ANIMAL KINGDOM

Define Symmetry and mention its major types. Symmetry refers to the similarity to the arrangement of parts on the opposite sides of the body which make possibility to cut the body into two similar halves by one or more planes. Major types of symmetry : i) Spherical Symmetry divides the body into similar halves by any plane passing through the centre. So, here the sides of the body of an animal is indistinguishable. e.g. very rare in animals, found in Volvox, Radiolaria etc. ii) Radial Symmetry body can be divided into equal halves by any plane passing through the centre from top to bottom. This symmetry permits the animal to detect food or danger approaching from any side towards the body. e.g. Hydra sp., Jelly Fish etc. Oral side bears mouth and aboral side is opposite to the mouth. iii) Biradial Symmetry the body can be cut into two similar halves by one or two vertical planes only. e.g. Sea anemones, Sea walnuts etc. Such animals also having oral-aboral side. iv) Bilateral Symmetry In all vertebrates & most invertebrates the cheif organs of the body are paired & are arrangedon the sides of central axis connecting the head with the tail. So, the body can be divided into two similar halves by a single plane only such type of symmetry is called Bilateral Symmetry. This symmetry allows an animal to have more streamline shape of the body. Define Poikilothermic and Homeothermic Animal. Poikilothermic do not keep their body temperature constant. Often called as ectothermic or cold blooded animal also. e.g.- invertebrates, fish, amphibians & reptiles. Homeothermic the animal whose body temperature is independent of that of their external environment i.e., can maintain constant body temperature what ever may be the environmental temperature is called Homeothermic or endothermic or worm blooded animal. e.g.- birds & mammals. What is Mesozoa, Parazoa and Enterozoa? Depending on tissue grade organisation animal world divided into two category : Protozoa defined as single-celled, eukaryotic organisms, that feed heterotrophically and exhibit diverse motility mechanisms. Metazoa In contrast, multicellular eukaryotes divided into three branches : Mesozoa, Parazoa and Eumatozoa or Enterozoa. i) Mesozoa are minute ciliated worm like animals without any tissue differentiation. ii) Parazoa are those animals that for the most part lack a definite symmetry and posses neither tissue nor organs. e.g.- Porifera. iii) Eumatozoa / Enterozoa are those animals that have a definite shape and symmetry and in most cases tissues organized into organs and organ systems. e.g. Cnidarian to Chordates. What is Diploblastic & Triploblastic? (a) Diploblastic Animal means animals having two germ layers outer Ectoderm and inner Endoderm. In between these two layers jelly like Mesoglea layer may present. e.g. Porifera, Cnidaria and Ctenophora. (b) Triploblastic Animal means animals having three germ layers at the time of gastrulation in a developing embryo outer Ectoderm, inner Endoderm and in between Mesoderm layer. e.g. Platyhelminthes to Chordata. Phylum : Protozoa [(Protos) _ First, SZoon) _ (Zoa) _ Animal] [Approx. more than 65,000 species are present within this phylum] Characteristic features : (i) Microscopic, Unicellular body which can perform all biological activities. (ii) Nacked, may be covered by Pelicle, Uninucleated (some have many nuclei : e.g.- Paramoecium). (iii) Locomotion by means of Pseudopodia / Flagella _ Cilia [ Sporozoans have no locomotory structure]. (iv) Intracellular digestion within food vacuoles. Nutrition Holozoic/ Holophytic/ Saprozoic/ Parasitic type. (v) Reproduction cheifly by Binary Fission or, may be by Multiple Fission, Conjugation, Budding. Example Amoeba proteus, Paramoecium sp., Euglena sp., Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax, Monocystis sp.,Tryponosoma gambiensi. Scientist Levine & his co-workers S1980) consider the Phylum Protozoa Sub-kingdom Protozoa. Phylum : Porifera [Porus _ Pores, Ferre _ To carry] Salient Features : (i) Body is perforated by a number of pores called Ostia where as a sigle large aperture present at the top of the body is called Osculum. (ii) Flagellated Choanocyte cells are present which control the water current through the canals of the body (iii) Multicellular Diploblastic, but devoid of any Tissue system. (iv) Endoskeleton is formed by different shaped Spicules or Spongins. (v) Presence of very peculiar Canal System through which water current flows and conveys food & oxygen. Example Sycon sp., Spongilla sp. [Fresh water sponge] Euplectella sp. [Flower basket of Venus], Euspongia sp. [Bath Sponge], Poterion sp. [Neptune's Cup] Some specialized cells like Pinacocyte, Porocyte, Choanocyte, Archeocyte, Amoebocyte, Desmocyte, Myocyte etc. are found in the Phylum Porifera Phylum : Cnidaria [Cnide _ Spine] Salient Features : (i) Diploblastic outer Ectoderm and inner Endoderm and in between them acellular jelly like Mesoglea layer is present. (ii) Body bears Cnidoblast cells surrounding the base of tentacles in which Nematocysts are present, help in body defence mechanism. [so, the name of this phylum is Cnidaria]. (iii) Single gastrovascular cavity present called Coelenteron [so, previously called Coelenterata]. (iv) Coelenteron opens to the exterior by a single apperture acts as both mouth & anus. (v) Alternation of generation i.e., Metagenesis is found in their life history. Asexual stage (2n) is called Polyp and sexual phase (n) is known as Medusa. (vi) Polymorphism, i.e., morphological variability in a same colony according to division of labour is observed [especially in the order 'Siphonophora']. Example Hydra viridis (Sea snake), Obelia sp. (Sea fur), Aurelia sp.(Jelly fish) Physalia sp.(Portugese Man of War), Pennatula sp.(Sea pen), Gorgonia sp.(Sea-fan), Alcyonium sp.(Dead Man's finger), Metridium sp. (Sea anemon), Velella sp. (Sea cell), Corallium rubrum (Sea coral), Charybdaea sp. (Sea wasp). Phylum : Ctenophora [Ctenos Comb Ferre To carry] [Smallest Phylum Only 81 species are living] Salient Features :

