P r o f e s s o r Kirk R.

Smith University of Caillomia/SPH 747 University Hail Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 510 - F643-0793 - F642-5815
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RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION: VOLUME I VOLUME I I - RESEARCH NEEDS

- ANNOTATED RWC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Prepared f o r t h e D i r e c t o r o f Health E ff e c t s Research D i v i s i o n

by J. M . C a p e l l e n Assistant Chemist G. A . J u n k Asst. Program D i r e c t o r V. A . P a s s e l Program D i r e c t o r

Date T r a n s m i t t e d : D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 2 Ames L a b o r a t o r y Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y Ames, I o w a 5 0 0 1 1

Prepared f o r The U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y Under C o n t r a c t W - 7 4 0 5 - E n g - 8 2

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Sampling Equipment a n d P r o c e d u r e s

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Volume I I ANNOTATED RWC, BIBLIOGRAPHY

Subject I n d e x a n d Code I d e n t i f i c a t i o n s f o r C i t a t i o n s i n RWC B i b l i o g r a p h y 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . 00000000 . i v

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4 n , Z tt 1 1 > ' : , RESIDENTIAL WOOD : COMBUSTION: 4 V O L U M E I R E S E A R7 C H NEEDS , 4 * N a s t J. M . C a p e l l e n V e G. A . J u n k l V. A . F a s s e l V e M e t n i t i V A M L Ames L a b o r a t o r y ,

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RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION:

Volume I

- RESEARCH NEEDS

J. M . C a p e l l e n

G. A . J u n k

V. A . F a s s e l

Ames L a b o r a t o r y Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y Ames, I o w a 5 0 0 1 1

RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION: VOLUME I - RESEARCH NEEDS

Man f i r s t l e a r n e d t o u s e f i r e f r o m b u r n i n g wood t o warm h i s c a v e i n t h e P l e i s t o c e n e P e r i o d some 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o . P r i m i t i v e o p e n f i r e s were u s e d t o c o o k a n d t o p r o v i d e w a r m t h , m a k i n g s m o k e - f i l l e d d w e l l i n g s an e v e r y d a y r e a l i t y . T h e Greeks d e v e l o p e d t h e f i r s t c r u d e c e n t r a l h e a t i n g s y s t e m a b o u t 3 5 0 B . C . T h e G r e a t Te m p l e i n t h e c i t y o f Ephesus i s b e l i e v e d t o have been heated b y f l u e s l a i d i n t h e f l o o r w i t h t h e f i r e b u i l t o u t s i d e . A m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t advance i n u s e o f wood was t h e development o f t h e masonry c h i m n e y i n t h e 1 3 t h c e n t u r y. F i r e p l a c e s were c o n n e c t e d t o t h e s e c h i m n e y s a n d u s e d b y p e a s a n t s a n d noblemen a l i k e t o t a k e t h e c h i l l o f f t h e i r homes. I n t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y t h e s t o v e was i n v e n t e d . F r a g m e n t a r y e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e C h i n e s e may h a v e used s t o v e s a s e a r l y a s 6 0 0 B . C . b u t t h e r e a r e n o c o n f i r m a t i o n r e c o r d s . The f i r s t c o m m e r c i a l i r o n s t o v e was p r o d u c e d a t L y n n , M a s s a c h u s e t t s i n 1642. T h e p o t - b e l l i e d a n d c o o k s t o v e s o f p i o n e e r i n g d a y s e v o l v e d f r o m these c a s t - i r o n d e v i c e s . A f t e r t h e o i l embargo o f 1 9 7 3 t h e demand f o r wood s t o v e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s k y r o c k e t e d . O n l y 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 s t o v e s w e r e s o l d i n 1973 b u t s i x years l a t e r , d u r i n g t h e 1979-1980 h e a t i n g y e a r, 1 , 5 3 0 , 0 0 0 s t o v e s were s o l d . W i t h t h e p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f w o o d - b u r n i n g s t o v e s , some w i t h improved d e s i g n s , came a n awareness t h a t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t m i g h t b e a f f e c t e d b y e m i s s i o n s f r o m t h e chimneys o f a l l t h e s e r e s i d e n c e s n o w b u r n i n g wood. Over 1 0 0 o r g a n i c compounds h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e emissions f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l wood c o m b u s t i o n . I n c l u d e d i n t h e i d e n t i f i e d compounds a r e p r i o r i t y p o l l u t a n t s , c a r c i n o g e n i c compounds, c o - c a r c i n o gens, i n i t i a t o r s , p r o m o t e r s , a n d c i l i a t o x i c a n d mucus c o a g u l a t i n g agents. The p o s s i b l e d e t r i m e n t a l n a t u r e o f t h e e m i s s i o n o f t h e s e o r g a n i c compounds, c o u p l e d w i t h t h e c u r r e n t p o p u l a r i t y o f wood s t o v e s , p r o m p t e d the a c c u m u l a t i o n o f o v e r 5 0 0 l i t e r a t u r e r e p o r t s r e l a t e d t o r e s i d e n t i a l wood c o m b u s t i o n . A n a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y o f t h e s e r e p o r t s i s i n c l u d -

