SOLID - FUEL C O O K I N G STOVES

TATA ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

DOCUMENTATION CENTRE Bo b y House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Bombay 400 021,

INT RO DUCT IO N

F ir e w o o d has bec ome a m a t t e r o f s er ious c o n c e r n due t o d w in d lin g f o r e s t r es our c es c oupled w it h ex c es s iv e c ons umption r e s u lt in g f r o m w a s t e f u l and in e f f ic ie n t methods of c ook ing. E f f o r t s a r e now being made by v ar ious r e s e a r c h e r s to des ign m o r e e f f ic ie n t and les s ex pens iv e c ook ing s tov es . T his doc ument is a s u r v e y o f s ig n if ic a n t w o r ld l i t e r a t u r e on s o lid f u e l c ook ing s tov es . I t pr ov ides a s y s t e ma t ic p r e s e n t a t io n o f a l l the k nown s tov e des igns w i t h s u it a b le illu s t r a t io n s . I t does n o t how ev er r e c o m m e n d any s in g le des ign f o r u n iv e r s a l applic ation. W e a r e indeed g r a t e f u l to t he o r g a n is a t io n s and s c ientis ts f o r t h e i r p r o m p t r es pons e to o u r e n q u ir ie s . A n y w o r k in a d v e r t e n t ly o m it t e d h e r e w i l l find a p la c e in o u r s ubs equent edit ions We a r e happy to o f f e r t h is p u b lic a t io n in the hope t h a t it w i l l be u s e f u l to the s tov e des igner s and a ls o to thos e who want to k now m o r e about s o lid f u e l c ook ing s tov es ,

CO NTENTS Page F uelwood Cook ing Stov e D e s ig n C ons ider ations Impr ov ed C ook ing Stov es Wood Stov es 1 C har c oal Stov es 3 Sawdus t and R ic e H u l l Stov es Ex p e r ime n t s o n Cook ing Stov es 9 1 2 4 5 5 3 9 4 6 1 4

So c io - C u lt u r a l Values and Stov e D es ign G uidelines f o r Ex t e n s io n Ser v ic es Bib lio g r a p h y Annex ur es G los s ar y 9 8 9

105 114

1. F U E L WO O D

P r i m a r y Sour c e o f Ener gy Wood has been m a n s p r i m a r y s our c e o f ener gy f o r mo s t o f his ex is tenc e m a i n l y bec aus e o f a v a ila b ilit y i n abundanc e as a n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e ease i n c o lle c t io n / p r o c u r e m e n t S im p lic it y o f us age p o s s ib ilit y f o r s t o r in g ov er s eas ons Thus , e v e n today , f i r e w o o d is us ed ex t ens iv ely as a f u e l p a r t i c u l a r l y for c ook ing i n the r u r a l ar eas e. g. about 50')/0 o f the w ood har v es ted f r o m the w o r ld for es ts is us ed as f u e l f o r c ook ing pur pos es o f whic h about 90% is us ed i n dev eloping c ountr ies alone in India, 7 0 % o f the ener gy r e q u ir e m e n t s i n v illages i s m e t by f ir ew ood and o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l was tes , m o s t o f w hic h a r e b u r n e d f o r c ook ing pur pos es in A f r ic a , s o u t h o f the Sahar a, 9 3 % of the w ood har v es ted is us ed as f u e l f o r c ook ing. The pr es ent heav y dependenc e on f ir e w o o d and the u n lik e ly ev ent o f a v a ila b ilit y o f an inex pens iv e and m o r e c onv enient s ubs t it ut e f u e l in the n e a r f ut ur e in d ic a t e s t h a t f ir e w o o d w i l l c ontinue to be the m a i n s our c e o f ener gy f o r c ook ing i n the dev eloping c ountr ies .

Supply /D emand Ac c ur ate data on f o r e s t r es our c es and f u e l- w o o d c ons umption ar e l a c k i n g f l u e l wood c ons umption is l i k e l y t o ex c eed t w ic e t h e annual y ie ld o f w o r ld a n es for d ts by the y e a r 2000 A . D . A r e c e n t e s t im a t e giv es t h e f o llo w in g r e v e se a t lin i g m f ig u r e s : a t e s v a r y v e r y w i d e l y .

c u r r e n t wood c ons umption is about 7 b i l l i o n c ubic m e t r e s ex pec ted c ons umption i n . 90 b i0 l l0 ion A c ubic 2 . Dm e . tr es w o gr annual u ow l th d o f w o r ld f or es t s c o u ld be any w her e between 718 b i l l i o n c ubic m e t r e s b e demand a b for o f u e luwood t ex c eeds f o r e s t y ields i n s ev er al par ts o f the w o r l d lik e i n N epal w her e the 'demand is about 7 t im e s t h e annual f o r e s t pr oduc e.

CauSeS' f DeforeS tatiori

- i n d i s c r i m i n a t e f e l l i n g o f tr ees b y f o r e s t in d u s t r ie s - c l e a r i n g of l a n d . f u e l - w o o d g a t h e r in g by the s u r r o u n d in g v illa g e cro m m u n i t i e s . fo

a g r i c u l t u r a l Ef f e e t S' o lf D e p OreStatiO u r n p o s e s n e a r ly a t h i r d o f the o r i g i n a l t r o p ic a l f o r e s t ar ea des tr oy ed w it h in r ec or ded h is t o r y - b y the y e a r 2000 o r s h o r t ly t h e r e a f t e r , v i r t u a l l y a l l h u m id t r o p ic a l for es ts w i l l hav e been tr ans for naed in t o des er ts and unpor duc tiv e w as t eland la r g e par t s o f Indones ia a lr e a d y hav e les s t han an eighth o f t h e ir o r i g i n a l f o r e s t c ov er at pr es ent r a t e s o f defor es tation, t h e la s t t r ees ar e l i k e l y to dis appear f r o m N i g e r w it h in about 150 y e a r s , e v e n a llo w in g f o r pr es ent r e f o r e s t a t io n p r o g r a mme s .

