRMINGHAM GADSENMUNI(AWOS) TUSCALOOSAMUNICIPALAP ANNISTONMETROPOLITANAP CENTREVILLEWSMO HUNTSVILLE MUSCLESHOALSREGIONALAP DAUPHINISLAND NORTHLITTLEROCK LITTLEROCKADAMSFIELD LITTLEROCKAFB WALNUTRIDGE(AWOS) JONESBOROMUNICIPAL BLYTHEVILLEAFB STUTTGART(AWOS) PINEBLUFFFAAAP TEXARKANAWEBBFIELD ELDORADOGOODWINFIELD FORTSMITH BENTONVILLE(AWOS) FAYETTEVILLEDRAKEFIELD HARRISONFAAAP FLIPPIN(AWOS) BATESVILLE(AWOS) ROGERS(AWOS) DOUGLASBISBEEDOUGLASIN TUCSON DAVISMONTHANAFB SAFFORD(AMOS) PHOENIX LUKEAFB YUMAINTLARPT KINGMAN(AMOS) PAGEMUNI(AMOS) PRESCOTTLOVEFIELD WINSLOWMUNICIPALAP FLAGSTAFF ELTOROMCAS TUSTINMCAF MARCHAFB ONTARIO NORTONAFB/SANBERN BURBANKGLENDALEPASADENA SANLUISOBISPO SANDIEGO SANDIEGONORTHISLANDNA CAMPPENDLETONMCAS SANDIEGOMIRAMARNAS LOSANGELES LONGBEACH EDWARDSAFB DAGGETT LANCASTERGENWMFOXFIEL GEORGEAFB SANDBERG BAKERSFIELD FRESNO VISALIAMUNI(AWOS)
Elev (M) 2% 53 97 91 192 173 51 186 140 190 164 8 170 78 103 83 80 79 68 63 110 76 141 395 381 418 350 141 415 1249 779 808 950 339 331 62 1033 1304 1536 1490 2135 116 18 462 303 353 225 64 9 14 22 139 32 17 705 588 712 869 1376 150 100 89 36 35 35 35 34 36 35 34 35 35 31 35 37 37 35 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 34 35 35 36 37 34 37 41 40 40 43 44 44 38 37 35 36 30 33 34 38 38 39 37 31 29 28 34 33 29 33 41 42 39 38 33 40 40 38
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 69 68 68 68 67 69 68 67 68 68 64 68 70 70 68 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 67 68 68 69 70 67 70 74 73 73 76 77 77 71 70 68 69 63 66 67 71 71 72 70 64 62 61 67 66 62 66 74 75 72 71 66 73 73 71 2 58 57 57 57 56 58 57 56 57 57 53 57 59 59 57 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 56 57 57 58 59 56 59 63 62 62 65 66 66 60 59 57 58 52 55 56 60 60 61 59 53 51 50 56 55 51 55 63 64 61 60 55 62 62 60 53 52 52 52 51 53 52 51 52 52 48 52 54 54 52 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 51 52 52 53 54 51 54 58 57 57 60 61 61 55 54 52 53 47 50 51 55 55 56 54 48 46 45 51 50 46 50 58 59 56 55 50 57 57 55 50 49 49 49 48 50 49 48 49 49 45 49 51 51 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 48 49 49 50 51 48 51 55 54 54 57 58 58 52 51 49 50 44 47 48 52 52 53 51 45 43 42 48 47 43 47 55 56 53 52 47 54 54 52
Max 38 37 37 37 N/A 37 37 36 36 37 33 37 39 39 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 36 37 37 N/A 38 37 40 43 43 42 46 47 47 40 40 37 39 32 38 39 42 42 43 41 37 34 34 39 38 35 39 44 45 42 41 35 43 42 40
Min 6 8 8 12 N/A 12 12 11 13 13 2 12 12 13 13 16 15 9 9 10 9 14 17 18 16 N/A 13 16 9 3 2 10 0 1 2 8 9 13 15 22 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 5 5 3 1 4 2 10 5 9 6 6 2 3 3
State CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CT CT CT DE DE FL FL FL FL FL FL FL
Station PT.PIEDRASBLANCA POINTMUGUNF SANTABARBARAMUNICIPALA SANTAMARIA PASOROBLESMUNICIPALARP BISHOPAIRPORT CASTLEAFB SACRAMENTO MATHERFIELD MCCLELLANAFB BEALEAFB SACRAMENTOMETROPOLITANA SALINASMUNICIPALAP STOCKTONMETROPOLITANARP OAKLANDMETROPOLITANARPT SANFRANCISCO SANJOSEINTLAP BLUECANYONAP UKIAHMUNICIPALAP REDBLUFFMUNICIPALARPT REDDINGMUNICIPALARPT EUREKA ARCATA MOUNTSHASTA ALAMEDANAS MOUNTAINVIEWMOFFETTFLD TRAVISFIELDAFB LEMOOREREEVESNAS IMPERIAL PALMSPRINGSTHERMALAP BLYTHERIVERSIDECOARPT POINTARENA POINTARGUELLO ALAMOSA LAJUNTAMUNICIPALAP PUEBLO TRINIDADLASANIMASCOUNT COLORADOSPRGS LIMON DENVER/CENTENNIAL EAGLE DENVERSTAPLETONINT`LAR AURORABUCKLEYFIELDANGB FORTCOLLINS(SAWRS) AKRONWASHINGTONCOAP GRANDJUNCTION FORTCOLLINS(AWOS) CRAIGMOFFAT(AMOS) HAYDEN/YAMPA(AWOS) BRIDGEPORT HARTFORD HARTFORDBRAINARDFD DOVERAFB WILMINGTON KEYWEST KEYWESTNAS MIAMI FORTLAUDERDALEHOLLYWOOD HOMESTEADAFB MIAMI/KENDALLTAMIA WPALMBEACH
Elev (M) 2% 21 3 2 72 243 1250 60 8 29 25 38 7 21 6 1 5 15 1609 188 106 153 18 69 1077 4 11 18 73 17 34 118 12 23 2297 1281 1439 1751 1881 1695 1793 1985 1611 1726 1525 1421 1475 1529 1915 2012 2 55 6 7 24 1 7 2 3 4 3 6 26 28 29 29 39 38 38 38 38 39 38 38 28 38 28 28 34 29 38 41 41 20 21 33 29 31 37 40 44 44 45 17 22 29 38 37 34 32 33 33 31 34 34 32 35 36 34 32 30 31 33 33 34 33 33 32 33 34 33 34 33
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 59 61 62 62 72 71 71 71 71 72 71 71 61 71 61 61 67 62 71 74 74 53 54 66 62 64 70 73 77 77 78 50 55 62 71 70 67 65 66 66 64 67 67 65 68 69 67 65 63 64 66 66 67 66 66 65 66 67 66 67 66 3 48 50 51 51 61 60 60 60 60 61 60 60 50 60 50 50 56 51 60 63 63 42 43 55 51 53 59 62 66 66 67 39 44 51 60 59 56 54 55 55 53 56 56 54 57 58 56 54 52 53 55 55 56 55 55 54 55 56 55 56 55 43 45 46 46 56 55 55 55 55 56 55 55 45 55 45 45 51 46 55 58 58 37 38 50 46 48 54 57 61 61 62 34 39 46 55 54 51 49 50 50 48 51 51 49 52 53 51 49 47 48 50 50 51 50 50 49 50 51 50 51 50 40 42 43 43 53 52 52 52 52 53 52 52 42 52 42 42 48 43 52 55 55 34 35 47 43 45 51 54 58 58 59 31 36 43 52 51 48 46 47 47 45 48 48 46 49 50 48 46 44 45 47 47 48 47 47 46 47 48 47 48 47
