HTML Codes N Tags

HTML Basic
HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HOME Introduction Get Started Basic Elements Attributes Headings Paragraphs Formatting Fonts Styles Links Images Tables Lists Forms Frames Iframes Colors Colornames Colorvalues Quick List
HTML Advanced
HTML Layout HTML Doctypes HTML CSS HTML Head HTML Meta HTML Scripts HTML Entities HTML URLs HTML URL Encode HTML Webserver HTML Summary
HTML References
HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML HTML Tag List Attributes Events Character Sets ASCII ISO-8859-1 URL Encode Lang Codes Status Codes
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3>
Try it yourself
HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p> <p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Note: The link address is specified in the href attribute. (You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial).
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />
Try it yourself
HTML documents are defined by HTML elements. 2
HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
Start tag * <p> <a href="default.htm" > <br />
Element content This is a paragraph This is a link </p> </a>
End tag *
* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.
HTML Element Syntax

An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag The element content is everything between the start and the end tag Some HTML elements have empty content Empty elements are closed in the start tag Most HTML elements can have attributes
Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Nested HTML Elements

Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements). HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
HTML Document Example

<html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> </html>
The example above contains 3 HTML elements.
HTML Example Explained

The <p> element:
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document. The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>. The element content is: This is my first paragraph. The <body> element:
<body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body>
The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document. The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>. The element content is another HTML element (a p element). The <html> element:
<html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> </html>
The <html> element defines the whole HTML document. The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>. The element content is another HTML element (the body element).
Don't Forget the End Tag

Some HTML elements might display correctly even if you forget the end tag:
<p>This is a paragraph <p>This is a paragraph
The example above works in most browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional. Never rely on this. Many HTML elements will produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag .
Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements. <br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break). Tip: In XHTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash inside the start tag, like <br />, is the proper way of closing empty elements in XHTML (and XML).
HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many web sites use uppercase HTML tags. W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase in HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in XHTML.
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.
HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes Attributes provide additional information about an element Attributes are always specified in the start tag Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Always Quote Attribute Values

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed. Tip: In some rare situations, when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes: name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'
HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.
HTML Attributes Reference

A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our: Complete HTML Reference Below is a list of some attributes that are standard for most HTML elements: Attribute class id style title Value classname id style_definition tooltip_text Description Specifies a classname for an element Specifies a unique id for an element Specifies an inline style for an element Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)
For more information about standard attributes:
HTML / XHTML Standard Attributes

The attributes listed below are standard, and are supported by all HTML and XHTML tags, with a few exceptions.
Core Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Attribute class id style title Value classname id style_definition text Description Specifies a classname for an element Specifies a unique id for an element Specifies an inline style for an element Specifies extra information about an element
Language Attributes
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements. Attribute dir Value ltr rtl language_code Description Specifies the text direction for the content in an element
lang
Specifies a language code for the content in an element. Language code reference Specifies a language code for the content in an element, in XHTML documents. Language code reference
xml:lang
language_code
Keyboard Attributes
Attribute accesskey tabindex Value character number Description Specifies a keyboard shortcut to access an element Specifies the tab order of an element
HTML Headings
Headings are important in HTML documents.
HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3>
Headings Are Important

Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold. Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages. Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show the document structure. H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less important H3 headings, and so on.
HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page. The hr element can be used to separate content:
Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p> <hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p> <hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p>
Headings How to display headings in an HTML document.
<html> <body> <h1>This is heading 1</h1> <h2>This is heading 2</h2> <h3>This is heading 3</h3> <h4>This is heading 4</h4> <h5>This is heading 5</h5> <h6>This is heading 6</h6> </body> </html>
This is heading 1
This is heading 2
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This is heading 3 This is heading 4 This is heading 5 This is heading
HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable. Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed. Comments are written like this:
Example

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?" To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Source" (IE) or "View Page Source" (Firefox), or similar for other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page Hidden comments How to insert comments in the HTML source code.
<html> <body>  <p>This is a regular paragraph</p> </body> </html>
This is a regular paragraph

Horizontal lines How to insert a horizontal line.
<html> <body> <p>The hr tag defines a horizontal rule:</p> 9
<hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p> <hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p> <hr /> <p>This is a paragraph</p> </body> </html>
The hr tag defines a horizontal rule:
This is a paragraph
This is a paragraph
This is a paragraph
HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes. You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial. Tag <html> <body> <h1> to <h6> <hr />  <blockquote> Text quoted from a source. </blockquote> <address> Written by W3Schools.com<br /> <a href="mailto:us@example.org">Email us</a><br /> Address: Box 564, Disneyland<br /> Phone: +12 34 56 78 </address>
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HTML Layouts
Previous Next Chapter
Web page layout is very important to make your website look good. Design your webpage layout very carefully.
Website Layouts
Most websites have put their content in multiple columns (formatted like a magazine or newspaper). Multiple columns is created by using <table> or <div> tags. Some CSS are normally also added to position elements, or to create backgrounds or colorful look for the pages.
HTML Layouts - Using Tables

The simplest way of creating layouts is by using the HTML <table> tag. The following example uses a table with 3 rows and 2 columns - the first and last row spans both columns using the colspan attribute:
Example
<html> <body> <table width="500" border="0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA500;"> <h1>Main Title of Web Page</h1> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="background-color:#FFD700;width:100px;text-align:top;"> <b>Menu</b><br /> HTML<br /> CSS<br /> JavaScript </td> <td style="background-color:#EEEEEE;height:200px;width:400px;text-align:top;"> Content goes here</td> </tr>
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<tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA500;text-align:center;"> Copyright 2011 W3Schools.com</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
Try it yourself
The HTML code above will produce the following result:
Main Title of Web Page

Menu HTML CSS JavaScript Content goes here
Copyright 2011 W3Schools.com
Note: Even though it is possible to create nice layouts with HTML tables, tables were designed for presenting tabular data - NOT as a layout tool!
HTML Layouts - Using Div Elements

The div element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. The following example uses five div elements to create a multiple column layout, creating the same result as in the previous example:
Example
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<html> <body> <div id="container" style="width:500px"> <div id="header" style="background-color:#FFA500;"> <h1 style="margin-bottom:0;">Main Title of Web Page</h1></div> <div id="menu" style="background-color:#FFD700;height:200px;width:100px;float:left;"> <b>Menu</b><br /> HTML<br /> CSS<br /> JavaScript</div> <div id="content" style="background-color:#EEEEEE;height:200px;width:400px;float:left;"> Content goes here</div> <div id="footer" style="background-color:#FFA500;clear:both;text-align:center;"> Copyright 2011 W3Schools.com</div> </div> </body> </html>
Try it yourself
The HTML code above will produce the following result:
Main Title of Web Page

Menu HTML CSS JavaScript Content goes here Copyright 2011 W3Schools.com
HTML Layout - Useful Tips

Tip: The biggest advantage of using CSS is that, if you place the CSS code in an external style sheet, your site becomes MUCH EASIER to maintain. You can change the layout of all your pages by editing one file. To learn more about CSS, study our CSS tutorial.
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Tip: Because advanced layouts take time to create, a quicker option is to use a template. Search Google for free website templates (these are pre-built website layouts you can use and customize).
HTML Layout Tags

Tag <table> <div> Description Defines a table Defines a section in a document
HTML Doctypes
Previous Next Chapter
A doctype declaration refers to the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content correctly.
Example
An HTML document with a doctype of HTML 4.01 Transitional: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>Title of the document</title> </head> <body> The content of the document...... </body> </html>
HTML Different Doctypes

The doctype declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version of the markup language the page is written in.
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The doctype declaration refers to a Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD specifies the rules for the markup language, so that the browsers render the content correctly. The doctype declaration should be the very first thing in an HTML document, before the <html> tag. Tip: Always add a doctype to your pages. This helps the browsers to render the page correctly!
HTML 4.01 Strict

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, but does NOT INCLUDE presentational or deprecated elements (like font and center). Framesets are not allowed:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
HTML 4.01 Transitional

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, INCLUDING presentational and deprecated elements (like font). Framesets are not allowed:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
HTML 4.01 Frameset

This DTD is equal to HTML 4.01 Transitional, but allows the use of frameset content:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">
Tips and Notes

