Erving Goffman Born June 11, 1922 Mannville, Alberta, Canada Died November 19, 1982 (aged 60)

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Cause of death Cancer Education St. John's Technical High School Alma mater University of Manitoba B.Sc. University of Toronto B.A. University of Chicago M.A., Ph.D Influenced by Herbert Blumer, ?mile Durkheim, Sigmund Freud, Everett Hughes, A lfred Radcliffe-Brown, Talcott Parsons, Alfred Sch?tz, Georg Simmel, W. Lloyd Wa rner Influenced Carol Brooks Gardner, Charles Goodwin, Marjorie Goodwin, John Lo fland, Gary Marx, Harvey Sacks, Emmanuel Schegloff, David Sudnow, Eviatar Zeruba vel Relatives Frances Bay (sister) Erving Goffman (11 June 1922 19 November 1982) was a Canadian-born sociologist a nd writer, considered "the most influential American sociologist of the twentiet h century".[1][2] In 2007 he was listed by The Times Higher Education Guide as t he 6th most-cited author in the humanities and social sciences, behind Anthony G iddens and ahead of J?rgen Habermas.[3] Goffman was the 73rd president of the American Sociological Association. His bes t-known contribution to social theory is his study of symbolic interaction in th e form of dramaturgical analysis that began with his 1956 book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Goffman's other major works include Asylums (1961), S tigma (1963), Interaction Ritual (1967), Frame Analysis (1974), and Forms of Tal k (1981). His major areas of study included sociology of everyday life, social i nteraction, social construction of self, social organization (framing) of experi ence, and particular elements of social life such as total institutions and stig mas. Contents 1 Life 2 Influence and legacy 3 Works 3.1 Early works 3.2 Presentation of Self 3.3 Asylums 3.4 Behavior in Public 3.5 Stigma 3.6 Interaction Ritual 3.7 Strategic Interaction 3.8 Frame Analysis 3.9 Forms of Talk 4 Career 5 Selected works 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Life Goffman was born 11 June 1922 in Mannville, Alberta, Canada, to Max Anne Goffman, n?e Averbach.[4][5] He was from a family of Ukrainian emigrated to Canada at the turn of the century.[4] He had an older nces Bay, who became an actress.[5][6] The family moved to Dauphin, ere the father operated a successful tailoring business.[5][7] Goffman and Jews who had sibling, Fra Manitoba, wh

From 1937 Goffman attended St. John's Technical High School in Winnipeg, where h is family had moved that year; in 1939 he enrolled at the University of Manitoba , majoring in chemistry.[4][5] He interrupted his studies and moved to Ottawa to work in the film industry for the National Film Board of Canada, established by John Grierson.[7] Later he developed an interest in sociology. Also during this time, he met the renowned North American sociologist, Dennis Wrong.[4] Their me eting motivated Goffman to leave the University of Manitoba and enroll at the Un iversity of Toronto, where he studied under C. W. M. Hart and Ray Birdwhistell, graduating in 1945 with a B.A. in sociology and anthropology.[4] Later he moved to the University of Chicago, where he received an M.A. (1949) and Ph.D. (1953) in sociology.[4][8] For his doctoral dissertation, he lived from December 1949 t o May 1951, collecting ethnographic data, on the island of Unst in the Shetland Islands.[4] In 1952 Goffman married Angelica Choate; in 1953, their son Tom was born.[8] Ang elica suffered from mental illness and committed suicide in 1964.[8] Outside his academic career, Goffman was known for his interest, and relative success, in t he stock market; and in gambling (at one point, in pursuit of his hobbies and et hnographic studies, he became a pit boss at a Las Vegas casino).[8][9] The research that Goffman had done at Unst inspired him to write his first major work, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956).[8][10] After graduating from the University of Chicago, in 1954-57 he was an assistant to the athletic director at the National Institute for Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland.[8] P articipant observation done there led to his essays on mental illness and total institutions which came to form his second book, Asylums: Essays on the Social S ituation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (1961).[8] In 1958 Goffman became a faculty member in the sociology department at the Unive rsity of California, Berkeley, first as a visiting professor, then from 1962 as a full professor.[8] In 1968 he moved to the University of Pennsylvania, receivi ng the Benjamin Franklin Chair in Sociology and Anthropology.[8] In 1969 he beca me a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[11] In 1971 he publish ed Relations in Public, in which he tied together many of his ideas about everyd ay life, seen from a sociological perspective.[12] Another major book of his, Fr ame Analysis, came out in 1974.[12] He received a Guggenheim Fellowship for 1977 7 8.[9] He was elected the 73rd president of the American Sociological Association , serving in 1981-82; he was, however, unable to deliver the presidential addres s in person due to progressing illness.[12][13] In 1981 Goffman married socio-linguist Gillian Sankoff; and the following year, their daughter Alice was born.[12] In 1982 Goffman died in Philadelphia, Pennsyl vania, on 19[12][14] or 20 November[15] (sources vary), of stomach cancer.[12] Posthumously, in 1983, he received the Mead Award of the Society for the Study o f Symbolic Interaction.[16] Influence and legacy Sociology Social Network Analysis diagram Outline Theory History Positivism Antipositivism Functionalism Conflict theories Middle-range