Max N/A 34 35 35 43 41 40 41 41 42 41 41 35 41 33 35 38 31 42 44 44 N/A 28 35 34 36 41 42 47 48 48 21 N/A 32 40 39 37 35 35 36 34 37 37 35 37 38 37 34 N/A 34 36 N/A 36 36 33 34 35 36 35 36 35
Min N/A 2 1 3 6 14 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 0 9 3 4 5 N/A 3 12 3 0 3 3 1 5 1 1 N/A 31 22 23 22 23 24 23 29 25 22 23 23 18 23 32 N/A 15 20 N/A 14 16 10 10 4 4 4 4 2
State FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA HI HI HI HI HI HI HI IA IA IA
Station MELBOURNEREGIONALAP VEROBEACHMUNICIPALARPT ORLANDOINTLARPT ORLANDOEXECUTIVEAP DAYTONABEACH ORLANDOSANFORDAIRPORT JACKSONVILLE JACKSONVILLENAS MAYPORTNS JACKSONVILLECECILFLDNA JACKSONVILLE/CRAIG FORTMYERSPAGEFIELD FTMYERS/SWFLORIDA TAMPA SARASOTABRADENTON SAINTPETERSBURG CROSSCITYAIRPORT TALLAHASSEE GAINESVILLEREGIONALAP APALACHICOLAMUNIAP VALPARAISOELGINAFB CRESTVIEWBOBSIKESAP PENSACOLAREGIONALAP PENSACOLAFORESTSHERMAN WHITINGFIELDNAAS TYNDALLAFB VALPARAISOHURLBURT MACDILLAFB NASASHUTTLEFCLTY VENICEPIER CAPESANBLAS SETTLEMENTPOINT ST.AUGUSTINE MOLASSESREEF SAVANNAH WAYCROSSWARECOAP BRUNSWICKMALCOLMMCKINNO ALBANYDOUGHERTYCOUNTYA VALDOSTAWBAIRPORT MACON WARNERROBINSAFB AUGUSTA ATLANTA ATLANTA/FULTONCO. FORTBENNINGLAWSON COLUMBUS MARIETTADOBBINSAFB ATHENS ROMERBRUSSELLAP HUNTER(AAF) MOODYAFB/VALDOSTA LIHUE KANEOHEBAYMCAS BARBERSPOINTNAS HONOLULU MOLOKAI(AMOS) KAHULUI HILO CEDARRAPIDSMUNICIPALAP BURLINGTONMUNICIPALAP DESMOINES
Elev (M) 2% 10 7 29 32 12 16 9 9 4 27 12 4 9 3 9 3 11 21 40 6 20 57 34 10 53 7 11 7 3 2 2 2 8 0 16 42 4 57 61 110 92 45 315 256 88 136 330 244 194 13 71 45 3 14 5 137 15 11 256 210 294 34 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 34 35 34 34 34 34 35 35 34 33 34 35 35 34 35 33 34 34 34 31 30 31 33 30 35 36 34 36 35 36 36 36 34 35 36 36 34 35 35 35 35 30 30 33 32 31 32 30 33 34 34
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 67 66 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 69 67 68 67 67 67 67 68 68 67 66 67 68 68 67 68 66 67 67 67 64 63 64 66 63 68 69 67 69 68 69 69 69 67 68 69 69 67 68 68 68 68 63 63 66 65 64 65 63 66 67 67 4 56 55 56 56 56 57 57 57 57 58 56 57 56 56 56 56 57 57 56 55 56 57 57 56 57 55 56 56 56 53 52 53 55 52 57 58 56 58 57 58 58 58 56 57 58 58 56 57 57 57 57 52 52 55 54 53 54 52 55 56 56 51 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 51 52 51 51 51 51 52 52 51 50 51 52 52 51 52 50 51 51 51 48 47 48 50 47 52 53 51 53 52 53 53 53 51 52 53 53 51 52 52 52 52 47 47 50 49 48 49 47 50 51 51 48 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 48 49 48 48 48 48 49 49 48 47 48 49 49 48 49 47 48 48 48 45 44 45 47 44 49 50 48 50 49 50 50 50 48 49 50 50 48 49 49 49 49 44 44 47 46 45 46 44 47 48 48
Max 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 36 36 36 35 36 35 N/A 37 36 35 36 37 37 37 37 35 36 36 36 N/A 32 31 34 31 37 38 36 38 38 38 38 38 36 36 38 37 36 37 37 38 37 31 31 34 33 33 33 31 35 36 37
Min 1 0 1 0 2 0 5 4 3 6 4 1 1 1 0 1 N/A 8 5 5 7 9 6 6 7 4 5 1 1 N/A 2 12 0 9 7 5 6 8 7 10 9 10 12 12 10 9 12 11 11 5 7 14 17 13 14 13 13 15 27 24 26
State IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IN IN IN IN IN IN IN KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KY KY KY KY KY
Station OTTUMWAINDUSTRIALAP ANKENYREGIONALARP DUBUQUEREGIONALAP CLINTONMUNI(AWOS) WATERLOO MASONCITY FORTDODGE(AWOS) SIOUXCITY SPENCER POCATELLO ELKCITY(RAMOS) IDAHOFALLSFANNINGFIELD BURLEYMUNICIPALARPT BOISE MOUNTAINHOMEAFB LEWISTONNEZPERCECNTYA CHALLIS(AMOS) COEURD`ALENE(AWOS) MULLAN(AWRS) MOUNTVERNON(AWOS) BELLEVILLESCOTTAFB SPRINGFIELD QUINCYMUNIBALDWINFLD CHICAGO W.CHICAGO/DUPAGE GLENVIEWNAS CHAMPAIGN/URBANA DECATURAIRPORT PEORIA STERLINGROCKFALLS CHICAGOMIDWAYAP ROCKFORD MOLINE MARSEILLES(AMOS) EVANSVILLE TERREHAUTEHULMANREGION INDIANAPOLIS LAFAYETTEPURDUEUNIVAP FORTWAYNE GRISSOMAFB/PERU SOUTHBEND WICHITA MCCONNELLAFB DODGECITY GARDENCITYMUNICIPALAP LIBERALMUNI(AWOS) GREATBEND(AWOS) HAYSMUNI(AWOS) MEDICINELODGEASOS FORTRILEYMARSHALLAAF TOPEKA TOPEKAFORBESFIELD CONCORDIABLOSSERMUNIAP RUSSELLMUNICIPALAP SALINAMUNICIPALAP GOODLAND COVINGTON(CIN) LEXINGTON LOUISVILLE LOUISVILLEBOWMANFIELD JACKSONJULIANCARROLLAP
Elev (M) 2% 256 342 321 216 265 373 355 336 408 1365 1249 1441 1267 874 912 437 1529 707 1011 146 135 187 232 190 231 196 230 208 199 197 186 221 181 225 118 175 246 182 252 247 236 408 413 787 878 879 575 609 467 324 270 325 447 566 385 1124 271 301 149 164 416 34 35 32 32 33 33 33 34 33 34 34 33 35 36 37 36 33 33 31 34 35 34 34 33 33 34 34 34 34 32 34 33 34 34 35 34 33 34 33 34 33 38 38 38 37 38 37 38 39 38 36 36 37 38 38 36 33 33 34 34 32