Soc io- Ec onomic I m p a c t in India, a b o u t 200- 300 man- day s a r e s pent by s ome t y p ic a l r u r a l f a m ilie s f o r g a t h e r in g f ir e w o o d in N epal, t h e Same tas k now tak es a w hole day c ompared t o o n ly an hour o r tw o tak en a dec ade ago. F uelw ood p r ic e s i n Khatmandu w e r e r e p o r t e d t o hav e inc r eas ed by 300% i n two y ear s in the B a r a t o w n o f Sudan, g a t h e r i n g f ir e w o o d now takes 1 - 2 hour s , c o m p a r e d t o ju s t 15- 30 m in u t e s tak en a dec ade ago, a n d p r ic e s in c r e a s e d by 25% dur ing h a r v e s t s eas on when la b o u r was a t a p r e m i u m

- i n Subs ahar a A f r i c a , l o n g t r ip s a v e r a g in g 50 k ms . have t o be tak en by f a m i l i e s t o gat her f ir ew ood in O ugadougou, U p p e r V o lt a , v i r t u a l l y a l l tr ees w i t h i n 70 k ms hav e been c ons umed as f u e l and a f a m i l y ,now s pends about 20 -30alo o f it s in c o m e on fuelw ood pur c has es - i n N ia m e y , N i g e r , t h e f ig u r e is about 25% - i n s ome Pa k is t a n i towns , i t was found t h a t people r e s or ted t o s t r ip p in g the b a r k of t r e e s l i n i n g the s tr eets .

Need f o r Ef f ic ie n t Methods o f E erc c v Us e fuelwood is in c r e a s in g ly b e c o min g a s c ar c e c o m m o dity - d e m a n d f o r fuelw ood tends t o r e m a i n in e la s t ic - c o u n t r i e s h a v in g the le a s t ener gy a v a ila b ilit y us e it w it h leas t e f f ic ie n c y open f ir e s pr ot ec t ed by a f ew s tones o n top o f w hic h c ook ing pots a r e s uppor ted, g i v e an effic ienc y as low as 5% o n ly - w i t h a l i t t l e e f f o r t , i t is found t hat s tov e effic ienc ies c ould be im p r o v e d t o r e s u lt i n c o n s id e r a b le f u e l s av ings c o m p a r e d t o t r a d i t i o n a l c ook ing a r r a n g e me n t s ,

2. C O O KI N G ST O VE D ESIG N CO NSIDERAT IO NS Though i t appar ently s e e ms s i m p l e , d e s ig n in g a c ook ing stove f o r a p a r t ic u la r u s e r g r o u p needs in d e p t h k nowledge o f M a t e r ia ls Sc ienc e, C o m b u s t io n En g in e e r in g and M e c h a n ic a l En g in e e r in g . F r o m the ef f ic ienc y p o in t o f v iew , p a r a m e t e r s t o he c ons ider ed f o r des ign inc lude type o f f uel us ed - i t ' s c a l o r i f i c v alue - c h a r g e q u a n t it y s tov e c omponents - fir ebox gr ate - baffles damper s - c himney stove g e o m e t r y - t h e r m a l mas s o f the s tov e etc . c ook ing pot m a t e r i a l s t h e r m a l p r o p e r t ie s o f in g r e d ie n t s c ook ed sequence o f c ook ing.

O v e r a ll Ef f ic ie n c y o f COOktilEf ( E) E E n e r s v t r a n s f e r r e d u s e f u llv to food T o t a l e n e r g y ex pended wher e T o t a l ener gy ,expended -= c h e m ic a l e n e r g y c ontent o f f u e l. E a l s o ex pr es s ed as ,E E s x E H

F s = e f f ic ie n c y o f heat t r a n s f e r g iv e n by = s EH s E n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d u s e f u lly t o c ook ing pot T ot al e n e r g y input t o c ook ing pot t o E v s eE d e H tak es in t o ac c ount the tightnes s o f pots and a b i l i t i e s o f the c ook . e fd p fe e i p n ce d i n

Page 5 Stove Pe r f o r m a n c e M a x im u m ef f ic ienc y pos s ible o n ly by - c o m p l e t e c ombus tion o f f u e l w it h m a x i m u m t r a n s f e r o f heat o f c ombus tion to c ook ing pots .

Combus tion - a r a p i d c h e m ic a l c o m b in a t io n of ox y gen w it h c ombus tible e le m e n t s o f a f u e l. T h e t h r e e T 's o f ens ur ing c o m p le t e c o m b u s t io n : t e m p e r a t u r e h ig h enough t o ig n it e the c ons tituents - t u r b u l e n c e o r thor ough m i x i n g - t i m e s u f f ic ie n t f o r c o m p le t e c ombus t ion These i n t u r n c an be ac hiev ed b y us ing d r y f u e l ( s inc e i t pr oduc es a t le a s t t w ic e as m u c h heat as w e t f uel) - p r o v i d i n g good a i r d r a f t by a c h im n e y and us ing damper s t o c o n t r o l f lo w im p r o v in g s tov e g e o m e t r y - p r o v i d i n g adequate flues - d e s i g n i n g a s tov e w it h a h ig h t h e r m a l mas s .

Conduc tion - o c c u r s t h r o u g h la y e r o f a i r betw een f ir e ( s our c e) and pots and f r o m pot w a l l t o in g r e d ie n t s c ook ed. W i t h i n the c ook ing pot a ls o : e f o o d -ma s s b y co n d u ct io n . th - c,a n h be e a ma t x im iz i ed s by t -r p a rov n i dsi n g f mounds e r r e ( r is e r s ) u n d e r eac h pot d hole ( fig. 1 ) oc cn s s s ional s t i r r i n g o f in g r e d ie n t s i n t h e i pot adequate c lo s u r e o f pots

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Conv ec tion br ought about by hot gas es f lo w in g f r o m s o u r c e ( fir e) t h r o u g h flues and o u t o f the a n inney O pt imal c onv ec t ion ac hiev ed by offs etting tunnels g iv in g r is e t o ' V o r t e x e f f e c t ' (fig. 2 ) use o f baffles hav ing a good f lue s y s t em, The P r in c e t o n U n iv e r s it y e x p e r im e n t ( Ref. 7) c l e a r l y d e mons tr ates t h e im p o r t a n c e o f c onv ec tion c o n t r o l as a des ign c o n s id e r a t io n ,

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Page R adiation tak es p la c e f r o m s o u r c e ( f ir e ) as w e l l as f r o m s tov e w a lls can be m a x im iz e d by - s u r r o u n d i n g f i r e w it h a s h in y s ur fac e ( lin in g f ir e b o x w a ll w i t h a l u m i n i u m f o il) us ing blac k ened pots ( how ev er , a t h ic k b l a c k la y e r o f s oot a c c u mu la t in g on pots impedes good c onduc tion) .