ed a s P a r t I I o f t h i s d o c u m e n t . A s u r v e y a n d a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e r e p o r t s showed a c t i v i t y i n a l l a r e a s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l s i g n i f i c a n c e w i t h n o complete g a p s i n o u r knowledge o f t h e e f f e c t s o f r e s i d e n t i a l wood c o m bustion. H o w e v e r, t h e i n f o r m a t i o n gleaned f r o m these l i t e r a t u r e r e p o r t s a n d f r o m p r i v a t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s w i t h s c i e n t i s t s a c t i v e i n wood combustion r e s e a r c h was u s e d t o i d e n t i f y r e s e a r c h a r e a s w h e r e m a j o r u n c e r t a i n t i e s n e e d t o b e r e s o l v e d . T h e a r e a s w h i c h a r e recommended f o r further active investigations are: Sampling e q u i p m e n t a n d p r o c e d u r e s ; I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and q u a n t i t a t i o n o f emissions; Indoor a i r q u a l i t y ; Epidemiology; Fundamental i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f c o m b u s t i o n ; a n d Use o f c o a l . These s i x p r i o r i t y r e s e a r c h a r e a s a r e d i s c u s s e d s e p a r a t e l y i n t h e f o l lowing s e c t i o n s .

Sampling Equipment a n d P r o c e d u r e s

One o f t h e e a r l i e s t r e c o g n i z e d p r o b l e m s , a s y e t u n s o l v e d , i s o b t a i n i n g a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sample o f t h e complex emissions f r o m the c o m b u s t i o n o f w o o d . T h e p a r t i c l e s e m i t t e d a r e m o s t l y o r g a n i c . These a r e c o l l e c t e d b y a f i l t e r w h i c h a l s o r e t a i n s t a r r y a e r o s o l s formed b y m a t e r i a l c o n d e n s i n g f r o m t h e f l u e g a s e s . T h e s e d e p o s i t s of p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r f r e q u e n t l y p l u g t h e f i l t e r s . F u r t h e r m o r e , there a r e c h e m i c a l and p h y s i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n s between t h e gas phase and t h e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r a n d b e t w e e n t h e p a r t i c l e s t h e m s e l v e s . The p r e s e n t s y s t e m s f o r s a m p l i n g e m i s s i o n s f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l wood combustion a r e a l l a d a p t a t i o n s o f s y s t e m s d e v e l o p e d f o r a n e n t i r e ly d i f f e r e n t s e t o f conditions such as t h e emissions from c o a l f i r e d u t i l i t y b o i l e r s and commercial i n c i n e r a t o r s . C u r r e n t l y , a n a t t e m p t i s b e i n g made t o s t a n d a r d i z e t h e s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e b y a d a p t i n g some o f t h e b e s t f e a t u r e s o f t h e p r e s e n t l y employed m e t h ods. T h i s amounts t o a d a p t a t i o n o f o l d i n a d e q u a t e methods t o t h e

c u r r e n t p r o b l e m . W h a t i s needed i s a n e x t e n s i v e s t u d y o f t h e complete s a m p l i n g a p p r o a c h . P e r h a p s a w h o l e new s a m p l i n g m e t h odology s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d .

