Page_ 53

4, E X P E R I M E N T S O N CO O KING ST O VES

D es c r ipt ions o f s ix d if f e r e n t la b o r a t o r y inv es t igat ions o n the e f f ic ie n c y of c ook ing s tov es a v a ila b le f r o m the l i t e r a t u r e hav e been id e n t if ie d and pr es ented w it h a c o m m o n s et o f par amet er s i n the f o llo w in g for mat

O bjec tiv e o f the in v e s t ig a t io n E x p e r im e n t a l s e t - u p Pr oc edur e Res ults - C onc lus ion

Page 5 . 4

Ex p e r im e n t c onduc ted by : C . F r a n k l i n ( U n iv e r s it y o f Pr in c e t o n ) ( Ref. 8) O bjec tiv e - t o tes t the effic ienc y o f a f i r e - p a n c onfigur ation w it h and w it h o u t c o n t r o l o f c onv ec tion o f gas es .

!L____ini,2nta1 s et -lip tes t dev ic e c ons is ted o f a s h in y a l u m i n i u m c y lin d e r w it h s o m e a p p r o p r ia t e holes - p a r t i t i o n s w h ic h c ould be us ed t o enc los e f i r e and pan.

Pr oc edur e - t h e f o llo w in g meas ur ement s w e r e made: - t h e w eight o f wood bef or e and a f t e r b u r n in g - t e m p e r a t u r e c hange o f giv en amount o f w at er .

Res ults - e f f i c i e n c y f o r open c onf igur at ion - 16(J/0 effic ienc y w it h c onv ec tion c o n t r o l.

Conc lus ion - t h e e x p e r im e n t demons tr ates t h e im p o r t a n c e o f c onv ec tion c o n t r o l as a des ign c ons ider at ion.

Open f ir e c ook ing Ex p e r im e n t c onduc ted by : P . V i s s e r and P . V e r h a a r t ( Eindhov en U niv er s it y of 'T ec hnology ) ( Ref. 57)

Pa g .. 5 5

O bjec tiv e to d e t e r m in e the ef f ic ienc y o f an o p e n - f ir e i n o r d e r to hav e a s tandar d f o r c o m p a r is o n w it h o t h e r w ood bur ning s tov es .

Ex p e r im e n t a l s e t - u p table c ov er ed w it h r e f r a c t o r y b r ic k s t o f o r m bas e s ame k in d o f br ic k s ( 6 x 11 x 22 e m s ) us ed as stones f o r t he f i r e u s u a lly r e s t in g on 6 x 22 c m s ide f o r m i n g a pan s uppor t 11 c m high, i n s t a r c o n f ig u r a t io n .

BRICKS IN ' S T A R 1 CO NF IG O RATIO N F ig , 2 7

A n u m b e r o f ex per iment s w e r e done w it h b r ic k s i n delt a c o n f ig u r a t io n

BRICKS I N ' D E L T A ' C O N F IG U R AT IO N F ig . 2 8

- I n i t i a l l y , s o m e e x p e r ime n t s done w i t h s quar e g r a t e 11 x 11 e m s plac ed i n s pac e between s uppor ting b r ic k s . L a t e r , m o r e s y s t emat ic e x p e r im e n t s done w it h r ound gr ate 26 c m d i a m e t e r w it h s q u a r e holes 1 c m x 1 c m - a c ov er ed a l u m i n i u m pan o f 28 e ms d ia m e t e r , 2 4 ems height and 1 m m t h ic k was us ed. I n mo s t c as es , i t c ontained 5 k gs w a t e r . ex per iments c a r r i e d o u t i n la b o r a t o r y w her e no w in d or d r a f t was p r e s e n t . G a s e o u s c o mb u s t io n pr oduc ts ex haus ted t o outs ide o f the b u ild in g by a v e n t ila t o r - d i a m e t e r o f f ir e = 26 e ms

- w o o d used - white f i r .
The f o l l o w i n g v a r ia b le s w e r e c hanged f o r d if f e r e n t tes ts t - s i z e o f f u e l wood t ot al amount o f wood b u r n t c har ge s iz e - m o i s t u r e c ontent o f wood

Page 7 - b r i c k c onf igur at ion - h e i g h t o f pan f r o m t able s u r f a c e g r a t e - g r a t e / n o gr at e. Pr oc edur e The tes t p r o c e d u r e was one o f b o ilin g w a t e r . T h e f o llo w in g meas ur ements w e r e made - q u a n t i t y o f w at er us ed bef or e s t a r t o f e x p e r im e n t - q u a n t i t y o f wood us ed i n e x p e r im e n t (bas ed on a p p r o x ima t e t i m e the e x p e r im e n t was t o las t ) , div ided up in t o t h e d e s ir e d c har ges - t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i n pan c o n t in u a lly r ec or ded by a s t r i p - c h a r t r e c o r d e r - d u r a t i o n f r o m the in s t a n t w ood gets l i t up by pr opane t o r c h and pan is k ept o n f ir e t im e o f adding new c har ge ( when f ir e s tops g iv in g flame) - t i m e w hen w a t e r i n pan s t ar t s b o i l i n g - t i m e when w a t e r s tops b o i l i n g - m a s s o f w a t e r lo s t thr ough b o ilin g Av er age heat f low f r o m the f i r e
Q f l ) B ( ( M I * m

m f m i 7 m a s s o f la s t c har ge (k g) = t = t i m e f r o m s t a r t o f e x p e r im e n t t o in t r o d u c t io n T o Of la s t c har ge ( s ec s ) t = c o m b u s t io n v alue o f wood us ed = 1 9 , 883 k J / k g a The l m o is t u r e c ontent o f the wood m a - m a s s o f w a t e r i n wood s mas s o f d r ie d wood s The wood was o alw ay s d r i e d f i r s t i n an e le c t r ic ov en at 105C u n t i l it s w eight was fc ons tant. W h e n wood w it h c e r t a in m o is t u r e c ontents w as des ir ed, a w eighed amount o f d r ie d wood was h e r m e t i c a l l y s ealed in a p la s t ic obuc k et t o g e t h e r w it h a me a s u r e d a mo u n t o f w a t e r . A f t e r s ome day s ,ot h e w a t e r was c o m p le t e ly abs or bed by t h e wood. d b u r

l'age 58 Effic ienc y 1 1 is g iv e n by

m w m C f ( B t wher e m b w = m t n t (k g) i n i t y i e x p e r ime a l C = = s p e c if ic i heat o f w ater )g. K a m a 4. 2 k J / k o u tm b = t e m p e r a+ t u r e o f b o ilin g w a t e r ( oC) m n t o t y o u R = h e a t o f ev R apor at ion o f w a t e r a t a t mo s p h e r ic f n = pr es s ur e and 1 0 0 w t i 0 a o nn t was The e x p e r im e ons ider ed t e r m in a t e d when w a t e r i n pan s topped c c= t f i b o ilin g . S i n c e w a t t o b o il f o r a c o n s id e r a b le t i m e a f t e r 2e r2c ontinues 5 6 . e w t n o f9the la s t c har ge, t h e av er age heat f lo w in t o w a t e r is the in t r o d u c t io r a c alc ulated u si in g the l effic a ienc f y k.. i t a g n e l Q w = Q f ( k w ) p r t a e n m Res ults (See v T a b le 1) ( a p k p e g o Conc lus ions r ) r a a s m a ll piec es o f wood tend t o g iv e a h ig h e r ef f ic ienc y t u h e i g h t o f the pan abov e the f ir e - b a s e i s a n im p o r t a n t -t e par ameter r e a h ig h ef f ic ienc y was obtained w i t h m o is t u r e c ontent -d d of wood = 1 0 . 8 % o u f gener al f igur es f o r ef f ic ienc y w e r e found t o be mu c h r h ig h e r than thos e n o r m a l l y quoted. w i a n t Second s e r ie g e s o f tes ts t r h i Most o f the variables i n the previous experiments were held constant e n and the influence o f moisture content i n wood and height o f pan above the f i r e bas e pw e r e s tudied.' B o t h thes e s ets Wer e r epeat ed w it h a gr ate. V a r i a a b l e s m e n t io n e d b e lo w w e r e h e ld c ons tant n ( a l u m i n i u m pan 28 c ins d i a m e t e r and 24 c ms 3 height C 5 kg of water )

Page 59 - s i z e o f f uel wood - 1 . 5 x 1 . 5 x 5 e ms c har ge s iz e o f 100 g o f d r y wood equiv alent t ot al wood b u r n t - 1000 g of d r y wood equiv alent ty pe o f wood - w h it e f i r s tar c o n f ig u r a t io n f o r s u p p o r t in g b r ic k s f ir e d ia m e t e r 26 e m s ,

Ex p e r im e n t s done w it h m o is t u r e c ontent o f wood r a n g in g f r o m 0 to 30% - h e i g h t o f pan abov e f ir e bas e v a r ie d f r o m 5- 22 e m s .

