EMATER-PB EMPRESA D E A S S I S T E N C I A T E C N I C A E E X T E N S A R U R A L P A PA R A I B A A s s o c i a t e d w i t h EMBRATER a n d l i n k e d t o t h e S E C R E TA R I A D E AGRICULTURA E ABASTECIMENTO P A PA R A I B A

REPORT ON A PROJECT T O DISSEMINATE SMOKE-ELIMINATING WOODSTOVES W I T H OVENS IN THE S TAT E O F PA R A I B A , B R A Z I L by FRANCISCO D E SALES MAFALDO P I N T O

Joao Fessoa

A p r i l 1987

INTRODUCTION

T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a SMOKE-ELIMINATING WOODSTOVE WITH A N OVEN t o t h e r u r a l f a m i l i e s o f P a r a i b a , t h e l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f w h o m eat f o o d c o o k e d o n t r a d i t i o n a l woodstoves, b u i l t i n a r u s t i c w a y w i t h o u t any m e c h a n i s m t o p r e v e n t s m o k e p o l l u t i o n i n t h e h o m e . The r e p o r t a l s o s e e k s t o s h o w h o w t h e p r o j e c t i s f u l f i l l i n g t h e n e e d t o improve t h e s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g o f r u r a l f a m i l i e s b y s t i m u l a t i n g t h e rational u s e o f natural, l o c a l resources such a s fuelwood and o t h e r biomass c o m b u s t i b l e s , s o a s t o i n h i b i t i n t e r e s t i n t h e u r b a n h a b i t o f using butane g a s , w h i c h i s a n imported product, expensive and inaccessi b l e t o r u r a l f a m i l i e s w i t h l o w incomes.

A B R I E F GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION O F PA R A I B A , B R A Z I L Paraiba i s a s t a t e l o c a t e d i n map, A n n e x 3 ) . the north-eastern region o f Brazil (see

LATITUDE extreme N 6 0 2 LONGITUDE e x t r e m e E 3 4 4 5 ' 5 4 " ; e x t r e m e W 38 4 5 ' 5 4 " . 1 BOUNDARIES 1 2 " S ; N o r t h : R i o Grande d o N o r t e S t a t e e x t r e m So eu t h : P e r n a m b u c o S t a t e East : A t l a n t i c Ocean S West : C e a r a S t a t e 8 1 9 ' 1 8 " AREA : 5 6 , 3 S . 7 2 k m 2 , i . e . 0 . 6 6 % o f t h e a r e a o f B r a z i l a n d 6% o f t h e a r e a of t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n r e g i o n i n w h i c h Paraiba i s l o c a t e d . RELIEF : 8 2 % o f t h e t e r r i t o r y o f P a r a i b a l i e s b e t w e e n 2 0 0 a n d 8 0 0 m e t r e s above s e a l e v e l , w h i l e 1 8 % l i e s b e l o w 2 0 0 m e t r e s . T h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l p i c t u r e o f t h e s t a t e i s composed o f t h r e e e l e m e n t s : t h e c o a s t a l lowland, t h e u p l a n d o f Borborema a n d t h e w e s t e r n p l a i n , o u t o f w h i c h rises t h e P i c o d o Jabre, t h e highest p o i n t i n t h e s t a t e , reaching a n a l t i t u d e o f 1,090 metres. CLIMATE: P a r a i b a h a s t h r e e c l i m a t i c z o n e s : a h u m i d t r o p i c a l z o n e , w i t h rains i n autumn a n d w i n t e r ; a warm, s e m i - a r i d zone; a n d a t r o p i c a l z o n e w i t h r a i n s i n s u m m e r. TEMPERATURES: T h e a n n u a l a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e i s 2 4 C i n t h e l o w l a n d , 2 2 C i n t h e upland and above 2 6 C on t h e western p l a i n . RAINFALL: T h e a n n u a l a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l i s 1 5 0 0 mm o n t h e c o a s t a l l o w l a n d , f a l l i n g t o 8 0 0 mm a t t h e edge o f t h e Borborema u p l a n d a n d r i s i n g a g a i n t o b e t w e e n 1 0 0 0 a n d 1 4 0 0 mm. VEGETATION : P a r a i b a h a s t h r e e n a t u r a l v e g e t a t i o n z o n e s . O n t h e c o a s t a l lowland a n d t h e s l o p e o f t h e Borborema u p l a n d a p p e a r t r o p i c a l f o r e s t s . I n t h e t r a n s i t i o n zone between t h e t r o p i c a l humid and semi-arid c l i m a t i c zones t h e v e g e t a t i o n i s t y p i c a l o f t h e " a g r e s t e " ( t h e

dry a r e a o f n o r t h - e a s t e r n B r a z i l ) ; i t i s a m i x t u r e o f f o r e s t a n d " c a a tinge" (stunted, sparse f o r e s t ) , w i t h species f r o m both types o f area. Further i n l a n d , " c a a t i n g a " v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r s 85% o f t h e s t a t e ' s a r e a . H o w e v e r, t h e s e n a t u r a l f o r m s o f v e g e t a t i o n h a v e b e e n v e r y m u c h c h a n g e d b y human i n t e r v e n t i o n , n a m e l y t h e c u t t i n g o f t r e e s f o r a v a r i e t y o f d o m e s t i c and i n d u s t r i a l u s e s . HYDROGRAPHY : T h e s t a t e c o n t a i n s t w o w a t e r b a s i n s : t h e r i v e r s w h i c h f l o w eastward f r o m t h e B o r b o r e m a u p l a n d t o d r a i n i n t o t h e Atlantic, a n d t h e upper basin o f t h e r i v e r o f t h e "Piranhas", which d r a i n s t o t h e n o r t h . T h e e a s t e r n r i v e r s a r e p e r i o d i c , a s a r e some o f t h e others; t h e y d r y up a f t e r t h e r a i n y season. A c r o s s t h e s e r i v e r s a r e l a r g e dams w h i c h c r e a t e r e s e r v o i r s o f w a t e r f o r u s e i n t h e d r y s e a s o n s . POPULATION : T h e s t a t e ' s t o t a l population i s 2,772,600 inhabitants (1980). I t s p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y i s 4 9 . 8 i n h a b i t a n t s / km2. Its r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n o f 1,416,382 i n h a b i t a n t s c o n s t i t u t e s 51.1% o f t h e total, w h i l e i t s urban population o f 1,356,218 inhabitants constitutes 48.9% o f t h e t o t a l . T h e r e a r e 1 7 1 m u n i c i p a l d i s t r i c t s .

ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT O F THE S TAT E ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS : T h e t o p o g r a p h y , t e m p e r a t u r e a n d s o i l s o f P a r a i b a State p r o v i d e g o o d c o n d i t i o n s f o r a g r i c u l t u r e and c a t t l e b r e e d i n g . H o w e v e r , t h e l o w a n d v e r y i r r e g u l a r r a i n f a l l l i m i t s the development o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s , c r e a t i n g s o c i o - e c o n o m i c problems f o r the whole p o p u l a t i o n . ECONOMIC A C T I V I T I E S A g r i c u l t u r e a n d C a t t l e Breeding: These a r e t h e m a i n economic a c t i v i t i e s in t h e s t a t e . I n 1980 t h e r e were 167,561 c a t t l e breeding establishments, raising 1,053,894 b u l l o c k s f o r slaughter p l u s 197,368 d a i r y cows; m i l k production was 106,714,000 l i t e r s . T h e main a g r i c u l t u r a l products a r e pineapples, c o t t o n , a r b o r e a l and herbaceous p r o d u c t s , g a r l i c , s u g a r cane, Bahia c o c o n u t s , t a b a c c o , c a s t o r b e a n s a n d o i l , b l a c k p e p p e r s , t o m a t o e s , bananas, g r a p e s a n d s u b s i s t e n c e c r o p s s u c h a s m a n d i o c , c o r n , b e a n s a n d rice. Industry and Trade: I n 1980 t h e t e x t i l e , m e t a l l u r g y and f o o d i n d u s t r i e s comprised 1 7 8 4 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . E x t r a c t i o n o f m i n e r a l s s u c h a s k a o l i n a n d tungsten i s a n i m p o r t a n t a c t i v i t y . T h e r e a r e 18,476 t r a d i n g e s t a b l i s h ments i n t h e s t a t e . I n d u s t r y a n d t r a d e a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e s o f income f o r t h e s t a t e . E v e n s o , i t s p r o g r e s s d e p e n d s a g r e a t d e a l o n t h e federal and s t a t e governments. OTHER FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTE T O THE DEVELOPMENT O F T H E S TAT E : Energy: H y d r o - e l e c t r i c i t y i s t h e p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e o f e n e r g y i n t h e s t a t e . The 1 7 1 c i t i e s a r e a l l s u p p l i e d w i t h e l e c t r i c i t y a n d o f t h e 1 6 7 , 5 6 1 r u r a l p r o p e r t i e s 6 , 6 0 0 h a v e e l e c t r i c i t y . I n 1 9 8 4 P a r a i b a p r o d u c e d 28GWh a n d consumed 8 9 2 G W h . P e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s ( d i e s e l , e t c . ) a r e a l s o u s e d , p r i n c i p a l l y f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i r r i g a t i o n a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h i n e r y. 2

Transportation: I n 1 9 8 4 t h e s t a t e h a d a n e t w o r k o f f e d e r a l highways totalling 1,092 km, s t a t e highways t o t a l l i n g 3,667 k m and municipal d i s t r i c t r o a d s t o t a l l i n g 27,623 km. Communications: T h e p e o p l e o f P a r a i b a a r e w e l l s e r v e d b y 7 9 , 9 3 3 t e l e phones, f i v e r a d i o b r o a d c a s t i n g s t a t i o n s , o n e t e l e v i s i o n p r o d u c t i o n a n d broadcasting s t a t i o n , 4 3 t r a n s m i s s i o n s t a t i o n s a n d s e v e n newspapers. (Figures f o r 1984 - 1986.) Education: 6 5 8 , 6 5 6 p r i m a r y a n d secondary school s t u d e n t s a r e s e r v e d b y 8,554 s c h o o l s , w h i l e 3 4 , 0 3 6 m a t r i c u l a t e d s t u d e n t s a t t e n d 11 i n s t i t u t i o n s of h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n . Health: T h e s t a t e h a s a network o f 789 h o s p i t a l s , w i t h 10,223 beds, a n d 2,868 m e d i c a l d o c t o r s . ( F i g u r e s f o r 1982 - 1 9 8 5 . ) The p r o b l e m s r e l a t e d t o t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s t a t e a r e of a p o l i t i c a l o r d e r, i n t h a t t h e i r s o l u t i o n depends a g r e a t d e a l o n t h e federal and s t a t e governments.