G e o m e t r ic a l e f f ic ie n c y f o r in t e r c e p t in g r a d ia t io n c alc ulated f r o m t h e s o lid angle s ubtended by c ook ing pot w . r . t . t h e ex tended f i r e s hows that f o r a pan whos e d ia m e t e r = d i a m e t e r o f f ir e , a n d whos e s e p a r a t io n f r o m f i r e - d is t a n c e equal t o pan d ia m e t e r , g e o m e t r i c a l ef f ic ienc y lOato I. e. o n l y 10')/0 o f r a d ia n t heat o f f ir e i s d i r e c t l y int er c ept ed by pan (Ref. 2).

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by t ig h t f it o f the pots o n potholes - m e a n s t o r e c o v e r heat n o r m a l l y lo s t t o atmos pher e.

O ther F a c t o r s C o n t r ib u t in g to Ef f ic ie n c y - s k i l l s a t t h e c ook - o p t i m a l u t iliz a t io n o f t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d ie n t f r o m 1s t pot t o la s t pot - p r o p e r s tov e maint enanc e and o p e r a t io n .

Page 9,

3. I M P R O V E D CO O KING ST O VES Ev o lu t io n o f Cook ing Stov es oldes t ev idenc e o f f ir e - found i n c av es o f the Stone Age - blac k ened hear ths and c ar bonis ed bones w h ic h might hav e s er v ed as f u e l - f i r s t in d o o r h e a r t h - a s h a llo w p i t l i n e d w it h s tones o r t he f la t top o f a l o w heap o f s labs s e t i n a c e n t r e of the d w e llin g away f r o m w a lls I r o n Age - c i r c u l a r o r o v a l huts found w it h a h e a r t h near t he c ent r e, a l o n g w i t h ev idenc e o f ir o n s t o s uppor t b u r n in g logs e a r ly 18th c entur y , B e n j a m i n T homps on des igned a c ook - s tov e w it h a n u m b e r o f potholes , e a c h w it h a s m a ll s epar ate f ir e p la c e , a g r a t e , a n as hpit and a door t o r e g u la t e t he a i r . F l u e s w e r e p r o v id e d f o r ev er y f ir e p la c e and c onnec ted t o an e x it flue. T h i s des ign p r o v id e d the pr ot ot y pe f o r t he m o d e r n c ook ing ranges t h a t f o llo w e d . Howev er , i n mos t under dev eloped p a r t s o f the w o r ld , p r i m i t i v e methods o f open f ir e c ook ing ( fig. 4 ) s t i l l c ontinue to be t h e p r in c ip a l met hod o f c ook ing food bec aus e o f the f o llo w in g adv antages - i t c an be as s embled any w her e, a n d the r u r a l p o o r who l i v e i n s m a l l huts w o u ld p r e f e r t o c ook outdoor s e lim in a t in g s pac e and s mok e p r o b le m s w i t h i n t h e ir homes - r u r a l people w i t h nomadic tendenc ies f in d i t m o r e c onv enient t o as s emble a ' t h r e e s tones ' s tov e w her ev er they s e t t le dow n d u r in g t h e i r s o jo u r n - n o s p e c ia l s k ills o r c os ts a r e in v o lv e d i n o p e r a t in g and m a in t a in in g a ' t h r e e s tones ' s tov e - n o la b o u r in v o lv e d i n s haping t h e wood and c o m bus tion is c o n t r o lle d s i m p l y by in t r o d u c in g o r w it h d r a w in g the piec es f r o m t h e f ir e . M o r e o v e r , any s o lid b u r n a b le f u e l a v a ila b le c an be us ed - a n y s iz e o f pot c an be ac c omodated by s i m p l y a d ju s t in g the s tones .

Pa e 10

O PEN F I R E CO O KING

I mp r o v e d Des igns a n u m b e r o f c ook ing s tov es w it h im p r o v e d d e s ig n featur es hav e been des c r ibed i n t h is s ec t ion, br oadly c ategor iz ed on the bas is o f ty pe o f f u e l us ed a. g. - wood - charcoal s awdus t and r i c e b u ll ( in a f e w eas es s tov es hav e been des igned f o r m u lt i f u e l us e) f u r t h e r g r o u p in g has been done on the bas is o f m a t e r ia ls us ed f o r c o n s t r u c t io n a. g, - mtid c lay metal et c . s ubs equent a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h i n gr oups i s e i t h e r by c o mp le x it y of des ign e . g . - s h e e t m e t a l unins ulated c hula mud c oated buc k et c huia - d e v e l o p m e n t a l p e r io d e. g. - H E R L , c hula ( 1956) - I m p r o v e d J unagadh c bula ( 1967) to f a c ilit a t e s tov e c o mp a r is o n , a s e t o f c o m m o n p a r a me t e r s hav e been us ed e . g . des ign featur es adv antages - d i s a d v a n t a g e s etc .

Page 11 WOOD BU R N I N G ST O VES H E R L C h u la ( Ref. 61) Dev eloped by D r . S , P . R a j u o f Hy der abad En g in e e r in g R es ear c h L a b o r a t o r ie s i n 1956.

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - f i r e w o o d , c o w d u n g c ak es , w a s t e c o m b u s t ib le m a t e r ia ls .

M a t e r ia ls o f C ons t r uc t ion - b r i c k and m u d o r mud p la s t e r e d w it h f in e ear t h. T in, G I Sheets , c l a y o r as bes tos p ip e f o r c himney .

T ools R e q u ir e d - M a s o n ' s t o o ls .

D es ign F eat ur es 'I., s h a p e d duc t w it h t h r e e pot holes f o r c ook ing and one f o r heating w a t e r - a d j u s t a b l e d a m p e r betw een la s t p o t and c h im n e y f o r c ombus t ion c o n t r o l - c h i m n e y f o r s mok e o u t le t o v e r a ll d ime n s io n s appr ox . 4 . 5 f t . x 2. 5 f t . x 6 " height. Adv antages s m o k e fr ee m u l t i p l e c ook ing s tations w i t h v a r y in g degr ees o f heat h o t w a t e r as b y pr oduc t c h u l a e a s ily c leaned w i t h r e d e a r t h o r c owdung

Dis adv antages - o n l y f i r s t po t r ec eiv es d i r e c t heat.