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 67 68 65 65 66 66 66 67 66 67 67 66 68 69 70 69 66 66 64 67 68 67 67 66 66 67 67 67 67 65 67 66 67 67 68 67 66 67 66 67 66 71 71 71 70 71 70 71 72 71 69 69 70 71 71 69 66 66 67 67 65 5 56 57 54 54 55 55 55 56 55 56 56 55 57 58 59 58 55 55 53 56 57 56 56 55 55 56 56 56 56 54 56 55 56 56 57 56 55 56 55 56 55 60 60 60 59 60 59 60 61 60 58 58 59 60 60 58 55 55 56 56 54 51 52 49 49 50 50 50 51 50 51 51 50 52 53 54 53 50 50 48 51 52 51 51 50 50 51 51 51 51 49 51 50 51 51 52 51 50 51 50 51 50 55 55 55 54 55 54 55 56 55 53 53 54 55 55 53 50 50 51 51 49 48 49 46 46 47 47 47 48 47 48 48 47 49 50 51 50 47 47 45 48 49 48 48 47 47 48 48 48 48 46 48 47 48 48 49 48 47 48 47 48 47 52 52 52 51 52 51 52 53 52 50 50 51 52 52 50 47 47 48 48 46
Max 37 36 34 35 36 36 36 37 36 37 37 36 38 40 41 40 N/A 35 34 36 38 36 36 36 35 36 36 36 36 35 36 35 36 35 36 36 35 36 35 36 35 41 40 40 40 N/A 41 41 42 40 38 39 40 41 41 38 35 35 36 36 34
Min 24 22 27 26 29 29 28 27 28 25 17 27 21 19 19 14 N/A 17 21 22 20 24 23 24 25 24 24 23 25 25 23 27 26 25 19 23 23 24 24 23 23 19 18 21 21 N/A 19 20 17 20 22 22 22 21 21 24 21 19 18 18 19
State KY KY KY LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA MA MA MA MA MA MA MD MD MD MD MD ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI
Station FORTKNOXGODMANAAF PADUCAHBARKLEYREGIONAL BOWLINGGREENWARRENCOA NEWORLEANS NEWORLEANSLAKEFRONTAP NEWORLEANSALVINCALLEND BATONROUGE FORTPOLKAAF LAKECHARLES LAFAYETTEREGIONALAP SHREVEPORT BARKSDALEAFB MONROEREGIONALAP ENGLANDAFB SOUTHWESTPASS GRANDISLE OTISANGB PROVINCETOWN(AWOS) BOSTON WORCHESTER SOUTHWEYMOUTHNAS BUZZARDSBAY(LS) PATUXENTRIVERNAS SALISBURYWICOMICOCOAP BALTIMORE ANDREWSAFB THOMASPOINT PORTLAND BANGORINTERNATIONALAP AUGUSTAAIRPORT HOULTONINTLARPT CARIBOU LORINGAFB/LIMESTON BRUNSWICKNAS MATINICUSISLAND DETROITMETROAP DETROITCITYAIRPORT DETROITWILLOWRUNAP MOUNTCLEMENSSELFRIDGEF HARBORBEACH(RAMOS) COPPERHARBORRAMOS LANSING JACKSONREYNOLDSFIELD GRNDRAPIDS MUSKEGON FLINT PONTIACOAKLAND SAGINAWTRICITYINTLAP HOUGHTONLAKE MANISTEE(AWOS) TRAVERSECITY ALPENA OSCODAWURTSMITHAFB SEULCHOIXPT(AMOS) ESCANABA(AWOS) SAULTSTE.MARIE CHIPPEWAINTL(AWOS) PELLSTONEMMETCOUNTYAP MARQUETTECOUNTYARPT MARQUETTESAWYERAFB HANCOCKHOUGHTONCOAP
Elev (M) 2% 239 124 160 3 2 1 23 102 3 11 79 53 40 27 0 2 40 2 5 301 47 0 14 15 47 86 0 19 56 106 150 190 227 21 13 191 190 218 176 183 186 256 304 245 191 233 299 201 329 189 192 210 188 180 187 221 244 217 431 372 327 34 35 34 34 34 34 35 35 34 35 36 36 36 36 31 31 29 28 33 30 33 24 34 34 34 35 30 30 31 31 30 29 29 30 20 32 33 32 32 32 27 32 31 32 30 32 32 32 30 29 32 31 32 26 28 29 28 31 29 30 29
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 67 68 67 67 67 67 68 68 67 68 69 69 69 69 64 64 62 61 66 63 66 57 67 67 67 68 63 63 64 64 63 62 62 63 53 65 66 65 65 65 60 65 64 65 63 65 65 65 63 62 65 64 65 59 61 62 61 64 62 63 62 6 56 57 56 56 56 56 57 57 56 57 58 58 58 58 53 53 51 50 55 52 55 46 56 56 56 57 52 52 53 53 52 51 51 52 42 54 55 54 54 54 49 54 53 54 52 54 54 54 52 51 54 53 54 48 50 51 50 53 51 52 51 51 52 51 51 51 51 52 52 51 52 53 53 53 53 48 48 46 45 50 47 50 41 51 51 51 52 47 47 48 48 47 46 46 47 37 49 50 49 49 49 44 49 48 49 47 49 49 49 47 46 49 48 49 43 45 46 45 48 46 47 46 48 49 48 48 48 48 49 49 48 49 50 50 50 50 45 45 43 42 47 44 47 38 48 48 48 49 44 44 45 45 44 43 43 44 34 46 47 46 46 46 41 46 45 46 44 46 46 46 44 43 46 45 46 40 42 43 42 45 43 44 43
Max 36 37 36 36 36 36 36 37 36 36 38 37 38 37 33 33 32 N/A 36 32 35 N/A 37 36 37 37 33 34 34 34 34 32 33 34 24 35 36 35 35 35 N/A 35 34 34 32 34 N/A 35 33 32 34 34 35 28 31 32 32 34 33 33 34
Min 18 17 18 4 1 5 6 7 5 6 8 9 8 7 2 1 16 N/A 17 21 19 N/A 13 15 15 15 11 24 27 24 33 31 29 25 18 22 19 20 20 17 N/A 25 23 23 21 23 N/A 22 27 22 24 27 22 22 26 30 28 29 30 28 24
State MI MI MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS
Station IRONWOOD(AWOS) STANNARDROCK ROCHESTER SAINTCLOUD MONTEVIDEO(AWOS) REDWOODFALLSMUNI ALEXANDRIAMUNICIPALAP CLOQUET(AWOS) FERGUSFALLS(AWOS) FARIBAULTMUNIAWOS MORRISMUNI(AWOS) PIPESTONE(AWOS) NEWULMMUNI(AWOS) OWATONNA(AWOS) WILLMAR LITTLEFALLS(AWOS) MINNEAPOLIS/ST.PAUL LITCHFIELDMUNI MANKATO(AWOS) WORTHINGTON(AWOS) WINONAMUNI(AWOS) ALBERTLEA(AWOS) DULUTH CROOKSTONMUNIFLD HIBBINGCHISHOLMHIBBING GRANDRAPIDS(AWOS) ELYMUNI(AWOS) INTERNATIONALFALLS EVELETHMUNI(AWOS) MORAMUNI(AWOS) ROSEAUMUNI(AWOS) PEQUOTLAKE(AMOS) AITKINNDB(AWOS) WHEATONNDB(AWOS) BEMIDJIMUNICIPAL TOFTE(RAMOS) THIEFRIVER(AWOS) WARROAD(AMOS) PASSAGEISLAND POPLARBLUFF(AMOS) CAPEGIRARDEAUMUNICIPAL JOPLINMUNICIPALAP ST.LOUIS STLOUISSPIRITOFSTLOU SPRINGFIELD COLUMBIA KIRKSVILLEREGIONALAP KAISERMEM(AWOS) KANSASCITY KANSASCITYDOWNTOWNAP WHITEMANAFB SPICKARD(AMOS) MERIDIAN MERIDIANNAAS PINEBELTRGNLAWOS JACKSON MCCOMBPIKECOUNTYAP GREENWOODLEFLOREARPT COLUMBUSAFB COLUMBUSGOLDENTRIANGLE TUPELOCDLEMONSARPT