Mathematical Critical theory Socialization Structure and agency Research methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Computational Ethnographic Network-analytic Topics Change Cities Class Crime Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economy Environment Family Gender Health Industry Internet Knowledge Law Literature Medicine Mobility Movements Networks Organizations Politics Race & ethnicity Religion Science Soc. psychology Stratification Browse Portal List of sociologists List of criminologists Article index v t e Goffman was influenced, in developing his theoretical framework, by Herbert Blum er, ?mile Durkheim, Sigmund Freud, Everett Hughes (whom Burns calls the "most in

fluential of his teachers"[17]), Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, Talcott Parsons, Alfred Sch?tz, Georg Simmel and W. Lloyd Warner.[1][4] Fine and Manning state that he never engaged in serious dialogue with other theorists.[1] His work has, however , influenced and been engaged by numerous contemporary sociologists, including A nthony Giddens, J?rgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu.[18] Though Goffman is often associated with the symbolic-interaction school of socio logical thought, he himself did not see himself as a representative of it, and s o Fine and Manning conclude that he "does not easily fit within a specific schoo l of sociological thought".[1] His ideas are also "difficult to reduce to a numb er of key themes"; his work can be broadly described as developing "a comparativ e, qualitative sociology that aimed to produce generalizations about human behav ior".[18][19] Goffman made substantial advances in the study of face-to-face interaction, elab orated the "dramaturgical approach" to human interaction, and developed numerous concepts that have had a massive influence, particularly in the field of the mi cro-sociology of everyday life.[18][20] Many of his works have concerned the org anization of everyday behavior, a concept he termed "interaction order".[18][21] [22] He contributed to the sociological concept of framing (frame analysis), to game theory (the concept of strategic interaction), and to the study of interact ions and linguistics.[18] With regard to the latter, he argued that the activity of speaking must be seen as a social rather than a linguistic construct.[23] Fr om a methodological perspective, Goffman often employed qualitative approaches, specifically ethnography, most famously in his study of social aspects of mental illness, in particular the functioning of total institutions.[18] Overall, his contributions are valued as an attempt to create a theory that bridges the agenc y-and-structure divide for popularizing social constructionism, symbolic interac tion, conversation analysis, ethnographic studies, and the study and importance of individual interactions.[24][25] In 2007 Goffman was listed by The Times Higher Education Guide as the 6th most-c ited author in the humanities and social sciences, behind Anthony Giddens and ah ead of J?rgen Habermas.[3] His popularity with the general public has been attri buted to his writing style, described as "sardonic, satiric, jokey",[25] and as "ironic and self-consciously literary,"[26] and to its being more accessible tha n that of most academics.[27] His style has also been influential in academia, a nd is credited with popularizing a less formal style in academic publications.[2 5] His students included Carol Brooks Gardner, Charles Goodwin, Marjorie Goodwin, J ohn Lofland, Gary Marx, Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, David Sudnow and Eviata r Zerubavel.[1] Despite his influence, according to Fine and Manning there are "remarkably few s cholars who are continuing his work", nor has there been a "Goffman school"; thu s his impact on social theory has been simultaneously "great and modest".[24] Fi ne and Manning attribute the absence of subsequent Goffman-style research and wr iting to the nature of his signature style, very difficult to duplicate (even "m imic-proof"), and also to his stylistics and subjects not being broadly valued i n the social sciences.[4][24] With regard to his style, Fine and Manning remark that he tends to be seen either as a scholar whose style is difficult to reprodu ce, and therefore daunting to those who might wish to emulate his style, or as a scholar whose work was transitional, bridging the work of the Chicago school an d that of contemporary sociologists, and thus of less interest to sociologists t han the classics of either of those two groups.[19][24] With regard to his subje cts, Fine and Manning observe that the topic of behavior in public places is oft en stigmatized as being trivial, and thus unworthy of serious scholarly attentio n.[24]