Res ults (See T a b le s 2 - 6 and F ig s . 29- 31) . Conc lus ion effic ienc y w it h lo w m o is t u r e c ontent i n wood is b e t t e r than f o r c o m p le t e ly d r y wood h ig h e r m o is t u r e c ontents i n f u e l dec r eas e the effic ienc y effic ienc y is inf luenc ed by height o f pan abov e bas e - h i g h e s t ef f ic ienc y obtained a t pan p o s it io n between 5- 10 e m s abov e bas e o f f ir e - b e l o w 5 e ms , c o m b u s t io n was i m p a i r e d r e s u lt in g i n moc p s mok e and lo n g e r b u r n in g t ime mor e t h a n 10 e ms abov e bas e, d r o p i n effic ienc y is a t t r ib u t e d to r a d ia t io n los s es to s u r r o u n d in g s and d ilu t io n o f c ombus t ion pr oduc ts b y e n t r a in m e n t o f c old a i r - a g r a t e g e n e r a lly im p r o v e s e f f ic ie n c y an e f f ic ie n c y c los e t o 3 0% c an be ac hiev ed w it h an open f ir e .

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F l u e 69 Exp erimen t conducted b y : K . S. S a l a r l y a s ( H e a d , D e p En t g in . e e r in g , C o lle g e o f A g r i c u l t u r a l o f En g in e e r in g , P u n j a b A g r i c u l t u r a l U n iv e r s it y , 141 004) ( Ref , 31) M e c h a n i c Ludhiana a l

Objectives - c o m b u s t i o n ex per iment s C a r r ie d out on 6 d if f e r e n t types o f ov ens f o r m e a s u r in g the f o llo w in g - m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e o f c ombus tion - t h e r m a l effic ienc y o f c ook ing v olume o f w a t e r jac k et heat gained by w a t e r i n w a t e r jac k et. Standardization - s i z e o f c ombus tion c hamber o f a ll c hulas was k ept the s ame - w o o d was us ed as f u e l f o r c hulas and c h a r c o a l f o r angethis .

M a x im u m t e m p e r a t u r e o f c ombus tion Pr oc edur e c ombus tion t e m p e r a t u r e me a s u r e d w it h c h r o m e l a lu m e l t her moc ouple bas ed a t c o n ic a l t i p o f 6 m m d ia m e t e r c opper tube as bes tos in s u la t io n pr ov ided f o r t h e r m o c o u p le w ir e s to s a f e g u a r d e l e c t r i c a l in s u la t io n at h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e s - t i p o f this t ube plac ed at hot t es t z one i n c ombus tion c hamber - f o r c hulas i t was betw een 20- 30 m m above f lo o r o f c ombus t ion s pac e - f o r angethis i t was 20 m m below the top b u r n in g s ur fac e o f c oal.

T h erm al ef f icien cy of cooking Q c

Q s

where 1 1 Q t h e c

Page 70 heat s upplied by b u r n in g o f f u e l (k c al) i n the s a m e t im e Heat u t iliz e d f o r c ook ing Q c w her e m m = q u a n t it y o f w a t e r ( k g) b e in g heated on t h e s tov e t t t e m p e r a t u r e r is e o f w a t e r ( 0 C ) H a t I t h g r a t e d by c ombus tion o f f uel Q s w her e = W = a m o u n t o f t u e l b u r n t (k g) W = c a l o r i f i c v a lu e o f f u e l ( k c a l/ k g ) QQ v g 3660 k c a l/ k g f o r wood c = 6670 k c a l/ k g f o r c h a r c o a l v Vo lu m e o f w a t e r . i c k e t - o v e n s w it h w a t e r jac k et w e r e f i l l e d w it h w a t e r w h ic h was d r a in e d o u t and meas ur ed t o giv e v o lu m e o f w at er jac k et.

n e a t gained by w a t e r i n w at er jac k et - e x p e r i m e n t s c a r r i e d out w it h jac k et f u l l o f w a t e r the f o llo w in g me a s u r e me n t s w e r e made in it ia l t e m p e r a t u r e of water av er age t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r a t the end o f the ex ce r im e n t - d i f f e r e n c e i n r eadings = t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e

Page 7 1 Re s u lt s Si, No. No me n c la t u re Dia_ o f c o rn b u st io n sp a ce V o l. o f wa t e r ja c k e t

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Co n c lu s io n - c h u l a w i t h f i r e g ra t e h a s t h e h ig h e s t va lu e s o f c o mb u s t io n t e mp e ra t u re ( 7 3 7 o s t e c o n o mic a l i s e c o n o mi c a l c h u la w i t h f i r e g ra t e - m C ) a on o dv e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e b e ca u se o f : based t h ie r m mp ro v e da c o mb u s t io n due t o f i r e g ra t e l - h e a t re c o v e ry o f 9 .2 % b y wa t e r ja cke t e f fin a i r yc a ni g e t h i a t t a in s a h ig h e r t e mp e ra t u re ( 9 0 7 the o rd e n c 1 1 has a y and h i g h e r t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y (9 . 6 ' 7 ) c o mp a re d to k e l e s s c h u la ( C ) s mo 1 - s5 mo ke le . s s c h u la i s t h e p r e f e r r e d d e s ig n b e ca u se o f 7 - he 7 a t r e c o v e r y o f 11. 87'70 i n w a t e r j a c k e t D - s m o k e l e s s o p e ra t io n - m / o r eo h e a t ) c a n be re c o v e re d b y i n c re a s i n g le n g t h o f w a t e r ja c k e t .

72 AtiLi_Ment N a t i o n a l B u ild in g s O r g a n is a t io n , a n d Planning, R e s e a r c h and Ac t io n in s t it u t e , Luc k now ( R e f . 6 3 )

at iec t iv es to ma k e a c o m p a r a t iv e s tudy o f d if f e r e n t ty pes o f c hulas i r u s e w . r . t . - p e r f o r m a n c e r e la t e d to f u e l c ons umpt ion - t i m e o f c ook ing - e l i m i n a t i o n o f s mok e pr obe in t o f ac t or s r e s p o n s ib le f o r s mok e e f f ic ie n c ie s o f c hulas - l o c a t e defec ts i n e x is t in g c hulas f o r e v o lv in g an im p r o v e d s mok eles s c h u la w it h r educ ed f u e l c ons umption hav ing the f o llo w in g c r i t e r i a s im p le des ign eas ily c ons tr uc ted i n ev er y h o me - n o t m o r e t han 2 p o t s eats fir ebox opening adequate f o r bak ing c hapatis - s i z e o f as h h o le adequate f o r eas y as h r e m o v a l c himney f o r s mok e o u t le t c ons tr uc ted w it h lo c a lly a v a ila b le m a t e r i a l s - c h e a p enough - h i g h heat e f f ic ie n c y

Chula s e le c t io n nine des igns , r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f the 55 des igns o f c hulas adopted i n d if f e r e n t par ts o f the c ount r y w e r e s elec ted f o r the s tudy - t w o o f thes e des igns w e r e wood b u r n in g c hulas one weR f o r c har c oal as f u e l

Standar diz ation - c h u l a s w e r e c ons tr uc ted a t the p r e m is e s o f the Pla n n in g , Res ear c h and A c t io n I n s t it u t e f o r c a r r y in g out t he ex per iments a l l e q u ip me n t and M a t e r i a l s us ed w e r e s t andar diz ed t o e lim in a t e v a r ia t io n s i n thes e e le me n t s and c ons equent v it ia t io n o f ac c ur ac y o f r e s u lt s .

Page 73 Heat _efficiency Pr oc edur e a fix ed q u a n t it y (1 l i t r e ) o f w a t e r was ev apor ated w it h fuel and t i m e as v a r ia b le s a Ax ed quant it y o f f uel was b u r n t and the n u m b e r o f t imes a fix ed quant it y o f 1 , 5 l i t r e s o f w at er b o ile d was r ec or ded a fix ed quant it y o f f u e l was b u r n t and the quant it y o f w ater ev apor ated and t i m e tak en w e r e noted quantity o f w at er ev apor ated w i t h i n 30 m in u t e s was det er mined w it h f u e l as v a r ia b le heat effic ienc y was c a lc u la t e d f r o m t h e c a lo r if ic v a lu e of heat u t iliz e d and c a lo r if ic v a lu e o f f uel b u r n t mean of f o u r v alues obtained i n f o u r e x p e r ime n t s was tak en as av er age ef f ic ienc y .

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Page 7 4

t i m u m dimensions _ . d ia e_ t e r o f 3 pot s eats 150 m m , 1 5 0 m m , 2 8 0 r n m 19_E_S_2= Lm lk r es pec t iv ely LD dis tanc e between pot s eats 90 m m , 9 0 m m ivision i o n - d i s t a n c e between la s t pot s eat and c h im n e y - 75 m m c himney d ia m e t e r 130 m m J u r m -an o d da hm p e r t & esc R ult h u L a
Heat ef f ic ienc y inc r eas ed f r o m 30.29% to 37.9% .

