Optimum belt-truss locations for high-rise structures by B.S.

Taranath (1975)
The early studies of Taranath (1975) focused on obtaining the optimum location of two outriggers in steel high rise building. The coupling action in belt-truss reduce core bending moment which result decreasing deflection at the top of the building. Initially, he used qualitative analysis of high rise building with one outrigger to obtain optimum location for outrigger. He used below mentioned formulas for qualitative analysis

w-is he intensity of the wind load per foot height of the structure Mx is the moment at x, representing the outrigger and column restraint Kx is the spring stiffness at x equal to AEd/2(-x) d is the distance out-to-out column E and I are the modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia of the core A is the area of the perimeter column is the building height The deflection at the top of the building is given by

By differentiating the above mention equation in respect to x,obtain the optimum location for one outrigger is 45.5% of the total height of the building. Extend the analysis for two outriggers are more complex, therefore he used computer analysis to obtain optimum locations for two outriggers in tall buildings. He analyse model of 46 stories to discover optimum outrigger location. Computation analysis results indicate that 27th floor is the most favourable location for one outrigger which is approximately 60% of the total height. it also gives optimum position for combination of two outriggers are floor 40,23 and floor 32,23 which gives the less drift at the top of the building. Those results conclude that wind drift at the top of the building is more sensitive to the location of the outrigger. This research paper is relevant to my research as it discussed about the optimum location for one and two outriggers in qualitative analysis method and computation analysis method. Research is carried out to obtain optimum outrigger location in building in regards to the drift at the top of the building. However, this paper discuss about the steel high rise building with 46 stories which approximately 140m height. In 20th century high rise buildings continue to soar skyward. Buildings more than 500m are consider as high rise buildings which require 4 or more outriggers to stabilize against wind load. Recent studies shows that in current world high rise buildings are build using concrete and steel. Even though this paper is more useful to understand the optimum location in one or two outriggers there is certain gap between future trend.

STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-OUTRIGGERBRACED TALL BUILDINGS by J. R. WU AND Q. S. LI*

Recent studies conducted by LI and Wu suggest a detail analysis of how the outrigger location and structural stiffness of a multi-outrigger tall buildings affect the top drift, base moment in the core and fundamental vibration period, which subject to uniformly distributed forces and triangular distributes forces. Even though vibration has is essential area in tall building studies, my main concern is to research about top drift and core bending moment according to the variation in outrigger position and structural stiffness. In this paper discuss about how the stiffness values of outriggers, core and column, the distribution horizontal loads affect the optimum location of outrigger by using a Matlabbased computer program. This paper concludes that smaller the outrigger stiffness or higher the column stiffness result reduction in core bending moment and reduction efficiency in top drift. In this case require to higher the levels of outrigger in order to obtain optimum location. Building subject to uniform distributed load and triangular distributed loads behave almost similar, only difference is the optimum locations of outriggers are 4-5% higher under triangular distributed load compare to uniform distributed load. When the outrigger position in top floor, the optimum position of other movable outriggers are relatively lower than similar model without outrigger at the top level. In the case of increasing column stiffness and decreasing outrigger stiffness does not affect to the distance between highest movable outrigger to top level. This paper demonstrates that the outrigger needs to be position near to foundation in order to reduce base core bending moment. However, if >0.2 magnitude in reduction in core bending moment is lower than increasing amount of the top drift. In that case it is unfavourable to reduce core bending moment by lowering the position of the outrigger.

E,I is young modulus and moment of inertia in shear wall inner tube respectively (EI)c is young modulus and moment of inertia in column respectively (EI)o is young modulus and moment of inertia in outrigger respectively d is depth of the building H is height of the building

This paper is relevant to my research as it shows the behaviour of multi outrigger structure and how to obtain optimum position in regards to core bending moment and deflection at the top. It also shows the behaviour of the structure according to uniform distributed load and triangular distributed load the significant factor of this paper is it highlights that the optimum position of outrigger is depend on stiffness in column and outrigger by introducing non dimensional parameter.

