Intelligent Energy Management and Optimal Utilization of Solar Power
Supply
S.N. Singh , Dr A.K. Singh *
Department of Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering *
National Institute of Technology,
Jamshedpur 831014.
Phone: +91-9835171619(M)
email : snsnitjsr@sify.com
email : akselect2006@yahoo.co.in *
Abstract
The paper concerns with the use of IEMS and an
investigation into electrification of an Indian village
by optimally designed non conventional renewable PV
powered utility interface power supply source. The
village daily load profile is estimated using data
obtained from interview with villagers and analysis
has been done using computer program to determine
energy consumption with or without IEMS and
subsequent optimal design of PV powered power
supply system
Keywords:
PV : Photovoltaic
IEMS : Intelligent Energy Management System
DF : Demand Factor
PLC : Programmable Logic Controller
WH : Watt-Hour, AH: Ampere Hour
SOC : State of Charge
1. Introduction
Characteristics of village and Energy sources
A tourist attraction hill tribe village near Galudih in
Ghasila Block of Jharkhand state (India) [1] has
been selected as a case study in this work There are
approximately 100 households connected with utility
supply with population of 1000 The majority of
inhabitant of the village belongs to ST community
including SABER community The main occupation of
villagers are agriculture labours and producing
agriculture and forest based products for their
livelihood .The community has Aganbari centre Farm
houses, Panchayat Bhawan, Chopals, Health center,
School etc in the village
. The villagers have to depend on availability of utility
supply for all their household and agriculture work
Moreover only 20% utility supply remain or is made
available in these houses connected to grid . As a result
, renewable energy PV sources are gaining more
popularity by the villagers as an alternative source of
energy due to clean , pollution free and abundant
amount of its existence throughout the year . As the
PV system is costly and hence need has been felt to
optimize the solar power supply system with an
effective intelligent load management Tool
2. Load Management as IEM Strategy
Intelligent Energy Management includes those
activities undertaken by an electric utility supply
source or an alternative energy source to influence
either the quality of or the time of energy usage. IEM
can be made by reduction of energy usages during few
hours of peak demand or at all hours of the day. The
aim of this study is to evaluate the cost and benefit of
IEMS, when applied to renewable energy PV Power
Supply System, which effectively reduces the size
and rating of PV power supply system. The purpose of
this study is to asses the demand of load requirement
and to determine the optimal size and cost of the
power supply for rural electrification.
3. Function of Management
Load management [ 2, 3, 4 ] is the concept of changing
the customer’s electricity use pattern. It has the
purpose of improving the effective utilization of
generating capacity of renewable PV energy sources.
The load management includes planning, development
and implementation of program to actively shape the
daily and seasonal load profile so as to result in better
and effective utilization of power sources.

The management determine the switching level of

Electrical Loads and matches with the Power
generation of PV sources. The low priority loads are
switched OFF during low solar insulation period.
When the demand of load by first priority user is not
raised, then the next priority loads are switched ON
till load power consumption matches with the PV
source power. It has also provision for shifting of loads
from peak period to off peak period.

4. System configuration and Model of

IEMS
Fig (2) : Power Generation of PV source during Day
The schematic block diagram of PV power supply Time ( solar insolation)
system with intelligent load controller is shown in
Fig. (1 )
5. Load Estimation and algorithm

Programmable Digital Intelligent

Controller A number of villagers were interviewed using energy
need assessment questionnaires and energy demand
was estimated.
PV POWER Utility The data base of load estimation of a village house and
CONVERTE Supply utilization of the loads is summarized in Table (1.)

Table(1): Load estimation of Energy consumption

Utilisation
Batter LOADS Electrical of load
Total
y household and Power Number of Energy
during
agro-based operational
(W) Appliances Demand
period of
load (W)
Fig (1) : Schematic Diagram of PV Power Supply one day %