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d Q u a n t i t a t i o n o f O r g a n i c Compounds

A l t h o u g h o v e r 1 0 0 o r g a n i c compounds h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e emissions f r o m wood s t o v e s , t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a r e l a t i v e t o f i r i n g conditions a r e w o e f u l l y inadequate. T h e basic a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i q u e u s e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e s e o r g a n i c compounds h a s b e e n c o m b i n a t i o n g a s chromatography-mass s p e c t r o m e t r y (GC-MS). T h e l a t e s t developments i n t h i s t e c h n i q u e w i l l u n d o u b t e d l y b e u s e d t o i d e n t i f y many more o r g a n i c compounds. Y e t a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e o r g a n i c e m i s s i o n s a r e n o t amenable t o c u r r e n t GC-MS p r o c e d u r e s . T h i s material includes h i g h molecular weight organic acids and v e r y l a r g e p o l y c y c l i c o r g a n i c compounds c o n t a i n i n g h e t e r o a t o m s . O t h e r methods n e e d t o b e a p p l i e d t o i d e n t i f y a n d q u a n t i f y t h i s c o m p l e x m i x t u r e o f h e a v i e r a n d more p o l a r o r g a n i c c o n s t i t u e n t s .

Indoor A i r Q u a l i t y

D e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e a i r i n s i d e homes w h e r e wood i s combusted i s a p o s s i b l y s e v e r e p r o b l e m t h a t r e q u i r e s i m m e d i a t e a t t e n t i o n . A i r q u a l i t y i n d o o r s , w h e r e a n i n d i v i d u a l may s p e n d a s much a s 8 5 p e r c e n t o f h i s t i m e , ( a n d e v e n more f o r t h e v e r y y o u n g or t h e v e r y o l d ) may b e a more i m p o r t a n t h e a l t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a n outdoor a i r q u a l i t y . T h e n a t i o n a l p o l i c y t o conserve energy b y reducing t h e a i r i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e o f r e s i d e n c e s has aggravated t h i s i n d o o r a i r p r o b l e m . C o n s e q u e n t l y, t h e e f f e c t o f s u c h p r a c t i c e s o n i n d o o r a i r q u a l i t y needs f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . C u r r e n t s t u d i e s h a v e f o c u s e d o n homes h e a t e d b y o i l o r g a s . O n l y o n e study i n c l u d e d houses h e a t e d b y wood. T h e p r e l i m i n a r y f i n d i n g s from t h r e e houses i n d i c a t e e l e v a t e d i n d o o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t o t a l suspended p a r t i c u l a t e s ( T S P ) , r e s p i r a b l e suspended p a r t i c u l a t e s

(RSP), a n d b e n z o ( a ) p y r e n e ( B a P ) d u r i n g wood b u r n i n g p e r i o d s . T h e TSP c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e a b o u t t h r e e t i m e s a s h i g h , RSP c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a b o u t f o u r t i m e s a s h i g h , a n d t h e B a P, a s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f p o l y c y c l i c o r g a n i c compounds, a b o u t f i v e t i m e s a s h i g h o n wood b u r n i n g d a y s compared t o t h e same i n d o o r a i r o n nonwood b u r n i n g days. I n d o o r a i r q u a l i t y needs t o b e s t u d i e d more i n t e n s i v e l y . This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y needed when wood o r c o a l a r e u s e d t o h e a t t h e dwellings. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s s h o u l d i n c l u d e comparison o f t h e a i r inside and immediately o u t s i d e residences heated by v a r i o u s f u e l s . Houses i n r u r a l s e t t i n g s a s w e l l a s h o u s e s i n r e s i d e n t i a l , b u s i ness, a n d i n d u s t r i a l u r b a n a r e a s s h o u l d b e s t u d i e d . T h e s e e f f o r t s should b e c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h t h e e x t e n s i v e a n d o n g o i n g s t u d i e s o f outdoor a i r q u a l i t y i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y .