EXTENT O F DEPENDENCE O N WOOD FOR F U E L , AND OTHER SOURCES O F ENERGY Although most urban households use e l e c t r i c i t y and t h e p o o r use kerosene f o r i l l u m i n a t i o n , m a n y households a n d o t h e r consumers, b o t h u r b a n a n d rural, depend o n fuelwood a n d charcoal f o r combustion, a s t h e y a r e cheaper a n d m o r e e a s i l y o b t a i n e d t h a n p e t r o l i u m - d e r i v e d p r o d u c t s . T h e c o s t o f 1 m3 o f f u e l w o o d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 120 c r u z e i r o s a n d t h e c o s t o f 1 kg o f c h a r c o a l i s b e t w e e n 2 a n d 4 c r u z e i r o s ( U S $ 1 . 0 0 = C z $ 4 7 . 1 7 ) . T h e transport o f fuelwood and charcoal i s c a r r i e d o u t b y vans, o v e r distances of 8 0 km, a n d t h e r e f o r e t r a n s p o r t (and t h u s p r o d u c t i o n ) c o s t s a r e r i s i n g . H o w e v e r, i n r u r a l a r e a s f u e l w o o d i s n o t m a r k e t e d , b u t g a t h e r e d . An a l t e r n a t i v e s o u r c e o f e n e r g y t h a t i s p r o d u c e d i n s c a t t e r e d r u r a l locations f o r domestic consumption i s biogas; t h e r e a r e 202 b i o - d i g e s t o r s i n t h e s t a t e , p r o d u c i n g 4 4 6 , 3 2 0 m3 o f b i o g a s p e r y e a r . 1 In 1983 2 , 1 8 6 , 0 5 1 m3 o f fuelwood a n d 40,518,258 k g o f c h a r c o a l were c o n sumed. T h e l a r g e c o n s u m p t i o n o f w o o d f u e l f o r b o t h i n d u s t r i a l a n d d o m e s t i c purposes i s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e d e v a s t a t i o n o f t h e f o r e s t e d a r e a s o f t h e state a n d t h e r e i s now a r e a l s c a r c i t y o f woodfuel n e a r c i t i e s and i n densely populated areas. Other m a j o r c a u s e s o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g d e f o r e s t a t i o n a r e t h e u s e o f wood for c i v i l c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h e f e l l i n g and burning o f f o r e s t s b y c a t t l e breeding e n t e r p r i s e s t o c l e a r l a n d f o r r a n c h i n g . R e f o r e s t a t i o n e f f o r t s lag b e h i n d ; i n 1981 o n l y 428 h e c t a r e s were r e f o r e s t e d . 2

BASIC FOOD AND COOKING H A B I T S AND TRADITIONAL STOVES Basic f o o d h a b i t s a r e t h e same a c r o s s t h e s t a t e . T h r e e m e a l s a r e e a t e n a day a n d t h e m a i n f o o d s t u f f s a r e m a i z e , b e a n s , r i c e , s w e e t p o t a t o e s , cassavas, y a m s , m e a t , f i s h , m i l k a n d e g g s . T h e q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y o f food a v a i l a b l e t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l f a m i l y depends o n s o c i a l c l a s s a n d t h e economic c o n d i t i o n s o f t h a t c l a s s . The m o s t u s u a l t y p e s o f s t o v e s u s e d b y r u r a l f a m i l i e s a r e t h e t h r e e - s t o n e f i r e p l a c e a n d t h e woodstove o n which t h e improved s t o v e t o be described below was b a s e d , t h e m a i n d i f f e r e n c e s b e i n g t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t o v e has o n l y a m e t a l s h e e t a n d a b e n c h .

HISTORY O F THE PROJECT T O DISSEMINATE SMOKE-ELIMINATING WOODSTOVES W I T H OVENS The s m o k e - e l i m i n a t i n g w o o d s t o v e w i t h a n o v e n w h i c h i s b e i n g d i s s e m i n a t e d i n t h i s p r o j e c t i s o n e o f v a r i o u s d e v i c e s c r e a t e d b y ANCAR ( t h e N o r t h eastern Association f o r C r e d i t and Rural Assistance) i n o r d e r t o improve the l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f r u r a l f a m i l i e s . I t w a s d e s i g n e d b y F r a n c i s c o Dias d e Va s c o n c e l o s , a n a r c h i t e c t , t o b e f u e l e f f i c i e n t , c o n v e n i e n t f o r the h o u s e w i f e , s p a c e s a v i n g and easy t o o p e r a t e . I n 1 9 8 3 E M AT E R - P B ( t h e C o r p o r a t i o n o f T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e a n d R u r a l Extension o f P a r a i b a ) a n d LBA ( t h e B r a z i l i a n L e g i o n o f A s s i s t a n c e , a federal government f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e promotion o f s o c i a l w e l f a r e ) agreed to e s t a b l i s h t h e "Necessidades Basicas" ( B a s i c Needs) P r o j e c t , w i t h t h e aim o f b e n e f i t t i n g t e n f a m i l i e s i n e v e r y c o m m u n i t y s e r v e d b y t h e R u r a l Extension S e r v i c e , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e g a r d t o h e a l t h a n d n u t r i t i o n . 3 T h i s m a d e i t p o s s i b l e f o r EMATER-PB t o i n t r o d u c e , a m o n g o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h i s p r o j e c t , t h e dissemination o f improved woodstoves w i t h ovens i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s o f P a r a i b a . ( T h e r e i s n o s p e c i f i c , s e p a r a t e programme for the dissemination o f such stoves.) During t h e p e r i o d 1983 - 1 9 8 6 t h r e e government o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t h e LBA, t h e P r o j e t o S e r t a n e j o ( I n t e r i o r P r o j e c t ) a n d EMBRATER/BIRD ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Bank f o r R e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e n t ) , a l l c o n t r i b u t e d f u n d s f o r t h e dissemination o f t h e woodstoves. F u n d s a l s o came f r o m p r i v a t e s o u r c e s , making i t p o s s i b l e t o c o n s t r u c t a t o t a l o f 4 4 1 i m p r o v e d s t o v e s , a s shown i n Ta b l e 1 b e l o w : Ta b l e I : N u m b e r o f S m o k e - e l i m i n a t i n g W o o d s t o v e s w i t h O v e n s B u i l t b y t h e R u r a l E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e o f EMATER-PB, 1 9 8 3 - 1 9 8 6 Ye a r o f 1 N o . o f Construe- i Stoves tion B u i l t 1983 1984 1985 1986 To t a l 2 8 83 162 168 441 Funding S o u r c e s ( n o . b u i l t w i t h f u n d s f r o m each one private 2 28 98 56 184 L B A 26 53 64 89 232 4 ' i n t e r i o r p r o j . ' E M B R AT E R / B I R D

2 23 2 23

Note: T h e numbers a b o v e r e p r e s e n t o n l y t h o s e s t o v e s b u i l t b y p r o d u c e r s cooperating w i t h t h e R u r a l E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e o f P a r a i b a d u r i n g t h i s period. T h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l number o f s t o v e s recorded a s b u i l t i n 1986 r e f l e c t s a l a c k o f r e c o r d s f o r e v e r y c o m m u n i t y.