system with Programmable Digital Intelligent SmartLight

controller 30 02 60 100
(LED/CFL)
The PV cell covert the solar energy during day time Battery 100 01 100 100
into DC electrical energy which is further converted Television 100 01 100 50
into AC by Power Converter unit working as utility Water Pump 300 01 200 70
interface for use in household and agro based Food
electrical loads. The Programmable Digital Logic Processing 90 01 90 40
controller switch on or off the loads on demand at Equipment
user end subject to availability of PV Power. Cattle
Feeder/Power 200 01 200 80
The power generated by PV source of a cloudy day Saw
Radio 10 01 10 15
during winter season is shown in Fig (2) .The graph
Fan 100 02 200 60
depicts the general distribution of power supply
Water Purifier 40 01 40 10
generated by a PV Source.
A Data Base was developed in computer with on the
basis of hourly load demand to determine the optimal
size of PV power and battery which stores surplus PV 6. Optimal analysis and cost of PV System
energy . Data was acquired on Hourly Basis from 6AM
to 11PM The optimal value of PV system consisting of PV
Array , Battery and Power converter are decided on
the basis of demand based Load estimation. A
Estimation of appliance optimal loads (watt) of one computer Program is developed to determine their
House for one hour is calculated as follows : optimal PV and Battery rating using the following
algorithms and the optimal cost can be decided
Load (watt) = Demand Factor (DF) X Sum of Loads accordingly .
(No of Appliances X Rating (watt))
(A) Optimal PV sizing algorithm
(where DF = Sum of Loads provided in a House
X (1 / Actual Power drawn by connected The daily energy consumption of loads for a day of a
loads)
village house during winter season is calculated as
follows
It is assumed that appliances (loads) are used full time
N
over each one hour interval and the house selected is Energy consumption (E) = ( ∑ P i ) = 2710 Watt-Hour
equipped with all the loads as reflected in Table (1). 1
(where N = Total Number Of Hours
The Load estimation for the PV source with DF of a i.e 12 hour (6AM-6PM)
village house has been reflected in Fig (3) i = 1,2,3…..N(sum of loads
Power at an interval of
one hour )
It has been observed from the load profile that demand
is less early in the morning. During day time demand
is increased till dark in the evening. The peak load is at Average value of daily energy consumption on
around 12 Noon which is mainly due to switch ON of monthly basis is evaluated by summing up daily
maximum number of loads. During evening hour energy consumption for a month period and divide the
constant loads are powered by the Battery source. summed up value by number of days of the month
Finally the demand of loads reduces to zero at 11PM. under consideration i.e

LOAD WITH D.F

900
800
POWER IN WATT

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2-3(am)

3-4(am)

4-5(am)
5-6(am)

6-7(am)
7-8(am)

8-9(am)

1-2(pm)
2-3(pm)
3-4(pm)

5-6(pm)

7-8(pm)
8-9(pm)
9-10(am)

4-5(pm)

6-7(pm)
11-12(am)

12-1(pm)

9-10(pm)

10-11(pm)
10-11(am)

TIME

Fig ( 3) : Daily Load Profile of Energy Consumption (Peak Load 1000W, Optimized Peak Load 600W)
 The sum of loads as computed during the period of
Daily average Energy consumption on monthly basis no solar insolation from 06:00 pm to 11:00 pm has
been used to determine the size of Battery in the
M above calculation. The deficit of PV power for load
=( ∑ E j ) X 1/30(WH) = 2750 WH matching or during low insolation period has been
1
supplemented by utility supply
(where M = Total Number Of Days in a month i.e 30
j = 1, 2, 3…..M A Battery of 12V/200AH is considered for the above
Power supply system
The daily average consumption of energy on monthly basis
= 2750 W-H (C ) Cost analysis of PV Power Supply System

The Energy Balance Technique is used for optimal The cost of Power Supply will include the cost of PV
design of PV sizing of cells array , Battery and Power converter unit.

i.e Cost of PV system =( PV Cell + Battery + Power

The peak watt rating of PV = (Average Daily Energy Converter)
The demand based opted loads will give optimum
Consumption X1/System Loss compensation factor X daily power requirement between 20% to 100% of
1/sun Hour)
sum of load power of the house
= 2750 X 1 / 0.8 ) X (1 / (6.2)
Therefore optimal cost of PV Power supply under
= 554.42 = 600 watt
study system as evaluated is approximately 20% can
be taken from Table (2).
The sun hour is taken as 6.2 for the village under study
and System Loss compensation factor is taken as 0.8 Table (2) : Cost analysis of PV power supply system
for calculation. for a village house under study
Optimal PV Power Battery Total Cost
A PV Module of 12 volt / 600Wp may be considered Load in
Module convert
for the above power supply system %of er unit
peak load
1000W (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)
20% 20000 2000 5000 27,000
(B) Battery sizing algorithm 30% 30000 2500 8000 45,000
60% 60000 3000 10000 73,000
80% 80000 4500 12000 96,500
Ampere Hour =[(Hourly Load Power / Battery voltage) 100% 100000 6000 14000 1,20,000
x SOC ( = 50 % )]
T
( ∑ H k ) X SOC ( = 50% )
k 7. Intelligent Load Controller
(where k = 1..2….T (back up time ))
The implementation of Load management using IEMS
= [ 970 / 12 ] X 2 = 161.66 =200 AH(approx) has been done by Programmable Digital intelligent
logic controller of the Power Supply Unit.