Elev (M) 2% 375 183 402 313 315 312 432 390 361 322 344 529 308 350 345 342 255 347 311 480 200 383 432 273 410 413 443 361 421 309 323 390 367 313 420 241 340 328 195 146 102 297 172 140 387 270 294 265 315 226 255 270 94 82 91 101 125 47 68 80 110 30 24 31 32 32 33 32 29 32 32 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 32 32 31 33 31 29 30 30 28 29 30 30 31 29 32 29 32 31 26 29 31 19 35 35 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35 36 36 36 35
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 63 57 64 65 65 66 65 62 65 65 64 64 65 65 65 66 66 65 65 64 66 64 62 63 63 61 62 63 63 64 62 65 62 65 64 59 62 64 52 68 68 69 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 68 69 69 69 68 7 52 46 53 54 54 55 54 51 54 54 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 54 54 53 55 53 51 52 52 50 51 52 52 53 51 54 51 54 53 48 51 53 41 57 57 58 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 57 58 58 58 57 47 41 48 49 49 50 49 46 49 49 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 49 49 48 50 48 46 47 47 45 46 47 47 48 46 49 46 49 48 43 46 48 36 52 52 53 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 52 53 53 53 52 44 38 45 46 46 47 46 43 46 46 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 46 46 45 47 45 43 44 44 42 43 44 44 45 43 46 43 46 45 40 43 45 33 49 49 50 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 49 50 50 50 49
Max 33 27 35 35 35 37 35 32 36 34 34 34 35 34 35 35 36 N/A N/A N/A N/A 34 32 33 33 N/A 33 33 32 N/A N/A 35 32 35 33 29 N/A 34 N/A 37 37 38 37 38 37 37 36 N/A 38 39 38 N/A 37 38 37 37 37 38 38 37 37
Min 30 20 30 33 29 30 32 32 32 30 32 30 29 29 31 34 29 N/A N/A N/A N/A 29 33 34 36 N/A 38 38 36 N/A N/A 35 35 32 35 29 N/A 37 N/A 17 18 18 20 20 20 22 23 N/A 22 19 20 N/A 10 11 8 10 9 10 11 11 11
State MS MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NH NH NH
Station KEESLERAFB GLENDIVE(AWOS) BILLINGS LEWISTOWN BUTTEBERTMOONEYARPT BOZEMANGALLATINFIELD GLASGOW JORDAN(RAMOS) SIDNEYRICHLAND HELENA MISSOULA GREATFALLS MALMSTROMAFB HAVRECITYCOUNTYAP KALISPELL CUTBANK MILESCITYMUNICIPALARPT WILMINGTONINTERNATIONAL FAYETTEVILLEPOPEAFB CAPEHATTERAS RALEIGH/DURHAM GOLDSBOROSEYMOURJOHNSON CHERRYPOINTMCAS NEWBERNCRAVENCOREGLA NEWRIVERMCAF CHARLOTTE SOUTHERNPINESAWOS HICKORYREGIONALAP ASHEVILLE GREENSBORO WINSTONSALEMREYNOLDSAP FORTBRAGGSIMMONSAAF DIAMONDSHOALS(LS) FRYINGPANSHOALS CAPELOOKOUT FARGO LIDGERWOOD(RAMOS) JAMESTOWNMUNICIPALARPT GRANDFORKSAF GRANDFORKSINTERNATIONAL DEVILSLAKE(AMOS) BISMARCK DICKINSONMUNICIPALAP WILLISTONSLOULININTLAP MINOTAFB MINOT OMAHAEPPLEYAIRFIELD LINCOLNMUNICIPALARPT GRANDISLAND KEARNEYMUNI(AWOS) OMAHA BELLEVUEOFFUTTAFB NORFOLK COLUMBUSMUNI(AWOS) SIDNEYMUNICIPALAP NORTHPLATTE SCOTTSBLUFF VALENTINEMILLERFIELD CONCORD PEASEAFB/PORTSMOUT LEBANONMUNICIPAL
Elev (M) 2% 7 749 1088 1264 1688 1349 700 811 605 1188 972 1116 1056 787 904 1170 801 9 66 2 134 33 11 4 4 234 141 348 661 270 295 93 0 0 2 274 351 454 276 255 442 502 787 580 497 522 299 356 566 649 404 319 471 440 1313 849 1206 789 105 31 182 34 34 34 32 31 33 34 35 33 33 33 33 34 35 32 31 37 34 36 31 34 36 34 34 34 34 35 34 31 34 34 36 29 29 29 33 33 33 33 32 32 34 34 35 34 33 35 36 36 34 35 35 35 34 35 35 36 36 32 32 31
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 67 67 67 65 64 66 67 68 66 66 66 66 67 68 65 64 70 67 69 64 67 69 67 67 67 67 68 67 64 67 67 69 62 62 62 66 66 66 66 65 65 67 67 68 67 66 68 69 69 67 68 68 68 67 68 68 69 69 65 65 64 8 56 56 56 54 53 55 56 57 55 55 55 55 56 57 54 53 59 56 58 53 56 58 56 56 56 56 57 56 53 56 56 58 51 51 51 55 55 55 55 54 54 56 56 57 56 55 57 58 58 56 57 57 57 56 57 57 58 58 54 54 53 51 51 51 49 48 50 51 52 50 50 50 50 51 52 49 48 54 51 53 48 51 53 51 51 51 51 52 51 48 51 51 53 46 46 46 50 50 50 50 49 49 51 51 52 51 50 52 53 53 51 52 52 52 51 52 52 53 53 49 49 48 48 48 48 46 45 47 48 49 47 47 47 47 48 49 46 45 51 48 50 45 48 50 48 48 48 48 49 48 45 48 48 50 43 43 43 47 47 47 47 46 46 48 48 49 48 47 49 50 50 48 49 49 49 48 49 49 50 50 46 46 45
Max 36 37 37 35 33 36 37 39 N/A 36 36 37 37 38 35 34 40 36 38 33 36 38 37 37 37 36 N/A 36 33 36 36 38 30 29 31 36 37 36 37 36 35 38 38 38 38 37 37 39 39 37 38 38 38 36 38 38 39 40 35 34 34