C lear anc e between v es s el and s o t s eat - 3 bloc k s 25 m m d ia m e t e r and 25 r a m height w e r e c ons tr uc ted on the t o p s ur f ac e o f the c ook ing p o in t to p r o v id e a c le a r a n c e between the v es s el and c ook ing point.

Res ult - h e a t ef f ic ienc y dec r eas ed f r o m 37.9% to 26.04% .

I ns ulat ion o f c htda i n t e r i o r I n t e r io r o f two c hulas p la s t e r e d w it h m u d m ix e d w it h

mica and fri g w o o l separately.

R es ult - h e a t ef f ic ienc y dec r eas ed f r o m 3 7 . 9 % to 34.62% .

C o lo u r in g e x t e r i o r o f v es s el

e xte ri o rs o f vessels coloured black.

R es ult - h e a t e f f ic ie n c y r educ ed f r o m 37. 9% to 27.08% .

Pag Type and s hape o f v es s els Res ults a lu m in iu m v es s els w i t h c onv ex bot t oms gav e ef f ic ienc y of 37.9a/0 a lu m in iu m v es s els w i t h f la t bottoms - e f f ic ie n c y dr opped to 31.32% br as s v es s els w it h f la t bot t oms - e f f ic ie n c y dr opped to 28 08%.

Shape o f c himney flue t a p e r in g flue w it h d ia m e t e r of 130 r a m a t b o t t o m and 100 r a m at t op was us ed ins t ead o f s t r a ig h t c y l i n d r i c a l flue.

R es ult - e f f i c i e n c y dr opped f r o m 37. 9% to 34.6% .

As s es s ment o f P e r f o r m a n c e i n ac t ual us e equal q u a n t it ie s o f r ic e (1 k g) , p u l s e ( 500 g m ) , v egetable (1 k g potatoes ) and f lo u r ( 500 g m ) w e r e 'c ook ed' o n eac h c hula s e p a r a t e ly t im e tak en and f u e l c ons umed w e r e r e c o r d e d .

Res ult - c o n s u m p t i o n o f wood f u e l was l o w e r i n the J unagadh ty pe c hula ( 1459 g m) .

Us er s o p in io n of s elec ted c hulas - b o t h c hulas w i t h h ig h e s t e f f ic ie n c ie s w e r e c ons tr uc ted In fiv e hous es t o e l i c i t h o u s e w iv e s ' o p in io n on s u it a b ilit y ,

Res ults hous ewiv es c o m p la in e d t h a t i t Was t o o b ig t o be ac c omodated i n k itc hens a t h i r d pot s eat was ex pr es s ed as n o t being nec es s ar y .

VaAe 76 M o d if ic a t io n c hula m o d if ie d to hav e t w o pot s eats and hav ing the f o llo w in g d im ens ions c hula height: 165 m m f uel box w id t h : 180 m m - f u e l box length: 215 m m dis tanc e between 1s t and 2nd pot s eats : 75 r nm dis tanc e between 2nd p o t and c himney : 100 m m - d i a m e t e r o f c himney : 90 r n m - d a m p e r i n c himney : h a lf c los ed.

Heat ef f ic ienc y 24. 72 a/o

Users l opini on

- c h u l a s a t is f a c t o r y as r e g a r d s h e ig h t , d i a m e t e r and number o f pot s eats mouth o f the c hula s lig h t ly l a r g e r than r e q u ir e d - c h u l a s mok eles s , c o n v e n ie n t and s av es t i m e .

C onc lus ion - t h e im p r o v e d s mok eles s c hula was r e c o mme n d e d as t h e bes t a mo n g thos e u s in g wood as f u e l - c l e a r a n c e betw een v es s el and c ook ing p o in t dec r eas es heat ef f ic ienc y and henc e s hould not be pr ov ided - a l u m i n i u m v es s els a r e p r e f e r r e d t o br as s v es s els - v e s s e l s w it h c onv ex bottoms a r e p r e f e r r e d t o thos e hav ing f la t bot t oms - a c h imn e y w it h a s t r a ig h t c y l i n d r i c a l flue is p r e f e r r e d .

Page 77 E x p e ri me n t s co n d u ct e d b y : K e i t h Op e n sh a w ( D i v . o f F o r e s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f D a r - e s -S a la a m, M o r o g o r o ) (Re f . 5)

E x p e rime n t 1 O b je c t iv e - t o c o mp a re t h e p e rf o rma n c e o f th e Th a i. c la y s t o v e wit h : t h e a l l m e t a l st o ve u se d i n A f r i c a .

P ro c e d u re f u e l u se d wa s c h a rc o a l o f mi x e d m i o m b o (o p e n ) wo o d la n d sp e cie s w i t h a v e ra g e m o i s t u r e co n t e n t b e t we e n 1570 t o 20% 500 g m s o f c h a rc o a l w e r e b u rn t i n e a ch st o ve u s in g n e wsp a p e r f o r lig h t in g th e c h a rg e , w i t h c h a rc o a l o b t a in e d f r o m t h e s a me s o u rc e f o r a n y one b u rn - a t o t a l o f f o u r b u rn s w e r e u n d e rt a ke n - t h e f o llo win g me a s u re me n t s w e r e ma d e - a s h co n t e n t o f th e t wo s t o v e s - w e i g h t o f u n b u rn t c h a rc o a l - t e m p e r a t u r e a t 6 e m s f r o m th e s t o v e a n d 8 . 5 c m s f r o m th e g ro u n d in s id e s t o v e t e mp e ra t u re a f t e r c h a rc o a l h a d b u rn t o u t.

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a ve ra g e % o f u n b u rn t c h a rc o a l 9 . 7

% ra n g e o f o r i g i n a l we ig h t A sh Un b u rn t c h a rc o a l 6.6 - 5 . 9 0.4 - 0 .0 1 2 . 0 6 , 9 - 5.3 - 5.6

% ra n g e o f b u rn t c h a rc o a l 6 .6 - 5 , 9 1 2 . 6 - 5.7

Page 78 T emper atur e d u r in g b u r n , c h a r c o a l in c la y s tov e bec ame w h it e hot, wher eas i n m e t a l s tov e i t was m u c h r e d d e r - i n s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e in c la y s tov e a f t e r a l l the c h a r c o a l was b u r n t was g r e a t e r than 1 1 0 m e t a l s tov e was 1 0 6 C t e mp b eu r a t u r e d u r in g b u r n in g at 6 e m s f r o m s tov e and C t e r gr a ound t u was r e 33 8, 5 em msp f re om s n d was 41 C f o r the m e t a l s tov e. i tov e, an C i n t h e c a s e Wa t e r ev apor ated and t i m e to ev apor ate the w a t e r o f c l a y 30% les s w a t e r was ev apor ated w it h the m e t a l s tov e and i t took 50% m o r e t i m e t o ev apor ate t h is s m a l l e r v olume.

Conc lus ions - p e r f o r m a n c e o f c lay s tov e is b e t t e r f o r the f o llo w in g reas ons c har c oal got b u r n t a lm o s t c o m p le t e ly ins ide t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e found h ig h e r - l e s s h e a t was r a d ia t e d t o the outs ide - 4 3 % m o r e c har c oal i s needed to ev apor ate the s a m e v olume o f w at er i n the c as e o f a m e t a l s tov e, a n d i t w o u ld tak e t w ic e as lo n g .

Ex p e r im e n t 2 O bjec tiv e - t o c o m p a r e the p e r f o r m a n c e o f the T h a i c la y s tov e w it h the a l l m e t a l c h a r c o a l s tov e us ed in A f r i c a and a mo d if ie d v e r s io n of the l a t t e r w it h g r a t e a i r s pac e inc r eas ed t o 25% o f bas al ar ea a n d l i n i n g the in s id e of the s tov e w it h 3 e m s t h ic k c lay . Pr oc edur e - f u e l us ed was c h a r c o a l o f m ix e d m i o m b o s pec ies - 4 0 0 g m bags o f the f u e l w er e r a n d o m l y - dis tr ibuted t o the s tov es - t r i a l took plac e on s ev en c ons ec utiv e day s

eight bur ns w e r e ma d e i n the c la y s tov e, f o u r t e e n i n the m e t a l s tov e and t h r e e i n the ( modified) m e t a l / c l a y stove each s tov e was l i t u s in g one s heet o f news paper and 50 c c par af f in w ater was b r o u g h t to b o i l , o n e l i t r e a t a t i m e i n s tandar d s iz e a l u m i n i u m pans w i t h lid s ( 23 e m s d ia . a n d 10 e ms deep) - a s s oon as one l i t r e had b o ile d , a n o t h e r s tandar d pan c ontaining c old w a t e r was s ubs t it ut ed - t h e f o llo w in g meas ur ement s w e r e made - t o t a l number of lit r es br ought to boil - t o t a l and p e r l i t r e t i m e .