The load consumption of 970 W is powered by The proposed load controller match the PV power
battery source under no insolation for the back up source with load profile and regulate loads under
period where load has been considered constant various mode of operations which include peak
during each one hour interval . clipping, valley filling or load shedding etc.
In its peak clipping mode of control, the appliances
whose disconnection do not create inconvenience, are
switched OFF. In valley filling mode of control,
demand of load during peak hour is shifted to off peak
hour in order to adjust the demand of loads
• When a person enter in a village Farm House
or a Community center and lights of rooms
are needed to be switched ON and OFF
sequentially one after another along with the
movement of a person(s) .

During power shortage, load shedding is activated and
low priority loads are switched OFF in order to match
with the available PV power. The Dummy Load i.e
pump is categorized at the lowest priority Load and is
activated automatically when higher priority loads are
not switched ON by end users
In the system working in grid assisted mode of
operation , the deficit of the power supply in load (
PL ) due to less generation of PV Power ( PPV)source
on varying insolation is supplemented by utility supply
during insolation period and by energy storage device
i.e the 12V Battery power (PBAT) during no insolation
back up period under charged condition of battery
voltage exiting in between 10.5V to 14.5V , Further
fall in battery voltage due to discharge below 10.5
volt the load is connected to Grid (utility supply)
power (PGrid ) till the period when battery become
fully charged by PV source and attain a value of 14.5
volt
i.e
.PLOAD + PBAT = PPV (Solar Insolation)
or PGRID (Low Battery/No nsolation)
• .The number of lights to be switched ON in a
poultry Farm is regulated in proportion to the
increase in their population .
• The duration of pump operation for irrigation
is similarly regulated on the amount of
moisture content in the soil and so on
9. Experimental Investigations
A simulation work was performed using
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) in the
Laboratory to verify the logical operation of Load
Management Intelligent Controller.
A computer program was developed in ladder diagram
for SIMATIC S5-95U PLC of Seimens make [ 5 ]. Loads
were switched ON and OFF sequentially depending on
Demand of loads, Priority of loads and Availability of
PV Power level. The program was run successfully and
performance of the Load Management of PV Power
supply system was found satisfactory

PV System 3
1 2

PV ∑ Agro Based
LOADs

Batter Programmable Logic

Controller Network

PLC Load Network

The intelligent load controller also manages to regulate

and save the energy flow in different applications of SIMATIC S5-95U PLC
operating conditions of loads such as:

Conclusion
It is demonstrated in this paper that Intelligent Load
controller can support the utilization of PV power
source at its optimal value. The optimum PV power
system with IEMS [ 6, 7 ] reduces dramatically the cost
of PV system and gives optimal utilization of PV
Power supply system . The computer program
developed for PLC in Ladder Diagram confirm the
successful implementation of load management using
IEMS
5. Conference Record of the Twenty –Sixth IEEE,
Anaheim, CA,1997 pp1269-1272
6. Seimens Technical Handbook on PLC S5-95U
7. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical
Renewable Program
www.nrel.gov//international/tools.html.2000
8. Department of Energy Development Promotion,
“Solar radiation map of Thailand“ 1999

A Prototype of Solar Power Supply unit of 150/200W

was developed at micro-level in the laboratory
incorporating IEMS through Microprocessor based
intelligent Controller and is giving satisfactory
performance at site for the last one year.

10. Acknowledgment

The author is thankful to Rashmi – a final year B.Tech

(Hons) student and Anumeha – a Final year M.Tech
student of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
respectively at National Institute of Technology,
Jamshedpur (India) for extending the co-operation and
support in carrying out the above project by the author
.

Literature

1. www.jharkhad.nic.in

2. Gupta B.R “Generation Of Electrical Energy “

Erusia Publishing House (Pvt) Ltd Edition 2001

3. Durish et al “Economics of a Photovoltaic

Electric Supply System in a Small Remote
village in Southern Jordan”, Word Renewable
Energy Congress VI Part II July 2000 pp 795-
800

4. Rosenthal et al “Economic Analysis of PV

Hybrid Power system : Pinnacles National
Monument”, Photovoltaic Specialists