Nonetheless, Fine and Manning note that Goffman is "the most influential America n sociologist of the twentieth century".[28] Elliott and Turner see him as "a re vered figure an outlaw theorist who came to exemplify the best of the sociologic al imagination", and "perhaps the first postmodern sociological theorist".[10] Works Early works Goffman's early works comprise his graduate writings of 1949-53.[18] His master s thesis was a survey of audience responses to a radio soap opera, Big Sister;[18] one of its most important elements was a critique of his research methodology o f experimental logic and of variable analysis.[29] Other writings of the period include Symbols of Class Status (1951) and On Cooling the Mark Out (1952).[29] H is doctoral dissertation, Communication Conduct in an Island Community (1953), p resented a model of communication strategies in face-to-face interaction, and fo cused on how everyday life rituals affect public projections of self.[26][29] Presentation of Self Main article: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Goffman's The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life was published in 1956, with a revised edition in 1959.[10] He had developed the book's core ideas from his d octoral dissertation.[26] It was Goffman s first and most famous book,[10] for whi ch he received the American Sociological Association s 1961 MacIver Award.[30] Goffman describes the theatrical performances that occur in face-to-face interac tions.[31] He holds that when an individual comes in contact with another person , he attempts to control or guide the impression that the other person will form of him, by altering his own setting, appearance and manner. At the same time, t he person that the individual is interacting with attempts to form an impression of, and obtain information about, the individual.[32] Goffman also believes tha t participants in social interactions engage in certain practices to avoid embar rassing themselves or others. Society is not homogeneous; we must act differentl y in different settings. This recognition led Goffman to his dramaturgical analy sis. He saw a connection between the kinds of "acts" that people put on in their daily lives, and theatrical performances. In a social interaction, as in a thea trical performance, there is an on-stage area where actors (individuals) appear before the audience; this is where positive self-concepts and desired impression s are offered. But there is, as well, a back-stage a hidden, private area where individuals can be themselves and drop their societal roles and identities.[26][ 33][34] Asylums Main article: Asylums (book) Goffman is sometimes credited with having in 1957 coined the term "total institu tion",[35] though Fine and Manning note that he had heard it in lectures by Ever ett Hughes[8] in reference to any type of institution in which people are treate d alike and in which behavior is regulated.[36][37] Regardless of whether Goffma n coined the term "total institution", he popularized it[38] with his 1961 book, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates.[3 9] The book has been described as ethnography of the concept of the total institu tion. [40] The book was one of the first sociological examinations of the social s ituation of mental patients in psychiatric hospitals,[41] and a major contributi on to understanding of social aspects of mental illness.[18] The book comprises four essays: "Characteristics of Total Institutions" (1957); "The Moral Career of the Mental Patient" (1959); "The Underlife of a Public Inst itution: A Study of Ways of Making Out in a Mental Hospital"; and "The Medical M odel and Mental Hospitalization: Some Notes on the Vicissitudes of the Tinkering Trades".[42] The first three essays focus on the experiences of patients; the l ast, on the professional-client interaction.[40] Goffman is mainly concerned wit h the details of psychiatric hospitalization and with the nature and effects of