ER L ' 5

Page 13 I mp r o v e d H E R L C h u la ( Ref. 68) Dev eloped by J ames Pe n f o ld and D av id O ot to ov er c ome the p r o b le m of in s u f f ic ie n t heat a v a ila b le o n the s ec ond p o t s eat o f the H E R L C hula.

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - wood.

M a t e r ia ls f o r C o n s t r u c t io n - b r i c k s , m u d , c ow dung, i r o n bar s - a s b e s t o s c e m e n t / c la y p i p e / t i n s heet f o r c himney .

T ools R e q u ir e d - mas on's t r o w e l, s h o v e l, l e v e l h a m m e r , c h i s e l etc .

Des ign F eat ur es thr ee p o t s eats i n t r ia n g u la r c o n f ig u r a t io n - c h i m n e y f o r s mok e o u t le t o v e r a ll d ime n s io n s ( appr ox . ): le n g t h = 4 4 - 5 0 " ; bac k end w id t h 2 6 - 3 0 ; f r o n t end w id t h = 1 6 . 1

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14 611178n t a g s mo k e f re e u n if o rm h e a t on a l l t h re e p o ts e a sie r t o c o n s t ru c t c o mp a re d to H E R L Ch u la .

Dis a d v a n t a g e s use o f i r o n b a r s f o r r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n c r e a s e s co st no d a m p e r f o r c o n t r o l l i n g c o m b u s t i o n .

Page 15 Impr ov ed J unagadh C hula (Ref. 63) Des igned by the N a t io n a l Bu ild in g s O r g a n is a t io n i n c o lla b o r a t io n w it h the Pla n n in g , R e s e a r c h and A c t io n I n s t it u t e , L u c k n o w , i n 1967. Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - wood,

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n / Ac c e s s o r ie s mud, p l a s t e r , G I s heets r in g , d a m p e r .

D es ign F eatur es two pot holes w i t h an ' L ' s haped flue duc t, w i t h f ir s t pot d i r e c t l y on f ir e b o x - d a m p e r f o r d r a f t c o n t r o l plac ed between 2nd p o t hole and c h im n e y - c h i m n e y f o r s mok e o u t le t o v e r a ll d ime n s io n s a p p r o x . 4 0 c m x 50c m x 20c m height.

Adv antages s mok e f r e e - d a m p e r helps i n d r a f t c o n t r o l - h i g h heat e f f ic ie n c y 37.9% .

Dis adv antages - c o n s t r u c t i o n r e q u ir e s h ig h degr ee o f s k ill - o n l y one p o t s eat a v a ila b le f o r c ook ing pur pos es .

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Page 17 Magan Chula ( Ref. 43) Dev eloped a t Maganw adi, h e a d q u a r t e r s o f h e A l l I n d ia V i l l a g e I ndus t r ies As s oc iat ion i n 1947.

Type o f Fuel Used

- wood

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n / Ac c e s s o r ie s - c l a y , h o r s e d u n g , s t r a w , c o w d t mg - g r a t e , r i n g , d a m p e r , c l a y pipe f o r c h imn e y , c o lla r t i l e and c o w l pipe.

T ools R e q u ir e d s t r a ig h t r o d o f wood - m a s o n ' s s e t s quar e, s p o o n a s t r in g o r c ompas s es

Des ign F eat ur es thr ee pots eats s it u a t e d a t t h r e e c o r n e r s o f a t r ia n g le and int er c onnec t ed by duc ts - d a m p e r betw een 1s t and 2nd pot s eat t o c o n t r o l c ombus tion - c h i m n e y f o r s mok e o u t le t o v e r a ll d ime n s io n s appr ox . 2 ' 6 " x 0 " x 8 1 " height.

Adv antages - s m o k e fr ee - m a d e f r o m l o c a l l y a v a ila b le m a t e r ia ls damper helps i n c o n t r o llin g c ombus t ion

D is adv antar es - o n l y f i r s t pot r e c e iv e s d i r e c t heat henc e c ook ing and f r y in g c annot be done s imult aneous ly .

Page 1 8

T o t ' Nit fivl _OELTIos)

ic,ToRIAL VIEW

NIA GA N C H ULA

Fig, 8

Ec o n o m ic a l C hula ( Ref. 3 1 ) Dev eloped by K. S. S a l a r l y a o f Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n iv e r s it y , of F u e l U s ed - fir ew ood,

M a t e r ia ls o f s o r i e s

Cons tr uc tion/Ac e c lay , M S s heets , 1 6 g . G I s heet f o r w a t e r j c k e t gr ate.

Dee_ilgall:eatures s ingle p o f seat d ir e c t ly on f ir e b o x - w a t e r ja c k e t enc los ing s tov e hous ing f o r abs or bing heat that w o u ld o t h e r w is e be was ted - g r a t e f o r im p r o v e d a i r c ir C u la t io n on f u e l bed o v e r a ll dimens ions appr ox : 2 . 51t x 5 f t depth x 3 f t height.

Adv antages hot w a t e r a v a ila b le as b y - p r o d u c t t h e r m a l ef f ic ienc y appr ox . 14% .

Dis adv antages - n o t s mok e f r e e - h e a t los s es c an oc c ur thr ough f r o n t s id e - d e s i g n c o mp lic a t e d by w a t e r jac k et,

Page 2 0

i-j k 4 1 2 6AI( 1, r 2 T 1_ o N k

9 T E L P k p i 1 4 .S.14t1_,L .

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Page 21 Smok eles s Stov e: G hana ( R ef. 62) Dev eloped under t he aus pic es o f the Dept, of Soc ial We lf a r e and C ommunit y D ev elopment, A c c r a , t h e s tov e was des igned to be s i m p l e and c ons tr uc ted w it h m a t e r ia ls found i n o r n e a r m o s t v illa g e s i n Ghana.

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - fir ew ood.

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n c la y / la t e r it e , r e i n f o r c i n g r od bamboo) , s t me . s ( m eh e te a l t a l/ a s b e s t o s p ip e f o r c ,d s c r a p - t i n f o r d a m p e r s . ahimney n

D es ign F eatur es thr ee pot holes f o r c ook ing o n e pot h o le f o r w a r m i n g w a t e r o v e n c onnec ted t o s tov e f o r bak ing t w o d a mp e r s , o n e between ov en and s ec ond pot and the o t h e r between la s t pot and c h imn e y c h i m n e y f o r s mok e o u t le t o v e r a ll d ime n s io n s : appr ox . 1 2 0 c m x 170c m x 75c ms height .