Min 6 31 27 32 36 33 33 38 N/A 31 26 31 30 36 28 33 31 9 11 6 13 10 9 10 10 11 N/A 13 16 14 12 10 3 1 6 32 31 31 32 33 33 34 32 34 33 31 25 25 25 23 26 23 26 25 26 26 28 30 27 19 27
State NH NH NH NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
Station MOUNTWASHINGTON MANCHESTERAIRPORT ISLEOFSHOALS(LS) ATLANTICCITY MILLVILLEMUNICIPALAP MCGUIREAFB NEWARK TETERBOROAIRPORT ROSWELLINDUSTRIALAIRPA CLOVISCANNONAFB CARLSBADCAVERNCITYAIR WHITESANDSTESTRG TRUTHORCONSEQUENCESMUN CLAYTONMUNICIPALAIRPARK GALLUPSENCLARKEFLD ALBUQUERQUE FARMINGTONFOURCORNERSR TAOSMUNIAPT(AWOS) TUCUMCARI HOLLOMANAFB LASVEGAS NELLISAFB TONOPAH ELY CALIENTE(AMOS) RENO FALLONNAAS LOVELOCKDERBYFIELD ELKO WINNEMUCCA NEWYORKLAGUARDIAARPT ISLIPLONGISLMACARTHUR POUGHKEEPSIEDUTCHESSCO WHITEPLAINSWESTCHESTER STEWARTFIELD BINGHAMTON ELMIRACORNINGREGIONALA ALBANY GLENSFALLSAP SYRACUSE GRIFFISSAFB UTICAONEIDACOUNTYAP JAMESTOWN(AWOS) BUFFALO NIAGARAFALLSAF ROCHESTER MASSENAAP PLATTSBURGHAFB WATERTOWNAP FORTDRUM/WHEELER NEWYORKJFKENNEDYINT` DUNKIRK GALLOOISLAND COLUMBUS COLUMBUSRICKENBACKE ZANESVILLEMUNICIPALAP DAYTON CINCINNATIMUNICIPALAPL AKRON/CANTON CLEVELAND MANSFIELD
Elev (M) 2% 1910 68 7 20 21 45 9 2 1112 1309 985 1244 1478 1511 1970 1619 1674 2161 1231 1248 664 573 1653 1906 1335 1341 1199 1188 1547 1323 3 25 47 121 177 499 291 89 97 124 158 217 525 215 180 169 65 71 96 211 4 183 76 254 230 268 306 149 377 245 395 16 33 27 33 33 34 34 34 38 36 39 37 37 35 33 36 35 31 37 37 42 43 35 32 37 35 37 37 35 36 33 31 33 32 32 30 32 31 31 31 32 31 28 30 31 31 31 30 30 30 32 27 26 33 34 32 33 34 31 32 31
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 49 66 60 66 66 67 67 67 71 69 72 70 70 68 66 69 68 64 70 70 75 76 68 65 70 68 70 70 68 69 66 64 66 65 65 63 65 64 64 64 65 64 61 63 64 64 64 63 63 63 65 60 59 66 67 65 66 67 64 65 64 9 38 55 49 55 55 56 56 56 60 58 61 59 59 57 55 58 57 53 59 59 64 65 57 54 59 57 59 59 57 58 55 53 55 54 54 52 54 53 53 53 54 53 50 52 53 53 53 52 52 52 54 49 48 55 56 54 55 56 53 54 53 33 50 44 50 50 51 51 51 55 53 56 54 54 52 50 53 52 48 54 54 59 60 52 49 54 52 54 54 52 53 50 48 50 49 49 47 49 48 48 48 49 48 45 47 48 48 48 47 47 47 49 44 43 50 51 49 50 51 48 49 48 30 47 41 47 47 48 48 48 52 50 53 51 51 49 47 50 49 45 51 51 56 57 49 46 51 49 51 51 49 50 47 45 47 46 46 44 46 45 45 45 46 45 42 44 45 45 45 44 44 44 46 41 40 47 48 46 47 48 45 46 45
Max 19 36 31 36 36 36 37 36 40 39 42 40 39 37 35 38 37 N/A 39 39 44 45 37 35 N/A 38 N/A 39 37 39 36 35 36 35 34 32 35 34 34 34 34 33 31 32 33 34 33 34 32 33 36 31 28 35 36 35 35 36 33 34 33
Min 36 21 17 17 17 16 15 16 14 14 11 12 10 19 23 13 17 N/A 17 11 5 6 17 25 N/A 16 N/A 20 24 22 14 16 23 17 20 22 23 24 29 24 26 25 21 20 20 21 32 28 32 29 14 16 22 20 19 21 22 19 22 21 22
State OH OH OH OH OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA RI RI SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC
Station YOUNGSTOWN TOLEDO FINDLAYAIRPORT DAYTONWRIGHTPATTERSONA ALTUSAFB HOBARTMUNICIPALAP GAGEAIRPORT OKLAHOMACITY VANCEAFB/ENID OKLAHOMACITYTINKERAFB OKLAHOMACITY/WILEY PONCACITYMUNICIPALAP FORTSILLPOSTFIELDAF TULSA MCALESTERMUNICIPALAP KLAMATHFALLSINTLAP MEDFORD SEXTONSUMMIT BURNS REDMOND BURNSMUNICIPALARPT PENDLETON MEACHAM BAKERMUNICIPALAP NORTHBEND EUGENE SALEM CORVALLISMUNIAWOS PORTLAND PORTLAND/HILLSBORO ASTORIA CAPEARAGO(LS) NEWPORTSTATEBEACH PHILADELPHIA PHILADELPHIANEPHILADELP WILLOWGROVENAS READINGSPAATZFIELD MIDDLETOWNHARRISBURGINT WASHINGTON(AWOS) HARRISBURGCAPITALCITYA BUTLERCO.(AWOS) DUBOISFAAAP ALTOONABLAIRCOARPT JOHNSTOWNCAMBRIACOUNTY WILKESBARRE/S WILLIAMSPORT ALLENTOWN PITTSBURGH PITTSBURGHALLEGHENYCOA ERIE BRADFORD BLOCKISLANDSTATEARPT PROVIDENCE CHARLESTON BEAUFORTMCAS COLUMBIA FLORENCEREGIONALAP GREENVILLE ANDERSONCOUNTYAP SUMTERSHAWAFB MYRTLEBEACHAFB
Elev (M) 2% 361 211 243 249 413 478 667 397 398 384 396 304 369 206 231 1244 396 1168 1271 940 1261 456 1236 1026 5 109 61 75 12 62 7 18 9 9 30 102 103 92 361 103 380 552 451 694 289 160 117 373 380 225 646 33 19 12 10 69 44 296 231 74 7 31 33 32 33 40 39 38 38 38 37 38 38 38 38 37 33 37 28 33 34 33 36 30 34 22 33 33 33 33 33 25 19 19 34 34 34 33 34 31 34 31 30 32 30 31 32 33 32 32 30 28 27 32 35 35 36 36 34 35 35 34