the process he calls "institutionalization".[43] He describes how institutionali zation socializes people into the role of a good patient, someone "dull, harmles s and inconspicuous" a condition which in turn reinforces notions of chronicity in severe mental illness.[44] Total institutions greatly affect people's interac tions; yet, even in such places, people find ways to redefine their roles and re claim their identities.[36] Asylums has been credited with helping reform mental-health systems in a number of countries, leading to reductions in the numbers of large mental hospitals and of the individuals locked up in them.[25] It has also been influential in the a nti-psychiatry movement.[30][45] Behavior in Public In Behavior in Public Places (1963), Goffman again focuses on everyday public in teractions.[22] He distinguishes types of public gatherings (a gathering, a situati on, a social occasion ) and types of audiences (acquainted versus unacquainted).[22] Stigma Goffman's book Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963) examin es how, to protect their identities when they depart from approved standards of behavior or appearance, people manage impressions of themselves mainly through c oncealment. Stigma pertains to the shame that a person may feel when he fails to meet other people's standards, and to the fear of being discredited which cause s the individual not to reveal his shortcomings. Thus, a person with a criminal record may simply withhold that information from fear of being judged by whoever it is he happens to encounter.[46] Interaction Ritual Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior is a collection of six of Go ffman s essays. The first four were originally published in the 1950s, the fifth i n 1964, and the last completed the collection.[47] The six essays are: "On Facework" (1955); "Embarrassment and Social Organization" (1956); "The Nature of Def erence and Demeanor" (1956); "Alienation from Interaction" (1957); "Mental Sympt oms and Public Order" (1964); and "Where the Action Is".[47] The first essay, "On Face-work", discusses the concept of face, which is the pos itive self-image that an individual holds when interacting with others.[47] Goff man believes that face "as a sociological construct of interaction, is neither i nherent in nor a permanent aspect of the person."[47] Once an individual offers a positive self-image of himself to others, he feels a need to maintain and live up to that image.[47] When he is inconsistent in how he projects himself in soc iety, he risks embarrassment and discrediting.[47] Therefore he remains guarded, to ensure that he does not show himself to others in an unfavorable light.[47] Strategic Interaction Goffman's book Strategic Interaction (1969) is his major contribution to game th eory.[48] It discusses the compatibility of game theory with the legacy of the C hicago School of sociology and with the perspective of symbolic interactionism, and is one of his few works that clearly engage with that perspective.[48] Goffm an's view on game theory was to a great degree shaped by the works of Thomas Sch ellin.[48] Goffman thus presents reality as a form of game, and discusses its ru les and the various moves that players can make (the unwitting, the naive, the ng, the uncovering, and the "counter-uncovering").[48] Frame Analysis Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (1974) is Goffman's a ttempt to explain how conceptual frames - ways to organize experience - structur e an individual s perception of society.[49] Thus this book is about the organizat ion of experiences rather than about the organization of society. A frame is a s et of concepts and theoretical perspectives that organize experiences and guide

coveri

the actions of individuals, groups and societies. Frame analysis, then, is the s tudy of the organization of social experiences. To illustrate the concept of the frame, Goffman gives the example of a picture frame: a person uses the frame (w hich represents structure) to hold together his picture (which represents the co ntent) of what he is experiencing in his life.[50][51] The most basic frames are called primary frameworks. A primary framework takes a n individual's experience or an aspect of a scene that would originally be meani ngless and makes it meaningful. One type of primary framework is a natural frame work, which identifies situations in the natural world and is completely physica l, with no human influences. The other type of framework is a social framework, which explains events and connects them to humans. An example of a natural frame work is the weather, and an example of a social framework is a meteorologist who predicts the weather. Goffman concentrates more on the social frameworks and se eks to "construct a general statement regarding the structure, or form, of exper iences individuals have at any moment of their social life".[51][52] Goffman saw this book as his magnum opus, but it never gained the popularity of his earlier works.[12][49] Forms of Talk Goffman's book, Forms of Talk (1981), comprises five essays: "Replies and Respon ses" (1976); "Response Cries" (1978); "Footing" (1979); "The Lecture" (1976); an d "Radio Talk" (1981).[53] Each essay addresses both verbal and non-verbal commu nication through a sociolinguistic model, and the book provides a comprehensive overview of the study of talk.[54] In the introduction, Goffman identifies three underlying themes in each essay: "ritualization, participation framework, and e mbedding."[55] The first essay, "Replies and Responses", concerns conversational dialogue" and t he way people respond during a conversation with both linguistic and non-linguis tic behaviors.[56] The next essay, "Response Cries", considers the use of uttera nces and their social implications in different social contexts. Specifically, G offman discusses "self-talk" (talking to no one in particular) and its role in s ocial situations. "Footing" addresses the way that footing, or alignment, can sh ift during a conversation.[54] The Lecture , originally an oral presentation, descr ibes different types and methods of lecture.[57] The last essay in the book, "Ra dio Talk", describes the talk used in radio programming and the effect it has on listeners.[57] Career In his career, Goffman worked at the: University of Chicago, Division of Social Sciences, Chicago: assistant, 1952 5 3; resident associate, 1953 54; National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland: visiting scientist, 1954 57; University of California, Berkeley: assistant professor, 1957 59; professor, 1 959 62; professor of sociology, 1962 68; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin Professor of Ant hropology and Sociology, 1969 82. Selected works 1959: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, University of Edinburgh Soc ial Sciences Research Centre. ISBN 978-0-14-013571-8. Anchor Books edition 1961: Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other I nmates. New York, Doubleday. ISBN 0-14-013739-4 1961: Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction Fun in Games & Role Distance. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill.