This p r o j e c t , b e s i d e s b e n e f i t t i n g t h e f a m i l i e s t a r g e t e d b y t h e B a s i c Needs P r o j e c t , h a s h a d a n i n c r e a s i n g e f f e c t o n t h e r u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t a s well a s o n t h a t o f t h e s m a l l towns, where t h e u s e o f fuelwood a n d charcoal f o r cooking food i s v e r y extensive.

THE GOVERNMENT'S PERCEPTION O F THE PROJECT'S CONTRIBUTION This p r o j e c t t o disseminate improved s t o v e s i s seen b y t h e s t a t e g o v e r n ment a s a m e a n s o f c o n s e r v i n g w o o d f u e l e n e r g y a n d t h u s a s o n e w a y t o reduce t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f w o o d . T h e r e a r e a l s o e x p e c t a t i o n s t h a t i t s development w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s i n a n d a r o u n d p e o p l e ' s homes a n d t h u s t o t h e h e a l t h a n d w e l l - b e i n g of r u r a l f a m i l i e s o n l o w incomes.

PRESENT STATUS O F T H E PROJECT For 1 9 8 7 t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e R u r a l E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e i s t o h a v e 11 9 3 improved w o o d s t o v e s c o n s t r u c t e d . T h e f i n a n c i a l means o f a c h i e v i n g t h i s are n o t y e t a s s u r e d ; a g r e e m e n t s w i t h d o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n s h a v e y e t t o b e concluded a n d t h e B a s i c N e e d s P r o j e c t h a s g o v e r n m e n t a l s u p p o r t b u t l i m i t e d f i n a n c e i a l m e a n s . H o w e v e r , E M AT E R - P B i s i t s e l f a l l o c a t i n g s o m e funds f o r t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t , w h i c h h a s a l r e a d y b e e n o f considerable b e n e f i t t o r u r a l f a m i l i e s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e w i t h l o w incomes. The t y p e o f s t o v e b e i n g d i s s e m i n a t e d i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n A n n e x 1 . N o r m a l l y it has three pot holes, b u t f o r big families four pot holes can be provided a n d t h e dimensions c a n b e augmented. I t h a s a chimney a n d a n oven b u t o t h e r w i s e d o e s n o t d i f f e r g r e a t l y f r o m t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t o v e , s o t h e r e a r e n o d i f f i c u l t i e s i n c o n s t r u c t i n g i t . H o w e v e r, i t m u s t b e b u i l t to standard dimensions, and there are important construction ' d e t a i l s ' t o attend t o i n order t o avoid construction f a u l t s . The s t o v e i s m a d e b y a n a r t i s a n - - a t r a i n e d m a s o n - b r i c k l a y e r - - a n d h i s apprentice, i n t h e o w n e r ' s home. T h e m a t e r i a l s u s e d a r e b r i c k s , s a n d , c l a y, c e m e n t , l i m e , i r o n , a n d s c r a p m e t a l . Some o f t h e s e m a t e r i a l s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r f r e e a n d t h e o t h e r s c a n b e b o u g h t l o c a l l y . T h e t w o men c a n construct o n e s t o v e i n t w o d a y s . T h e masons a r e n o t employed b y t h e extension s e r v i c e , b u t a r e paid b y small-scale r u r a l producers. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 masons a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f i m p r o v e d woodstoves. ( I t i s n o t known h o w many masons a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t r a d i t i o n a l s t o v e s . ) T h e d a i l y payment f o r a mason i s 2 0 0 c r u z e i r o s a n d for h i s assistant 100 cruzeiros. The main production problem i s l a c k o f resources, a s t h e purchasing power o f t h e producers i s v e r y l o w. 5

