PROJECT WORK FOR

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
2009

CIRCLES IN OUR DAILY LIFE

NAME
Muhammad Aiman bin Zulkefli

CLASS
5 Al-Haitham

COLLEGE NUMBER
08693

I/C NUMBER
920408-03-5197

CLASS TEACHER
Nur Mursyida
 Content

No. Contents Page

1 Introduction 2
2 Part 1a 3
3 Part 1b 4-5
4 Part 2a 6-7
5 Part 2b 7
6 Part 2c 8
7 Part 3a 9
8 Part 3b 9
9 Part 3c 10
10 Part 3d 11
 Introduction
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a
plane which are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common
distance of the points of a circle from its center is called its radius. A diameter is a line
segment whose endpoints lie on the circle and which passes through the centre of the
circle. The length of a diameter is twice the length of the radius. A circle is never a
polygon because it has no sides or vertices. Circles are simple closed curves which divide
the plane into two regions, an interior and an exterior. In everyday use the term "circle"
may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (known as the
perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior, but in strict technical usage
"circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The
circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its
length).
A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic
sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to
the axis of the cone.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is the
basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern
civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the
development of geometry and calculus.

Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and astronomy, was connected to the
divine for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something
intrinsically "divine" or "perfect" that could be found in circles.

Some highlights in the history of the circle are:

• 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular field.
The result corresponds to 256/81 as an approximate value of π.
• 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the properties of circles.
• 1880 – Lindemann proves that π is transcendental, effectively settling the
millennia-old problem of squaring the circle.
PART 1
(a) There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circles. We need
to play with circles in order to complete some of the problems involving circles. In this
project I will use the principles of circle to design a garden to beautify the school.
Wheel of a bicycle Circles on water surface School
park

Fish pond Round table at school compound

Before I continue the task, first, we do have to know what do pi(π) related to a circle.

(b) Definition

In Euclidean plane geometry, π is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference

to its

diameter:

The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size.

For example, if a circle has twice the diameter d of another
circle it will also have twice the circumference C,
preserving the ratio C/d.

Area of the circle = π × area of the shaded square

Alternatively π can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's

area (A) to the area of a square whose side is equal to the
radius:

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact that
all circles are similar. This can be considered a problem when π occurs in areas of
mathematics that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason, mathematicians
often prefer to define π without reference to geometry, instead selecting one of its
analytic properties as a definition. A common choice is to define π as twice the smallest
positive x for which cos(x) = 0.

History
 The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the
square of its radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 1900–1680
BC) indicates a value of 3.125 for pi, which is a closer approximation.
In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is evidence that the Egyptians
calculated the area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for
pi.
The ancient cultures mentioned above found their approximations by
measurement. The first calculation of pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212
BC), one of the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes approximated
the area of a circle by using the Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular
polygons: the polygon inscribed within the circle and the polygon within which the circle
was circumscribed. Since the actual area of the circle lies between the areas of the
inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the areas of the polygons gave upper and lower
bounds for the area of the circle. Archimedes knew that he had not found the value of pi
but only an approximation within those limits. In this way, Archimedes showed that pi is
between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71.
A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a brilliant Chinese
mathematician and astronomer. Zu Chongzhi would not have been familiar with
Archimedes’ method—but because his book has been lost, little is known of his work. He
calculated the value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter to be
355/113. To compute this accuracy for pi, he must have started with an inscribed regular
24,576-gon and performed lengthy calculations involving hundreds of square roots
carried out to 9 decimal places.
Mathematicians began using the Greek letter π in the 1700s. Introduced by
William Jones in 1706, use of the symbol was popularized by Euler, who adopted it in
1737.
An 18th century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised a way to calculate
pi based on probability.
 PART 2
(a)
Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of
diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in PQR such that the sum of d1 and d2 is
equal to 10cm. By using various values of d1 and corresponding values of d2, I determine
the relation between length of arc PQR, PAB, and BCR.