1963: Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatheri ngs, The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-911940-5 1963: Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall. IS BN 0-671-62244-7 1967: Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Anchor Books. ISB N 0-394-70631-5 1969: Strategic Interaction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-345-02804-X 1969: Where the action is. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0079-2 1971: Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-06-131957-0 1974: Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. London: Ha rper and Row. ISBN 978-0-06-090372-5 1979: Gender Advertisements, Macmillian. ISBN 0-06-132076-5 1981: Forms of Talk, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 97 8-0-8122-7790-6 References Notes ^ a b c d e Fine and Manning (2003), p. 34. ^ Fine, Manning, and Smith 2000, p. ix. ^ a b "The most cited authors of books in the humanities". Times Higher Educ ation. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-11-16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fine and Manning (2003), p. 35. ^ a b c d Greg Smith (1 November 2002). Goffman and Social Organization: Stu dies of a Sociological Legacy. Taylor & Francis. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-203-01900-9. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ S. Leonard Syme (27 July 2011). Memoir of A Useless Boy. Xlibris Corporati on. pp. 27 28. ISBN 978-1-4653-3958-4. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ a b Burns (2002), p.9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fine and Manning (2003), p. 36. ^ a b Jeff Sallaz (1 January 2009). The Labor of Luck: Casino Capitalism in the United States and South Africa. University of California Press. pp. 262 263. I SBN 978-0-520-94465-7. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ a b c d Anthony Elliott; Bryan S Turner (23 July 2001). Profiles in Contem porary Social Theory. SAGE Publications. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7619-6589-3. Retrieve d 29 May 2013. ^ Greg Smith (1 November 2002). Goffman and Social Organization: Studies of a Sociological Legacy. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-203-01900-9. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ a b c d e f g Fine and Manning (2003), p. 37. ^ "American Sociological Association: Erving Manual Goffman". Asanet.org. Re trieved 2013-06-03. ^ Roland Turner (1982). The Annual Obituary. St. Martin's. p. 550. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ Trevino (2003), p. 6. ^ Norman K. Denzin (30 April 2008). Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Stu dies: The Politics of Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-470-6 9841-9. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ Burns (2002), p.11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fine and Manning (2003), p. 43. ^ a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 42. ^ Ben Highmore (2002). The Everyday Life Reader. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 9780-415-23024-7. Retrieved 4 June 2013. ^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 51. ^ a b c Fine and Manning (2003), p. 52. ^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 55. ^ a b c d e Fine and Manning (2003), p. 56.