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 64 66 65 66 73 72 71 71 71 70 71 71 71 71 70 66 70 61 66 67 66 69 63 67 55 66 66 66 66 66 58 52 52 67 67 67 66 67 64 67 64 63 65 63 64 65 66 65 65 63 61 60 65 68 68 69 69 67 68 68 67 10 53 55 54 55 62 61 60 60 60 59 60 60 60 60 59 55 59 50 55 56 55 58 52 56 44 55 55 55 55 55 47 41 41 56 56 56 55 56 53 56 53 52 54 52 53 54 55 54 54 52 50 49 54 57 57 58 58 56 57 57 56 48 50 49 50 57 56 55 55 55 54 55 55 55 55 54 50 54 45 50 51 50 53 47 51 39 50 50 50 50 50 42 36 36 51 51 51 50 51 48 51 48 47 49 47 48 49 50 49 49 47 45 44 49 52 52 53 53 51 52 52 51 45 47 46 47 54 53 52 52 52 51 52 52 52 52 51 47 51 42 47 48 47 50 44 48 36 47 47 47 47 47 39 33 33 48 48 48 47 48 45 48 45 44 46 44 45 46 47 46 46 44 42 41 46 49 49 50 50 48 49 49 48
Max 33 35 34 35 42 42 40 39 41 39 40 41 40 40 39 36 40 31 36 37 36 39 33 37 28 37 37 38 37 37 30 23 28 36 37 36 N/A 37 N/A 36 N/A 32 34 32 34 35 35 34 34 33 31 30 36 37 38 38 38 36 37 38 36
Min 21 23 22 21 13 14 19 15 16 14 15 15 13 16 14 17 9 8 25 20 29 17 31 23 5 9 9 8 7 9 7 1 2 15 15 17 N/A 16 N/A 17 N/A 22 20 19 20 20 18 20 19 20 26 14 18 7 7 10 10 11 10 9 8
State SC SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX
Station FOLLYBEACH SIOUXFALLS BROOKINGS(AWOS) YANKTON(AWOS) HURON MITCHELL(AWOS) WATERTOWNMUNICIPALAP ABERDEENREGIONALARPT RAPIDCITY ELLSWORTHAFB MOBRIDGE PIERRE BRISTOL CHATTANOOGA KNOXVILLE CROSSVILLEMEMORIALAP NASHVILLE MEMPHIS MEMPHISNAS JACKSONMCKELLARSIPESRE DYERSBURGMUNICIPALAP FORTCAMPBELLAAF ABILENEDYESSAFB PORTARTHUR GALVESTON/SCHOLES HOUSTON HOUSTONWILLIAMPHOBBYA HOUSTONELLINGTONAFB COLLEGESTATIONEASTERWOO LUFKIN BROWNSVILLE HARLINGENRIOGRANDEVALL MCALLENMILLERINTLAP CORPUSCHRISTI CORPUSCHRISTINAS KINGSVILLE ALICEINTLAP LAREDOINTLAP COTULLAFAAAP SANANTONIO HONDOMUNICIPALAP SANANTONIOKELLYFIELDA RANDOLPHAFB AUSTIN BERGSTROMAFB/AUSTI VICTORIA PALACIOSMUNICIPALAP BEEVILLECHASENAAS WACO KILLEENMUNI(AWOS) ROBERTGRAYAAF TEMPLE/MILLER(AWOS) DALLASLOVEFIELD DALLASHENSLEYFIELDNAS DALLAS/FORTWORTHINTAP FORTWORTH/ALLIANCE FORTWORTHNAS FORTWORTHMEACHAM STEPHENVILLECLARKFIELD DELRIOINTERNATIONALAP DELRIOLAUGHLINAFB
Elev (M) 2% 3 435 502 398 393 397 532 398 966 979 508 526 459 210 299 569 180 87 89 132 102 173 545 7 16 33 13 11 95 96 6 10 30 13 6 17 52 150 141 242 280 207 231 189 165 32 4 60 155 258 312 208 134 150 164 220 185 209 398 304 327 31 34 31 33 35 33 32 34 35 36 34 37 32 35 34 32 35 36 36 35 34 35 39 34 33 36 35 36 38 36 35 37 38 35 34 37 38 39 39 37 37 38 38 37 38 36 33 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 38 38 36 39 40
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 64 67 64 66 68 66 65 67 68 69 67 70 65 68 67 65 68 69 69 68 67 68 72 67 66 69 68 69 71 69 68 70 71 68 67 70 71 72 72 70 70 71 71 70 71 69 66 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 72 71 71 69 72 73 11 53 56 53 55 57 55 54 56 57 58 56 59 54 57 56 54 57 58 58 57 56 57 61 56 55 58 57 58 60 58 57 59 60 57 56 59 60 61 61 59 59 60 60 59 60 58 55 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 61 60 60 58 61 62 48 51 48 50 52 50 49 51 52 53 51 54 49 52 51 49 52 53 53 52 51 52 56 51 50 53 52 53 55 53 52 54 55 52 51 54 55 56 56 54 54 55 55 54 55 53 50 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 56 55 55 53 56 57 45 48 45 47 49 47 46 48 49 50 48 51 46 49 48 46 49 50 50 49 48 49 53 48 47 50 49 50 52 50 49 51 52 49 48 51 52 53 53 51 51 52 52 51 52 50 47 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 53 52 52 50 53 54
Max 34 37 34 36 38 36 N/A 37 39 39 38 41 34 36 35 33 36 37 38 37 36 37 41 36 35 38 37 37 40 38 37 39 41 37 36 39 40 41 N/A 38 39 40 39 39 39 38 36 40 40 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 38 41 41
Min 3 30 30 27 31 28 N/A 33 27 26 30 28 18 13 15 19 16 12 14 15 12 17 12 5 0 5 4 3 7 8 0 0 1 3 1 3 3 2 N/A 7 7 7 6 7 8 5 3 5 9 6 8 7 8 9 10 8 10 10 11 3 5
State TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX UT UT UT UT UT VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VT VT VT WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA
Station PINESPRINGSGUADALUPEMO SANANGELO DALHARTMUNICIPALAP MARFAAP MIDLAND/ODESSA WINKWINKLERCOUNTYAP ABILENE LUBBOCK REESEAFB ELPASO WICHITAFALLS CHILDRESSMUNICIPALAP AMARILLO SANDERSON(RAMOS) JUNCTIONKIMBLECOUNTYAP PORTARANSAS SABINE PRICE/CARBON(RAMOS) CEDARCITY SALTLAKECITY OGDENHILLAFB WENDOVERUSAFAUXILIARYF OCEANANAS NORFOLK NORFOLKNAS NEWPORTNEWS RICHMOND PETERSBURG(AWOS) WASHINGTONDULLESINTLAP QUANTICOMCAS MANASSASMUNI(AWOS) DAVISONAAF WASHINGTONDCREAGANAP LYNCHBURG ROANOKE LANGLEYAFB RUTLANDSTATE(AWOS) MONTPELIERAP BURLINGTON WHIDBEYISLANDNAS YAKIMA STAMPEDEPASS WENATCHEE/PANGBORN HANFORD PASCO WALLAWALLACITYCOUNTYA SPOKANE FAIRCHILDAFB SPOKANE/FELTSFIELD PULLMAN/MOSCOWRGNL PORTANGELESINTL OLYMPIA KELSOWBAP BREMERTONNTNLAWOS SEATTLE/TACOMA SEATTLEBOEINGFIELD QUILLAYUTE BELLINGHAMINTLAP TACOMAMCCHORDAFB GRAYAAF DESTRUCTIONISLAND