(i) Presence of 8 equidistant meridional rows of ciliary or comb plates [hence, the phylum is known as Ctenophora]. (ii) Coloblasts or Lasso cells are present at the base of tentacles [in contrast to cnidoblast cells of Cnidarians]. (iii) A gelatinous ectomesoderm containing loosely bound mesenchymal muscle cells present in between ecto- & endo derm layer. Porifera 1. Numerous ostia present at body wall, large outlet on the top is called osculum. .2. Flagellated choanocyte cells present. Spicules & Spongins are present as endoskeleton 3. Diploblastic, multicellular body devoid of any tissue. 4. Canal system present which help in circulation of food & O2 Cnidaria 1. Single gastrovascular cavity or coelenteron present in the body. 2. Nematocyst present within Cnidoblast cells help in body defence, encircling the base of tentacles. 3. Acellular, gelatenous mesoglea layer present in between ecto- & endo-derm 4. Specific circulatory system absent.

(iv) A very specialised aboral sensory organ Lithocyst (Statocyst) present, act as an organ of equilibrium. Tentacles are generally absent but if present only two in number. Example Hormiphora sp.(Comb jelly), Beroe sp.(Sea jelly), Cestrum sp.(Venus Belt), Pleurobranchia sp.(Sea walnut). Cnidaria 1. Nematocyst present within Cnidoblast cells help in body defence 2. Mouth is encircled by numerous long tentacles. 3. Asexual polyp and sexual medusa stage found in the life history 4. Acellular, gelatenous mesoglea layer present in between ecto- & endoderm Ctenophora 1. Presence of Coloblast or Lasso cells (defencing cell) and Statocyst (sense organ). 2. Tentacles absent or if present only two in number

e.g. Sycon sp. e.g. Obelia sp. Phylum : Platyhelminthes [Platy Flat Helminthes Worm] Salient Features : (i) Triploblastic, dorso-ventrally flattened, bilaterally symmetrical. (ii) Body have false segmentation, acoelomate, internal body cavity filled up by parenchymatous tissue. (iii) Incomplete digestive tract, highly branched, anus absent. Devoid of circulatory and respiratory system. Excretory organ by means of Flame cell, Nervous system _ ladder like. (iv) To anchoring the host body distinct hooks and suckers are present at the anterior end of the body. Mostly monoecious (bisexual or hermaphrodite). Example Fasciola hepatica SLiver Fluke/ Taenia solium (Tapeworm of Pig), Taenia saginata, Echinococcus granulosus Shistosoma haematobium (Blood worm of Man). Phylum : Aschelminthes / Nemathelminthes [Asch Round, helminthes Worm] Salient Features : (i) Body unsegmented, round in cross section, triploblastic but pseudo-coelomate. (ii) Body is covered by soft cuticle, alimentary tract straight, both mouth and anus present which opens to the exterior at opposite end of the body. (iii) Excretion by means of one pair of lateral excretory duct. (iv) Mostly dioecious (sexes are separate); Circulatory & respiratory system absent. Example - Ascaris lumbricoides (Round worm of Man) Ancylostoma duodenale (Hook worm) Wuchereria bancrofti(Filarial worm). Define coelome. Mention its types. The fluid filled internal body cavity lined by peritonial membrane derived from mesoderm is called coelome. Coelome separates the digestive tract from the outer wall of the body. The external somatic layer of mesoderm which is adjucent to the ectoderm is known as Somatopleure whereas visceral layer adjucent to endoderm form