E a r l i e r t h e c o s t o f a n improved s t o v e ranged f r o m 500 t o 1600 c r u z e i r o s and n o w a d a y s e a c h s t o v e c o s t s b e t w e e n 2 0 0 0 a n d 2 2 5 0 c r u z e i r o s ( a p p r o x i mately USS45), o f w h i c h 6 0 0 i s t h e c o s t o f l a b o u r ( s e e a n n e x 2 ) . T h e stoves a r e a c q u i r e d b y r u r a l f a m i l i e s w i t h t h e h e l p o f s u b s i d i e s (LEA, EMERATER / B I R D ) , b a n k l o a n s a n d t h e r e s o u r c e s o f t h e r u r a l p r o d u c e r . A poor f a m i l y d o e s n o t p a y a l l t h e c o s t s o f a n i m p r o v e d w o o d s t o v e ; t h e f a m i l y members c o n t r i b u t e a p a r t o f t h e c o s t s , s u c h a s l a b o u r a n d some m a t e r i a l s , w h i l e t h e programme s u p p l i e s o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , s u c h a s i r o n , cement, l i m e a n d i r o n s h e e t s . T h e s e a r e b o u g h t b y L E A a n d g i v e n t o t h e p r o d u c e r. B e c a u s e o f t h e s c a r c i t y o f r e s o u r c e s t h e e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e works w i t h p r o d u c e r s w h o c a n t h e m s e l v e s s u p p l y a t l e a s t p a r t o f t h e material, b u t more p e o p l e would b e i n t e r e s t e d i n becoming producers i f a l l t h e m a t e r i a l s were provided. There a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t t r a n s p o r t costs because t h e a m o u n t o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e e d e d i s l i m i t e d a n d b e c a u s e i t i s provided b y t h e extension service. At t h e moment t h e r e i s n o s p e c i f i c programme t o t r a i n m a s o n s / b r i c k l a y e r s and c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s t o b u i l d t h e s e s t o v e s , b u t i n e a c h c o m m u n i t y s e l e c t e d t o b e n e f i t f r o m t h e B a s i c Needs P r o j e c t t h e l o c a l e x t e n s i o n team has t r a i n e d o n e m a s o n t o c o n s t r u c t i m p r o v e d w o o d s t o v e s a n d m o d e l s h a v e been p r o v i d e d t o f a c i l i t a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n . O t h e r s t o v e b u i l d e r s h a v e b e e n trained i n t h e i r l o c a l communities through t h e apprenticeship system described above. I f i t becomes f e a s i b l e t o c o n s t r u c t l a r g e r numbers o f woodstoves, i t w i l l t h e n b e p o s s i b l e t o t r a i n g r o u p s o f m a s o n s / bricklayers. The i m p r o v e d s t o v e i s p r o m o t e d t h r o u g h p r a c t i c a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , e x c u r sions, a n i n f o r m a t i o n d a y, f o l d e r s a n d a model o n e x h i b i t . T h e d e m o n s t r a tions a n d excursions a r e t h e most e f f e c t i v e 'marketing' methods. T h e strongest motivations t o acquire and use t h e stove appear t o be kitchen hygiene, smoke e l i m i n a t i o n a n d f u e l w o o d s a v i n g s . A s w e l l , f o r t h e p o o r f a m i l i e s who a r e g i v e n some o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l f r e e o f c h a r g e that subsidy i s i t s e l f a motivation. The i m p r o v e d s t o v e h a s n o t b e e n t e s t e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y o r u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e f i e l d . H o w e v e r, t h e e x t e n s i o n teams h a v e been i n f o r m e d b y t h e p r o d u c e r s t h a t 3 0 % l e s s w o o d i s b e i n g u s e d . M o r e o v e r, t h e r u r a l f a m i l i e s u s i n g t h e n e w s t o v e t h i n k i t i s s u p e r i o r t o traditional stoves and are generally well satisfied with i t . The only design problem complained o f i s t h a t t h e p o t h o l e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l for l a r g e p o t s and pans. T h e o n l y problems t h a t have occurred i n using the s t o v e h a v e b e e n t h e r e s u l t o f i n c o r r e c t d r a u g h t r e g u l a t i o n , a n unclean c h i m n e y, o r c o n s t r u c t i o n e r r o r s . T h e s t o v e seems t o h a v e a l i f e s p a n o f a t l e a s t f o u r years (some models i n o t h e r s t a t e s have e i g h t year l i f e s p a n s ) , a s a l l t h e s t o v e s c o n s t r u c t e d a r e s t i l l i n use and t h e r e are n o m a i n t a i n a n c e p r o b l e m s . O w n e r s a p p r e c i a t e t h e i m p r o v e d w o o d s t o v e p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h e way i t improves k i t c h e n hygiene, saves fuelwood and is easy f o r t h e housewife t o use.

There i s a t p r e s e n t n o i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h i s s t o v e d i s s e m i n a t i o n p r o j e c t w i t h o t h e r b i o m a s s , b i o g a s o r r e f o r e s t a t i o n programmes. B u t i n 1 9 8 7 / 8 8 the I n t e g r a t e d E n e r g y S y s t e m w i l l b e i n t r o d u c e d , a l s o w i t h t h e h e l p o f EMBRATER a m d t h e M i n i s t r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e .

THE FUTURE In o r d e r t o have a s i g n i f i c a n t impact a t t h e s t a t e l e v e l , i t i s estimated that 3 , 0 0 0 s t o v e s s h o u l d b e b u i l t d u r i n g 1987-88; t h a t number r e p r e s e n t s 10% o f t h e f a m i l i e s s e r v e d b y EMATER-PB. B y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15,000 s t o v e s s h o u l d b e b u i l t , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 5 0 % o f t h e f a m i l i e s served. The m a j o r p r o b l e m s l y i n g i n t h e w a y o f t h a t g o a l a r e t h e l a c k o f i n s t i t u tional i n t e g r a t i o n needed t o o b t a i n m a t e r i a l and f i n a n c i a l support and the l a c k o f a r t i s a n s w i t h t h e s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s needed. For a b e t t e r p r o j e c t development a s p e c i f i c woodstoves p r o j e c t s h o u l d b e developed, d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h c o u l d p r o v i d e immediate support t o t h i s i m p o r t a n t s o c i a l programme f o r t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n . The m o s t i m p o r t a n t g u i d e l i n e w h i c h c a n b e o f f e r e d h e r e dissemination e f f o r t s i s t o plan such e f f o r t s c a r e f u l l y. f o r future

CONCLUSION One m a y c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e P r o j e c t t o D i s s e m i n a t e W o o d s t o v e s w i t h C h i m n e y s and O v e n s h a s p r a c t i c a l v a l u e i n t h e r u r a l z o n e , i n e c o n o m i c t e r m s a s well a s i n terms o f t h e h e a l t h and well-being o f r u r a l f a m i l i e s . Nevert h e l e s s , i t m u s t b e s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e l a c k o f r e s o u r c e s makes d i s s e m i n a tion d i f f i c u l t , e s p e c i a l l y i n regions o f t h e s t a t e where t h e purchasing power o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s v e r y l o w .