Elev (M) 2% 1663 582 1216 1473 871 855 534 988 1014 1194 314 594 1098 865 533 5 1 1799 1712 1288 1459 1291 7 9 10 13 50 59 82 4 59 27 3 279 358 3 240 343 104 10 325 1206 379 223 135 355 721 743 595 778 88 61 4 147 122 6 55 45 88 89 16 34 38 36 34 38 39 38 37 38 39 39 39 36 37 38 30 31 33 34 36 34 36 34 34 35 35 35 36 34 34 34 36 35 33 33 34 29 30 31 22 35 25 35 38 37 37 34 33 35 34 26 31 30 29 29 30 27 26 30 30 18
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 67 71 69 67 71 72 71 70 71 72 72 72 69 70 71 63 64 66 67 69 67 69 67 67 68 68 68 69 67 67 67 69 68 66 66 67 62 63 64 55 68 58 68 71 70 70 67 66 68 67 59 64 63 62 62 63 60 59 63 63 51 12 56 60 58 56 60 61 60 59 60 61 61 61 58 59 60 52 53 55 56 58 56 58 56 56 57 57 57 58 56 56 56 58 57 55 55 56 51 52 53 44 57 47 57 60 59 59 56 55 57 56 48 53 52 51 51 52 49 48 52 52 40 51 55 53 51 55 56 55 54 55 56 56 56 53 54 55 47 48 50 51 53 51 53 51 51 52 52 52 53 51 51 51 53 52 50 50 51 46 47 48 39 52 42 52 55 54 54 51 50 52 51 43 48 47 46 46 47 44 43 47 47 35 48 52 50 48 52 53 52 51 52 53 53 53 50 51 52 44 45 47 48 50 48 50 48 48 49 49 49 50 48 48 48 50 49 47 47 48 43 44 45 36 49 39 49 52 51 51 48 47 49 48 40 45 44 43 43 44 41 40 44 44 32
Max 37 40 38 37 40 42 40 40 40 41 42 42 38 40 40 31 33 36 37 38 36 37 36 37 37 37 37 38 36 36 N/A 38 37 35 35 36 32 32 34 26 38 29 38 41 41 41 36 36 38 36 N/A 35 N/A 34 33 34 32 30 34 34 22
Min 12 10 17 14 12 11 12 14 14 9 13 12 18 10 10 1 4 20 21 17 16 17 11 10 9 12 14 15 18 14 N/A 17 13 15 15 10 27 28 28 9 18 15 17 16 15 15 21 19 17 18 N/A 12 N/A 8 7 7 8 10 11 10 2
State WA WA WA WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WV WV WV WV WV WV WV WV WY WY WY WY WY WY WY WY WY WY WY WY
Station SMITHISLAND TATOOSHISLAND WESTPOINT(LS) MILWAUKEE MADISON LACROSSE EAUCLAIRE GREENBAY MANITOWACMUNIAWOS WAUSAUMUNICIPALARPT PHILLIPS/PRICECO. PARKFALLSMUNI DEVIL`SISLAND SHEBOYGAN BECKLEYRALEIGHCOMEMAP BLUEFIELD/MERCERCO CHARLESTON ELKINS MORGANTOWNHARTFIELD MARTINSBURGEASTERNWVRE HUNTINGTON PARKERSBURGWOODCOUNTYA CHEYENNE LARAMIEGENERALBREESFIE CASPER ROCKSPRINGSARPT LANDER JACKSONHOLE(AWOS) GILLETTE(AMOS) SHERIDAN YELLOWSTONELAKE(RAMOS) WORLANDMUNICIPAL CODYMUNI(AWOS) BIGPINEY(AMOS)
Elev (M) 2% 15 31 3 211 262 205 273 214 198 365 449 469 192 176 763 871 290 594 378 161 255 253 1872 2214 1612 2054 1696 1964 1230 1209 2368 1294 1553 2124 19 18 21 32 32 33 32 31 29 31 29 29 26 29 29 29 33 30 32 34 33 33 31 29 34 31 33 28 35 35 25 36 33 29
0"-0.5" 0.5"-3.5" 3.5"-12" . 12"-36" 52 51 54 65 65 66 65 64 62 64 62 62 59 62 62 62 66 63 65 67 66 66 64 62 67 64 66 61 68 68 58 69 66 62 41 40 43 54 54 55 54 53 51 53 51 51 48 51 51 51 55 52 54 56 55 55 53 51 56 53 55 50 57 57 47 58 55 51 36 35 38 49 49 50 49 48 46 48 46 46 43 46 46 46 50 47 49 51 50 50 48 46 51 48 50 45 52 52 42 53 50 46 33 32 35 46 46 47 46 45 43 45 43 43 40 43 43 43 47 44 46 48 47 47 45 43 48 45 47 42 49 49 39 50 47 43
Max 23 22 25 35 35 37 36 34 N/A 34 N/A N/A 31 33 31 31 35 32 34 37 35 35 34 32 37 33 35 31 38 37 N/A 40 35 31
Min 4 2 3 24 27 28 31 28 N/A 29 N/A N/A 24 23 20 20 18 25 19 18 19 20 26 31 30 26 28 31 27 30 N/A 35 28 34
Footnotes: 1.ASHRAEbasesitswarmseasontemperatureconditionsforeachcityonannualpercentilesof0.4%,1.0%and2.0%.Asan example,theJune2.0%drybulbdesigntemperatureforAtlantais91.7F.Therefore,basedona30daymonth(i.e.720hours), theactualtemperaturescanbeexpectedtoexceed91.7Fatotalof14hoursamonth.Thecorresponding1.0%design temperature(93.1F)canbeexpectedtobeexceededfor7hoursamonth;whilethe0.4%designtemperature(94.6F)canbe expectedtobeexceededfor3hoursamonth. 2.CalculationsshowninthetablearebasedonASHRAE2%designtemperaturesfor30yearsofdata*,andCDAresearch coveringthreeyearsofmonitoringairtemperaturesinsiderooftopconduits.**ThetableusestheaverageoftheJunethrough Augustdrybulbdesigntemperaturesgenerallythehottestmonthsoftheyearincalculatingthedesigntemperaturesin thistable.Alltemperaturesareroundedtothenearestwholenumber.Theresultscanthenbeusedtoapplythecorrection factorsinTable310.16oftheNationalElectricalCode.
*ASHRAEhascompiled30yearsofdrybulbdesigntemperaturedatainthe2005ASHRAEHandbookofFundamentals(The AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAirConditioningEngineers.Chapter28,ClimaticDesignInformationAppendix Section28.12). ThetablecoversalloftheU.S.weatherstationlocationsincludedintheASHRAEHandbook.ThecompleteHandbookcanbe ordereddirectlyfromASHRAEatwww.ASHRAE.org. **TheresearchisdescribedinanarticlewrittenfortheInternationalAssociationofElectricalInspectorsIAEINews,Effectof RooftopExposureonAmbientTemperaturesinsideConduits,JanuaryFebruary,2006includedelsewhereonthiswebsite.
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Expedited Permit Process for PV Systems