3. Only medusa stage present. Eight equidistant meridional comb plate present. 4. A gelatinous ectomesoderm containing loosely bound mesenchymal muscle cells. present in between ecto- & endo-derm layer. e.g. Obelia sp. e.g. Beroe sp. Splanchnopleure. The membrane is derived from the mesoderm which surrounds the coelome is known as Peritonium and the fluid present in the cavity is called Coelomic Fluid. According to the presence of coelome entire animal world broadly divided into 3 divisions : (i) Acoelomate means without body cavity which is due to failure of mesoderm to cavitate during embryogeny, so no coelome and no peritonium. The space between digestive tract & outer wall (i.e., in between gastrodermis & epidermis) is filled by Parenchyma cells. Example : Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora & Platyhelminthes. (ii) Pseudocoelomate means presence of coelome that develops from the blastocoel during embryogenesis but not lined by mesoderm, so presence of coelome but no peritonium. Example : Aschelminthes. (iii) Eucoelomate/ True-coelomate means presence of coelome lined by peritonium derived from mesoderm layer, resulting in "Tubewithin-Tube" design. Example : Annelida to Chordata. According to developmental patter True Coelome is of two types : (a) Enterocoelic coelom during development mesodermal pouches or hollow outgrowths develop from embryonic gut wall or enteron (archenteron) and later joins together to form true coelome. Example : Echinodermata & Chordata. (b) Schizocoelic coelom mesoderm layer separates as like as cord or sheet and then split that cord longitudinally to form coelome. Example : Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca. What is Protostomia and Deuterostomia? Due to embryonic development whole animal kingdom divided into two parts : i) Protostomia that means blastopore of the developing embryo form mouth aperture in adult. Example : Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca. ii) Deuterostomia means blastopore develop the anus first whereas mouth aperture develop secondarily in later stage of development. Example : Echinodermata and Chordata. Phylum : Annelida [Annules Ring] Salient Features :

(i) The whole body consists of numerous annular segments or somites or metameres that means similar segmentation occur from both outside as well inner side (ii) Chitinless body is covered by soft cuticle, first eucoelomate phyla (iii) Closed blood vascular system, respiratory pigment haemoglobin dissolve in blood plasma. (iv) Excretory organ Nephridia, Locomotory organ unjointed Seta or Parapodia. Example Pheretima sp.(Earthworm), Herudinaria sp.SLeech/, Nereis sp. (Sea-worm), Aphrodite sp. (Sea-rat/ Sea mouse), Chaetopterus sp. Amphitrite sp., Sabella sp., Polygordius sp. etc. What is Metamere? Linear repetition of the similar body segment is known as segmentation and each segment of such type of body plan is called Metamere or Metameric Segment. If all segments of the body are similar type called Homogenous Metamerism. e.g.- Earthworm, Leech etc. Phylum :Arthropoda [Arthros Jointed Podos Leg.] [As far as number of species concern, it is the biggest animal phylum and number of species may not be discovered still today] Salient Features : (i) Externally segmentd body bear generally a pair of externally jointed appendages. (ii) Body is covered by hard, chitinous exoskeleton. Presence of compound eye in most orders. [exception animals of order Arachnida (Spider) have simple eye]. (iii) Open blood vascular system, haemocoel present, respiratory pigment haemocyanin dissolve in plasma]. (iv) Excretory organ malphigian corpuscle (insect), Green gland or Antennary Gland (Prawn/ Crustaceans), or Perineal gland (another Arthropodes). Respiratory organ Gill / Book Gill / Book lung / Trachea etc. Example Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Prawn), Periplanata americana (Cockroach), Bombyx mori (Silk worm), Culex sp., ) Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes 1. Leaf like body, dorsoventrally 1. Unsegmented body, tube flattened, billateral like, round in cross section, symmetry, false segmented tappered at both end. 2. Acelomate, body cavity filled 2. Pseudocoelomate, filled by by parenchymatous tissue. pseudocoelomic fluid. 3. Alimentary tract incomplete, highly branched, closed type, anus absent. 4. Most animals are hermaphrodite, excretion by means of flame cells. e.g. Fasciola hepatica Mollusca 1. Soft body covered by thin mantle membrane, mostly have calcarious shell. 3. Digestive tract straight, having both mouth & anus which opens at opposite end of the body. 4. Sexes are separate, sexual dimorphism present, excretion done by one pair of lateral ducts. e.g. Ascaris sp. Echinodermata 1. Body covered by rough spines or osicles made up of CaCO3.