Ex p e r im e n t a l c onditions : - b o i l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e was tak en as 9 6 C ( M o r o g o r o b e i n g m o r e than 500 m abov e s ea le v e l) - t e m p e r a t u r e o f w at er b e f o r e b o ilin g was 2 2 w e a t h e r c ondit ions v a r ie d s omew hat f r o m day to day C p e o p l e under t ak ing the e x p e r im e n t v a r ie d - s t o p watc hes w e r e us ed t o r e c o r d the t i m e and t h e r m o m e t e r s the t e m p e r a t u r e ,

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Page 82 C onc lus ion : - c o m p a r e d t o t he T h a i s tov e, o n an av er age at leas t 48% m o r e c h a r c o a l is r e q u ir e d w it h a m e t a l s tov e and 10% m o r e w it h a m o d if ie d s tov e t o t 4 o ll the s a m e v olume o f w a t e r the m o d if ie d s tov e w as the m o s t d if f ic u lt t o lig h t and to get the b u r n in g going w e l l - t h e c la y s tov e l i t the e a s ie s t and w as found to b u r n b r ig h t ly i n fiv e t o t e n minut es av er age t i m e tak en f o r b o ilin g w a t e r on c lay s tov e is a p p r o x im a t e ly t w o - t h ir d s o f the t i m e tak en on the m e t a l s tov e and ev en les s (60%) c ompar ed t o t h e modif ied s tov e - a v e r a g e t i m e f o r b o ilin g w a t e r ( 4 l i t r e s in case) is rlets is c than - a p a u l 60% a r o f the t i m e s pent on the m e t a l s tov e w i t h v er y l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e between the m e t a l stove and t h e mo d if ie d s tov e.

Page 8 3 E x p e r i m e n t c o n d u c t e d b y : N . J a j o d i a (I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y , B o m b a y (Re f . 2 6 )

Ch u la e f f i c i e n c y O b je ct ive - t o e v a lu a t e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f a c h u l a b y t h e b o i l i n g cycle t e st .

P ro ce d u re - t h r e e t y p e s o f p o rt a b l e c o k e a n d c o a l b u r n i n g c h u l a s we re ch o se n c h a r c o a l w a s f i r s t u se d a s f u e l f o l l o w e d b y c o k e - f o l l o w i n g we re th e me a s u re me n t s ma d e - a f ix e d q u a n t it y o f w a t e r wa s b o ile d o n the ch u la a n d a m o u n t o f w a t e r b o i l e d o f f wa s d e t e rmin e d heat r e q u i r e d f o r t h is w a s th e u s e f u l h e a t e x p e rime n t wa s c a r r i e d o v e r th e t o t a l t i m e a ch u la ca n n o r m a l l y be u se f u l h e a t i n p u t t o c h u l a Wa s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m a mo u n t o f f u e l b u r n t ra t io o f the t wo i s t h e me a s u re d e f f ic ie n c y of the ch u la .

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Co n clu sio n s e f f i c i e n c y v a r i a t i o n s b e t we e n c h u l a s w a s q u i t e s m a l l h e a t r e t e n t i v i t y o f th e c h u l a i s a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r c o n t rib u t in g to e f f i c i e n c y k . ,i n d l i n g t i m e , a n i m p o r t a n t v a r i a b l e a f f e c t i n g t h e u s e r v a r i e s w i t h c h u la d e s i g n a n d f u e l Use d a ch u la w i t h o p t ima l g ra t e -t o -b a s e d ist a n ce i s t h e b e st

Page 84 an id e a l f u e l s hould hav e lo w i g n i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , low s ur f ac e har dnes s and lo w m o is t u r e c ontent r ate o f b u r n in g affec ts ef f ic ienc y .

Remar k s r es ults a r e o n ly in d ic a t iv e , a n d quant it at iv e e s t ima t e s may o r may n o t be ex ac tly r e p r o d u c ib le due t o unk nown, unc ont r olled p a r a m e t e r s .

T h e r m a l los s es f r o m c hula O bjec tiv e - t o inv es t igat e t h e t h e r m a l los s es t h a t oc c ur in the p o t c hula s y s t em f o r s ugges ting de-sign p a r a m e t e r s f o r a c hula.

Pr o c e d u r e c intla d iv id e d in t o s ev en s ec tions ther moc ouples w it h r a d i a t i o n s hields attac hed t o eac h section. f o r t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t weight o f the c hula me a s u r e d a t ev er y s tage upto the point o f d ie - o u t s amples o f gas e m a n a t in g f r o m f i r e plac e w e r e c ollec t ed and analy s ed us ing a n O r s at appar atus .

As s umptions m a d e - c o n d u c t i o n los s es f r o m t h e s y s tem a r e m i n i m a l - n o r a d ia t io n los s es f r o m b o t t o m change i n ac tual heat t r a n s f e r ar ea c o n s id e r in g handles and a i r v ent a r e m i n i m a l - n o u s e f u l heat i s s upplied t o pot by k in d lin g m a t e r i a l equiv alent e m is s iv it y o f f ir e p la c e - c h u la c o n f ig u r a t io n is s a me as e m i s s i v i t y o f bur nir g c h a r c o a l - a l l m o i s t u r e f r o m the f u e l is d r iv e n away i n the k in d lin g p e r io d c a lo r if ic v a lu e o f f u e l is c ons tant a t 6 - 9 K c a l / g m v ar iat ions i n e m is s iv it ie s w it h s ur f ac e t e m p e r a t u r e for v a r io u s s ec tions i s lo w - f l u e gas es i n p lu me a r e c ompos ed o f only CO 2, C O , 0 2 and N2.

Page 85 R emar k s - p e r c e n t a g e o f o v e r a ll heat t r a n s f e r to pot was as s umed t o r e m a in c ons tant o v e r the w h o le c y c le s inc e e q u iv a le n t e m is s iv it y o f p o t - f ir e p la c e s y s t em was not c alc ulat ed, r a d i a t i o n los s es e s t im a t e d f o r t h is s ec tion a r e h ig h e r than ac t ual los s es .

Conc lus ion m o r e r ig o r o u s e s t im a t e s need t o be made - r e d u c i n g w a l l t e m p e r a t u r e s w i l l d e f in it e ly help i n r educ ing los s es - both c onv ec tiv e and r a d ia t iv e - u s i n g a pot d i a m e t e r g r e a t e r t h a n f ir e plac e d ia m e t e r is h e lp f u l i n r educ ing los s es . NO T E: this e x p e r im e n t has been des c r ibed h e r e only i n s u m m a r iz e d f o r m details o f c alc ulat ions c an be had f r o m the o r i g i n a l doc ument.

Ex p e r im e n t c onduc ted by : M . O . S lie c k e n and C . N i e u w e l t ( f lo g e r e T ec hnis c he Sc hool, A m s t e r d a m ) ( lie f . 57)

O bjec tiv e - t o d e t e r m in e the ef f ic ienc y of t h e F a m i l y C ook er - m a i n emphas is was t o ex plor e me t h o d s f o r o b t a in in g r e lia b le heat balanc es i n c ook ing s tov es .

Pr oc edur e fuel us ed was c h a r c o a l the c h im n e y was pr eheated f o r p r o v id in g the i n i t i a l dr af t - t h e c har ge, t h e t o t a l amount o f f u e l b u r n t and the damper p o s it io n w e r e v a r ie d d u r in g the s tudy t emper at ur es w e r e c ontinuous ly meas ur ed at s e v e r a l points a lo n g the gas f lo w path and on m e t a l s ur fac es by a s e t o f c h r o m e l- a lu r n e l t h e r mo c o u p le s i n s t a in le s s s teel s heaths hook ed o n to a m u lt ic h a n n e l data lo g g e r . Spot c hec k s o n t e m p e r a t u r e w e r e ma d e by a d i g i t a l t e mp e r a t u r e m e t e r c ar bon monox ide and c a r b o n diox ide w e r e m o n it o r e d c ontinuous ly w it h a n in f r a r e d gas analy s er - o x y g e n was m o n it o r e d by s pot c hec k s u s in g a n O r s at appar atus the e x p e r im e n t t e r m in a t e d w hen the l a s t c har ge o f fuel got c o m p le t e ly bur nt . T h i s u s u a lly c oinc ided w it h the w a t e r c eas ing to b o i l - s o m e tes ts , wer e c onduc ted by in s u la t in g the o u t e r c y lin d e r o f the c ombus t ion u n it w it h a 2 c m t h ic k la y e r of glas s w o o l w h ic h i n t u r n was c ov er ed by a 0 . 3 m m a l u m i n i u m s heet.