Look at our table of all HTML/XHTML elements, and which DTD each element appear in. Use W3C's Validator to check that you have written a valid HTML / XHTML document!
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HTML DOCTYPE Element

Tag <!DOCTYPE> Description Defines the document type. This declaration goes before the <html> start tag
HTML Styles
In HTML 4.0, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a style sheet.
Using styles in HTML How to add style information into the <head> section.
<html> <head> <style type="text/css"> h1 {color:red;} h2 {color:blue;} p {color:green;} </style> </head> <body> <h1>All header 1 elements will be red</h1> <h2>All header 2 elements will be blue</h2> <p>All text in paragraphs will be green.</p> </body> </html>
All header 1 elements will be red
All header 2 elements will be blue

All text in paragraphs will be green.
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Link that is not underlined How to make a link that is not underlined, with the style attribute.
<html> <body> <a href="http://www.w3schools.com" style="text-decoration:none;">Visit W3Schools.com!</a> </body> </html>
Visit W3Schools.com!
Link to an external style sheet How to use the <link> tag to link to an external style sheet.
<html> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css" /> </head> <body> <h1>I am formatted with an external style sheet</h1> <p>Me too!</p> </body> </html>
I am formatted with an external style sheet

Me too!
How to Use Styles

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
External style sheet Internal style sheet Inline styles
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External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the <head> section:
<head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" /> </head>
Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet can be used if one single document has a unique style. Internal styles are defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head> <style type="text/css"> body {background-color:yellow;} p {color:blue;} </style> </head>
Inline Styles
An inline style can be used if a unique style is to be applied to one single occurrence of an element. To use inline styles, use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example below shows how to change the text color and the left margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color:blue;margin-left:20px;">This is a paragraph.</p>
To learn more about style sheets, visit our CSS tutorial.
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HTML Style Tags

Tag <style> <link /> Description Defines style information for a document Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource
HTML head Elements

The title of a document The <title> tag defines the title of the document.
<html> <head> <title>My first HTML page</title> </head> <body> <p>The content of the body element is displayed in the browser.</p> <p>The content of the title element is displayed in the browser's title.</p> </body> </html>
The content of the body element is displayed in the browser. The content of the title element is displayed in the browser's title.
One target for all links
How to use the base tag to let all the links on a page open in a new window. <html> <head> <base href="http://www.w3schools.com/images/" /> <base target="_blank" /> </head> <body> <img src="stickman.gif" width="24" height="39" /> - Notice that we have only specified a relative address for the image. Since we have specified a base URL in the head section, the browser will look for the image at "http://www.w3schools.com/images/stickman.gif" <br /><br /> <a href="http://www.w3schools.com">W3Schools</a> - Notice that the link opens in a new window, even if it has no target="_blank" attribute. This is because the target attribute of the base element is set to "_blank". 109
</body> </html>
- Notice that we have only specified a relative address for the image. Since we have specified a base URL in the head section, the browser will look for the image at "http://www.w3schools.com/images/stickman.gif" W3Schools - Notice that the link opens in a new window, even if it has no target="_blank" attribute. This is because the target attribute of the base element is set to "_blank".
The HTML head Element

The head element is a container for all the head elements. Elements inside <head> can include scripts, instruct the browser where to find style sheets, provide meta information, and more. The following tags can be added to the head section: <title>, <base>, <link>, <meta>, <script>, and <style>.
The HTML title Element

The <title> tag defines the title of the document. The title element is required in all HTML/XHTML documents. The title element:
defines a title in the browser toolbar provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites displays a title for the page in search-engine results
A simplified HTML document:
<html> <head> <title>Title of the document</title> </head> <body> The content of the document...... </body> </html>
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The HTML base Element

The <base> tag specifies a default address or a default target for all links on a page:
<head> <base href="http://www.w3schools.com/images/" /> <base target="_blank" /> </head>
The HTML link Element

The <link> tag defines the relationship between a document and an external resource. The <link> tag is most used to link to style sheets:
<head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" /> </head>
The HTML style Element

The <style> tag is used to define style information for an HTML document. Inside the style element you specify how HTML elements should render in a browser:
<head> <style type="text/css"> body {background-color:yellow} p {color:blue} </style> </head>
The HTML meta Element

The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. The meta element will be explained in the next chapter.
The HTML script Element

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript.
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The script element will be explained in a later chapter.
HTML head Elements

Tag <head> <title> <base /> <link /> <meta /> <script> <style> Description Defines information about the document Defines the title of a document Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource Defines metadata about an HTML document Defines a client-side script Defines style information for a document
HTML Meta
Document description Use the meta element to describe the document.
<html> <head> <meta name="author" content="Hege Refsnes" /> <meta name="revised" content="2010/06/20" /> </head> <body> <p>The meta elements on this page identifies the author and the revise date.</p> </body> </html>
The meta elements on this page identifies the author and the revise date.
Document keywords Use the meta element to define the keywords of a document.
<html> <head> <meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML"> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, XML"> </head> 112
<body> <p>The meta elements on this page defines a description of the page, and its keywords.</p> </body> </html>
The meta elements on this page defines a description of the page, and its keywords
Redirect a user How to redirect a user to a new web address.
<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Refresh" content="5;url=http://www.w3schools.com" /> </head> <body> <h1>Sorry! We have moved!</h1> <h2>The new URL is: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com">http://www.w3schools.com</a></h2> <p>You will be redirected to the new address in five seconds.</p> <p>If you see this message for more than 5 seconds, please click on the link above!</p> </body> </html>
The HTML meta Element

Metadata is information about data. The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. Metadata will not be displayed on the page, but will be machine parsable. Meta elements are typically used to specify page description, keywords, author of the document, last modified, and other metadata. The <meta> tag always goes inside the head element. The metadata can be used by browsers (how to display content or reload page), search engines (keywords), or other web services.
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Keywords for Search Engines

Some search engines will use the name and content attributes of the meta element to index your pages. The following meta element defines a description of a page:
<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML" />
The following meta element defines keywords for a page:
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, XML" />
The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page. Note: A lot of webmasters have used <meta> tags for spamming, like repeating keywords (or using wrong keywords) for higher ranking. Therefore, most search engines have stopped using <meta> tags to index/rank pages.
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HTML Scripts
JavaScripts make HTML pages more dynamic and interactive.
Insert a script How to insert a script into an HTML document.
<html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello World!") </script> </body> </html>
Hello World!
Use of the <noscript> tag How to handle browsers that do not support scripting, or have scripting disabled.
<html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello World!") </script> <noscript>Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript> <p>A browser without support for JavaScript will show the text in the noscript element.</p> </body> </html>
Hello World! Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript! A browser without support for JavaScript will show the text in the noscript element.
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The HTML script Element

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript. The script element either contains scripting statements or it points to an external script file through the src attribute. The required type attribute specifies the MIME type of the script. Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form validation, and dynamic changes of content. The script below writes Hello World! to the HTML output:
Example
<script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello World!") </script>
Tip: To learn more about JavaScript, visit our JavaScript tutorial!
The HTML noscript Element

The <noscript> tag is used to provide an alternate content for users that have disabled scripts in their browser or have a browser that doesnt support client-side scripting. The noscript element can contain all the elements that you can find inside the body element of a normal HTML page. The content inside the noscript element will only be displayed if scripts are not supported, or are disabled in the users browser:
Example
<script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello World!") </script> <noscript>Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>
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HTML Script Tags

Tag <script> <noscript> Description Defines a client-side script Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts
HTML Entities
Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities.
HTML Entities
Some characters are reserved in HTML. It is not possible to use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your text, because the browser will mix them with tags. To actually display reserved characters, we must use character entities in the HTML source code. A character entity looks like this:
&entity_name; OR &#entity_number;
To display a less than sign we must write: < or < Tip: The advantage of using an entity name, instead of a number, is that the name is easier to remember. However, the disadvantage is that browsers may not support all entity names (the support for entity numbers is very good).
Non-breaking Space
A common character entity used in HTML is the non-breaking space ( ).
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Browsers will always truncate spaces in HTML pages. If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser will remove 9 of them, before displaying the page. To add spaces to your text, you can use the character entity.
HTML Entities Example