Euparagus sp. (Monk crab), Musca domestica (House fly), Pycnogonum sp. (Sea spider), Lepisma sp. (Silver fish), Astacus sp. (Cray fish). Phylum : Mollusca [Mollis Soft] Salient Features : (i) Unsegmented, delicate, soft body or visceral mass is covered by mantle membrane. (ii) Presence of ventral muscular foot. (iii) Most of the animal have external hard shell composed of CaCO3 [exception: Octopus, Loligo, Sepia etc. have internal shell]. (iv) Respiration by means of Ctenidia or pulmonary sac; Haemocoel present; Circulatory system open type; excretory system one pair of metanephridia, known as "Organ of Bojanus". Example Pila globosa (Apple Snail) Achatina fulica (Tree snail/ Unio marginalis (Fresh water mussle/ Pinctada fucata (Pearl oyster/ Octopus vulgaris (Devil fish), Sepia sp. (Cuttle fish), Aplysia sp. (Sea hare), Doris sp. (Sea Lemon), Mytilus sp. (Sea mussle), Loligo sp. (Sea arrow), Eolis sp. (Sea slug), Cavolina sp. (Sea butterfly). Phylum : Echinodermata [Echinos Spine dermis Skin][All species are marine] Salient Features : (i) Body exhibit radial symmetry, most of the animal divided into oral-aboral axis and into five equal halves from central axis of the body; distinct head is absent. (ii) Body is covered by numerous spines or oscicles made up of CaCO3. [hence the name of this phylum is known as Echinodermata]. (iii) Five equidistant ambulacral groove present. (iv) Very peculiar water vascular system (alternative to circulatory system) present; Locomotory organ tube feet. Example -Asterias rubens (Star-fish), Echinus sp.(Sea-urchin), Crinoidea sp.SSea-Lily), Cucumeria sp.(Sea-cucumber), Antedon sp.(Sea-feather

Annelida 1. Body metamerically segmented, having numerous rings. 2. Body covered by soft cuticle, true coelome present. 3. Closed blood vascular system, respiratory pigment haemocyanin dissolved in plasma. 4. Excretory organ nephridia; locomotory organ seta or parapodia. e.g. Pheretima sp. 2. Bilaterally symetrical, some posses asymetry & torsion may found 3. Presence of ventral muscular foot, excretory organ one pair of metanephridia viz. organ of bojanus.

Arthrpoda 1. body divided into head, thorax & abdomen, presence of externally jointed appendages. 2. Body covered by hard chitinous exo-skeleton, true coelome present but very restricted distribution. 3. Open circulatory system, haemocoel present, capillary absent, respiratory pigment haemocyanin. 4. Excretion by malphigian tubule, green gland, labial gland etc.; locomotion by jointed appendages. e.g. Bombyx sp. 2. Adult exhibit radial symetry but larva posses bilateral symetry. 3. Locomotion by tube-feet or podia, excretory/ respiratory/ circulatory system absent

4. Open circulatory system, haemocoel present, respiratory pigment haemocyanin e.g. Pila sp.

4. Presence of water vascular system & five equidistant ambulacral groove; heart absent. e.g. Asterias sp.

Phylum Name of Larva 1. Protozoa -No larva. 2. Porifera -Amphiblastula 3. Cnidaria -Planula 4. Ctenophora -Cydipid 5. Platyhelminthes -Miracidium, Radia, Cercaria, . Phylum : Chordata Salient Features : (i) Presence of hollow dorsal tubular nerve cord. (ii) Presence of notocord. Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum:

