B.

The meaning of oxidation and reduction in terms of : The loss and gain of oxygen Oxidation The process of gaining oxygen Reduction The process of losing oxygen

Example : Mg + PbO MgO + Pb Mg gains oxygen to form MgO : The process is . PbO loses oxygen to form Pb : The process is . Mg is a reducing agent because PbO is an oxidizing agent because ..

The loss and gain of hydrogen Oxidation The process of losing hydrogen Reduction The process of gaining hydrogen

Example : H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S H2S loses hydrogen to form S : The process is . Cl2 gains hydrogen to form HCl : The process is . H2S is a reducing agent because Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because ..

the transfer of electrons Oxidation Reduction The process of losing electrons The process of gaining oxygen Example : 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl + Na Na + e // Cl2 + 2e 2ClNa loses electron to form Na+ : The process is . Cl2 gains electrons to form 2Cl- : The process is . Na is a reducing agent because Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because ..

The change in oxidation number Oxidation Reduction The increase in oxidation number The decrease in oxidation number Example : 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl + Na Na // Cl2 2ClOxidation number Na : 0 +1 // Cl : 0 -1 Na is oxidized to Na+ : Na is Cl2 is reduced to Cl- : Cl2 is .

C. OXIDISING AGENTS AND REDUCING AGENTS AN OXIDISING AGENT Bromine water Chlorine water Acidified potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 solution Acidified potassium dichromate (VI), K2Cr2O7 solution Iron(III) sulphate solution Br2 2Br2ClThe brown coloured bromine water is decolourised The pale yellow solution is decolourised The purple coloured solution is decolourised The orange coloured solution turns to green The brown iron(III) sulphate solution changes to green

Cl2

MnO4- + 8H+ +2e Mn2+ + 4H2O Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O Fe3+ + e Fe2+

A REDUCING AGENT Metals that are more electropositive than iron Sulpur dioxide gas Hydrogen sulphide gas Iron(II) sulphate solution Potassium iodide solution X Xn+ + ne The metal dissolves/ corrodes

SO2 4H+ H2S

+ 2H2O SO42- + + 2e S + 2H+ + 2e +e 2e

A yellow precipitate forms The green iron(II) sulphate solution changes to brown A colourless changes to brown

Fe2+ Fe3+ 2I I2 +

D. WHERE DOES THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OCCURS? 1. In chemical cell Diagram 1 : (Using porous pot) Diagram 2 :( Using salt bridge)

Diagram 3 : ( Using U tube)

The oxidation reaction occurs at the negative terminal The reduction reaction occurs at the positive terminal The porous pot or salt bridge functions to separate the two solutions but allows the ions to flow through it to complete the circuit. The transfer of electrons occur from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent. The energy conversion that occurs in a chemical cell : Chemical energy electrical energy Reduction + 2e Cu acts as

Oxidation Zn Zn + 2e Zn acts as ..
2+

Cu Cu2+

2+

Observation : Zn dissolves / corrodes

Observation : The blue solution turns to colourless. 2. In electrolytic cell

Diagram 1 : (molten)

Diagram 2 : (aqueous solution)

The oxidation reaction occurs at the anode The reduction reaction occurs at the cathode The transfer of electrons occur from the the anode to the cathode The energy conversion that occurs in an electrolytic cell : electrical energy chemical energy Reduction 2e Pb 2e Cu 2e H2

Oxidation 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e 2I- I2 + 2e 2Br- Br2 + 2e The anions act as The oxidation numbers of the anions are .. Observation : Colourless gas / coloured gas are released Cl2 :. I2 : Br2 : brown coloured gas

Pb2+ Cu2+ 2H+

+ + +

The cations act as .. The oxidation numbers of the cations are .. Observation : Grey solid is formed H2 : colourless gas

3. Displacement Reaction a) The displacement of metal from its salt solution Electrochemical series K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb (H) Cu Hg Ag

Electropositivity decreases

Least electropositive

The element in the higher position in the electrochemical series or the more electropositive element, is the element that tends to release electrons to form positive ions.