Ef f ic ie n c y - t h e d e f in it io n of ef f ic ienc y us ed was t h e s ame as t h a t giv en i n e x p e r ime n t s o n open f ir e s ( pr es ented e a r l i e r ) c a lo r if ic v alues o f c har c oal ( av er age) was tak en to be 33,000 k J / k g - n o e f f o r t was ma d e t o c a r r y o u t a s tudy o f the s pec ific effec t o f d if f e r e n t v a r ia b le s i n the s tov e p e r f o r m a n c e effic ienc y was found to v a r y between 21 -34% f o r d if f e r e n t des ign and o p e r a t in g c onditions - t h e max . effic ienc y r e c o r d e d d u r in g the t r i a l s w as 34. Vio obtained w it h an in s u la t e d s tov e and d a m p e r oper ation

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Page 89 a. P a n d ia m e t e r 2 8 0 r a m; height 240 m m other e x p e r im e n t s : Pan d ia m e t e r 240 m m ; h e ig h t 180 m m b. T e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e r e c o r d e d c. C h i m n e y d ia m e t e r dec r eas ed f r o m 110 m m to 45 m m by p la c in g a m e t a l r i n g on top o f ex haus t d. A f e w gas c o m p o s it io n meas ur ements done b y O r s at appar atus e. H e i g h t o f c ombus tion c h a m b e r inc r eas ed by 30 m m f. C o m b u s t i o n c hamber in s u la t e d by 20 m m t h ic k la y e r o f glas s w ool and c ov er ed by a l u m i n i u m s heet g. S e c o n d pan us ed: 180 m m d ia m e t e r ; 110 m m height h. C O and CO2 c ontent o f flue gas es m o n it o r e d

Heat Ba la n c e Es t im a t e s Heat balanc e f o r t he f a m i l y ty pe c ook er c o m p r is e s o f heat in p u t ( mas s o f f u e l b u r n t c or r ec ted for m o is t u r e c ontent m u l t i p l i e d by c a lo r if ic v alue) heat abs or bed by w a t e r ( in c lu d in g t h e heat us ed up f o r ev apor ation) c onv ec tiv e and r a d ia t iv e los s es f r o m the s ides o f the c ombus tion c h a m b e r , t h e pan and the t o p - l i d - f l u e box los s los s due t o unbur nt CO i n the f lue gas s ens ible heat c a r r ie d aw ay by c h im n e y gase's. C alc ulations Conv ec tiv e heat los s Q c wher e A = a r e a o f the s u r f a c e c onc er ned i n m . 2 t - hd u r a t i o n o f e x p e r im e n t i n s ec s . A T w ( 100C f o r pan l i d and 900C f o r c o mb u s t io n c hamber s id e Tao= Te n v i r o n m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e = 2 0 C w w a mean heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f ic ie n t g iv e n by T l L i r< u = C ( G r P r ) l Ti o n o t - N u s s e lt number Nu ) e = c h a r a c t e r i s t i c le n g t h ( height f o r Combus tion c h a mb e r m t and pan s ides , d i a m e t e r f o r p a n lid ) p e

Page 90
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Page 91 C a w eighted m e a n s pec ific heat o f the c ombus t ion pr oduc ts ev aluated a t the r e le v a n t t e m p e r a t u r e i n KJ / k g K

T. . t t e m p e r a t u r e a t t he in le t t o the flue box i n 0 1( T e = Los st due t o unbur nt CO e m - h e a t o f c ombus tion o f CO tak en as 1 0 . 1 1 k J / k g p e r C himney los s a t - e s t i m a t e d i n a m a n n e r s i m i l a r to t h a t o f flue box los s . u r GAS e AN AL YSI S O V E R F U E L B E D a ( w it h in s u la t e d c ombus t ion c hamber ) t e x Component % by Vo lu m e i 8. 90 * CO t C o 2.75 * 2 f 11 0, 42 r 0 10. 36 o 2 N 77. 60 m 2 0 2 t * me a s u r e d quant it ies h e f Note l u Fuel e bur nt : 4 5 0 g M o is tb u r e c ontent : 5 . 2 % o D u r a t io n o f e x p e r im e n t : 1 4 0 min u t e s x D amper i : F r a c t i o n open : 0 . 2 7 6 n c 1 K

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Page 93 - t e m p e r a t u r e me a su re me n t o f hot gases su rro u n d e d by ' c o ld ' w a l l s o f th e rmo co u p le i s su b je ct to co n sid e ra b le ra d ia t io n e r r o r s p a r t i c u l a r i l y in lo w v e lo c it y syst e ms under co n sid e ra t io n . E s t i m a t e s o f t h is e r r o r co u ld not be d e rive d because o f unknown wa ll t e mp e ra t u re s. so u rce o f a i r le a ks - 1 s t pan se a t - 2 n d pan se a t - jo in ts effect o f a i r le a ks - r e d u c e gas t e mp e ra t u re s wh ich a re used f o r e st ima t in g heat lo sse s i n flu e b o x and ch imn e y - e s t i m a t i o n o f extent o f le a ks - t o p o f fu e l bed and ch imn e y A ve ra g e C O 2 C O c o n t CO% CO e n t s 2 a 0 8.87 2.76 t1. O n to p o f f u e l bed / 0 t2. I n the ch imn e y 4.86 1.57 h . R a t i o between the two 1.825 1.758 e t w e f f icie n cy o f the sto ve is a ffe cte d v e r y l i t t l e b y the le a ks o m o heat lo ss e s t ima t io n due to f o rma t io n o f CO i s ta ke n a s n i t quite a ccu ra t e o r i ma jo r e r r o r s i n heat balance e st ima t e s a re i n the f lu e n g box lo ss and ch imn e y lo ss wh ic h to g e th e r a cco u n t f o r s t o ve r 21% o f heat in p u t a t - b y mo re me a su re me n t s i t is p o ssib le to re d u ce u n i o accounted lo ss t o 10% o r le s s , w h i c h h o we ve r i s n s d if f ic u lt when wood i s used a s f u e l. :

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5. SO CIO - C U L T U R AL V A L U E S AN D ST O VE DESIG N In dev eloping e f f ic ie n t c ook ing s tov es f o r any s oc iety , i t is es s ential t o d e t e r m in e the s o c io - c u lt u r a l v alues o f the people f o r w h o m the s tov e i s b e in g des igned, s i n c e they m u s t p e r c e iv e i t as being p r e f e r a b le t o t h e i r p r e s e n t c ook ing a r r a n g e me n t s . T h e r e is no p o in t i n des igning a c heap e f f ic ie n t s tov e w h ic h is n o t ac c eptable i, e. o n e w hic h does n o t f it in w it h t h e ir s oc io - c u lt u r a l pr efer enc es . G o u l d and J os eph have c it e d a few ex amples w h e r e a d e s ig n ma y c o n f lic t w it h people's s o c io - c u lt u r a l v alues e . g. in O c eania, p r e p a r a t i o n of e a r t h ov ens p r o v id e s a n im p o r t a n t c ontex t f o r s o c ia l in t e r c o u r s e . T o t r y to e lim in a t e t h e m bec aus e they a r e la b o r io u s and t i m e c ons uming w o u ld be t o e n t i r e l y ignor e t h e i r s o c ia l s ignific anc e. S i m i l a r l y , i n ev er y c ountr y , p e o p le have adjus ted t o c e r t a in w o r k patter ns and w h ile i t may be m o r e e c o n o m ic a l f o r the c ook ing pr oc es s to be g r e a t ly s hor tened, t h i s m a y c o n f lic t w it h a whole p a t t e r n o f t i m e u t iliz a t io n and s o c ia l i n t e r c our s e. the s o c i a l s it u a t io n to d e t e r m in e w het her the s tov e s hould be h o me pr oduc ed, p r o d u c e d by in d u s t r y f o r s ale o r giv en o u t r ig h t is im p o r t a n t . T h e des igner mus t c ons ider people's w illin g n e s s and a b i l i t y t o s pend on im p r o v e d s tov es and t h e e f f e c t o f s ex d if f e r e n c e i n s pending pow er (es g, i t w i l l be d if f ic u lt to s e l l s tov es in s oc iet ies w h e r e m e n c o n t r o l financ es b u t r e g a r d cooking methods as no co n cern of t h eirs) . home production of stoves m a y be affected by so cio c u lt u r a l pr ef er enc es . I n o r d e r t o be w i l l i n g to inv es t t im e and la b o u r i n b u ild in g s tov es , t h e people m u s t c le a r ly per c eiv e t h a t the benefits o u t w e ig h the oppor t unit y c os t o f t h e ir la b o u r . I n many p a r t s o f A f r i c a , t h e peak la b o u r t i m e c oinc ides w it h a p e r i o d of food s hor tage. O u t s i d e t h is t i m e , p e o p le eat better and r e s t a lo t , b u t t h is i s nec es s ar y f o r t h e m to c ope w it h the s tr es s es o f the peak la b o u r t i m e , and s tov e p r o d u c t io n d u r in g t h is appar ent le is u r e t i m e may n o t be adv is able.