Metacercaria etc. 6. Aschelminthes -Same as Platyhelminthes. 7. Annelida -Trochophore 8. Arthropoda -Crustacea, Grab, Maggot, Catterpillar 9. Mollusca- Veliger or Glochidium and Trochophore 10.Echinodermata -Dipleural, Bipinnaria, Doliolaria, Brachiolaria, Pennactula etc. (12 larva) 11. Sub-phylum : Hemichordata Tornaria 12. Sub-phylum : Urochordata -Tadpole (iii) Pharyngeal gill slits present. (iv) Presence of post anal tail. -All above mentioned characters are must be present at least in embryonic stage of their lifehistory.

Hemichordata

Urochordata

Cephalochordata
Super-class

Vertebrata Gnathostomata Aves Mammalia Theria

Agnatha Reptilia Prototheria

Chondricthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia
Subclass:

Infraclass: Metatheria

Sub-phylum : Hemichordata [hemi Incomplete] [also known as invertebrate chordates] Salient Features : (i) Skeletonless, soft body divided into Probosis, Collar and Trunk. (ii) Notochord incomplete and restricted only at the anterior part of the body. (iii) Presence of numerous Pharyngeal gill slits; cilia and glands present. (iv) Ciliated Tornaria larva present in their life-history. Example Balanoglossus sp., Saccoglossus sp. Sub-phylum : Urochordata [Uro Tail] Salient Features : (i) Notochord is absent in adult, but present in larval stage though it is located at the tail region only. [hence the sub-phylum is known as Urochordata]. (ii) Adult body is covered by a delicate, thin membranous covering called "Tunic" or "Test" [hence the another name of this sub-phylum is "Tunicata"]. (iii) There are two pores at the free end of the body of adult one is 'Mouth', another one is 'Atriopore' which help in respiration. (iv) Retrograssive metamorphosis is observed in their life-history that means larval stage (Tadpole larva) bear more advanced characters than adult. Example Ascidia sp., Salpa sp., Doliolum sp. What do you mean by 'Retrogressive Metamorphosis'? Most animals of the world posses inferior characters in larval or pupal stage (during embryonic development) in contrast to the adult such developmental plan is known as 'Progressive Metamorphosis'. Ascidia sp. belongs to the sub-phylum Urochordata show peculiar features of development. Their larval stage bears (i) notochord, (ii) Nerve cord,

Eutheria (iii) Pharyngeal Gill slits, (iv) they are free swimmers having locomotory organs, (v) muscle cells, (vi) circulatory system, (vii) cerebral ganglion which is homologous to brain etc. which are absent in adult life. These animals metamorphosed into adult & become sessile and lost those higher characters. Such type of development is known as 'Retrogressive Metamorphosis'. Sub-phylum : Cephalochordata [Cephalos Head] Salient Features : (i) Notochord is present beyond the head i.e., it is distributed from the snout to tail region. (ii) Series of 'V'-shaped myotome muscles are arranged on both side of the notochord, help in locomotion. (iii) Oral hood is present at the anterior end, where numerous Cirri present. Pharyngeal gill slits are uncountable in number. (iv) Dorsal, Anal & Tail fin present; fins are always odd in number; excretory organ nephridia. Example Amphioxus sp., Branchiostoma sp. Sub-phylum : Vertebrata / Craniata [Vertebral column / Cranium box] Salient Features : (i) Presence of hard skull bones forming the Cranium Box which surrounds the brain. [hence the name of this sub-phylum is Craniata]. (ii) Notochord is replaced by vertebral column in adult which is made up of a number of vertebrae arranged one after another [hence the subphylum name is Vertebrata]. (iii) Nerve cord is replaced by Spinal Cord and the anterior part of which become swelled or buldging out to form highly developed brain. (iv) No. of cranial nerves are 10-12 pairs; spinal nerves come out as a pair from each vertebral segment; heart lying ventrally; heart may have 2 /or, 3 /or, 4 chambered.