Mn+

ne

The . (more/ less) electropositive element is oxidized more . (easier / harder )and acts as a .. ( stronger / weaker) reducing agent.

The element that is located higher in the electrochemical series can displace other elements that are .. in the electrochemical series from its salt solution.

Example : Zn Zn Cu2+ + + CuSO4 Zn2+ 2e + 2e Cu ZnSO4 [ Oxidation ] [ Reduction ] + Cu

Zinc, Zn is more electropositive than copper,Cu. Thus atom Zn releases two electrons to form ion Zn2+. The electrons are transferred from atom Zn to the copper(II) ion, Cu2+. The copper(II) ion, Cu2+ receives the two electrons to form atom copper, Cu.

Atom Zn acts as Ion Cu2+ acts as b) Displacement reaction of halogens from their halide solutions by other halogens. Halogens are located in Group .. of the Periodic Table Halogen elements tend to receive electrons to achieve a stable electron arrangement. Halogens are reduced to halide ions Therefore, halogen acts as ..( a reducing agent/ an oxidizing agent ). The tendency of halogen s to receive electrons decreases when going down Group 17. Thus, the reactivity of halogens acting as .. decreases when going down the group 17. Flourine, F2 Chlorine,Cl2 Reactivity decreases Example : Cl2 Cl2 2Br + + NaBr 2e Br2 + NaCl 2Cl2e + Br2 Bromine, Br2 Iodine, I2

Chlorine water, Cl2 oxidises bromide ion, Br- to form bromine, Br2 Bromide ion, Br-, releases electrons to form bromine, Br2 Chlorine, Cl2 receives electrons to form chloride ion, ClHalogen Chlorine water, Cl2 Bromine water, Br2 Iodine solution, I2 Colour of halogens in tetrachloromethane. Yellow or pale yellow Brown Purple

4. Rusting as a redox reaction 4.1 Corrosion of metals The corrosion of metals occur when a metal loses electrons and is oxidized to form the metal ion. The metal is corroded. M Examples : Atom sodium, Na, loses 1 electron to form sodium ion, Na+. Sodium is oxidized. Na . + e. Mn+ + ne

Atom Aluminium, Al loses 3 electrons to form aluminium ion, Al3+ . Aluminium is oxidized. Equation : . 4.2 Rusting of iron Iron, Fe gets rusted or corroded when it loses electrons to form iron(II)ion, Fe2+. Fe Fe2+ + 2e The rusting of iron occurs in five stages. Explanation At the centre of the water droplet (anode), the iron loses two electrons and is oxidized to iron(II) ion, Fe2+ . The potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution is used to detect the presence of iron(II) ion, Fe2+. ( dark blue spot ) Fe 2 Fe2+ + 2e water oxygen / air

The rusting of iron requires

Stage 1

The electrons that are released by the iron, flow to the edge of the water droplet through the iron At the edge of the water droplet (cathode) ,oxygen and water received electron and is reduced to hydroxide ions, OH- . The OH- ion can be

detected by the phenolphthalein indicator, in which a pink colour is formed. O2 4 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH-

Iron(II) ions, Fe2+, and hydroxide ions, OH-, combine to form a green solid, namely iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 Fe2+ + 2OH Fe(OH)2

iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 is then oxidized to a brown solid, namely hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.3H2O (rust) by the oxygen in the air. Fe(OH)2
Oxygen in the air

Fe2O3.3H2O

Draw a labeled diagram (rusting of iron) according to the above explanation.

4.3 Preventing the rusting of iron Using protective layer ( surface protection ) Coating by a layer of metal such as tin. Applying paint, oil or grease on the surface of iron. Wrapping the iron s surface with a layer of plastic.

Electrochemical protection

The surface of the iron is protected by the more electropositive metal The coating of iron with a protective layer of zinc is called galvanization Items made of iron are tied to a big filled with magnesium or zinc powder. Magnesium or zinc will be corroded.