Adv antages - s m o k e fr ee - m u l t i p l e c ook ing s tations f ir e c o n t r o lle d by damper s - h o t w a t e r as b y - p r o d u c t when ov en is us ed, w a t e r , soup etc . c a n be w a r m e d on s tov e s tov e m a d e f r o m m a t e r ia ls lo c a lly a v a ila b le .

Dis adv antages - o n l y f i r s t pot r ec eiv es m a x i m u m heat.

Pai t t_3 1

1 1 4 3 C D O K ! t 4 , 6 _ P O T g e g o c r s

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Page 23
Th e L o re n a S t o ve (Re f . 41) De ve lo p e d a s p a r t o f the A p p r o p r i a t e Te c h n o lo g y P r o j e c t o f V o lu n t e e rs in A s ia , a t Ch o q u i E x p e r i m e n t a l S t a t io n , G u a t e ma l a i n 1976.

a p e o f F u e l Use d - a n y c o mb u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l su ch a s wo o d , c h a r c o a l , s t ra w , g r a s s e t c .

a t e ri a s f o r Co n s t ru c t io n - c l a y s o i l , s a n d , b r i c k s , a d o b e , s c r a p sh e e t me t a l .

To o ls Re q u ire d - s h o v e l , l a r g e m e t a l sp o o n , m a c h e t e o r b ig k n if e , m a s o n r y t r o w e l (o p t io n a l), s c r e e n f o r s i f t i n g s o i l .

De s ig n F e a t u re s - t h r e e t o f i v e p o t h o le s, o n e d i r e c t l y o v e r f i r e b o x and t h e o t h e rs h e a t e d b y f lu e g a se s two d a mp e rs , o n e co n n e ct in g mo u t h o f f i re b o x a n d f i r s t p o t h o le , t h e se co n d i between l a s t p o t h o le a n d c h imn e y - c h i m n e y f o r s mo k e o u t le t - r i s e r s a t b o t t o m o f p o t h o le s t o f o r c e h o t a i r t o w a rd s pots - o f f s e t t u n n e ls t o c re a t e v o r t e x e f f e c t a n d i m p r o v e co n ve ct io n - o v e r a l l d i me n s i o n s : a p p r o x . : l m x 1 . 3 m x i m h e ig h t (s iz e s v a r y h o we v e r, d e p e n d in g o n i n d i v i d u a l n e e d s).

A d va n ta g e s smo ke f r e e - b u r n s a lmo s t a n y so lid fu e l m u l t i p l e c o o k in g s t a t io n s h ig h t h e r m a l ma s s r e s u l t s i n i m p r o v e d c o mb u s t io n - r i s e r s a n d o f f s e t t u n n e ls e n s u re g o o d c o n v e c t io n d a mp e rs h e lp i n c o n t r o l l i n g c o mb u s t io n - h o t wa t e r as b y -p ro d u c t - a b i l i t y t o c o o k i n st a n d in g p o s it io n .

24 Dis adv antages in a b ilit y to p r o v id e s pac e heat i n c o ld r e g io n s - d i f f i c u l t to o b t a in m a t e r ia ls o f ex ac t s pec ific ations - c r a c k i n g and c r u m b l i n g of s tov e body i f not p r o p e r ly c ons tr uc ted high degr ee o f s k i l l r e q u ir e d f o r c ons tr uc tion.

12LaitIL

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ge 26 New N e p a l i Chub o ( R ef. 45) Dev eloped a t the R es ear c h C e n t r e f o r A p p l i e d Sc ienc e and T ec hnology ( RECAST ) , T r i b h u v a n U n iv e r s it y , Kh a t m a n d u , N e p a l .

T y pe o f F u e l Us ed - fir ew ood.

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n b r ic k and c la y o r m u d and s and ( appr ox . 1: 4) , c owdung as b in d in g m a t e r i a l , r i c e hus k as i n s ulating m a t e r i a l ( f o r s tov es i n h o t t e r c lim a t e s ) - s h e e t m e t a l / c l a y p ip e f o r c h imn e y , M S s heet f o r damper s , 7 m m d ia MS r o d s f o r g r a t e .

Des ian F e a t u r e s

v ar ious des igns s ugges ted, n o r m a l l y w it h t h r e e pot s eats , t w o f o r c ook ing and one f o r h e a t in g water one o f the des igns ( s ee f ig. ) has t h r e e pot s eats i n t r ia n g u la r c o n f ig u r a t io n w it h tw o pot s eats d i r e c t l y above t h e f i r e two a d ju s t a b le damper s f o r c o n t r o llin g c o mb u s t io n , one betw een f ir e p la c e and f i r s t tw o p o t holes , a n d second between la s t pot h o le and c h im n e y - m e t a l g r a t e f o r b u r n in g f u e l c himney p r o v id e d outs ide d w e llin g and c onnec ted by flue pas s age w it h la s t pot h o le - f o r s tov es m a d e o f b r ic k s and c lay , t h e top p la t e can be p r e f a b r ic a t e d f o r f a s t e r c ons t r uc t ion o v e r a ll d ime n s io n s ( f o r ' L s h a p e d des ign) a p p r o x . : 120 c m s x 75 ems x 30 c ms h e ig h t .

Adv antages , - s mok eles s u n i f o r m heat on two c ook ing pots - h o t w a t e r as b y - p r o d u c t - c o n s t r u c t e d w it h lo c a lly a v a ila b le m a t e r ia ls .

PMPrQ

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Page 28 Kamado T i . e D e m o n s t r a t io n C ook er ( Ref, 65) Dev eloped a t the G eor gia I n s t it u t e o f T ec hnology , U . S . A . , a s a mo d if ic a t io n o f the Ka ma d o c ook er us ed i n J apan.

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - w o o d , c oal.

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n / Ac c e s s o r ie s - 5 g a llo n paint c an and l i d - 2 c e r a m ic bloc k s /s tones c e r a m ic g r a t e met al g r i n .