(iii) Skull and endoskeleton cartelagenous; alimentary tract straight; cloaca absent. (iv) 6-14 pairs of gill slits present within gill pouch; heart is two chambered. Example Petromyzon sp. (Lamprey), Myxine sp. (Hag fish). Super Class : Gnathostomata [Gnathos = Jaw Stomodium = Mouth aperture] (i) Jawed Vertebrates. (ii) Paired appendages present. Gnathostomata includes 6 Classes 1. Chondricthyes; 2. Osteichthyes; 3. Amphibia; 4. Reptilia; 5. Aves; and 6. Mammalia Class Chondricthyes or Elasmobranchi [Chondrion Cartilage] Salient Features : i) Endoskeleton cartelagenous, microscopic placoid scales are present on the tuff skin. ii) 5-7 pairs of gill slits but operculum absent. iii) Paired fins without fin-rays are present; in male clasper is present in between anal fins. iv) Spiral valve present in the intestine; tail heterocircal type; swimbladder absent. Example Scoliodon sorrakowah (Dog fish), Torpedo sp. (Electric ray), Trigon sp. (Sting Ray), Pristis sp. (Saw fish), Dasyatis sp. Class Osteichthyes or Teleostii [Osteo = Bone, Ichthyes = Pisces or Fish] Salient Features : (i) Bony endoskeleton, paired & un-paired fins with fin-rays. (ii) Gills are covered by operculum; mucous glands are present on the skin. (iii) Presence of Ganoid, Ctenoid or Cycloid scales which are endodermal in origin (exception : Heteropneustus fosilis, Clarius batracus are scale-less). (iv) Swim bladder, lateral line sense organ present; tail homocircal or diphycircal type. Example Catla catla, Hippocampus sp.(Sea horse), Exoceotus sp.(Flying fish /, Lung fish or Dipnoe ) Neoceratodus sp. (Australia), Protopterus sp. (South Africa), Lepidosiren sp. (South America) Notochord Nervecord 1. Present only on the 1. In non-chordates lies dorsal side of the body of ventrally but in chordates chordates. present dorsally 2. Columner, elastic endoskeletal 2. Hollow, tubular, CSF structure derived filled nervecord made by from archenteron. bunch of whitish nerve fibres 3. Spiral valve present in 3. Spiral valve & clasper 3. In vertebrates notochord 3. Anterior end transformed intestine, clasper present in absent, gills covered by is replaced by vertebral into brain & posterior part male, nacked gills. operculum. column in adult. replaced by spinal cord. e.g.- Ichthyophis sp.); forelimbs have four whereas hindlimbs have 4. Heterocircal tail, nonglandular 4. Homocircal or diphycircal five claw less digits. (exception : Rhacophorus sp. have claws). dry & rough skin. tail, numerous mucous glands (iv) Vertebrae _ Procoelous, Skull _Platybasic (Flat), double e.g. Tropedo sp., Trigon sp. present on the skin. Occipital condyle, Heart 3 chambered (two auricles & one ventricle); e.g. Catla catla, Labeo rohita RBC _ nucleated. Class Amphibia : [Amphi = Both] Example Bufo sp., Rana tigrina, Ichthyophis sp. [Blind worm], Salient Features : Hyla sp. (i) Moist, naked, glandular, scale less integument present. Class Reptilia : (ii) Distict neck absent but tympanum present. (iii) First land vertebrates, tetrapode. (exception : Order Gymnophyona Salient Features : (i) Dry & rough skin covered by epidermal scales which are may be posses leg-less amphibia; modified into carapace, plate, plastron, scutes, frills or fringes in some animals. All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates give reasons. Presence of hollow, dorsal, tubular narve cord; notochord; post anal tail and pharyngeal gill slits are the distinguishing features of all Chaordates that means all these characters are present in the subphylum Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata at least in the embryonic stage of development. In sub-phylum Vertebrata, notochord is replaced by vertebral column and nerve cord is transformed into spinal cord, the anterior part of which is swelled up to form brain covered by cranium box. These two above mentioned characters are absent in lower group of chordates i.e., Hemi-, Uro- & Cephalo-chordata. So, all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates. What is Notochord? In lower group of chordates the columner, highly elastic, endoskeletal structure situated ventral to nerve cord and dorsal to digestive tract is called Notochord. It is formed by some vaculated cells covered by a layer of connective tissue. According to scientist Goorich, notochord is develop from the dorsal wall of archenteron in embryonic stage. Notochord is present at collar region in hemichordata, at tail region in larval urochordata and from snout to posterior end of the body in cephalochordata. What is Nervecord? A hollow, dorsal, tubular nervecord is present in all chordates. It is a bunch of whitish nerve fibres, devoid of ganglion. A central canal is present within the nervecord called Neurocoel which is filled by CSF (cerebro spinal fluid). Animals belong to sub-phylum Vertebrata, the anterior end of the nervecord become swelled up to form brain and in this case posterior part of the nervecord is known as Spinal cord. Superclass agnatha [A= Absent, Gnathos = Jaw] (i) Jawless Vertebrates. (ii) Paired appendages absent. Only one Class is included under this Super-class. Class Cyclostomata [Cyclo = Round Stomodium = Mouth aperture] Salient Features : (i) Mouth circular, papilla / sucker / tentacles are present surrounding the mouth. (ii) Scaleless, glandular skin; fins are without fin-rays. Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes 1. Body covered by 1. Body covered by ganoid/ microscopic placoid scales. ctenoid/ cycloid scales which are endodermal derivatives. 2. Endoskeleton cartelagenous, 2. Bony endoskeleton, fin-rays fin-rays & swim bladder absent. & swim bladder present.