Using sacrificial metal (cathode protection)

Alloying

Iron is alloyed with other metals such as chromium or nickel to produce stainless steel.

1 Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up for the experiment to study the effect of metals P and Q on the rusting of iron nail. The results are recorded after one day. (Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan logam P dan Q ke atas pengaratan paku besi. Keputusan dicatatkan selepas satu hari) Experiment A After 1 day Observation Some dark blue precipitate. (Sedikit mendakan biru)

Large amount of dark blue precipitate (Banyak mendakan biru)

No dark blue precipitate. Solution turns pink. (Tiada mendakan biru. Larutan bertukar merah jambu)

DIAGRAM 1 (a) Write the half-equation for the formation of iron(II) ion from iron. (Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi pembentukan ion ferum(II) daripada ferum.) .......................................................................................................................................... [2 marks] (b) State the function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution in the experiment. (Nyatakan fungsi larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III) dalam eksperimen ini.) .......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] Which test tube shows the fastest rusting of iron? Explain your answer. (Tabung uji yang manakah menunjukkan pengaratan ferum yang paling cepat. Terangkan jawapan anda.)

(c)

.......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... [2 marks] (d) Arrange the metals Fe, P and Q in order of decreasing electropositivity. (Susun logam Fe, P dan Q mengikut urutan keelektropositifan menurun.) ........................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (e) (i) What happens to metal Q in test tube C? (Apakah yang berlaku kepada logam Q dalam tabung uji C?) .............................................................................................................................. [1 mark] (ii) Suggest a metal that can be used as metal Q. (Cadangkan satu logam yang boleh diguna sebagai logam Q.) .............................................................................................................................. [1 mark] (f) State the ion that causes the solution in test tube C to turn pink. (Nyatakan ion yang menyebabkan larutan dalam tabung uji C bertukar kepada merah jambu.) ........................................................................................................................................... [1 mark]

(a) Define oxidation and reduction in term of changes in oxidation number. [2 marks] (b) Based on electron transfer, explain the oxidation and reduction reaction in (i) changing of Fe2+ ions to Fe3+ ions (ii) changing of Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions Use a suitable example for each of the reaction. Include half equations in your anwers. [8 marks] (c) Electrical energy can be produced by redox reaction. Describe an experiment to prove the above statement by the transfer of electrons at a distance. In your description, include labelled diagram which shows the set up of apparatus procedure of experiment

observations at both electrodes [10 marks]

3.

Diagram 3 shows the set up of the apparatus for an experiment to investigate electron transfer through a distance. Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas suatu eksperimen untuk mengkaji pengaliran elektron melalui satu jarak.

Magnesium electrode

Magnesium

Silver Zink electrode Argentum Zinc Silver nitrate solution nitrateLarutan argentum sulfat Dilute sulphuric acid Sulphuric acid Asid sulfurik cair Diagram 3 Rajah 3

Magnesium Magnesium sulphate nitrate solution Larutan magnesium sulfat

a)

Label the negative terminal and the positive terminal of the cell on in Diagram 2 Labelkan terminal negatif dan positif bagi sel dalam Rajah 2. [1 marks] State the function of the dilute sulphuric acid. Nyatakan fungsi asid sulfurik cair. [1 mark]

b)

c)

Name the reducing agent in the experiment Namakan agen penurunan dalam eksperimen [1 mark]

d) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at silver electrode Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindakbalas yang berlaku pada elektrod argentum. [1 mark] e) State two observations for the experiment.

Nyatakan dua pemerhatian bagi eksperimen . [2 marks] f) What is the change in oxidation number of magnesium ? Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan magnesium? [1 mark] g) (i) The experiment is repeated by replacing the sulphuric acid with glacial ethanoic acid. State one observation of this experiment Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggantikan asid sulfurik dengan asid etanoik glacial. Nyatakan satu pemerhatian eksperimen ini.. [1 mark] (ii) Explain your answer in (g)(i) Jelaskan jawapan anda di (g)(i) . [ 2 marks]