Page 95 Stove d e s ig n - i n f l e x i b l e n a t u r e o f s tov e l i m i t s i t ' s us e d u r in g har v es t t im e w hen i t c annot ac c omodate la r g e pots in a b ilit y t o p r o v id e s pac e heat, s o e s s e n t ia l in c o ld c ountr ies c o n f lic t s w it h f u e l s av ing p r o p e r t ie s o f enc los ed s tov es - t h e f i r s t L o r e n a s tov e des igns b u i l t w it h c ook ing s ur fac es n e a r the f lo o r le v e l w e r e look ed upon as u n dignified and w e r e ac c epted by people o n ly when s tov es w er e b u i l t w it h 3 0 - 3 6 " h e ig h t - t e n d e n c y to s t r o n g ly v alue o u t w a r d appear anc e o f the stove c ould influenc e i t ' s being ac c epted. Use o f C h im n e y although a s tov e w it h a c h im n e y is m o r e e f f ic ie n t than a s tov e la c k in g one, i n Banglades h, p e o p le do not s ee c himney as d e s ir a b le bec aus e o f the nec es s ity o f k eeping out s t o r m w a t e r d u r in g mons oons - s m o k y f ir e s k eep thatc hed r o o f s d r y and ins ec t f r e e , hence s mok eles s s tov es hav e fac ed r es is t anc e i n India, Indones ia and G uatemala.

Page 96

6. G U I D E L I N E S F O R EXT EN SI O N SER VIC ES R ole o f Ex t ens ion P r o g r a m m e s s a c c o r d i n g to G oldember g, t h e l i t t l e s uc c es s i n in t r o d u c in g s tov es o f im p r o v e d des ign i n poor r u r a l ar eas i s t he abs enc e o f ex tens ion p r o g r a m m e s to d is s e m in a t e b e t t e r s tov es . E x t e n s i o n w o r k c an be done by id e n t if ic a t io n of a giv en c ount r y o r a r e g io n tak ing in t o ac c ount lo c a l habits etc . b u ild in g a f ew s tov e units w i t h a c o n s t r u c t io n manual p r o v id e d in t he lo c a l language, c ons is tent w it h the l i t e r a c y le v e l in s t a llin g new s tov es i n health c entr es o r s c hools w h e r e y oung hous ewiv es c an s ee them i n o p e r a t io n demons t r at ion o f s tov e adv antages t o c o mmu n it y leader s u s i n g s p e c ia l units o f ' s o c ia l f o r e s t e r s ' t o demons t r at e adv antages o f im p r o v e d s tov es i n a d d it io n t o d is s e m in a t in g i n f o r m a t io n on r e f o r e s t a t io n in s lu m r e c o v e r in g p r o g r a m m e s , b e t t e r stoves c an be int r oduc ed i n the new hous es as a p e r ma n e n t f ix t u r e a lo n g w it h t o ile t s and s how er s w h ic h induc e the ow ner s t o adopt new l i v i n g patter ns t h a t a r e s u p e r io r fr om a s a n it a r y and ec onomic p o in t o f v iew.

St a r t in q Ex t ens ion P r o g r a m m e s Ex tens ion P r o g r a m m e s f o r in t r o d u c t io n o f bet t er s tov es s h o u ld inc lude v is it o f a W o r l d Bank e x p e r t ( o r c ons ultant) t o id e n t if y af t er s tudy ing the lo c a l s it u a t io n , t h e mos t s uitable mo d e l f o r that, a r e a manuf ac t ur ing a f ew unit s and p r e p a r in g a d e t a ile d ,c ons tr uc tion m a n u a l t r a in in g people engaged i n a g r i c u l t u r a l ex t ens ion w or k , s oc ial f o r e s t r y o r a n e w ly c r eated u n it o f high s c hool s tudents b y the v i s i t i n g ex per t i n as pec ts o f b u ild in g and us e o f the s tov e Intr oduc ing a f e w unit s i n k ey c entr es s uc h as h e a lt h c entr es , s c hools , c o m m u n i t y c entr es etc . b y , h e l o and c a l inc ing s o me in f lu e n t ia l v illa g e r s t o us e people c onv them

Page 97 in a l l c as es , c r e a t i n g c ottage in d u s t r ie s , t r a i n i n g lo c a l b la c k s mit h s o r s e m i s k ille d la b o u r e r s o r d is t d buting ' d o - i t - y o u r s e l f ' m a n u a ls t o any one d e s ir in g t o b u ild o r pur c has e b e t t e r s tov es i s es s ential leader s hip is e s s e n t ia l and s uc c es s o f ex tens ion p r o g r a m m e s w i l l depend on s ome lo c a l p e o p le s t r o n g ly mot iv at ed by the p r o b le m to fac e t h e fir ewood c r is is i n t h e ir ow n phy s ic al and c u lt u r a l s ettings .

Page 98 BI BL I O G R APH Y

1. B r a c e R es ear c h I n s t it u t e An n u a l R e p o r t N o. M 3 5 T . A. L a w a n d and G. L . d ' O m b r a i n . J uly 1977. 2. C a l c u l a t i o n o f g e o m e t r y o f dis k - s our c es and end- w indow c ounter s . N. B la c h m a n , Nuc leonic s . A u g . 1949; 43. 3. C h a r c o a l ov en. In V i l l a g e T ec hnology Handbook . Mt. R a i n i e r , V o l u n t e e r s i n T e c h n ic a l As s is tanc e. 1 9 7 5 ; 332- 4. 4. C h e m i c a l En g in e e r s Handbook . Ed. R o b e r t H . P e r r y and C e c il H. C h i l t o n . Mc G r aw H i l l . 1 9 7 3 ; Sec . 10. 5. C o m p a r i s o n o f m e t a l and c lay c h a r c o a l s tov es : P a p e r pr es ented t o a c onfer enc e on En e r g y and E n v ir o n m e n t i n Eas t A f r i c a . N a i r o b i , Keny a Ac a d e my o f Sc ienc es . M a y 1979. Ke it h O pens haw. M o r o g o r o , D i v . of F o r e s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f D a r - e s - Sa la a m . C o o k i n g a t lo w t e m p e r a t u r e s : En e r g y and t h e r e q u ir e m e n t s . S. C . P o p a l i and ot her s . Indian Ac ademy o f Sc ienc es P r o c . C. 2 , 3; Sept. 1979; 3 3 1 - 7 . 7. C o o k i n g s tov es : T h e s t at e o f the a r t . J. G o l d e m b e r g and R.I. B r o w n . Sao Pa o lo , U n i v e r s i t y o f Sao Pa o lo . 1 9 7 9 , 8. D e s i g n f o r i m p r o v i n g the ef f ic ienc y o f wood b u r n in g f o r h e a t in g w a t e r to b o ilin g a t lo w c os t. C. F r a Pr in c e t o n U n iv e r s it y . 1 9 7 8 ( unpublis hed) . n k l is n i g n i n g s tov es f o r t h i r d w o r ld c o u n t r ie s . 9. D e H a elen G ould and Stephen J os eph. London, I n t e r m e d i a t e T ec hnology D ev elopment G r oup. O c t . 1978. 3 8 p . n d TO. D e o v i c e f o r u s in g s awdus t as ec onomic f u e l. E. t S i m o n and P . S o l i s . h p r o p r ia t e T ec hnology . 3 , ; 1976; Ap e D r omes tic f u e ls i n r u r a l I n d ia . New D e lh i, N a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f Ap p lie d Ec o n o mic s R Jan. e s1965. e a r1 c 3h 1p .,