Using formula: Arc of semicircle = ½πd

d1 (cm) d2 (cm) Length of arc PQR in Length of arc PAB in Length of arc BCR in
terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm)
1 9 5π ½π 9/2 π
2 8 5π π 4π
3 7 5π 3/2 π 7/2 π
4 6 5π 2π 3π
5 5 5π 5/2π 5/2 π
6 4 5π 3π 2π
7 3 5π 7/2 π 3/2 π
8 2 5π 4π π
9 1 5π 9/2 π ½π

Table 1

From the Table 1, we know that the length of arc PQR is not affected by the different in
d1 and d2 in PAB and BCR respectively. The relation between the length of arcs PQR ,
PAB and BCR is that the length of arc PQR is equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB
and BCR, which is we can get the equation:

SPQR = S + S PAB BCR

Let d1= 3, and d2 =7 SPQR = S + S PAB BCR

 5π = ½ π(3) + ½ π(7)

5π = 3/2 π + 7/2 π

5π = 10/2 π

5π = 5 π

(b)

i.

d1 d2 d3 SPQR SPAB SBCD SDER

 1 2 7 5π 1/2 π π 7/2 π
2 2 6 5π π π 3π
2 3 5 5π π 3/2 π 5/2 π
2 4 4 5π π 2π 2π
2 5 3 5π π 5/2 π 3/2 π

SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER

Let d1 = 2, d2 = 5, d3 = 3 SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER

5 π = π + 5/2 π + 3/2 π

5π = 5π

ii. The length of arc of outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arc of
inner semicircle for n = 1,2,3,4,….

Souter = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S
(c) Assume the diameter of outer semicircle is 30cm and 4 semicircles are inscribed in
the outer semicircle such that the sum of d1(APQ), d2(QRS), d3(STU), d4(UVC) is equal
to 30cm.
d1 d2 d3 d4 SABC SAPQ SQRS SSTU SUVC
10 8 6 6 15 π 5π 4π 3π 3π
12 3 5 10 15 π 6π 3/2 π 5/2 π 5π
14 8 4 4 15 π 7π 4π 2π 2π
15 5 3 7 15 π 15/2 π 5/2 π 3/2 π 7/2 π

let d1=10, d2=8, d3=6, d4=6, SABC = SAPQ + SQRS + SSTU + SUVC
15 π = 5 π + 4 π + 3 π + 3 π

15 π = 15 π
PART 3
(a) Area of flower plot = y m2

y = (25/2) π - (1/2(x/2)2 π + 1/2((10-x )/2)2 π)

= (25/2) π - (1/2(x/2)2 π + 1/2((100-20x+x2)/4) π)

= (25/2) π - (x2/8 π + ((100 - 20x + x2)/8) π)

= (25/2) π - (x2π + 100π – 20x π + x2π )/8

= (25/2) π - ( 2x2 – 20x + 100)/8) π

 = (25/2) π - (( x2 – 10x + 50)/4)

= (25/2 - (x2 - 10x + 50)/4) π

y= ((10x – x2)/4) π

(b) y = 16.5 m2

16.5 = ((10x – x2)/4) π

66 = (10x - x2) 22/7

66(7/22) = 10x – x2

0 = x2 - 10x + 21

0 = (x-7)(x – 3)

x=7 , x=3
(c) y = ((10x – x2)/4) π

y/x = (10/4 - x/4) π

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y/x 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4
 When x = 4.5 , y/x = 4.3

Area of flower plot = y/x * x

= 4.3 * 4.5

= 19.35m2

(d) Differentiation method

dy/dx = ((10x-x2)/4) π

= ( 10/4 – 2x/4) π

0 = 5/2 π – x/2 π

5/2 π = x/2 π

x = 5

Completing square method

y= ((10x – x2)/4) π

= 5/2 π - x2/4 π
 = -1/4 π (x2 – 10x)

y+ 52 = -1/4 π (x – 5)2

y = -1/4 π (x - 5)2 - 25

x–5=0

x=5
Tn (flower bed) Diameter (cm)
T1 30
T2 39.697
T3 49.394
T4 59.091
T5 68.788
T6 78.485
T7 88.182
T8 97.879
T9 107.576
T10 117.273
T11 126.97
T12 136.667

(e) n = 12, a = 30cm, S12 = 1000cm

S12 = n/2 (2a + (n – 1)d

1000 = 12/2 ( 2(30) + (12 – 1)d)

1000 = 6 ( 60 + 11d)
1000 = 360 + 66d

1000 – 360 = 66d

640 = 66d

d = 9.697