NOTES 1. T h e r e i s a p r o j e c t t o d i s s e m i n a t e b i o - d i g e s t o r s , b e i n g i m p l e m e n t e d by EMATER-PB w i t h c r e d i t f r o m t h e o f f i c i a l b a n k s . 2. T h e r e i s a n i s o l a t e d p r o g r a m m e o f r e f o r e s t a t i o n i n t h e s t a t e , i m p l e m e n t e d b y EMATER-PB w i t h f u n d s f r o m SUDENE ( S u p e r i n t e n c y f o r the Development o f N o r t h e a s t e r n B r a z i l ) a n d t h e M i n i s t r y o f Agriculture. 3. S e l e c t i o n o f families t o be benficiaries o f t h e "Basic Needs"

P r o j e c t : EMATER-PM h a s a c e n t r a l o f f i c e , 1 0 r e g i o n a l o f f i c e s a n d 1 3 0 local o f f i c e s , e a c h o f w h i c h h a s a t e a m t o develop extension a c t i v i t i e s . I n each region f i v e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s were selected and i n each m u n i c i p a l i t y o n e c o m m u n i t y w a s s e l e c t e d f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e p r o j e c t . T h e l o c a l e x t e n s i o n team meets p r o s p e c t i v e f a m i l i e s i n t h e community t o i n f o r m t h e m a b o u t t h e p r o j e c t a n d f a m i l i e s who c o m p l e t e the ' r e q u i r e m e n t ' f o r m s o f t h e p r o j e c t a r e s e l e c t e d .

I S I L I O G R A F 1 A

ALMANAOUE A B R I L 1 9 8 4 . S a o P a u l o , A b r i l , 1 9 8 4 . ALMANAQUE ABR1L - 1 9 8 7 . S a o P a u l o , A b r i l , 1 9 8 7 . ANUARIO e s t a t I s t i c o c l a P a r a i b a , 1 - 1 9 8 4 . J o a o P e s s o a , F u n d a c a o Institut d e r, i a d e [ s t a t i s t l e a e I n f o r m a t i c a . v . I 2 . P l a n e j a m BRAStL. e n tM oinister . n e j a m e n t o A g r i c o l a . A p t i d a o a g r I c o l a d a s t e r r a s d a P a r a i b a . d a i o Bras d a I I a ,r B I N A G R 1 , 1 9 7 8 . 9 2 p . ( E s t u d o s B a s i c o s p a r a o p r a P a A gn r i c n tb u l gricola; Aptida e j a m o a a i e t u -ar a . S o c r Ir c o BRASIL. L el v a n t a m e n t o e x p l o r a t r i o -- r e c o n h e c i m e n t o d e g - e a SUDENE. e s t a r d ss t a d o d a P a r a i b a ; I n t e r p r e t a c a o p a r a u s o a g r I c o l a o l o s ad F I o E 0 dos tP e r r Ea , Paraiba. Recife, 1972. 683p. s oL l o s , do s t a dso d a N 3 a c . A N ) i o n ENC1CLOPEDIA M1RADOR INTERNACIONAL. S o P a u l o , E n c y c l o p a e d i a . a B r il t a n o nica do B r a s i l . 1976. v. 1 6 . C d o r e d ENC1CLOPEDIA e GRANDE D E LTA LAROUSSE. R i o d e J a n e i r o , D e l t a , P c1977, v . 1 1 . n a l d o a PARAIBA. S e c r e t a r i a d a I n c l j A s t r i a e d o C o m e r c i o d o E s t a d o d a P a roIba. Cadastro Comerc P - es , ial d o o E a ,s t a VESENTINI, J od s eo 1 d a do B r a s i l . S a o P a u l o , A t i c a , 1 9 8 5 . 2 7 2 p . . P r a i b _ W9 i l l ia a m . 8 a B r a s i l 2 s o c i e . 1 9 8 d a d e . e 2 8 J e s po a c a 8 oo p ; g . e o g r a f i a 8

Annex 1

A STOVE W I T H A N OVEN AND WITHOUT SMOKE

INTRODUCTION A good s t o v e makes w o r k i n g i n t h e k i t c h e n a p l e a s u r e . Because i t d o e s n ' t produce smoke t h e r e i s much l e s s c l e a n i n g t o d o and t h e r e a r e n o problems w i t h t h e e y e s . A g o o d s t o v e r e q u i r e s l e s s f u e l a n d makes t h e h o u s e w i f e ' s work e a s i e r . There a r e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f s t o v e , a l l g o o d . I t i s the control o f the draught w h i c h determines t h e success o r f a i l u r e o f a s t o v e . T h e r e a r e three important f a c t o r s which determine c o n t r o l o f t h e draught. 1. T h e w i d t h a n d h e i g h t o f t h e s t o v e p i p e . T h e i n s i d e o p e n i n g m u s t b e at l e a s t 2 0 cm x 20 cm. T h e chimney s h a f t has t o be h i g h e r t h a n t h e most e l e v a t e d p a r t o f t h e b u i l d i n g o r o f a n y a d j o i n i n g s t r u c t u r e . I f the c h i m n e y - s h a f t i s t o o l o w , a w i n d w i l l b l o w t h e smoke b a c k down into the kitchen. 2. T h e d r a u g h t c o n t r o l m e c h a n i s m i n t h e c h i m n e y - s h a f t . A m e t a l p l a t e inserted i n t o t h e s h a f t c a n help t o control t h e f l o w o f a i r t h a t w i l l d e t e r m i n e t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e f l a m e s a n d h e a t . T h i s mechanism w i l l assure t h e housewife o f a r e g u l a r flame, whatever t h e wind and weather outside. 3. A door i n f r o n t o f the stove influences draught, preventing t h e escape o f smoke i n t o t h e r o o m a n d d e c r e a s i n g t h e a m o u n t o f f u e l w o o d used.