Wind Loading on Tall Buildings P. Mendis, T. Ngo, N. Haritos, A. Hira The University of Melbourne, Australia B. Samali University of Technology Sydney, Australia J. Cheung Monash University, Australia
This paper summarizes the information of wind design criteria in tall buildings and the simplified approach introduced by Australian code. It also highlights the benefit of use wind tunnel testing in tall buildings. According to this case study reveals that serviceability limit state considers in designing not the ultimate limit state. There are some new concepts I understand through reading this paper. The upper level wind speed is known as gradient wind velocity which acts in, where the frictional effect is negligible and air movement are driven by pressure gradient in atmosphere. The wind speed changes almost zero at the surface to gradient wind speed at the gradient height. Gradient height depends on the terrain category and it changes from 500-3000m. In this paper concludes that, identifying the terrain category is very important in order to calculate design hourly wind speed and gust wind speed. This case study also shows the two ways of analysing wing actions in tall buildings which is static and dynamic. Static analysis is more appropriate for structures up to 50m of height and it is based on quasi-steady approximation. It assumes that building behave as a fixed rigid body according to the wind loads and not appropriate for the tall slender buildings. In Australian standard it is clearly define that dynamic analysis must be undertaken on any structure with both height to breadth ratio greater than five and a first mode of frequency less than 1 Hertz. This paper demonstrates the basic wind analysis methods for tall buildings which is very useful to my research. My research is mainly about finding the optimum location for multi outriggers in regards to wind loads. Thus this gives basic understanding of AS1170.2 and the exceptional benefit it offers by introducing simple approach.

SECOND OUTRIGGER AT OPTIMUM LOCATION ON HIGH-RISE SHEAR WALL J. C. D. HOENDERKAMP

This paper outlines the information about obtaining optimum location for outrigger subject to horizontal forces. It is demonstrated by using two outriggers, one is fixed in position and other outrigger positioned at the optimum location as shown below. The methodology use in this paper is compatibility equations for rotation and analysis by considering some structural parameters such as flexural stiffness of shear wall , outrigger and axial stiffness of the exterior columns.

It concludes some useful information about optimum position in outrigger. If one outrigger positioned at the top level of the building, the optimum position for second outrigger is 57.7% of the total height. When fixed outrigger moved upwards in order to reduce deflection at the top of the building, optimum position of second outrigger also moved upwards. This paper is very useful to determine overall behaviour of the structure very early stages of the tall buildings. The method used in analysis also important to determine influence of the various structural parameters to the deflection at the top of the building. Hoenderkamp only use uniformly distributed load to analysis the structure not the triangular distributed load. He demonstrated the analysis using two outriggers. However, in present world skyscrapers increase height and therefore it requires 4 or more outriggers. Even though this paper is more useful to understand the behaviour of the tall building with two outriggers, there are certain concepts need to develop according to the future trends.

Preliminary Analysis of High-Rise Braced Frames with Facade Riggers J. C. D. Hoenderkamp1 and H. H. Snijder
This paper presents the graphical procedure for obtaining the optimum level of the facade rigger by reducing the lateral deflection at the top and core bending moment at the base. This method require calculating five stiffness parameters: bending and racking shear stiffnesses of the braced frames and facade riggers in addition to a bending stiffness of the exterior frames in which the riggers are located. A facade rigger is outrigger structure where horizontal outrigger not connects to the interior vertical wind bracing element. However, facade frame and braced frame coupled with floor diaphragms which will result identical lateral deflection in both components. This paper concludes that the behaviour of facade rigger subject to horizontal loading compare to outrigger braced shear wall depends in two parameters which are racking shear stiffness in braced frame and facade rigger. Those parameters depend on the type of bracing which is X,K bracing type. This paper concludes that optimum location for facade rigger is depending on its bending and shear stiffness. Case study also shows that behaviour of idealized braced frame with facade rigger can be representing by two non dimensional parameters which is and H.

Sv is summation of vertical structural parameters Sh is summation of horizontal structural parameters =Sh/Sv is characteristic parameter for structure

Gat is racking shear stiffness of braced frame EIt is flexural stiffness of braced frame. H H= height of the building. Even though this paper discuss about the behaviour of facade rigger it is more useful to understand the non-dimensional parameters use in analysis. Those similar parameters can be use in analysis of core+outrigger structures as facade rigger behaves similar to outrigger.