(ii) Cloaca present transversely to the body axis. (iii) Single Occipital condyl, sense organ _ "organ of Jackobson". (iv) Heart _ 3 chambered but ventricle partially divided (exception : Alligator has 4 chambered heart); both right & left Systemic Arch present. Example Naja Naja, Tryonix gangeticus, Hemidactylus sp., Sphenodon punctatum (Living fossil), Phython sp., Crocodylus sp., Chaemaeleon sp., Calotes sp., Draco volans (Flying dragon). Class Aves : Salient Features : (i) Spindle shaped body covered by different types feathers. (ii) Due to volant adaptation fore limbs are modified into wings. (iii) Pneumatic, spongy bones for light body weight; additional air sacs attached with lungs; gall bladder, urinary bladder, left ovary absent. (iv) Jaw _ devoid of teeth; lips _ modified into hard beaks; sternum bone _ transformed into keel; voice box _ syrynx; Single Occipital condyl; only right systemic arch present; Crop and Gizzard present in alimentary tract. Amphibia Reptilia 1. Moist, nacked, glandular, 1. Dry, rough, epidermal scale-less skin. scales cover the whole body. 2. Distinct neck & tail absent, hindlimb greater than forelimb. 3. Forelimbs have four whereas hindlimb has five clawless digits (exception : Rhacophorus). 4. Double occipital condyle and tympanum present, cranial nerves 10 pairs, cloacal aperture longitudinal. e.g. Bufo sp., Rana tigrina 2. Body divisible into head, thorax & abdomen, tail present, fore- hind-limbs are equal in size. 3. Five clawed digits are present on each fore- & hindlimbs (except: snakes-legless). 4. Single occipital condyle, 12 pairs cranial nerves, transverse cloacal aperture. e.g. Calotes sp., Naja naja

Example A) Ratiti or Running birds : Struthio camelus (Ostrich) Apteryx sp. (Kewii) B) Carineti or Flying bird : Columba livia (Pegion) Corvus splendens (Crow) Passer domestica Pavo cristatus Gallus gallus (Fowl). Class Mammalia : Salient Features : (i) Body covered by hairs ; external pinna present (exception : Whale, Dolphin etc.) (ii) Presence of mammary gland in both sexes. (iii) Double occipital condyl; only left systemic arch present. (iv)Muscular diaphram separates abdominal cavity from thorax; matured R.B.C._ biconcave, non-nucleated (exception : Camel); voice box _ larynx, Sweat & Sebaceous glands present on skin. Example Bos indicus (Cow) Canis sp. (Dog) Felis sp. (Cat) Bandicota bengalensis (Rat) Panthera tigris(Rat) Panthera leo (Lion) Homo sapiens sapiens (Human). Aves 1. Body covered by feathers, forelims are modified in to wings. 2. Lips modified into hard beaks, teeth absent. 3. Pneumatic bones, spongy, light weight, sternum modified in to keel. 4. Single occipital condyle, only right systemic arch present, voice box- syrynx, matured RBC nucleated. e.g. Columba sp. Mammalia 1. Body covered by hairs, mammary glands & external pinna present. 2. Sweat gland, sebaceous gland present, different types of teeth present 3. Muscular diaphragm present within thoracic & abdominal cavity. 4. Double occipital condyle, only left systemic arch present, voice box- larynx, matured RBC non-nucleated. e.g. Panthera leo