<html> <body> <p>Character entities</p> <p>&X;</p> <p> Substitute the "X" with an entity number like "#174" or an entity name like "pound" to see the result. </p> </body> </html>
Character entities &X; Substitute the "X" with an entity number like "#174" or an entity name like "pound" to see the result.
HTML Useful Character Entities

Note: Entity names are case sensitive! Result Description non-breaking space < > & less than greater than ampersand cent pound yen Entity Name < > & ¢ £ ¥ Entity Number < > & ¢ £ ¥
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euro section copyright registered trademark trademark
€ § © ® ™
€ § © ® ™
HTML Uniform Resource Locators

A URL is another word for a web address. A URL can be composed of words, such as "w3schools.com", or an Internet Protocol (IP) address: 192.68.20.50. Most people enter the name of the website when surfing, because names are easier to remember than numbers.
URL - Uniform Resource Locator

When you click on a link in an HTML page, an underlying <a> tag points to an address on the world wide web. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the world wide web. A web address, like this: http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp follows these syntax rules:
scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename
Explanation:
scheme - defines the type of Internet service. The most common type is http host - defines the domain host (the default host for http is www) domain - defines the Internet domain name, like w3schools.com :port - defines the port number at the host (the default port number for http is 80) path - defines a path at the server (If omitted, the document must be stored at the root directory of the web site) filename - defines the name of a document/resource
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Common URL Schemes

The table below lists some common schemes: Scheme http Short for.... HyperText Transfer Protocol Which pages will the scheme be used for... Common web pages starts with http://. Not encrypted Secure web pages. All information exchanged are encrypted For downloading or uploading files to a website. Useful for domain maintenance A file on your computer
https
Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol File Transfer Protocol
ftp
file
HTML URL Encoding

URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be transmitted over the Internet.
URL - Uniform Resource Locator

Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL. The URL is the address of a web page, like: http://www.w3schools.com.
URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set. Since URLs often contain characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted into a valid ASCII format. URL encoding replaces non ASCII characters with a "%" followed by two hexadecimal digits. URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a + sign.
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Try It Yourself
If you click the "Submit" button below, the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the server. A page at the server will display the received input.
Submit
Hello Gnter
Try some other input and click Submit again.
URL Encoding Examples

Character URL-encoding %80 %A3 %A9 %AE %C0 %C1 %C2 %C3 %C4 %C5
HTML ASCII Reference

The ASCII character-set is used to send information between computers on the Internet.
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The ASCII Character Set

ASCII stands for the "American Standard Code for Information Interchange". It was designed in the early 60's, as a standard character-set for computers and hardware devices like teleprinters and tapedrives. ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128 characters. It contains the numbers from 0-9, the uppercase and lowercase English letters from A to Z, and some special characters. The character-sets used in modern computers, HTML, and Internet are all based on ASCII. The following table lists the 128 ASCII characters and their equivalent HTML entity codes.
ASCII Printable Characters

ASCII Character HTML Entity Code ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , Description space exclamation mark quotation mark number sign dollar sign percent sign ampersand apostrophe left parenthesis right parenthesis asterisk plus sign comma
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. / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D
- . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D
hyphen period slash digit 0 digit 1 digit 2 digit 3 digit 4 digit 5 digit 6 digit 7 digit 8 digit 9 colon semicolon less-than equals-to greater-than question mark at sign uppercase A uppercase B uppercase C uppercase D
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E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \
E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \
uppercase E uppercase F uppercase G uppercase H uppercase I uppercase J uppercase K uppercase L uppercase M uppercase N uppercase O uppercase P uppercase Q uppercase R uppercase S uppercase T uppercase U uppercase V uppercase W uppercase X uppercase Y uppercase Z left square bracket backslash
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] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
right square bracket caret underscore grave accent lowercase a lowercase b lowercase c lowercase d lowercase e lowercase f lowercase g lowercase h lowercase i lowercase j lowercase k lowercase l lowercase m lowercase n lowercase o lowercase p lowercase q lowercase r lowercase s lowercase t
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u v w x y z { | } ~
u v w x y z { | } ~
lowercase u lowercase v lowercase w lowercase x lowercase y lowercase z left curly brace vertical bar right curly brace tilde
ASCII Device Control Characters

The ASCII device control characters were originally designed to control hardware devices. Control characters have nothing to do inside an HTML document. ASCII Character NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL HTML Entity Code Description null character start of header start of text end of text end of transmission enquiry acknowledge bell (ring)
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BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US

backspace horizontal tab line feed vertical tab form feed carriage return shift out shift in data link escape device control 1 device control 2 device control 3 device control 4 negative acknowledge synchronize end transmission block cancel end of medium substitute escape file separator group separator record separator unit separator
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DEL

delete (rubout)
HTML Web Server

To make your web site visible to the world, you'll have to store it on a web server.
Hosting your own Web site

Hosting your web site on your own server is always an option. Here are some points to consider:
Hardware Expenses
To run a "real" web site, you will have to buy some powerful server hardware. Don't expect that a low cost PC will do the job. You will also need a permanent (24 hours a day ) high-speed connection.
Software Expenses
Remember that server-licenses often are higher than client-licenses. Also note that server-licenses might have limits on number of users.
Labor Expenses
Don't expect low labor expenses. You have to install your own hardware and software. You also have to deal with bugs and viruses, and keep your server constantly running in an environment where "everything could happen".
Using an Internet Service Provider

Renting a server from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a common option. Most small companies store their web site on a server provided by an ISP. Here are some advantages:
Connection Speed
Most ISPs have very fast connections to the Internet.
Powerful Hardware
ISPs often have powerful web servers that can be shared by several companies. You can also expect them to have an effective load balancing, and necessary backup servers.
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Security and Stability

ISPs are specialists on web hosting. Expect their servers to have more than 99% up time, the latest software patches, and the best virus protection.
Things to Consider with an ISP

24-hour support
Make sure your ISP offers 24-hours support. Don't put yourself in a situation where you cannot fix critical problems without having to wait until the next working day. Toll-free phone could be vital if you don't want to pay for long distance calls.
Daily Backup
Make sure your ISP runs a daily backup routine, otherwise you may lose some valuable data.
Traffic Volume
Study the ISP's traffic volume restrictions. Make sure that you don't have to pay a fortune for unexpected high traffic if your web site becomes popular.
Bandwidth or Content Restrictions

Study the ISP's bandwidth and content restrictions. If you plan to publish pictures or broadcast video or sound, make sure that you can.
E-mail Capabilities
Make sure your ISP supports the e-mail capabilities you need.
Database Access
If you plan to use data from databases on your web site, make sure your ISP supports the database access you need. Before you select an ISP, make sure you read W3Schools Web Hosting Tutorial !!
Web Hosting Tutorial

Table of Contents
Introduction to Web Hosting This chapter explains how the WWW works, how you can publish your own web site, and what an Internet service provider can offer.
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Web Hosting Introduction

How does the Internet work? How can I have my own Web Site? What is a Web Host? What is an Internet Service Provider?
What is the World Wide Web?

The Web is a network of computers all over the world. All the computers in the Web can communicate with each other. All the computers use a communication protocol called HTTP.
How does the WWW work?

Web information is stored in documents called web pages. Web pages are files stored on computers called web servers. Computers reading the web pages are called web clients. Web clients view the pages with a program called a web browser. Popular browsers are Internet Explorer and Firefox.
How does a Browser Fetch a Web Page?

A browser fetches a page from a web server by a request. A request is a standard HTTP request containing a page address. An address may look like this: http://www.example.com/default.htm.
How does a Browser Display a Web Page?

All web pages contain instructions for display. The browser displays the page by reading these instructions. The most common display instructions are called HTML tags. HTML tags look like this <p>This is a paragraph.</p>.
If you want to learn more about HTML, please visit our HTML tutorial.
What is a Web Server?

The collection of all your web pages is called your web site. To let others view your web pages, you must publish your web site. To publish your work, you must copy your site to a web server. Your own PC can act as a web server if it is connected to a network. Most common is to use an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
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What is an Internet Service Provider?

ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. An ISP provides Internet Services. A common Internet service is web hosting. Web hosting means storing your web site on a public server. Web hosting normally includes email services. Web hosting often includes domain name registration.
Summary
If you want other people to view your web site, you must copy your site to a public server. Even if you can use your own PC as a web server, it is more common to let an Internet Service Provider (ISP) host your site. Included in a Web hosting solution you can expect to find domain name registration and standard email services. You can read more about domain name registration, email and other services in the next chapters of this tutorial. Web Hosting Providers This chapter explains the difference between hosting your web site on your own server and hosting it with an Internet service provider.
Web Hosting Providers

To make your web site visible to the world, you'll have to store it on a web server.
Hosting your own Web site

Hosting your web site on your own server is always an option. Here are some points to consider:
Hardware Expenses
To run a "real" web site, you will have to buy some powerful server hardware. Don't expect that a low cost PC will do the job. You will also need a permanent (24 hours a day ) high-speed connection.
Software Expenses
Remember that server-licenses often are higher than client-licenses. Also note that server-licenses might have limits on number of users.
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Labor Expenses
Don't expect low labor expenses. You have to install your own hardware and software. You also have to deal with bugs and viruses, and keep your server constantly running in an environment where "everything could happen".
Using an Internet Service Provider

Renting a server from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a common option. Most small companies store their web site on a server provided by an ISP. Here are some advantages:
Connection Speed
Most ISPs have very fast connections to the Internet.
Powerful Hardware
ISPs often have powerful web servers that can be shared by several companies. You can also expect them to have an effective load balancing, and necessary backup servers.
Security and Stability

ISPs are specialists on web hosting. Expect their servers to have more than 99% up time, the latest software patches, and the best virus protection.
Things to Consider with an ISP

24-hour support
Make sure your ISP offers 24-hours support. Don't put yourself in a situation where you cannot fix critical problems without having to wait until the next working day. Toll-free phone could be vital if you don't want to pay for long distance calls.
Daily Backup
Make sure your ISP runs a daily backup routine, otherwise you may lose some valuable data.
Traffic Volume
Study the ISP's traffic volume restrictions. Make sure that you don't have to pay a fortune for unexpected high traffic if your web site becomes popular.
Bandwidth or Content Restrictions

Study the ISP's bandwidth and content restrictions. If you plan to publish pictures or broadcast video or sound, make sure that you can.
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E-mail Capabilities
Make sure your ISP supports the e-mail capabilities you need.
Front Page Extensions

If you use FrontPage to develop your web site, make sure your ISP supports FrontPage server extensions.
Database Access
If you plan to use data from databases on your web site, make sure your ISP supports the database access you need. Web Hosting Domains This chapter explains how to register your own domain name, and how to use it as your web address.
Web Hosting Domain Names

A domain name is a unique name for your web site. Choosing a hosting solution should include domain name registration. Your domain name should be easy to remember and easy to type.
What is a Domain Name?

A domain name is a unique name for a web site, like w3schools.com. Domain names must be registered. When domain names are registered, they are added to a large domain name register. In addition, information about the web site, including the IP address, is stored on a DNS server. DNS stands for Domain Name System. A DNS server is responsible for informing all other computers on the Internet about the domain name and the web site address.
Registering a Domain
Domains can be registered from domain name registration companies. These companies provide interfaces to search for available domain names, and they offer a variety of domain name extensions that can be registered at the same time.
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Choosing a Domain Name

Choosing a domain name is a major step for any individual or organization. New domain name extensions and creative thinking still offer thousands of excellent domain names! When choosing a name, it is important to consider the purpose of a domain name, which is to provide an easy way to reach your web site. The best domains have the following characteristics: Short - People don't like to type! A short domain name is easier to type, read, and remember. Meaningful - A short domain is nothing without meaning, 34i4nh.com is not easy to enter or to remember. Select a domain that relates to your site in a way that people will understand. Clear - Clarity is important when selecting a domain name. Avoid a name that is difficult to spell or pronounce. Exposure - Names that are short and easy to remember are an asset. In addition to visitors, also consider search engines. Search engines index your site and rank it for relevance against terms people search for. In order to maximize your sites exposure, consider including a relevant search term in your domain. Of course, only consider this if it still maintains a short, clear and meaningful domain name.
Sub Domains
Most people are unaware that they use sub domains daily. The famous "www" of the World Wide Web is an example of a sub domain. Sub domains can be created on a DNS server, and they don't need to be registered with a domain name registrar, of course, the original domain name needs to be registered before a sub domain could be created. Examples of sub domains used on the internet are http://store.apple.com and http://support.microsoft.com. Sub domains can be requested from your web hosting provider.
False Domain Names - Directory Listings

Some providers will offer you a name under their own name, like: www.theircompany.com/yourcompany/ This is not a real domain name, it is a directory - and you should try to avoid it. Directory domains are not desirable, especially for companies. Typically, directory domains are used for personal web sites and free web sites provided by an ISP, you may have seen www.theircompany.com/~username as an address. Competition in domain name registration has resulted in a dramatic decrease in pricing, so domain sharing is not common, since it is possible to register a domain name for only $15 per year.
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Expired Domains
Another source for domain registrations is expired domains. When you register a domain, think of it as a rental, assuming there are no legal or trademark issues with the domain name, you are free to use it as long as you continue to pay the yearly fee (you can now register in advance as many as 10 years). Some people register domains as speculators, hoping that they can later sell them, while others may have planned to use a domain and never had the time. The result is that domains that were previously registered, become available again.
Use Your Domain Name

After you have chosen and registered your own domain name, make sure you use it on all your web pages, and on all your correspondence, like e-mail and traditional mail. It is important to let other people be aware of your domain name, and to inform your partners and customers about your web site. Web Hosting Capacities This chapter explains about disk space and traffic capacities.
Web Hosting Capacities

Make sure you get the disk space and the traffic volume you need.
How Much Disk Space?

A small or medium web site will need between 10 and 100MB of disk space. If you look at the size of HTML pages, you will see that the average size is very small. But if you look at the size of the images used inside these pages, you will often find the images larger than the page. Expect each HTML page to take up between 5 and 50KB of disk space on your web server, depending on the use of images or other space-consuming elements. If you use a lot of images or graphic elements (or sound files or movies), you might need much more disk space. Make sure you know your needs, before choosing a web host.
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Monthly Traffic
A small or medium web site will consume between 1GB and 5GB of data transfer per month. Calculate the following: average page size * expected page views per month Example: If your average page size is 30KB and you expect 50,000 page views per month, you will need 0.03MB * 50,000 = 1.5GB. Larger, commercial sites often consume more than 100GB of monthly traffic. Before you sign up with a host provider, make sure to check this:
What are the restrictions on monthly transfer? Will the web site be closed if it exceeds the volume? Will you be billed a fortune if the web site exceeds the volume? Is upgrading a simple task?
Connection Speed
In the early days of the Internet a T1 connection was considered a fast connection. Today connection speeds are much faster. 1 byte equals to 8 bits (and that's the number of bits used to transport one character). Low-speed modems can transport from about 14 000 to 56 000 bits per second (14 to 56 kilobits per second). That is somewhere between 2000 and 7000 characters per second, or about 1 to 5 pages of written text. One kilobit (Kb) is 1024 bits. One megabit (Mb) is 1024 kilobits. One gigabit (Gb) is 1024 megabits. These are connection speeds used on the Internet today: Name Modem D0 T1 T3 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-24 Analog Digital (ISDN) Digital Digital Optical Carrier Optical Carrier Optical Carrier Optical Carrier Connection Speed per second 14.4-56Kb 64Kb 1.55Mb 43Mb 52Mb 156Mb 622Mb 1.244Gb
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OC-48
Optical Carrier
2.488Gb
Before you sign up with a host provider, surf some other web sites on their servers, and try to get a good feeling about their network speed. Also compare the other sites against yours, to see if it looks like you have the same needs. Contacting some of the other customers is also a valuable option. Web Hosting Email This chapter explains the most common e-mail services an Internet service provider offer.
Web Hosting E-mail Services