^ a b c d Fine and Manning (2003), p. 57. ^ a b c d Fine and Manning (2003), p. 45. ^ Kathy S. Stolley (2005). The basics of sociology. Greenwood Publishing Gro up. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-32387-4. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 58. ^ a b c Fine and Manning (2003), p. 44. ^ a b Smith (2006), p. 9. ^ Smith (2006), pp. 33-34. ^ Trevino (2003), p. 35. ^ George Ritzer (2008). Sociological Theory. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 372. ^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 46. ^ Trevino (2003), p. 152. ^ a b Lois Holzman; Fred Newman (10 May 2007). Lev Vygotsky: Revolutionary S cientist. Taylor & Francis. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-203-97786-6. Retrieved 29 May 201 3. ^ Steven J. Taylor (2009). Acts of Conscience: World War II, Mental Institut ions, and Religious Objectors. Syracuse University Press. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-815 6-0915-5. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ Michael Tonry (29 September 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Crimin al Justice. Oxford University Press. p. 884. ISBN 978-0-19-539508-2. Retrieved 2 9 May 2013. ^ "Extracts from Erving Goffman". A Middlesex University resource. Retrieved 8 November 2010. ^ a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 49. ^ Weinstein R. (1982). "Goffman's Asylums and the Social Situation of Mental Patients". Orthomolecular psychiatry 11 (N 4): 267 274. ^ Burns (2002), p. viii. ^ Davidson, Larry; Rakfeldt, Jaak; Strauss, John (editors) (2010). The Roots of the Recovery Movement in Psychiatry: Lessons Learned. John Wiley and Sons. p . 150. ISBN 88-464-5358-1. ^ Lester H., Gask L. (May 2006). "Delivering medical care for patients with serious mental illness or promoting a collaborative model of recovery?". British Journal of Psychiatry 188 (5): 401 402. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015933. PMID 16648 523. ^ Trevino (2003), p. 9. ^ John Scott (16 October 2006). Fifty Key Sociologists: The Contemporary The orists. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-203-12890-9. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ a b c d e f g Trevino (2003), p. 37. ^ a b c d Fine and Manning (2003), p. 47. ^ a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 53. ^ Trevino (2003), p. 39. ^ a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 54. ^ Trevino (2003), p. 40. ^ Trevino (2003), p. 41. ^ a b Helm, David (1982). "Talk s Form: Comments on Goffman s Forms of Talk.". H uman Studies 5 (2): 156. ^ Erving Goffman (1981). Forms of talk. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8122-1112-2. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ Erving Goffman (1981). Forms of talk. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8122-1112-2. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ a b Helm, David (1982). "Talk s Form: Comments on Goffman s Forms of Talk.". H uman Studies 5 (2): 154. Bibliography Burns, Tom (2002). Erving Goffman. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-20550-2. Gary Alan Fine; Philip Manning (2003). "Erving Goffman". In George Ritzer. T he Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists. Blackwell Publish ing Ltd. ISBN 9780470999912. Fine, Gary Alan; Smith, Gregory W. H. (2000). Erving Goffman. vol. 1 4. SAGE.

ISBN 0-7619-6863-6. Smith, Greg (2006). Erving Goffman ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Hoboken: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-00234-6. Trevino, A. Javier (2003). Goffman s Legacy. Lanham, Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0742519775. Elliot, Ray, Anthony, Larry (2003). Key Contemporary Social Theorists. Black well Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-631-21972-2. Burns, Tom (1992). Erving Goffman. London;New York: Routledge. ISBN 04150649 29. Further reading Dirda, Michael (2010). "Waiting for Goffman", Lapham's Quarterly (Vol 3 No 4 ). ISSN 1935-7494 Ditton, Jason (1980). The View of Goffman, New York:St. Martin s Press ISBN 03 12845981 Paul Drew; Anthony J. Wootton (1988). Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interact ion Order. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-0393-3. Philip Manning (1992). Erving Goffman and Modern Sociolog. Stanford Universi ty Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2026-7. Thomas J. Scheff (2006). Goffman unbound!: a new paradigm for social science . Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59451-195-0. Goffman, Erving; Lemert, Charles; Branaman, Ann (1997). The Goffman reader. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-894-8. Verhoeven, J. (1993). "An interview with Erving Goffman". Research on Langua ge and Social. Interaction, 26(3), 317 348. Verhoeven, J. (1993). "Backstage with Erving Goffman: The context of the int erview." Research on Language and Social Interaction. 26 (3) pp. 307-31 External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Erving Goffman Biography Biography Articles on Goffman Erving Goffman: A Bibliography Reference information on Erving Goffman Michael Delaney, Erving Goffman: Professional and Personal Timeline