Page 99 ( l E D o u b l e - d r u m s awdus t s tov e. J ef f r ey L . W a r t l u f t ( N or t heas t er n F o r e s t Ex pt. Station, P r in c e t o n ) . Upper D ar by , F o r e s t Ser v ic e, 1 9 7 5 . 13. E c o n o m i c s tov e t hat burne. 2aw dus t as f u e l. V E r i c Sim o n and Pe d r o So lis , Ap p r o p r ia t e T ec hnology . 4 , 1 ; M a y 1977; 2 3 - 4 . 14. E n e r g y and a g r ic u lt u r e i n the t h i r d w o r ld . A r j u n M a k h ija n i i n c o lla b o r a t io n w it h A l a n Poole. Ba llin g e r . C a m b r i d g e , M a s s , 1 9 7 5 . 1 6 8 p . 15. E n e r g y e f f ic ie n t c ook s tov e mak es i t ' s debut i n Keny a. Wo r ld En v ir o n m e n t R epor t . F e b . 2 5 , 1 9 8 0 ; 3. I . E n e r g y f o r dev eloping c ountr ies . J. H o w e and ot her s . Repor t t o the R o c k f e lle r F oundation. O c t . 1977. 17. E n e r g y f o r r u r a l dev elopment. Was hington D . C . N a t i o n a l Ac a d e my o f Sc ienc es . 1 9 7 6 . 18. E n e r g y f o r the r u r a l t h i r d w o r ld . A . M a k h ja n i. London, I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t it u t e f o r En v ir o n m e n t D ev elopment. Sept. 1976, 19. E n e r g y needs and p r o b le m s i n the Sahelian and Sudanes e z ones : Pr os pec ts f o r s o la r pow er . A, MOUMOUTIL A m b io , 2 , 6; 1974. 20, E n e r g y needs , u s e s and r es our c es i n dev eloping c ount r ies . P . F . P a l m e d o and ot h e r s . U, S, A U . S . A g e n c y f o r I n t e r n a t io n a l D ev elopment, M i c h i g a n . 1978, 1 4 3 p , 21. E n e r g y p o lic y f o r I n d ia . E. G . D e s a i . Bar oda. J y o t i L t d . , 1 9 7 8 , l 2 2 p . 22. E n e r g y - r e s o u r c e s , d e m a n d and c ons er v ation. C. K a s h k a r i . T ata M c G r a w H i l l , N e w D e lh i. 1 9 7 5 . 2 3 1 p , 23. E n e r g y T ec hnology Handbook . Douglas M . C o n s id in e , E d - i n - c h i e f . Mc G r aw H i l l . 1 9 7 7 ; Sec . 9- 34.

24. E n e r g y u se i n r u r a l I n d ia . R. R e v e l l e . S cie n ce . 1 9 2 ; 1 9 7 6 ; 9 7 3 . 25, E n e r g y : Wo o d , s a w d u s t and r i c e h u l l st o ve s. A p p ro p ri a t e Te c h n o lo g y S o u rce b o o k. V o lu n t e e rs i n A s i a 1 9 7 6 ; 1 7 6 -7 . E v a lu a t io n o f ch u la s. ( B . Te ch . P r o j e c t Re p o rt ). N, J a j o d i a , B o mb a y, I n d i a n I n s t it u t e o f Te ch n o lo g y. M a r c h 1980. E x p e ri me n t s w i t h th e i m p r o v e d E g y p t ia n r u r a l st o ve . B. T h e o d o r o v i s . E g yp t , A r a b Sta te s F u n d a me n t a l E d u ca t io n Ce n t re . (S irs -e l -L a y y a n -H e rre n f i c ) 1953. 28. F a m i l y c o o k e r. I n s t r u c t i o n h o w t o ma k e a n d u se t h e m. J. C. O v e r h a a r t . Th e Ne t h e rla n d s . D e p t . o f A p p ro p ria t e Te c h n o lo g y . E in d h o ve n U n i v e r s i t y o f Te ch n o lo g y. 1 9 7 9 . 3 1 p . (f la g . 29. F o r e s t e n e rg y and e c o n o mic d e ve lo p me n t . D.E . E a rl. O x f o rd , C l a r e n d o n P r e s s . 1 9 7 5 . 1 2 8 p . 30. F u e l s a n d c o mb u s t io n . S a m i r S a rk a r. B o mb a y, O r i e n t L o n g ma n 1974,
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F u e l c o n s e rv a t io n i n d o me s t ic c o mb u s t io n . K . S. S a la riya . (Co lle g e o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g in e e rin g ) P u n ja b A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y . m i m e o . F u e l e f f ic ie n t s t o v e s f o r r u r a l h o u se h o ld s. Soft E n e r g y No t e s. D e c . 1 9 7 9 ; 8 9 -9 0 ,

33. H a n d b o o k o f heat t r a n s f e r . W a r r e n Ro h se n o w a n d J a me s P . H a r t n e t t . M c G r a w H i l l . 1 9 7 3 ; S e c. 1 -2 . 34, H o m e f i r e s b u rn in g - t h e h i s t o r y o f d o me s t ic h e a t rig a n d co o kin g .

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Ro u tle d g e a n d K e g a n P a u l. 1 9 6 4 . 35. H o u s e h o l d e n e rg y a n d t h e p o o r i n t h e t h i r d w o r l d . E liz a b e t h C e c e l s k i a n d o t h e rs . Wa sh in g t o n , R e s o u r c e s f o r t h e F u t u r e . 1 9 7 9 .

Page 101 36. I m p r o v e m e n t o f fuelwood c ook ing s tov es and ec onomy i n fuelwood c ons umption. H. S in g e r . Repor t N o.1315. Rome, U n i t e d N ations F o o d and A g r i c u l t u r a l O r ganiz at ion. 1 9 6 1 . I m p r o v in g the domes t ic c hula. E. G. K. R a o . Indian F a r m in g . J u n e 1962, 38. I n d i a ' s e n e r g y ec onomy : F ac t s and t h e i r in t e r p r e t a t io n . As hok V . D e s a i. Bombay . C e n t r e f o r M o n it o r in g I n d ia n E c o n o m y . F eb.1980, 5 - 6 , 4 9 , 39. K a r n a l i , r o a d le s s w o r l d o f Wes t er n N epal. M. L i l a and B a r r y C . B is h o p , N ational G eogr aphic . 1 4 0 , 5; N ov . 1971; 671, 40. L o r e n a muds tov e - a w ood c ons er v ing c ook s tov e. Ev ans and D . Wh a r t o n . Ap p r o p r ia t e T ec hnology . 1 4 , 2 ; 1977; 8, 41. L o r e n a o w n e r b u i l t s tov es . Ianto Ev ans . Vo lu n t e e r s i n As ia , J a n . 1 9 7 9 . 9 6 p , 42. L o s i n g gr ound, E. E c k h o l m New Yo r k . W . W , N o r t o n . 1 9 7 6 ; 101- 13. Magan c hula: A s mok e f r e e c ook ing ov en. War dha, A l l I n d ia V i l l a g e I ndus t r ies As s o c ia t io n . 1 9 5 3 , 44. N e w J ik o, Bollag Bu r t o n . D ev elopment F o r u m . 8 , 2 ; M a r c h 1980; 10, 45, N e w N e p a li C h u b . Khatmandu, R e s e a r c h C e n t r e f o r A p p lie d Sc ienc e and T ec hnology ( R EC AST ) T r ibhuv an U n iv e r s it y . 1 9 8 0 ; 35p. 46. N o t e o n ener gy ex penditur es i n ur ban, r u r a l and s l u m ar eas i n Br a z il. J. G o ld e m b e r g and J . R . M o r e i a . 1 9 7 8 ( unpublis hed) . 47. O p t i m u m us e o f f ir ew ood and f ir e w o o d s ubs titutes . Wac law M ic u t a . I C VA News . ( S p e c ia l r e p o r t ) N o . 8 5 , A p r i l 1980.

Page . 1 . 02

48. O u t d o o r ov en. I n V i l l a g e T ec hnology Handbook . M t . R a in ie r . V o lu n t e e r s i n T e c h n ic a l As s is tanc e. 1 9 7 5 ; 339. P e r s p e c t i v e f o r im p r o v e m e n t o f v illa g e c ook ing s tov es . AST R A S e ,Bangalor e. I n d i a n I n s t it u t e o f Sc ienc e. 1 9 7 8 . ninar. 50. P o t e n t i a l f o r f u e l c ons er v ation. M . H . R o s s and R . H . W i l l i a m s . T ec hnology R ev iew . F e b . 1 9 7 5 . 51. P r e s e n t c ons umption and f u t u r e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f wood i n T anz ania. K. O pens haw. Tec h. R epor t N o . 3 . F O S F / T a n 15. Rome, F A O . 1 9 7 1 . Rate o f b u r n in g wood. Kanur y A . M u r t h y . C ombus tion Sc ienc e and T ec hnology . 6 , 8 1 ; 1972. 53. R e d u c i n g c ook ing ener gy us e i n r u r a l I n d ia . G. S. p u t t . Centr e f o r En v ir o n m e n t a l Studies , P r i n c e t o n U n iv e r s it y . 1 9 7 3 . 54. R e n e w a b le e n e r g y r es our c es and r u r a l applic at ions i n the dev eloping w o r ld . N o r ma n L . B r o w n . E d . Was hington. A m e r i c a n As s o c ia t io n f o r t he Adv anc ement o f Sc ienc e. 1 9 7 8 . 55. R e p o r t o f the Wo r k in g G r oup on ener gy p o lic y . New D e lh i, P l a n n i n g C o m m is s io n . 1 9 7 9 . 56. R i c e hus k s tov e. M. C h a n c o . London, I T D G m i m e o . 1 9 7 8 . 57. S o m e p e r f o r m a n c e tes ts o n open f ir e s and t h e f a m i l y c ook er . K. K r is h n a p r a s a d Ed . The N et her lands . D e p t . of Ap p lie d Phy s ic s . T e c h n i c a l U n iv e r s it y of Eindhov en. J u n e 1980. 2 3 p . diag_ Smok eles s c hula f o r e v e r y home. F a r m I n f o r m a t io n U nit . M i n i s t r y o f F ood and A g r ic u lt u r e , N e w D e lh i. 59. S m o k e le s s c ook ing s tov e. In V i l l a g e T ec hnology Handbook . M i. R a in ie r , V o l u n t e e r s i n T e c h n ic a l As s is tanc e. 1 9 7 5 ; 3 3 5 - 8 .