The s t o v e w e p r e s e n t h e r e p o s s e s s e s a l l t h e s e f e a t u r e s a n d h a s b e e n u s e d w i t h s u c c e s s . I t h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d b y F r a n c i s c o D i a s Va s c o n c e l o s o f ANCAR i n C e a r a . T h e s e i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d p l a n s h a v e b e e n t a k e n f r o m h i s brochure, " S t o v e w i t h a n oven and w i t h o u t smoke" a n d h i s " P l a n , s e c t i o n and d e t a i l : s t o v e w i t h o v e n . " T h i s s t o v e h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d t o b e e c o n o m i c , t o h a v e d i m e n s i o n s t h a t make i t comfortable t o use, t o take up l i t t l e space, and t o be simple and easy to o p e r a t e . I t c o n t a i n s , b e s i d e s t h e o v e n , a s t o r a g e space f o r wood, a n ash b i n a n d a mechanism t o r e g u l a t e t h e d r a u g h t , a n i n d i s p e n s i b l e e l e m e n t for i t s proper functioning. The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s t o v e i s v e r y e a s y a n d i n e x p e n s i v e , w i t h i n t h e reach o f e v e r y o n e . A l l t h e m a t e r i a l s needed a r e a v a i l a b l e i n a n y r u r a l area, e x c e p t t h e m e t a l p l a t e , w h i c h i s sometimes removed f r o m t h e o w n e r ' s old s t o v e . T h e oven i s j u s t a kerosene can o r o i l can w i t h a hinge l i d . The d r a u g h t r e g u l a t o r i s a n i r o n p l a t e o r a f a i r l y s t i f f s h e e t o f t i n o r z i n c , r e c t a n g u l a r i n shape and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 cm x 35 cm.

CONSTRUCTION OF T H E STOVE

Position o f t h e Stove The f i r s t s t e p i s t o d e c i d e w h e r e t o p l a c e t h e s t o v e i n t h e k i t c h e n . T h i s must b e c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d i n o r d e r t o a v o i d f u t u r e d a m a g e . A l w a y s place i t n e x t t o an external w a l l , n o t a w a l l separating t h e k i t c h e n from other rooms i n t h e house; s u c h a n i n t e r n a l w a l l might g e t over-heated. Also, choose a p o s i t i o n where i t w i l l b e easy t o c u t a h o l e i n t h e r o o f f o r t h e c h i m n e y. F i n a l l y , make s u r e t h e r e w i l l b e e n o u g h s p a c e t o t h e l e f t o f t h e s t o v e f o r l o a d i n g wood, removing t h e a s h b i n and u s i n g t h e oven. Construction o f the Stove The s t o v e ' s m e a s u r e m e n t s s h o u l d c o r r e s p o n d t o t h o s e o n t h e p l a n , a l t h o u g h some m o d i f i c a t i o n s a r e p o s s i b l e : 1. T h e l e n g t h m a y v a r y , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e s i z e o f t h e m e t a l p l a t e . See f i g u r e A . 1 - - - - 0 , 55 0 , 70 - - - t - 0 , 35 m

1
I.

Fig. A
2. T h e h e i g h t o f t h e s t o v e h a s t o b e s u c h t h a t t h e h o u s e w i f e w i l l b e comfortable when cooking. L i k e w i s e , t h e h e i g h t a t w h i c h t h e d r a u g h t r e g u l a t o r i s p l a c e d s h o u l d make i t e a s y t o a d j u s t . S e e f i g u r e B .

_ I L
Nri

DRAW REGULATOR

Fig. 13

10

The i r o n r o d s o f t h e a s h p l a t e m u s t b e p l a c e d c l o s e e n o u g h t o g e t h e r t o prevent b u r n i n g c o a l s f r o m f a l l i n g t h r o u g h i t and t o prevent heat l o s s . The d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n e a c h r o d s h o u l d b e a b o u t 1 . 5 c m . S e e f i g u r e C .

orxect Fig. c

Wrong

Fig. C

The a s h b i n e n t r a n c e m u s t a l w a y s b e k e p t c l o s e d t o a v o i d t h e f l o w o f a i r in and o u t and even t h e l o s s o f heat.

The o p e n i n g u n d e r t h e t h r e e p o t h o l e s , w h e r e t h e f i r e i s l a i d , m u s t b e a s wide a s t h e i r o n p l a t e w i l l a l l o w , a n d t h e h e i g h t o f t h e o p e n i n g s h o u l d be a s s h o w n i n f i g u r e D .

THIS O P E N I N G AS P O S S I B L E 1 1 1 1 "11.1"11 1111k141111111111111111111111114CopopCMM U S TBE AS WIDE

Fig. D
The i r o n p l a t e m u s t b e s l i g h t l y i n c l i n e d , t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e e x i t o f t h e smoke t h r o u g h t h e c h i m n e y s h a f t . W h i l e t h e s t o v e i s i n u s e t h e p o t h o l e s which a r e n o t b e i n g u s e d s h o u l d b e covered t o a v o i d t h e escape o f h e a t and s m o k e .

1 1

The p o s i t i o n o f t h e o v e n s h o u l d b e s u c h t h a t t h e h o t a i r f r o m t h e f i r e i n the s t o v e c a n c i r c u l a t e a r o u n d t h e t i n , h e a t i n g e v e r y p a r t o f i t e q u a l l y. See f i g u r e E .

A v e r y i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e s t o v e i s t h e c h i m n e y. I t m u s t b e v e r y w i d e , a t l e a s t 2 0 cm x 2 0 cm, a n d i t must b e t a l l e r t h a n the r i d g e o f t h e r o o f o f t h e house. T h e t o p o f t h e chimney s h a f t must b e proected f r o m r a i n . S e e f i g u r e F.