with Detailed Explanation to Help Guide Thru the Process

BrooksEngineering 873KellsCircle Vacaville,CA95688 www.brooksolar.com

INVERTER WITH SUPPLIED COMBINER AND DC DISCONNECT

EXISTING ALL-IN-ONE SERVICE EQUIPMENT WITH 40-AMP PV BREAKER AS AC DISCONNECT

Contractor Name, Address and Phone:

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

Sample Site Plan for Small-Scale, Single-Phase PV Systems

Site Name: ___________________________ Site Address: _________________________ System AC Size: ______________________

________ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT

________ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT

MAIN SERVICE PANEL

Disregard if provided with inverter

BUILDING GROUNDING ELECTRODE

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

One-Line Standard Electrical Diagram for Small-Scale, Single-Phase PV Systems

Site Name: _________________________ Site Address: _______________________ System AC Size: ____________________

SIGNSSEE GUIDE SECTION 7 PV MODULE RATINGS @ STC (Guide Section 5)

SIGN FOR DC DISCONNECT

PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE

RATED MPP CURRENT

RATED MPP VOLTAGE

MAX SYSTEM VOLTAGE

INVERTER RATINGS (Guide Section 4)

MAX CIRCUIT CURRENT

THIS PANEL FED BY MULTIPLE SOURCES (UTILITY AND SOLAR)

NOTES FOR INVERTER CIRCUITS (Guide Section 8 and 9):

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

Notes for One-Line Standard Electrical Diagram for Single-Phase PV Systems

Site Name: __________________________ Site Address: ________________________ System AC Size: ______________________

2. ElectricaldiagramshowingPVarrayconfiguration,wiringsystem,overcurrentprotection, inverter,disconnects,requiredsigns,andacconnectiontobuilding(seesuppliedstandard electricaldiagram).

3. Specificationsheetsandinstallationmanuals(ifavailable)forallmanufacturedcomponents including,butnotlimitedto,PVmodules,inverter(s),combinerbox,disconnects,and mountingsystem.

Section2. Step1:StructuralReviewofPVArrayMountingSystem Isthearraytobemountedonadefined,permittedroofstructure? Yes meetsmoderncodes) IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1.

RoofInformation: 1. Istheroofingtypelightweight(Yes=composition,lightweightmasonry,metal,wood shake,etc)_____________ IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1(No=heavymasonry,slate, etc). Explanation:Thereisaneedtodistinguishifaroofhasalightweightproduct.Heavier

2. Doestheroofhaveasingleroofcovering? Yes No IfNo,submitcompletedworksheetforroofstructureWKS1.

MountingSystemInformation: 1. ThemountingstructureisanengineeredproductdesignedtomountPVmodules? Yes No IfNo,providedetailsofstructuralattachmentcertifiedbyadesignprofessional.

Section3. Step2:ElectricalReviewofPVSystem(CalculationsforElectricalDiagram) InorderforaPVsystemtobeconsideredforanexpeditedpermitprocess,thefollowingmust apply: 1. PVmodules,utilityinteractiveinverters,andcombinerboxesareidentifiedforuseinPV systems.

a) MODULEMANUFACTURER:Thisisthemanufacturersname:(e.g.Evergreen, SunPower,etc) b) MODULEMODEL#:Thisisthemodelnumberonthelistinglabel:(e.g.EGS185,SP225, etc) c) MAXIMUMPOWERPOINTCURRENT(IMP)

Section7. SIGNS a) PVPOWERSOURCE i) RATEDMPP(MAXIMUMPOWERPOINT)CURRENT (sumofparallelsourcecircuitoperatingcurrents)

ii) RATEDMPP(MAXIMUMPOWERPOINT)VOLTAGE (sumofseriesmodulesoperatingvoltageinsourcecircuit)

PercentageMethod: VMODMAX=VOC+VOCxVOC(%)x(TempLOWTempRATED) VoltageMethod: VMODMAX=VOC+VOC(V)x(TempLOWTempRATED) MaximumSystemVoltage=VMAX=VMODMAXxNumberofModulesinSeries MaximumSystemVoltage=VMAX=44.4V+44.4Vx0.0033/Cx(0C25C)x12 VMAX=[44.4V+44.4Vx0.0033/Cx(25C)]x12=577Volts<600Volts(sizedproperly)

c) PointofConnectionSign[NEC690.54] (TobeplacedontheSolarACDisconnectandACPointofConnectionlocations) i) ACOUTPUTCURRENT

InConduitonRooftops: TWOOPTIONSFORSOURCECIRCUITCONDUCTORTYPE(INSIDECONDUITCIRCLE ONE)THWN2andXHHW2

Maximum ModuleISC 9.6Amps 7.68Amps 6.4Amps

MinimumConductorSizein FreeAir(atmodules) 10AWG 12AWG 14AWG

Filloutthestandardelectricaldiagramcompletely.Aguidetotheelectricaldiagramisprovidedtohelpthe applicantunderstandeachblanktofillin.Iftheelectricalsystemismorecomplexthanthestandardelectrical diagramcaneffectivelycommunicate,provideanalternativediagramwithappropriatedetail.

INVERTER WITH SUPPLIED COMBINER AND DC DISCONNECT

EXISTING ALL-IN-ONE SERVICE EQUIPMENT WITH 40-AMP PV BREAKER AS AC DISCONNECT

Contractor Name, Address and Phone:

Site Plan for Small-Scale, Single-Phase PV Systems

___12___ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT

___12___ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT

MAIN SERVICE PANEL

Disregard if provided with inverter

BUILDING GROUNDING ELECTRODE

CONDUIT TYPE N/A N/A EMT N/A

CONDUIT SIZE N/A N/A " N/A

BARE COPPER EQ. GRD. COND. (EGC)

One-Line Standard Electrical Diagram for Small-Scale, Single-Phase PV Systems

INSULATED EGC DC GROUNDING ELECTRODE COND.

SIGNSSEE GUIDE SECTION 7 PV MODULE RATINGS @ STC (Guide Section 5)

SIGN FOR DC DISCONNECT

PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE

_________ _ _ _________

Site Name: _______________ Site Address: _ System AC Size: __________

_________ _ _ _________

Site Name: _____________ Site Address: _ System AC Size: __________

_________ _ _ _________

Site Name: ____ Site Address: System AC Size:

_12_ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT

_12_ MODULES IN SERIES SOURCE-CIRCUIT