Page 103 60, S m o k e l e s s fogones . VI T A mimeo. 1978. Smok eles s H E E L c hula. Hy der abad. H y d e r a b a d En g in e e r in g R es ear c h L a b o r a t o r ie s . 1 9 5 6 . 62. S m o k e l e s s s tov e- G hana: Cas e Study No. 7. Canadian F r e e d o m f r o m H unger F o u n d a t io n O nt ar io and Br a c e Res ear c h I ns t it ut e, C an a d a . Ap p r o p r ia t e T ec hnology Handbook , 1 9 7 6 ; 87. 1- 87. 6. 63. S t u d y on the e f f ic ie n c y o f c hulas . D. A h u j a and C . N . G u p t a . N at ional B u ild in g s O r ganis at ion, N e w D e lh i and U . N . R e g io n a l Hous ing C ent r e. E C A F E , 1 9 6 8 . 3 0 p . ( T ec hnic al and R es ear c h R e p o r t 17) 64. Su g g e s t e d p r o g r a m on wood b u r n in g s tov es , K. K r i s h n a Pr a s a d . AST R A. B a n g a lo r e , I n d i a n I n s t it u t e o f Sc ienc e. 1 9 7 6 . 65. S u r v e y o f wood b u r n in g s tov es . J . D . W a l t o n J r . , a n d other s . In State o f the A r t s ur v ey o f s o la r pow er ed i r r i g a t i o n pumps , s o l a r c ook er s and wood b u r n in g s tov es f o r us e i n Subs ahar a A f r i c a . At la n t a , G e o r g i a I n s t it u t e o f T ec hnology . J a n . 1978; 62- 71. 77. 66. T e c h n o l o g i c a l a lt e r n a t iv e s and the I n d ia n e n e r g y c r is is . A. K. R e d d y and K . K. P r a s a d . Ec o n o mic and P o l i t i c a l Week ly . A u g . 1977. 67. T r e e s , f o o d and people: L a n d management i n the t r o p ic s . J .G . B e n e and o t h e r s . IDRC, O t t a w a . 1 9 7 7 . Va r ia t io n s i n c hula des ign. J ames Pe n f o ld and D a v id O ot. m i m e o . 69. W a t e r h e a t e r w ood s tov e. Lee Mc k us ic k . Alt e r n a t iv e Sour c es o f Ener gy . D e c . 1 9 7 6 ; 2 6 - 3 0 . 70. W o o d B u r n e r ' s Enc y c lopaedia. J. S h e l t o n and A . Sh a p ir o . Ve r m o n t , V e r m o n t C r o s s Roads Pr e s s . 1977.

Page 104 71. W o o d f o r f u e l, t h e e n e r g y s it u a t io n i n B a r a Sudan, T, H. D ig e r n e s , ( Abs tr ac t o f P h . D . d is s e r t a t io n ) O s lo, N o r w a y . U n iv e r G it y o f Ber gen. Dept. of G eogr aphy . J u l y 1977. 72. W o o d f u e l, a t i m e f o r r eas s es s ment. K. O pens haw. Eas t A f r i c a n J our nal, J a n . 1977, 73, W o o d heat. J. V i v i a n . Penns y lv ania. l t o d a l e Pr e s s . 1 9 7 6 . 74. W o o d : W o r l d tr ends and pr os pec ts . Bas ic Study N o . 1 6 . Borne. U n i t e d N ations F AO . 1 9 6 7 . 1 3 0 p ,

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Adobe Angethi B a g a sse

sun d r i e d mu d . a c h a r c o a l s t o v e u se d i n N o r t h e r n I n d ia . th e b u rn a b le f i b r e r e m a i n i n g a f t e r s u g a r h a s b e e n e x t ra c t e d f r o m s u g a r ca n e a b la c k s mit h ' s d e vice f o r f o rc in g a i r in t o a f i r e t o i n c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f c o mb u s t io n and t h u s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e . B ri t i s h T h e r m a l Un it ; a me a s u re o f heat e n e rg y ; s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e a mo u n t o f h e a t re q u ire d to ra i s e the t e mp e ra t u re o f one pound o f w a t e r b y o n e d e g re e F a h r e n h e i t .

B e llo ws

B TU

Ca lo rie

C h i mn e y

heat r e q u i r e d t o r a i s e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f one g r a m o f w a t e r f r o m 1 4 , 5 at a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e o f o n e a t mo s p h e re One 3 . 97 C tc a ol o r i e 1- 5 . x 1 50 3 B Ir Jt . C aT ve i c a l s t r u c t u r e w i t h f lu e o r f l u e s t o c a r r y o f f s mo k e a n d u n d e s i ra b l e p ro d u c t s o f c o mb u s t io n . a s m a l l e a rt h e n o r b r i c k s t o v e u se d i n I n d ia . re p re s e n t s t h e h e a t co n t e n t ( K c a l ) o f e a ch f u e l i n t e r m s o f t h e h e a t c o n t a in e d i n a n a v e ra g e t o n n e o f in d ig e n o u s c o a l .

Ch u la Co a l e q u iv a le n t

Co a l r e p l a c e m e n t

a m e a s u r e o f t h e a mo u n t o f c o a l t h a t w o u l d be n e e d e d t o s u b s t it u t e o t h e r f u e ls i n e n e rg y c o n s u mp t io n p ro c e s s e s . s o l i d s u b s t a n c e l e f t wh e n v o l a t i l e p a r t s have b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m c o a l.

Co ke

Co mb u s t io n

d c h e m i c a l c o mb i n a t i o n o f o xyg e n w i t h the c o m b u s t i b l e e l e me n t s o f a f u e l . f e r o f heat f r o m one p a rt o f a b o d y to a n o t h e r p a r t o f th e s a m e b o d y o r f r o m o n e body to a n o t h e r i n p h y s ic a l co n t a ct wit h i t , wit h o u t a p p re c i a b l e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p a r t i c l e s o f t h e b o d y.

Co n d u ct io n

DALS Conv ec tion tr ans fer o f heat f r o m one point t o another w it h in a f lu id by the m ix in g o f one p o r t io n Of the f lu id w it h another . I n n a t u r a l c onv ec tion, t h e f lu id mo t io n is e n t ir e ly due to differ enc es i n dens ity r e s u lt in g f r o m temper atur e differ enc es ; i n for c ed c onv ec tion, the m o t io n is pr oduc ed by mec hanic al means . a door f o r r e g u la t in g the d r a f t o f a ir a t the fir ebox o r at d if f e r e n t s ec tions o f the flue In a s tov e. a a n i a t u n a n e m a c u r r e n t o f a ir . l was te, m a n u r e .

D amper

Dr aft Dung F ir e b o x F lu e G r ate

c hamber i n w hic h f u e l is bur ned. l o r pas s age way f o r gas es .

f r a m e o f m e t a l bar s o r other m a t e r i a l f o r holding bur ning f u e l. dev ic e f o r g r a d u a lly feeding the f u e l c har ge into the f ir ebox d , e a s i l y c r u m b le d s ur fac e c lay often used f o r s ur fac ing r oads i n t r o p ic a l c ountr ies . a c o mb in a t io n of two Spanis h wor ds to denote an in t im a t e m ix t u r e o f mud and s and. a s m a l l heap made below a pothole f o r d ir e c t in g hot gas es tow ar ds the c ook ing pot. plac ed to one s ide - not c enter ed. t r a n s f e r o f heat f r o m one body to another body not i n c ontac t w it h i t by means Of elec tr omagnetic wav e m o t io n thr ough s pac e. a por t able i r o n s tov e us ed i n India. to bur n, g i v i n g o f f m o r e s mok e than heat. a gradual_ c hange i n the thic k nes s o r w idth o f an o b je c t

Hopper L a t e r it e r

a e

Lor ena

Mound

O ffs et R adiation

Signi Smoulder T aper

T h e r m a l effic ienc y

r a t io o f heat t r a n s f e r r e d to c ook ing pots to the t o t a l c h e m ic a l ener gy c ontent o f the f u e l. a meas ur e o f the a b ilit y o f a m a t e r i a l to r e t a in heat giv en by mas s o f the body it ' s s pec ific heat. a hand tool us ed f o r s pr eading and s moothening.

T h e r ma l Mafia

T r ow el

Vor tex

c ir c u la r a i r c u r r e n t .

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