Epidemiology

The Ames s a l m o n e l i a / m i c r o s o m e m u t a g e n e s i s a n d t h e CHO c l o n a l t o x i c i t y a s s a y s h a v e shown t h e e m i s s i o n s f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l wood c o m bustion t o be b o t h mutagenic and t o x i c . S o m e epidemiology f o r n a t i v e s o f t h e H i g h l a n d s o f New Guinea i s a v a i l a b l e a n d r e l e v a n t . These n a t i v e s a r e e x p o s e d t o h i g h l e v e l s o f smoke f r o m wood f i r e s and t h e y h a v e a n a b n o r m a l l y h i g h i n c i d e n c e o f o b s t r u c t i v e l u n g diseases d e v e l o p e d a t a n e a r l y a g e . T h i s i n d i r e c t e p i d e m i o l o g y, coupled w i t h t h e known t o x i c i t y a n d m u t a g e n i c i t y o f e m i s s i o n s , suggests t h a t r e s i d e n t i a l wood c o m b u s t i o n may b e a t h r e a t t o p u b l i c h e a l t h . T h e p a r t i c l e emissions a r e h i g h l y r e s p i r a b l e and exposures o f humans a r e i n c r e a s i n g i n numbers a n d amounts d u e t o the r a p i d e x p a n s i o n i n t h e u s e o f wood s t o v e s . I n many p a r t s o f the c o u n t r y , homes a r e h e a t e d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h wood. E p i d e m i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s s h o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n f o r human exposure t o e m i s s i o n s f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l wood c o m b u s t i o n . E x c e l l e n t control groups a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e . W i t h t h e increased use o f wood, t h e s e c o n t r o l g r o u p s may d i s a p p e a r o r b e much more d i f f i c u l t to i d e n t i f y i n t h e f u t u r e .

Fundamental I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f Combustion

Wood b u r n i n g s t o v e s e m i t a c o m p l e x m i x t u r e o f o r g a n i c compounds whose f o r m a t i o n a n d p h y s i c a l s t a t e a r e i n f l u e n c e d b y t e m p e r a t u r e , time, m i x i n g , o x y g e n s u p p l y, wood t y p e , f u e l s i z e , a n d s t o v e design. F u n d a m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s i n t h e c o m b u s t i o n o f wood a r e n e e d e d . T h e c o m p l e x c o m bustion c h e m i s t r y which can l e a d , f o r example, t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f p o l y c y c l i c a r o m a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s when wood c o n t a i n s n o p o l y c y c l i c aromatic u n i t s needs f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . T h e c h e m i s t r y o f t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a m y r i a d o f o t h e r o r g a n i c components i s b a s i c a l l y unknown. A l t h o u g h u s e f u l , t h i s c h e m i s t r y o f f o r m a t i o n i s n o t o f primary importance. T h e most i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e understanding o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s necessary f o r combustion o f a l l o r g a n i c components t o p r o d u c t s t h a t a r e n o t d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e environment. S o m e q u e s t i o n s t o b e addressed a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1. W h a t components a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e s t o v e , c h i m n e y, a n d plume? 2. W h a t a r e t h e e f f e c t s o f wood c o m p o s i t i o n , f u e l s i z e , o x y g e n s u p p l y, t e m p e r a t u r e , t i m e , a n d t u r b u l e n c e ? 3. W h a t mechanisms a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e r e a c t i o n s t o f o r m i n d i v i d u a l compounds, c l a s s e s o f compounds a n d r e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e matter? W i t h answers t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s t h e d e s i g n e r s a n d m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f wood s t o v e s c a n b e t t e r a t t a c k t h e p r o b l e m o f e m i s s i o n s . T h e stoves c a n b e d e s i g n e d , u s i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e s c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s , t o m i n i m i z e t h e f o r m a t i o n o f d e l e t e r i o u s compounds a n d t o oxidize completely those t h a t do form o r are already present as components o f t h e f u e l . Use o f C o a l