Des ign F eat ur es double w a lle d c y l i n d r i c a l c ons t r uc t ion - p a i n t - c a n ac ts as s u p p o r t in g s t r u c t u r e f o r f ir e b o x - h o l e s p r o v id e d on l i d and bas e o f c an f o r a i r v ent - c e r a m i c g r a t e has holes f o r a i r c ir c u la t io n damper f o r d r a f t c o n t r o l o n l i d - m e t a l g r i l l f o r s eating c ook ing v es s el o n c e r a m ic r in g . Adv antages c e r a m ic c omponents r e t a i n heat e f f e c t iv e ly heat u t iliz a t io n g r e a t e r bec aus e o f double w a lle d c ons tr uc tion and enc los ed c ook ing.

Page 2 9

ex w -10 o rr i p .A Ae m m N m oI c br eP d A m s Iz b nr e r a i t - r"m i 'Io i 'l r 'y 'd r -i -*

-drAVATEVAW -,
" 1 1 1 I N I K u r d o k m d l i d i r _ 41 . 11 . 1 . tP i . P -Pi 1- 1 r6 0n 11 7 4 1 1 1 1 41 -e- 4 .4 di o -1 i 0P m AP14 .A r0 . s l* 1n 07 , e A S 8Ai-L t I nl et I 1 F 4o 011 Ap m T. i i lr i E u ple t r iEe t W a r ia m p m t an 4 rm o m d 1 i p l l 1i fi e e ft m l ii e I rt t o w : d i o 1r r aa d i b KA MA D 0 D E M O N S T RlA T N CO O K E R r I O. l d Fig. 1 3 W0 M. " 1

4it

F a m i l y C ook er ( Ref. 28) Dev eloped b y J . C. O v e r h a a r t a t the D e p a r t m e n t o f Ap p r o p r ia t e T ec hnology , E in d h o v e n U n iv e r s it y . T h e des ign has w o n an in t e r n a t io n a l aw ar d.

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - s o l i d fuels s uc h as wood, c h a r c o a l, s a w d u s t br iquettes etc .

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n - s h e e t m e t a l, i r o n / b r a s s pipes , i r o n / b r a s s r iv et s , e t c .

T ools R e q u ir e d - s c r i b e r , t r i - s q u a r e , h a m m e r , c h i s e l etc .

Des ign F eat ur es c y lin d r ic a l hous ing w ith c o n c e n t r ic f ir e b o x , a n d c ook ing u t e n s il d ir e c t ly on f ir e b o x - o n e pothole f o r w a r m i n g loc ated o n flue c h a m b e r - g r a t e f o r b u r n in g f u e l a i r i n l e t pipes i n c ombus t ion c h a mb e r - d a m p e r i n c himney f o r d r a f t c o n t r o l c himney f o r s mok e o u t le t o v e r a ll d ime n s io n s : 63 c ms x 33 e m s x 1 7 . 5 ems height;

Adv antages - s m o k e fr ee - s a v e s 75% o f f u e l c ompar ed t o opt'q - fully d is ma ntabl e k hf oi t r w ea s t e r as b y - p r o d u c t .

Disadvanta_ses - c o o k i n g is p o s s ib le on 1s t pot s eat only .

Page 3 1

,C ' oknIG r eT

FLUE CARrAt2,ER

T HE F A I M I L Y CO O K E R Fig . 1 4

CHA ItC0A1, STO V ES Sheet M e t a l U nins ulat ed C h u la ( Ref. 26) C ommonly found i n r u r a l and u r b a n ar eas i n India.

r ly pe o f F uel Us ed - c h a r c o a l, c ok e, c oal.

M a t e r ia ls o f C ons tr uc tion Ac c e s s o r ie s , 2 2 g , s h e e t s t e e l. , : ir o n , g r a t e , r i v e t s .

D es ign F eatur es

,.

fabr ic ated i n t h r e e p a r t s : bas e, c y l i n d r i c a l body and g r a t e a l l jo in e d by r iv e t s - g r a t e r e s t s o n t h r e e p r o je c t io n s i n c e n t r a l s ec t ion of body - a i r v ent on bot t om s ide w it h hinged c o v e r - a v a i l a b l e i n tw o pot s eat s iz es : 4 " and 8 " .

C ;P b r-V

SH EET M E T A L U N I N SU L AT ED C H U L A F ig . 1 5

Adv antages - c e n t r a l i s e d c o mme r c ia l, p r o d u c t io n pos s ible,

Pane 33 Mud, Coated Buc k et C hula ( Ref. 26) C ommonly found i n r u r a l and ur ban ar eas i n India.

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - c h a r c o a l, c ok e, c oal.

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n / Ac c e s s o r ie s - G I buc k et, m u d / c o n c r e t e , g r a t e .

D es ign F eatur es c hula d iv id e d in t o two halv es b y g r a t e - w a l l s lin e d w it h t h in la y e r o f m u d / c e m e n t b e lo w g r a t e and 1 " t h ic k la y e r abov e g r a t e pr ojec tions abov e buc k et to f o r m pot s eat - o p e n i n g on lo w e r s ide f o r a i r v ent - a v a i l a b l e g e n e r a lly i n t hr ee p o t s eat s iz es : 6", 8 " and 1 0 " .

M U D F ig . 1 6 C O A T E D B Adv antagesU C K - b e t t e r heat r e t e n t io n due t o m u d c oat ing E - c e n t r a l i z e d p r o d u c t io n pos s ible. T C H

D s adv antage - c o a t i n g tends t o c r a c k u n l e s s p r o p e r l y m a i n t a i n e d .

Page 35 T hai C har c oal Stov e ( Ref. 5) N o r m a lly tithed i n T h a ila n d .

Type o f F u e l Us ed - c har c oal.