Hosting services should include e-mail accounts and e-mail services.
E-mail Accounts
Hosting solutions should include e-mail accounts for each person in your company. E-mail addresses should appear something like this: john@mycompany.com john.doe@mycompany.com jdoe@mycompany.com
POP E-mail
POP stands for Post Office Protocol. POP is a standard client/server protocol for sending and receiving e-mail. The e-mails are received and held on your internet server until you pick it up with a client e-mail program, like Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird.
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IMAP Email
IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. IMAP is another standard protocol for sending and receiving e-mail. The e-mails are received, and held on your internet server, until you pick it up with a client e-mail program, like Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird. IMAP represents an improvement over POP because e-mail stored on an IMAP server can be manipulated from several computers (a computer at home, a workstation at the office, etc.), without having to transfer messages back and forth between computers. POP was designed to support e-mail access on one single computer.
Web-based E-mail
Web-based e-mail services enable you to access your e-mail via a web browser. You log into your email account via the Web to send and retrieve e-mail. Being able to access your e-mail from any browser anywhere in the world is a very attractive option. Examples of web-based e-mail services are Gmail and Hotmail.
E-mail Forwarding
E-mail forwarding allows you to have multiple e-mail personalities. With e-mail forwarding, you can setup aliases for other e-mail accounts like: postmaster@mycompany.com should be forwarded to peter@mycompany.com sales@mycompany.com should be forwarded to mary@mycompany.com
Mailing Lists
Some service providers offer mailing list capabilities. This is valuable if you plan to send out e-mails to a large number of users. Web Hosting Technologies This chapter explains some of the most common hosting technologies.
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Web Hosting Technologies

This section describes some of the most common hosting technologies.
Windows Hosting
Windows hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Windows operating system. You should choose Windows hosting if you plan to use ASP (Active Server Pages) as server scripting, or if you plan to use a database like Microsoft Access or Microsoft SQL Server. Windows hosting is also the best choice if you plan to develop your web site using Microsoft Front Page.
Unix Hosting
Unix hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Unix operating system. Unix was the first (original) web server operating system, and it is known for being reliable and stable. Often less expensive than Windows.
Linux Hosting
Linux hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Linux operating system.
CGI
CGI scripts are executables that will execute on the server to produce dynamic and interactive web pages. Most ISPs offer some kind of CGI capabilities. ISPs often offer preinstalled, ready to run, guest-books, page-counters, and chat-forums solutions in CGI. CGI is most common on Unix or Linux servers.
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ASP - Active Server Pages

ASP is a server-side scripting technology developed by Microsoft. With ASP you can create dynamic web pages by putting script code inside your HTML pages. The code is executed by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Both VBScript and JavaScript can be used. ASP is a standard component in Windows 95,98, 2000, and XP. It can be activated on all computers running Windows. If you want to learn more about ASP, please visit our ASP tutorial.
PHP
PHP is the widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP. PHP is perfectly suited for Web development, and can be embedded directly into the HTML code. The PHP syntax is very similar to Perl and C. PHP is often used together with Apache (web server) on various operating systems. It also supports ISAPI and can be used with Microsoft's IIS on Windows. PHP supports many databases, such as MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc. If you want to learn more about PHP, please visit our PHP tutorial.
JSP
JSP is a server-side technology much like ASP, developed by Sun. With JSP you can create dynamic web pages by putting Java code inside your HTML pages. The code is executed by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Since JSP uses Java, the technology is not restricted to any server-specific platform.
Cold Fusion
Cold Fusion is another server-side scripting language used to develop dynamic web pages. Cold Fusion is developed by Adobe.
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Chili!Soft ASP
Microsoft's ASP technology runs only on Windows platforms. However, Chili!Soft ASP is a software product that allows ASP to run on UNIX and some other platforms.
Microsoft FrontPage
FrontPage is a website design tool developed by Microsoft. FrontPage allows users to develop a web site without any deep knowledge of web development. Most Windows hosting solutions support FrontPage server extensions for users that use FrontPage to develop their web site. If you plan to use FrontPage, you should look for a Windows hosting solution.
Adobe Dreamweaver
Dreamweaver is a website design tool owned by Adobe Systems. Dreamweaver allow users to develop a web site without any deep knowledge of web development. Dreamweaver has support for web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, ASP.NET, ColdFusion, JavaServer Pages, and PHP. Dreamweaver is available for both Mac and Windows operating systems.
Secure Server
A secure server can transmit data encrypted. If you plan to do online creditcard transactions, or other types of web communication that needs to be protected against unauthorized access, your ISP must provide a secure server. Web Hosting Databases This chapter explains some of the most common web database technologies.
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Web Hosting Database Technologies

MS SQL Server or Oracle for high traffic database-driven web sites. MySQL for low-cost database-access. MS Access for low traffic web sites.
Web Databases
If your web site needs to update large quantities of information via the web, you will need a database to store your information. There are many different database systems available for web hosting. The most common are MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, and MS Access.
Using the SQL Language

SQL is the language for accessing databases. If you want your web site to be able to store and retrieve data from a database, your web server should have access to a database-system that uses the SQL language. If you want to learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial.
SQL Server
Microsoft's SQL Server is a popular database software for database-driven web sites with high traffic. SQL Server is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system.
Oracle
Oracle is also a popular database software for database-driven web sites with high traffic. Oracle is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system.
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MySQL
MySQL is also a popular database software for web sites. MySQL is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system. MySQL is an inexpensive alternative to the expensive Microsoft and Oracle solutions.
Access
When a web site requires only a simple database, Microsoft Access can be a solution. Access is not well suited for very high-traffic, and not as powerful as MySQL, SQL Server, or Oracle. Web Hosting Types This chapter explains the different types of web hosting.
Web Hosting Types

Hosting can be FREE, SHARED or DEDICATED.
Free Hosting
Some ISPs offer free web hosting. Free web hosting is best suited for small sites with low traffic, like personal sites. It is not recommended for high traffic or for real business. Technical support is often limited, and technical options are few. Very often you cannot use your own domain name at a free site. You have to use a name provided by your host like http://www.freesite.com/users/~yoursite.htm. This is hard to type, hard to remember, and not very professional. Good: Low cost. It's free. Good for family, hobby or personal sites. Free email is often an option. Bad: No domain names. Few, limited, or no software options. Limited security options. Limited or no database support. Limited technical support.
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Shared (Virtual) Hosting

Shared hosting is very cost effective. With shared hosting, your web site gets its own domain name, and is hosted on a powerful server along with maybe 100 other web sites. Shared solutions often offer multiple software solutions like e-mail, database, and different editing options. Technical support tends to be good. Good: Low cost. Cost is shared with others. Good for small business and average traffic. Multiple software options. Own domain name. Good support Bad: Reduced security due to many sites on one server. Restrictions on traffic volume. Restricted database support. Restricted software support.
Dedicated Hosting
With dedicated hosting, your web site is hosted on a dedicated server. Dedicated hosting is the most expensive option. This option is best suited for large web sites with high traffic, and web sites that use special software. You should expect dedicated hosting to be very powerful and secure, with almost unlimited software solutions. Good: Good for large business. Good for high traffic. Multiple domain names. Powerful email solutions. Bad: Expensive. Requires higher skills.
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Powerful database support. Strong (unlimited) software support.
Collocated Hosting
Collocation means "co-location". Collocated hosting lets you place your own web server on the premises (locations) of a service provider. This is pretty much the same as running your own server in your own office, only that it is located at a place better designed for it. Most likely an ISP will have dedicated resources like high-security against fire and vandalism, regulated backup power, dedicated Internet connections and more. Good: High bandwidth. High up-time. High security. Unlimited software options. Bad: Expensive. Requires higher skills. Harder to configure and debug.
Your Checklist
Before you choose your web host, make sure that:
The hosting type suits your needs The hosting type is cost effective Upgrading to a better server is possible If needed, upgrading to a dedicated server is possible
Before you sign up with an ISP, surf some other web sites on their servers, and try to get a good feeling about their network speed. Also compare the other sites against yours, to see if it looks like you have the same needs. Contacting some of the other customers is also a valuable option.
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Example: eUKhost
eUKhost is a leading web hosting company in the United Kingdom. eUKhost offers services including:
Shared Hosting Reseller Hosting VPS Hosting Dedicated Servers 24/7/365 Support
on Linux and Windows platforms, powered by control panels such as cPanel/WHM, Plesk and DotNetPanel. An account can be setup within a few minutes. Web Hosting E-commerce This chapter describes e-commerce web hosting.
Web Hosting E-Commerce
If you are selling a product or a service, e-commerce might be a smart way to do business.
Internet E-Commerce
E-Commerce is about selling products or services over the Internet.
E-Commerce Systems
It is not a very good idea to build your own e-commerce system. Building an e-commerce system is a complicated process, with the potential for a lot of errors. You might buy a ready-to-use system and run it on your own server. Many systems are available on the market today, and most of them will cover your basic needs for order management and processing. But again, if you are not familiar with hosting your own web site, starting with an ecommerce site is not the right thing. The best solution, in our opinion, is to find an ISP that offers an e-commerce solution.
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E-Commerce and Hosting Providers