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f wood c o m b u s t i o n s h o u l d b e p l a n n e d w i t h f u l l r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e p r o b a b l e u s e o f c o a l I n many wood s t o v e s . T h e

detrimental e f f e c t s o f t h e e f f l u e n t s f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l combustion o f c o a l c o u l d b e more s e v e r e t h a n t h o s e f r o m wood. T h e n a t u r e o f the p r o b l e m w i l l c e r t a i n l y b e d i f f e r e n t , n e c e s s i t a t i n g d i f f e r e n t s o l u t i o n s . F e d e r a l departments and agencies s h o u l d begin t o address t h i s p r o b a b l e f u t u r e p r o b l e m . W o o d i s a l r e a d y s c a r c e i n m a n y ' p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y a n d c o a l may b e a more e c o n o m i c a l l y a t t r a c t i v e f u e l i n some r e g i o n s now a n d i n t h e f u t u r e . O v e r o n e t h i r d o f t h e wood s t o v e s c u r r e n t l y m a r k e t e d h a v e p r o v i s i o n s f o r burning c o a l and t h o s e o l d e r u n i t s , n o t s o equipped, c a n be e a s i l y retrofitted.

The s i x r e s e a r c h a r e a s recommended h e r e i n v o l v e i n t e r m e d i a t e r a n g e and p r i m a r i l y b a s i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h i c h a r e n o t a p t t o b e s p o n s o r e d a c t i v e l y b y t h o s e i n v o l v e d i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e a n d u s e o f wood s t o v e s . Government s u p p o r t o f t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c a n b e j u s t i f i e d because t h e r e s u l t s w i l l b e a s o l i d base o f i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e a p p l i e d and s h o r t term i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h i c h i n d u s t r y w i l l s u p p o r t . A number o f o t h e r r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a r e g i v e n b e l o w. T h e s e w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d because t h e y a r e a l r e a d y b e i n g investigated o r planned w i t h s u f f i c i e n t a n t i c i p a t e d f u n d i n g and/or t h e y are a p p l i e d programs w h i c h w i l l e v o l v e n a t u r a l l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y a s t h e fundamental b a s e o f knowledge i s a c q u i r e d f r o m t h e s i x p r i o r i t y a r e a s . SPECIFIC RESEARCH NOT INCLUDED AS PRIORITIES

1. O u t d o o r a i r m o n i t o r i n g . 2. C o m b i n a t i o n s o l a r e n e r g y - wood h e a t i n g s y s t e m s . 3. S t o r a g e o f t h e r m a l e n e r g y. 4. C e n t r a l p r o c e s s i n g o f wood a n d w a s t e s . 5. C o m m e r c i a l c o g e n e r a t i o n o f e l e c t r i c i t y a n d s t e a m . 6. S a f e t y e v a l u a t i o n s a n d b u i l d i n g c o d e s . 7. E q u i p m e n t s t a n d a r d s . 8. E r o s i o n o f c l e a r e d f o r e s t l a n d . 9. W a t e r q u a l i t y .

10. W a t e r r u n - o f f . I l . W i l d l i f e effects. 12. W h o l e - t r e e h a r v e s t i n g . 13. N u t r i e n t d e p l e t i o n . 14. C h e m i c a l s t o p r o m o t e g r o w t h . 15. W o o d p r o d u c t s / w o o d f u e l c o n f l i c t . 16. A e s t h e t i c a n d r e c r e a t i o n a l l o s s e s . 17. F u t u r e wood s u p p l i e s . 18. I n o r g a n i c c o n t e n t o f p a r t i c l e e f f l u e n t s . 19. C O 2 g r e e n h o u s e e f f e c t .