M a t e r ia ls o f C ons tr uc tion - O . 5 m i n t h ic k t i n s heet, c l a y , a s h obtained f r o m high s ilic a - c o n t e n t s our c es s uc h as r i c e hus k , a l i t t l e c ement,

Des ign F eatur es - b u c k e t s haped c ons t r uc t ion w it h in n e r la y e r o f b u r n t c lay t a p e r in g f r o m 3 e ms a t t o p to 1 c m a t bas e, m id d le la y e r o f a s h / c la y m i x t a p e r in g f r o m 2 e m s at top to 1 c m a t bas e and o u t e r t i n c ov er pr ov ided for s tov e d u r a b ilit y - f i r e g r a t e w i t h a i r s pac e o f 25% bas al a r e a and made of s ame b u r n t c la y s ec ur ed w it h c ement at a h e ig h t o f 8. 5 ems f r o m in n e r la y e r o f bas e - a i r i n l e t on lo w e r s ide m e a s u r in g 10 e ms x 5 ems - r i m o f s tov e has t h r e e r a is e d p la t f o r m s w h ic h a llo w an in f lo w o f a i r at t h e top, s u p p le m e n t in g a i r f lo w a a m p e r pr ov ided a t top c an be r e mo v e d f o r lig h t in g - d t pur pos es . b a Adv antages s e - l-a r g e r d ia m e t e r a t top c ompar ed t o b a s a l d ia m e t e r mak es s tov e a s e lf s t ok ing dev ic e - t o p d a m p e r c an be r e m o v e d p e r ma n e n t ly , e n a b lin g the s tov e to be us ed to b u r n fuelw ood - e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u lt s in d ic a t e d t hat o n ly h a lf the quantity o f c har c oal w ould be needed to b u r n one l i t r e o f w at er when c ompar ed t o the t r a d it io n a l a l l m e t a l s tov e us ed i n A f r i c a - d e e p hot f r y in g is p o s s ib le as s tov e des ign enables s pher ic al bot t omed f r y in g pans t o f i t s nugly int o w e l l o f f ir ebox .

Ra_,E2.211 .

PioAtht?,,p0g,es.
- n o t as r obus t as an a l l me t a l s tov e,

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The New J ik o ( R ef. 44) Dev eloped by as n im . , aW a p cr o l v e m e n t o f the O ld J ik o s tov es us ed i n Ea s t A f r ic a . a w M i c u t pe a o f F u e l Us ed o - c h a r c o a l , s t r a w , le a v e s , c o r n c ob, c o f f e e hus k , f gar bage. t h e B e l M a t e r ia ls o f C ons t r uc t ion l e r i v e s heet m e t a l s c r ap. F o u n d a T ools R e q u ir e d t i o n - T i n s m i t h ' s t o o ls . , S w i t Des ign F eat ur es z e r l - c y l i n d r i c a l s hape w it h pot c apable o f being k ept in s id e a n the hous ing d , - o p e n i n g on lo w e r s ide f o r a i r v ent c himney f o r s mok e out let .

Co_tkit_

CbAtivit4

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T H E N E W J I KO F ik 18

Page 38

Disadvantage

fuel savings o f 30% compared to t rad it io n al Jiko if choice of c a p f uel u g reat er ef f icien cy achieved b y cooking pot placed linside the housing. u l a ti o bellows m a y be req u ired to m ake a hot f ire. n o f e x t e r i o r w a l l r e t a i n s h e a t

Page 39 Modified An g e t h i ( Ref. 31) Dev eloped by K. S. S a l a r i y a o f Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n iv e r s it y .

t i z a t p f F u e l Us ed c har c oal.

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n / Ac c e s s o r ie s - 2 2 g MS s heet, c l a y , g r a t e , 18 g G I s heet f o r w ater jac k et.

Des ign F eatur es - m a i n s tov e and c h imn e y c ons tr uc ted s e p a r a t e ly and inter c onnec ted by f lue p ip e and w a t e r pipe - c y l i n d r i c a l c ons t r uc t ion - g r a t e f o r a i r c ir c u la t io n w ater ja c k e t ar ound s tov e and c h im n e y to a b s o r b was te heat - c h i m n e y f o r s mok e o u t le t - o v e r a l l dimens ions : - s t o v e : t o p d ia m e t e r 28 e m s , h e i g h t 46 e m s bottom d ia m e t e r 22 8 ems c himney 22 e ms bas e d ia m e t e r ; h e ig h t 120 e ms . Adv antages s mok e f r e e - h e a t r ec ov er ed by w a t e r jac k et.

Dis adv antage - c o m p l i c a t e d des ign.

ATE R

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M O D I F I E D A N G E T HI Fig . 1 9

Page 41 F i r e d C la y Stov e ( Ref. 9) F ound n e a r ly ev er y w her e i n Indones ia.

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - c har c oal.

M a t e r ia l o f C ons t r uc t ion - f i r e d c lay .

Des ign F eat ur es - 11 / ' c los ed a t b o t t o m and opening on to a b a s in s hape s at top h holes i n b o t t o m o f bas in f o r a i r c ir c u la t io n a opening at s ide o f bas e f o r a i r int ak e p o v e r a l l d ime n s io n s : b o t t o m d ia m e t e r 12 e m s ; t o p e d ia me t e r : 23 er ns ; h e ig h t 17 e ms . d s Adv antages t r u g o o d ef f ic ienc y o f 27 t o 31' 1 c s imp le c o n s t r u c t io n . 70 t u Dis adv antage r e - s t o v e w a lls a r e t h in . w i t h c y l i n d r i c a l p

S r _ i t

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F ig, 20

SEM ta li. A

F I R E D C L A Y S T O V E

R e f r a c t o t a Stov e ( Ref. 9) Dev eloped by t he C e r a m ic I n s t it u t e o f Bandung, I n d o n e s ia .

Type of F u e l Us ed c har c oal.

M a t e r ia ls o f C ons t r uc t ion f ir ed c lay , r e f r a c t o r y .

Des ign F eatur es Two p a r t des ign - c y l i n d r i c a l s leev e eas ing o f f ir e d c la y w it h r i m at t op t o h o ld bas in and c los ed at b o t t o m w it h opening at s ide f o r a i r in t a k e a c up s haped r e f r a c t o r y b a s in w it h holes f o r a i r c ir c u la t io n - a d a m p e r a t a i r in t a k e f o r r e g u la t in g a i r o v e r a ll d ime n s io n s : 23. 5 ems x 20 c ms h e ig h t .

A
E L- CV AT; Dr 4

Adv antages

A I R V C R E F R A C T O RY S T O V E I F ig . 2 1 s t i - g o o d effic ienc y - 30. 5% t o 36% s im p le c ons t r uc t ion.

L E Ettg c s it

5Ke1low A-it

Page 44 R einfor c ed C ement Stov e ( R ef. 9) Widely us ed i n Indones ia,

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed c har c oal

M a t e r ia ls o f C ons t r uc t ion c ement, r e i n f o r c e d by p la t e i r o n c as ing, i r o n bar s f o r g r a t e .