E-commerce covers a huge range of products. With different ISPs you will find anything from very simple to very complex solutions. Most ISPs offer a simple and inexpensive solution, that allow you to run a "virtual store".
Your Checklist

How How How How How How How How How How How How How How does does does does does does does does does does does does does does it it it it it it it it it it it it it it handle handle handle handle handle handle handle handle handle handle handle handle handle handle customers? product catalogs? orders? inventory? back orders? shipment? accounts? billing? payment? foreign currency? credit cards? taxes? security? integrity (encryption)?
Also check if the most time-consuming tasks are automated. Look for automated billing, invoice handling, accounting, and report generation. Before you sign up with an ISP, surf some other e-commerce sites on their servers. Find out how it works. Try some shopping, and see if you get a good feeling. Also compare the other sites against yours, to see if it looks like you have the same needs. Contacting some of the other customers is also a valuable option.
Tax Issues
Taxes is a complex issue for on-line stores. Especially VAT (Value Added Tax). If you are selling on-line, you will most likely be in the export business. Exporting goods may not be the subject of VAT in your country, but often your customers will have to pay their local VAT when they pick up the goods. In addition, there will be the issue of income tax for your shop, depending on how you report your income from sales. Before starting an on-line store, be sure to consult a tax adviser.
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HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 Reference

Ordered Alphabetically
DTD: indicates in which HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTD the tag is allowed. S=Strict, T=Transitional, and F=Frameset Tag  <!DOCTYPE> <a> <abbr> <acronym> <address> <applet> <area /> <b> <base /> <basefont /> <bdo> <big> <blockquote> <body> <br /> <button> <caption> <center> Description Defines a comment Defines the document type Defines an anchor Defines an abbreviation Defines an acronym Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document Deprecated. Defines an embedded applet Defines an area inside an image-map Defines bold text Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page Deprecated. Defines a default font, color, or size for the text in a page Defines the text direction Defines big text Defines a long quotation Defines the document's body Defines a single line break Defines a push button Defines a table caption Deprecated. Defines centered text DTD STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF
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<cite> <code> <col /> <colgroup> <dd> <del> <dfn> <dir> <div> <dl> <dt> <em> <fieldset> <font> <form> <frame /> <frameset> <h1> to <h6> <head> <hr /> <html> <i> <iframe> <img />
Defines a citation Defines computer code text Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table Defines a group of columns in a table for formatting Defines a description of a term in a definition list Defines deleted text Defines a definition term Deprecated. Defines a directory list Defines a section in a document Defines a definition list Defines a term (an item) in a definition list Defines emphasized text Defines a border around elements in a form Deprecated. Defines font, color, and size for text Defines an HTML form for user input Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset Defines a set of frames Defines HTML headings Defines information about the document Defines a horizontal line Defines an HTML document Defines italic text Defines an inline frame Defines an image
STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF F F STF STF STF STF STF TF STF
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<input /> <ins> <isindex> <kbd> <label> <legend> <li> <link /> <map> <menu> <meta /> <noframes> <noscript>
Defines an input control Defines inserted text Deprecated. Defines a searchable index related to a document Defines keyboard text Defines a label for an input element Defines a caption for a fieldset element Defines a list item Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource Defines an image-map Deprecated. Defines a menu list Defines metadata about an HTML document Defines an alternate content for users that do not support frames Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts Defines an embedded object Defines an ordered list Defines a group of related options in a select list Defines an option in a select list Defines a paragraph Defines a parameter for an object Defines preformatted text Defines a short quotation Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Defines sample computer code
STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF TF STF
<object> <ol> <optgroup> <option> <p> <param /> <pre> <q> <s> <samp>
STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF
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<script> <select> <small> <span> <strike> <strong> <style> <sub> <sup> <table> <tbody> <td> <textarea> <tfoot> <th> <thead> <title> <tr> <tt> <u> <ul> <var> <xmp>
Defines a client-side script Defines a select list (drop-down list) Defines small text Defines a section in a document Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Defines strong text Defines style information for a document Defines subscripted text Defines superscripted text Defines a table Groups the body content in a table Defines a cell in a table Defines a multi-line text input control Groups the footer content in a table Defines a header cell in a table Groups the header content in a table Defines the title of a document Defines a row in a table Defines teletype text Deprecated. Defines underlined text Defines an unordered list Defines a variable part of a text Deprecated. Defines preformatted text
STF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF
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HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 Reference

Ordered by Function
DTD: indicates in which HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTD the tag is allowed. S=Strict, T=Transitional, and F=Frameset Tag Basic <!DOCTYPE> <html> <body> <h1> to <h6> <p> <br /> <hr />  Formatting <acronym> <abbr> <address> <b> <bdo> <big> <blockquote> <center> <cite> Defines an acronym Defines an abbreviation Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document Defines bold text Defines the text direction Defines big text Defines a long quotation Deprecated. Defines centered text Defines a citation STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF Defines the document type Defines an HTML document Defines the document's body Defines HTML headings Defines a paragraph Inserts a single line break Defines a horizontal line Defines a comment STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF Description DTD
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<code> <del> <dfn> <em> <font> <i> <ins> <kbd> <pre> <q> <s> <samp> <small> <strike> <strong> <sub> <sup> <tt> <u> <var> <xmp> Forms <form> <input />
Defines computer code text Defines deleted text Defines a definition term Defines emphasized text Deprecated. Defines font, color, and size for text Defines italic text Defines inserted text Defines keyboard text Defines preformatted text Defines a short quotation Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Defines sample computer code Defines small text Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text Defines strong text Defines subscripted text Defines superscripted text Defines teletype text Deprecated. Defines underlined text Defines a variable part of a text Deprecated. Defines preformatted text
STF STF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF STF TF STF STF TF STF STF STF STF TF STF
Defines an HTML form for user input Defines an input control
STF STF
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<textarea> <button> <select> <optgroup> <option> <label> <fieldset> <legend> <isindex> Frames <frame /> <frameset> <noframes> <iframe> Images <img /> <map> <area /> Links <a> <link /> Lists <ul> <ol>
Defines a multi-line text input control Defines a push button Defines a select list (drop-down list) Defines a group of related options in a select list Defines an option in a select list Defines a label for an input element Defines a border around elements in a form Defines a caption for a fieldset element Deprecated. Defines a searchable index related to a document
STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF TF
Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset Defines a set of frames Defines an alternate content for users that do not support frames Defines an inline frame
F F TF TF
Defines an image Defines an image-map Defines an area inside an image-map
STF STF STF
Defines an anchor Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource
STF STF
Defines an unordered list Defines an ordered list
STF STF
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<li> <dir> <dl> <dt> <dd> <menu> Tables <table> <caption> <th> <tr> <td> <thead> <tbody> <tfoot> <col /> <colgroup> Styles <style> <div> <span> Meta Info <head> <title>
Defines a list item Deprecated. Defines a directory list Defines a definition list Defines a term (an item) in a definition list Defines a description of a term in a definition list Deprecated. Defines a menu list
STF TF STF STF STF TF
Defines a table Defines a table caption Defines a header cell in a table Defines a row in a table Defines a cell in a table Groups the header content in a table Groups the body content in a table Groups the footer content in a table Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table Defines a group of columns in a table for formatting
STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF STF
Defines style information for a document Defines a section in a document Defines a section in a document
STF STF STF
Defines information about the document Defines the document title
STF STF
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<meta> <base /> <basefont /> Programming <script> <noscript>
Defines metadata about an HTML document Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page Deprecated. Defines a default font, color, or size for the text in a page
STF STF TF
Defines a client-side script Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts Deprecated. Defines an embedded applet Defines an embedded object Defines a parameter for an object
STF STF
<applet> <object> <param />
TF STF STF
HTML / XHTML Standard Attributes