CH ILINEY

Fig

12

STOVE CONSTRUCTION BUDGET To c a l c u l a t e t h e c o s t o f t h e s t o v e , t h e c u r r e n t p r i c e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l s and l a b o u r n e e d e d f o r i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d b e c h e c k e d . Unit quantity 320 b r l s c M a t e r i a l s i i a l c m n a k e d y wood ( l o g s ) s C o s t T C o o t s a t l

2 tins 10 t i n s 9 tins 5 meters

c y l i n d r i c a l iron p l a t e

2 1

l e

i m

d p

s t

, y

f o r ash bin kerosene t i n , f o r oven r o d s , 3/16ff d i a m e t e r, for ash bin grate ( t o regualte draught) r r of bricklayer of apprentice

3 meters

l l l

a a a b b

t o o

e u u

2 days 2 days

TOTAL COST

Note:

M a n y o f these materials can e a s i l y be found i n r u r a l areas. A stove b u i l t i n Ceara, i n March 1962, c o s t 2,246 C r u z e i r o s .

13

%,........,

S T A G E S O F C O N S R T U C O I T N

. . . 0 C77 , , , _ _ . , - ' : . . , : , _ , ' -

T , - ; - tr) - <: _ , _ _,., .. :7 --0z ,,,,___,.---,.._, --,---, .. " -, _ .-, Z P , , , . ,, . 4 . . ,. .S I C. : - . , t . ,, 1 ,1 0

r-/ 1

0 [-L4

Z 12-1

\ - 1 - 1 1

kL4!

i s I ( I

' 11 1 7 7 1 1 1

I (It

14

0, 16 0,05 0,20 0,14 TIN ( O V E N )

' 55

THICK W I R E L E A D E D ON MASONRY

Z I N C P L AT E r T O COVER ENTRANCE

I;
,

N-0, 24,

4 t h S T A G E

N
ASH B I N

vo t 3 5 /
0 , I S

!! 0,12

SPACE F O R ABOVE A N D

C I R C U L AT I O N O F A I R AT T H E S I D E O F T H E O V E N

SPACE F O R C I R C U L AT I O N O F A I R BEHIND T H E OVEN

0, 7 0

C I , 3 5 1

/ FIREWOOD STORAGE S t h S T A

15

16'

CONTROL O F TEMPERATURE OR DRAW

1
CYLINDRICAL WOOD ( L O G ) !

E i _1 1 ! [
Fit
1

1
S A O S I2 1 O J N O D L I H S

t_

1 1
1 1

L
IL ] [ 1 1 _ E.771 _ 11 El 11111 =111

STORAGE FOR WOOD L T i F

J r

1, 60

4-0, 16 i--- 0, 25

0 ,

15 1-0, 15

0, 70

35

17

STOVE CONSTRUCTION BUDGET

MATERIALS

UNIT Q U A N T I T Y

C O S T (Cruzeiros)

Brick with 6 holes o r solid Sand Clay t t i i e e n n a a

e a c h

3 1 1

5 2 0

7 1 1 1 1 1

0 2 2 0 9 6

0 0 0 0 0 0

, , , , , ,

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

C y l i n d r i c r a f t e r 80 cm C y l i n d r i c r a f t e r 65 cm

c c

h h

0 0 0

9 9 1

Iron p l a t e w i t h 3 openings Kerosene-can o r s i m i l a r o f zinc e a c

e a c h

h K g 1

0 /

1 2

1 1

0 8

0 ,

0 0

0 0

Iron 3/16" f o r ash-place Lid ( f o r ash-place and opening) e a Heat r e g u l a t o r p l a t e . 1 0 , 0 Cement K Lime b a g ( 1 0 K g ) Bricklayer C e e 0 g a z

c a c

h h

0 0 1 1

5 0 2

5 6

0 0

, ,

0 0

0 0

$ 200/day Cz $ 100/day

days

4 0 0 , 0 0

Apprentice

days

2 0 0 , 0 0

TOTAL

NOTE: We n e e d a p i p e o f s h e e t t i n f o r t h e c h i m n e y , 0 . 2 5 c m i n d i a m e t e r , t h e l e n g t h o f w h i c h depends o n t h e h e i g h t o f t h e h o u s e , i t o u g h t t o h a v e some protection on t o p t o prevent t h e entrance o f r a i n w a t e r. The chimney pipe c o u l d a l s o b e made o f g l a z e d c l a y .

18

Annex 3 eastern p a r t o f t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n r e g i o n of B r a z i l , between t h e p a r a l l e l s 6 2 1 2 " a n d 8 1 9 ' 1 8 " o f l a t i t u d e s o u t h of t h e e q u a t o r a n d b e t w e e n t h e meridians 3 4 4 5 l o n g i t u d e w e s t o f G r e e n w i c h . T h e 1s t a t e has a t o t a l a r e a o f 5 6 , 3 7 2 k m 2 ; dd e d i n t h e P o l y g o n o f t h e 97.78% o f t h a t a r e a , i . e . 5 5 , 1 1 9 k5 m42 " , i sa i n c l u 6.88% o f the t o t a l area of the 3 4 "Secas" ( t h e d r o u g h t a r e a ) a n d r e p r e s e n t s P o l y g o n . T h e m a p b e l o w s h o w s t h e p4 o s i t5i o n ' o f4 P a r a i b a S t a t e ( t h e d a r k e n e d area) i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r e s t o f B r 5a z i"l . o f Paraiba S t a t e i s s i t u a t e d i n t h e

19

Annex 4
_ 4

_,---, J - 4 - - - - ' 7 , , -0
I 7 _ _ _ _ _ . . , ; 3 1 . ; 7 ' ,

k;' - ' 7 ) c ' " ! -

_ , -- T ..a. .. ,.. _,

'

. -

. .a -,,,, , : ,,p i 1
' ' ( , . , - - - . - --' i
r P ;

,1

_ )

*-\,,
-,. ,--.,

z ! , \ '

k ;

.
. . r

N. - ) - ,
;

20