Des ign F eatur es c y lin d r ic a l s hape w it h window lo c a t e d on l o w e r s ide f o r a i r c ir c u la t io n an i r o n g r a t e f o r the f u e l bed loc ated on r ec es s pr ov ided w it h in the hous ing o v e r a ll dimens ions : 23 er ns d ia . ; 25 ems h e ig h t .

4,-- poi 5.9v014,1

Et ev ; AT ioN

SEcil

R EIN F O R C ED C E M E N T _ . ; 1 1 F ig , 2 2 01,TE

Ad v a n t a g t - g o o d ef f ic ienc y o f 29 t o 31.6% .

Page 45 SAW DUST AN D R I C E H U L L ST O VES O il D r u m Stov e (Ref. 25)

N o r m a lly found i n par ts o f B a l i .

Type o f F u e l Us ed - s a w dus t, r i c e h u ll.

M a t e r ia ls o f C ons t r uc t ion used o i l dr ur n, b r i c k s .

C ons tr uc tion A id two t h ic k piec es o f wooc t

D e s i p F eat ur es window c u t out f r o m lo w e r s ide o f d r u m f o r a i r c o lle c t io n f uel is c ompr es s ed in t o t h e d r u m w it h wood piec es at r i g h t angles w h ic h a r e l a t e r r e m o v e d to f o r m t h e flue pas s age as s how n in the f ig u r e .

Adv antages - s i m p l e des ign c hoic e o f c heap f u e l - a one m e t r e le n g t h o f wood o f 2 e m s d i a m e t e r and a f u ll c h a mb e r o f f u e l c an p r o v id e a c ook ing f la me f o r a p p r o x im a t e ly 2 hour s .

Dis adv antages not s mok e f r e e - l o s s o f heat f r o m t op o f s tov e.

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USED O t D I N trt----""

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spLiwrg.R.

OIL D R U M S TOV E Fig . 2 3

Sawdust Stov e Dev eloped by E r i c S im o n and Pe d r o So lis . ( R e f . 13)

Type o f F u e l Us ed - s awdus t.

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n / Ac c e s s o r ie s 5 g a llo n t i n c an, r e d u c e r and duets f o r c h imn e y , 4 wooden p o le s / b r o o m s t ic k s , s m a l l q u a n t it y o f o il, w ic k s , g r i l l .

Des ign F e a t u r e s - h o l e s p r o v id e d a t bottom f o r a i r c ir c u la t io n - f u e l pac k ed up in t o c an w it h poles i n p o s it io n w hic h ar e l a t e r r e mo v e d t o f o r m f lu e pas s ages c ombus tion s t a r t e d by adding a l i t t l e f u e l o i l and ignited by w ic k s . W i t h f la m e i n a l l f o u r holes , g r i l l Is plac ed on c an. G a s e s a r e f or c ed in t o the atmos pher e t h r o u g h ex haus t hood.

Adv antages - a l m o s t s mok eles s - c hoic e o f c heap f u e l - 2 k g o f f u e l c har ge giv es 4 - 5 hour s good c ook ing f i r e

Dis adv antages fuel c h a r g in g is c u m b e r s o m e - c o m b u s t i o n p r o b le m s w h i l e s t a r t in g . - c h im n e y f a b r ic a t io n is s lig h t ly c o mp lic a t e d .

1 F i v e 2 G r i l l 3 P o t

C a l l o n Can

4 S u p p o r t (Ro d 1/4 d ie ) 5 S u p p o r t _ (Rod 1 / 4 d i e ) 6 S u p p o r t (2 ) ( R o d Reducer f i t t i n g 1 0 x1 8 t o a 1 6 cms 1/2 i a ) 8 R e d u c e r f i t t i n g 10 x 18 t o 7 x 15 co s 9 D u c t 10 D u c t 11 D u c t o f 1 0 x 1 8 x 4 5 cme o f 1 0 x 1 8 x 7 0 ems o f 1 0 x 1 8 x 5 7 cm.;

12 S u c t i o n E xh a u st Hood o f 1 0 x 3 0 d i e ) 13 D u c t o f l e x 1 8 x 14 C a p 107 d o e s

s i
SAWDUST ST O VE F ig, 2 4

Page 49 Java R ic e H u ll Stov e ( Ref. 41) C o mmo n ly us ed in Yogy ak ar t a and C e n t r a l and Ea s t J av a t o c ook soy m i l k f o r m a n u f a c t u r in g tahu s oy c ur d.

Ty pe o f F u e l Us ed - r i c e h u ll.

M a t e r ia ls o f C ons t r uc t ion - f i r e d b r i k s w i t h c ement m o r t a r and p la s t e r .

Des ign F eatur es - s i n g l e p o t s tov e w it h pot plac ed d i r e c t l y on f ir ebox - s l a n t e d g r a t e loc ated a t f r o n t - c h i m n e y f o r s mok e out let .

Adv antages s mok e f r e e easy to m a in t a in - c h e a p f u e l.

Dis adv antage - w a s t e heat f r o m flue n o t u t iliz e d .

J A V A RI CE H U L L S TOV E Fg 25

Page 51 'G ula J a v a ' Stov e ( Ref. 41) Used by " g u la J av a" c oc onut s ugar pr oduc er s i n E a s t J av a.

y p o f F u e l Us ed - r i c e h u ll.

M a t e r ia ls o f C o n s t r u c t io n / Ac c e s s o r ie s - c l a y , m o r t a r , f i r e b r ic k s , p l a s t e r - m e t a l gr ate, hopper .

Des ign F eat ur es - t h r e e p o t s tov e w it h s t r a ig h t duc t. H e a t f r o m bur ning f u e l le d l i n e a r l y t o a l l t h r e e pots b e f o r e i t es c apes t hr ough c h imn e y - f l o o r s lig h t ly s lanted upwar ds tow ar ds r e a r t o im p r o v e d r a f t - c h i m n e y f o r s mok e o u t le t .

ORA r5

1 G U L

F ig . 2 6

Page 5'2 Adv antages s mok e f r e e t e mp e r a t u r e g r a d ie n t a v a ila b le a t pot s eats id e a lly s uited f o r c ook ing " g u la J a v a " .

Dis adv antages - s t o v e w i l l n o t oper ate w it h pots r e m o v e d - n o damper s f o r d r a f t c o n t r o l.