The attributes listed below are standard, and are supported by all HTML and XHTML tags, with a few exceptions.
Core Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Attribute class id style title Value classname id style_definition text Description Specifies a classname for an element Specifies a unique id for an element Specifies an inline style for an element Specifies extra information about an element
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Language Attributes
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements. Attribute dir Value ltr rtl language_code Description Specifies the text direction for the content in an element
lang
Specifies a language code for the content in an element. Language code reference Specifies a language code for the content in an element, in XHTML documents. Language code reference
xml:lang
language_code
Keyboard Attributes
Attribute accesskey tabindex Value character number Description Specifies a keyboard shortcut to access an element Specifies the tab order of an element
HTML / XHTML Standard Event Attributes

Standard Event Attributes
HTML 4 added the ability to let events trigger actions in a browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an element. To learn more about programming events, please visit our JavaScript tutorial and our DHTML tutorial. Below is the standard event attributes that can be inserted into HTML / XHTML elements to define event actions.
<body> and <frameset> Events

The two attributes below can only be used in <body> or <frameset>:
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Attribute onload onunload
Value script script
Description Script to be run when a document load Script to be run when a document unload
Form Events
The attributes below can be used in form elements: Attribute onblur onchange onfocus onreset onselect onsubmit Value script script script script script script Description Script to be run when an element loses focus Script to be run when an element change Script to be run when an element gets focus Script to be run when a form is reset Script to be run when an element is selected Script to be run when a form is submitted
Image Events
The attribute below can be used with the img element: Attribute onabort Value script Description Script to be run when loading of an image is interrupted
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Keyboard Events
Valid in all elements except base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title. Attribute onkeydown onkeypress onkeyup Value script script script Description Script to be run when a key is pressed Script to be run when a key is pressed and released Script to be run when a key is released
Mouse Events
Valid in all elements except base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title. Attribute onclick ondblclick onmousedown onmousemove onmouseout Value script script script script script Description Script to be run on a mouse click Script to be run on a mouse double-click Script to be run when mouse button is pressed Script to be run when mouse pointer moves Script to be run when mouse pointer moves out of an element Script to be run when mouse pointer moves over an element Script to be run when mouse button is released
onmouseover onmouseup
script script
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HTML Elements and Valid Doctypes

HTML/XHTML Elements and Valid DTDs
The following table lists all HTML/XHTML elements, and defines which doctype declarations (DTDs) each element appear in. Tag HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 Transitional <a> <abbr> <acronym> <address> <applet> <area /> <b> <base /> <basefont /> <bdo> <big> <blockquote> <body> <br /> <button> <caption> <center> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Strict Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Frameset Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No XHTML 1.1
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<cite> <code> <col /> <colgroup> <dd> <del> <dfn> <dir> <div> <dl> <dt> <em> <fieldset> <font> <form> <frame /> <frameset> <h1> to <h6> <head> <hr /> <html> <i> <iframe> <img />
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
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<input /> <ins> <isindex> <kbd> <label> <legend> <li> <link /> <map> <menu> <meta /> <noframes> <noscript> <object> <ol> <optgroup> <option> <p> <param /> <pre> <q> <s> <samp> <script>
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
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<select> <small> <span> <strike> <strong> <style> <sub> <sup> <table> <tbody> <td> <textarea> <tfoot> <th> <thead> <title> <tr> <tt> <u> <ul> <var>
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
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HTML Character Sets

HTML Character Sets
To display an HTML page correctly, the browser must know what character-set to use. The character-set for the early world wide web was ASCII. ASCII supports the numbers from 0-9, the uppercase and lowercase English alphabet, and some special characters. Complete ASCII reference. Since many countries use characters which are not a part of ASCII, the default character-set for modern browsers is ISO-8859-1. Complete ISO-8859-1 reference. If a web page uses a different character-set than ISO-8859-1, it should be specified in the <meta> tag. Try it yourself
ISO Character Sets

It is the International Standards Organization (ISO) that defines the standard character-sets for different alphabets/languages. The different character-sets being used around the world are listed below: Character set ISO-8859-1 Description Latin alphabet part 1 Covers North America, Western Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean, Canada, Africa Eastern Europe SE Europe, Esperanto, miscellaneous others Scandinavia/Baltics (and others not in ISO-88591) The languages that are using a Cyrillic alphabet such as Bulgarian, Belarusian, Russian and Macedonian
ISO-8859-2 ISO-8859-3 ISO-8859-4
Latin alphabet part 2 Latin alphabet part 3 Latin alphabet part 4
ISO-8859-5
Latin/Cyrillic part 5
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ISO-8859-6 ISO-8859-7
Latin/Arabic part 6 Latin/Greek part 7
The languages that are using the Arabic alphabet The modern Greek language as well as mathematical symbols derived from the Greek The languages that are using the Hebrew alphabet The Turkish language. Same as ISO-8859-1 except Turkish characters replace Icelandic ones The Nordic languages
ISO-8859-8 ISO-8859-9
Latin/Hebrew part 8 Latin 5 part 9
ISO-8859-10
Latin 6 Lappish, Nordic, Eskimo Latin 9 (aka Latin 0)
ISO-8859-15
Similar to ISO 8859-1 but replaces some less common symbols with the euro sign and some other missing characters The Japanese language The Japanese language The Korean language
ISO-2022-JP ISO-2022-JP-2 ISO-2022-KR
Latin/Japanese part 1 Latin/Japanese part 2 Latin/Korean part 1
The Unicode Standard

Because the character-sets listed above are limited in size, and are not compatible in multilingual environments, the Unicode Consortium developed the Unicode Standard. The Unicode Standard covers all the characters, punctuations, and symbols in the world. Unicode enables processing, storage and interchange of text data no matter what the platform, no matter what the program, no matter what the language.
The Unicode Consortium

The Unicode Consortium develops the Unicode Standard. Their goal is to replace the existing character-sets with its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF). The Unicode Standard has become a success and is implemented in XML, Java, ECMAScript (JavaScript), LDAP, CORBA 3.0, WML, etc. The Unicode standard is also supported in many operating systems and all modern browsers. The Unicode Consortium cooperates with the leading standards development organizations, like ISO, W3C, and ECMA.
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Unicode can be implemented by different character-sets. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8 and UTF-16: Character-set UTF-8 Description A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long. UTF-8 can represent any character in the Unicode standard. UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII. UTF-8 is the preferred encoding for e-mail and web pages 16-bit Unicode Transformation Format is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode, capable of encoding the entire Unicode repertoire. UTF-16 is used in major operating systems and environments, like Microsoft Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista/CE and the Java and .NET byte code environments
UTF-16
Tip: The first 256 characters of Unicode character-sets correspond to the 256 characters of ISO-88591. Tip: All HTML 4 processors already support UTF-8, and all XHTML and XML processors support UTF-8 and UTF-16!
HTML ASCII Reference

The ASCII character-set is used to send information between computers on the Internet.
The ASCII Character Set

ASCII stands for the "American Standard Code for Information Interchange". It was designed in the early 60's, as a standard character-set for computers and hardware devices like teleprinters and tapedrives. ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128 characters. It contains the numbers from 0-9, the uppercase and lowercase English letters from A to Z, and some special characters. The character-sets used in modern computers, HTML, and Internet are all based on ASCII. The following table lists the 128 ASCII characters and their equivalent HTML entity codes.
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ASCII Printable Characters

ASCII Character HTML Entity Code ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 Description space exclamation mark quotation mark number sign dollar sign percent sign ampersand apostrophe left parenthesis right parenthesis asterisk plus sign comma hyphen period slash digit 0 digit 1 digit 2 digit 3 digit 4 digit 5
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6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M
6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M
digit 6 digit 7 digit 8 digit 9 colon semicolon less-than equals-to greater-than question mark at sign uppercase A uppercase B uppercase C uppercase D uppercase E uppercase F uppercase G uppercase H uppercase I uppercase J uppercase K uppercase L uppercase M
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N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e
uppercase N uppercase O uppercase P uppercase Q uppercase R uppercase S uppercase T uppercase U uppercase V uppercase W uppercase X uppercase Y uppercase Z left square bracket backslash right square bracket caret underscore grave accent lowercase a lowercase b lowercase c lowercase d lowercase e
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f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | }
f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | }
lowercase f lowercase g lowercase h lowercase i lowercase j lowercase k lowercase l lowercase m lowercase n lowercase o lowercase p lowercase q lowercase r lowercase s lowercase t lowercase u lowercase v lowercase w lowercase x lowercase y lowercase z left curly brace vertical bar right curly brace
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~
tilde
ASCII Device Control Characters

The ASCII device control characters were originally designed to control hardware devices. Control characters have nothing to do inside an HTML document. ASCII Character NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE HTML Entity Code
Description null character start of header start of text end of text end of transmission enquiry acknowledge bell (ring) backspace horizontal tab line feed vertical tab form feed carriage return shift out shift in data link escape
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DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US

device control 1 device control 2 device control 3 device control 4 negative acknowledge synchronize end transmission block cancel end of medium substitute escape file separator group separator record separator unit separator
DEL

delete (rubout)
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HTML Language Code Reference

ISO Language Codes
The HTML lang attribute can be used to declare the language of a Web page or a portion of a Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and browsers. According to the W3C recommendation you should declare the primary language for each Web page with the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, like this:
<html lang="en"> ... </html>
In XHTML, the language is declared inside the <html> tag as follows:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> ... </html>
ISO 639-1 Language Codes

ISO 639-1 defines abbreviations for languages. In HTML and XHTML they can be used in the lang and xml:lang attributes. Language Abkhazian Afar Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Assamese Aymara ISO Code ab aa af sq am ar hy as ay
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Azerbaijani Bashkir Basque Bengali (Bangla) Bhutani Bihari Bislama Breton Bulgarian Burmese Byelorussian (Belarusian) Cambodian Catalan Cherokee Chewa Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Corsican Croatian Czech Danish Divehi Dutch Edo
az ba eu bn dz bh bi br bg my be km ca
zh zh co hr cs da
nl
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English Esperanto Estonian Faeroese Farsi Fiji Finnish Flemish French Frisian Fulfulde Galician Gaelic (Scottish) Gaelic (Manx) Georgian German Greek Greenlandic Guarani Gujarati Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi
en eo et fo fa fj fi
fr fy
gl gd gv ka de el kl gn gu ha
he, iw hi
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Hungarian Ibibio Icelandic Igbo Indonesian Interlingua Interlingue Inuktitut Inupiak Irish Italian Japanese Javanese Kannada Kanuri Kashmiri Kazakh Kinyarwanda (Ruanda) Kirghiz Kirundi (Rundi) Konkani Korean Kurdish Laothian
hu
is
id, in ia ie iu ik ga it ja jv kn
ks kk rw ky rn
ko ku lo
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Latin Latvian (Lettish) Limburgish ( Limburger) Lingala Lithuanian Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam
la lv li ln lt mk mg ms ml
Maltese Maori Marathi Moldavian Mongolian Nauru Nepali Norwegian Occitan Oriya Oromo (Afan, Galla) Papiamentu Pashto (Pushto) Polish
mt mi mr mo mn na ne no oc or om
ps pl
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Portuguese Punjabi Quechua Rhaeto-Romance Romanian Russian Sami (Lappish) Samoan Sangro Sanskrit Serbian Serbo-Croatian Sesotho Setswana Shona Sindhi Sinhalese Siswati Slovak Slovenian Somali Spanish Sundanese Swahili (Kiswahili)
pt pa qu rm ro ru
sm sg sa sr sh st tn sn sd si ss sk sl so es su sw
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Swedish Syriac Tagalog Tajik Tamazight Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Tonga Tsonga Turkish Turkmen Twi Uighur Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Venda Vietnamese Volapk Welsh
sv
tl tg
ta tt te th bo ti to ts tr tk tw ug uk ur uz
vi vo cy
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Wolof Xhosa Yi Yiddish Yoruba Zulu
wo xh
yi, ji yo zu
HTTP Status Messages

When a browser requests a service from a web server, an error might occur. This is a list of HTTP status messages that might be returned:
1xx: Information Message: 100 Continue Description: Only a part of the request has been received by the server, but as long as it has not been rejected, the client should continue with the request The server switches protocol
101 Switching Protocols
2xx: Successful Message: 200 OK 201 Created 202 Accepted Description: The request is OK The request is complete, and a new resource is created The request is accepted for processing, but the processing is not complete
203 Non-authoritative Information 204 No Content 205 Reset Content
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206 Partial Content
3xx: Redirection Message: 300 Multiple Choices Description: A link list. The user can select a link and go to that location. Maximum five addresses The requested page has moved to a new url The requested page has moved temporarily to a new url The requested page can be found under a different url
301 Moved Permanently 302 Found 303 See Other 304 Not Modified 305 Use Proxy 306 Unused
This code was used in a previous version. It is no longer used, but the code is reserved The requested page has moved temporarily to a new url
307 Temporary Redirect
4xx: Client Error Message: 400 Bad Request 401 Unauthorized 402 Payment Required 403 Forbidden 404 Not Found 405 Method Not Allowed 406 Not Acceptable Description: The server did not understand the request The requested page needs a username and a password You can not use this code yet Access is forbidden to the requested page The server can not find the requested page The method specified in the request is not allowed The server can only generate a response that is not accepted by the client You must authenticate with a proxy server before this request can be served
407 Proxy Authentication Required
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408 Request Timeout
The request took longer than the server was prepared to wait The request could not be completed because of a conflict The requested page is no longer available The "Content-Length" is not defined. The server will not accept the request without it The precondition given in the request evaluated to false by the server The server will not accept the request, because the request entity is too large The server will not accept the request, because the url is too long. Occurs when you convert a "post" request to a "get" request with a long query information The server will not accept the request, because the media type is not supported
409 Conflict 410 Gone 411 Length Required
412 Precondition Failed
413 Request Entity Too Large
414 Request-url Too Long
415 Unsupported Media Type
416 417 Expectation Failed
5xx: Server Error Message: 500 Internal Server Error Description: The request was not completed. The server met an unexpected condition The request was not completed. The server did not support the functionality required The request was not completed. The server received an invalid response from the upstream server The request was not completed. The server is temporarily overloading or down The gateway has timed out The server does not support the "http protocol" version
501 Not Implemented
502 Bad Gateway
503 Service Unavailable
504 Gateway Timeout 505 HTTP Version Not Supported
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HTML Basic

HTML documents are defined by HTML elements. 2

Start tag * <p> <a href="default.htm" > <br />

Element content This is a paragraph This is a link </p> </a>

HTML Element Syntax

Nested HTML Elements

HTML Document Example

The example above contains 3 HTML elements.

HTML Example Explained

<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>

<body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body>

<html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

Don't Forget the End Tag

<p>This is a paragraph <p>This is a paragraph

Empty HTML Elements

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags

Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

Always Quote Attribute Values

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes

HTML Attributes Reference

For more information about standard attributes:

HTML / XHTML Standard Attributes

Headings Are Important

Headings How to display headings in an HTML document.

This is heading 3 This is heading 4 This is heading 5 This is heading

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

This is a regular paragraph

<html> <body> <p>The hr tag defines a horizontal rule:</p> 9

The hr tag defines a horizontal rule:

HTML Tag Reference

Don't Forget the End Tag

This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph.

HTML Line Breaks

<br> or <br />

HTML Output - Useful Tips

This is a para graph with line breaks

<p> My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me. </p>

<p>Note that your browser ignores the layout!</p> </body> </html>

</p> </body> </html>

HTML Text Formatting

This is subscript and

HTML Formatting Tags

Text formatting How to format text in an HTML document.

This text is bold This text is strong

This text is big

This is subscript and superscript

The pre tag is good for displaying computer code:

Written by W3Schools.com Email us Address: Box 564, Disneyland Phone: +12 34 56 78

Text direction How to change the text direction.

HTML Text Formatting Tags

Defines inserted text Defines deleted text

HTML "Computer Output" Tags

HTML Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags

The HTML <font> Tag Should NOT be Used

The Right Way to Do It - With Styles

<h1 style="font-size:200%">This is a heading</h1> <p style="font-size:110%">This is a paragraph.</p> </body> </html>

HTML Styles - CSS

CSS is used to style HTML elements.

Look! Styles and colors

This text is 30 pixels high