JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD Subject : Utilization of Electrical Energy UNIT II Code No.

: 320206

1. a) What are the advantages of electrically produced heat? What are the properties to be possessed by the element used in resistance oven? (8 Marks) b) A 20KW single-phase, 220V resistance oven employs circular nichrome wire for its heating element. If the wire temperature is not to exceed 1227 0C and the temperature of the charge is to be 4270C, calculate the size and length of the wire required. Assume emissivity =0.9, radiating efficiency =0.6 and specific resistance of wire=1.09X10-6 -m. (8 Marks)

2. a) Explain in brief how heating is done in the following cases? i) Resistance heating, ii) Induction heating iii) Dielectric heating b)

(8 Marks)

90Kg of tin is to smelt during an hour in a smelting furnace. Determine the suitable rating of the furnace, if smelting temperature = 230 0C, specific heat = 0.055, latent heat of lidquidification is 13.3 Kcal/Kg. Take the initial temperature of the metal as 350C. (8 Marks) (8 Marks)

3. a) Explain the principle of Induction heating.

b) With a neat sketch explain the working principle of coreless type induction furnace. (8 Marks) 4. a) Explain with a neat sketch the principle and working of indirect core type induction furnace. (8 Marks) b) 100Kg of tin is to be smelt in one hour in a smelting furnace. Determine the suitable rating of furnace if smelting temperature of tin is 2350C, specific heat is 0.055, latent heat of liquidification 13.3 Kcal/Kg. Take initial temperature of metal as 350C. (8 Marks) A low frequency Induction Furnace whose secondary voltage is maintained constant at 12Volts takes 300KW at 0.65p.f. when the hearth is full. Assuming the resistance of the secondary circuit to vary inversely as the height of the charge and reactance to remain constant, find the height upto which the hearth should be filled to obtain maximum heat. (16 Marks)

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6. a) Explain the principle of dielectric heating. b)

(8 Marks)

An insulating material 2cm thick and 200cm2 in area is to be heated by dielectric heating. The material has relative permitivity of 5 and p.f. of 0.05, power required is 400W and frequency of 40MHz is to be used. Determine the necessary voltage and current that will flow through the material . If the voltage were to be limited to 700V, what will be frequency to get the same loss? (8 Marks) (8 Marks)

7. a) What are the causes of failure of heating elements? b)

Six resistances each of 40 ohms are used as heating elements in furnace. Find the power of the furnace for various connections to a three phase 230V supply. (8 Marks) Estimate the energy required to melt one ton of brass in a single phase induction furnace. If the melt is to be carried out in 1 hrs, what must be the average power input to the furnace. Specific heat of brass = 0.094, Latent heat of fusion = 38.88Kcal/Kg, Melting point of brass = 9200C, Furnace efficiency = 70%. (16 Marks)

9. a) Give relative advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect electric arc furnaces. (8 Marks) b) An electric arc furnace consuming 5KW takes 15 minutes to just melt 1.5Kgs of aluminium, the initial temperature being 150C. Find the efficiency of the furnace. Specific heat of aluminium is 0.212, melting point 658 0C and latent heat of fusion is76.8Cal per gram. (8 Marks) Calculate KVA and KW drawn from supply, its p.f. and electrical efficiency with following data pertaining to an electric arc furnace. Current drawn = 4,500Amps, Arc voltage = 50Volts Resistance of transformer referred to secondary = 0.02ohms Reactance of transformer referred to secondary = 0.04 ohms (16 Marks) With a neat sketch explain the working of Ajax Wyatt furnace. (16 Marks) (8 Marks) (8 Marks) (8 Marks) (8 Marks)

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12. a) What is skin effect? How this effect is made use in heating? b) Derive the expression for skin depth.. 13. a) Explain the principle of dielectric heating. b) Derive an expression for dielectric power loss.

14. a) What are the advantages of dielectric heating? How voltage and frequency are related for dielectric heating (8 Marks) b) 15. Give some applications of dielectric heating. (8 Marks)

A low frequency induction furnace whose secondary voltage is maintained constant at 12Volts takes 300KW at 0.65p.f., when the hearth is full. Assuming the resistance of the secondary circuit to vary inversely as the height of the charge and reactance to remain constant, find the height upto which the hearth should be filled to obtain maximum heat. (16 Marks) An insulating slab 2cm thick of 150sq.cm in area is to be heated by dielectric heating. The power required is 300Watts and frequency 30MHz is to be used. The material has relative permitivity of 5 and p.f. of 0.05. Determine the voltage necessary and current that will flow through material. If voltage were to be limited to 600Volts, what will be the frequency to get same loss. (16 Marks)

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17. a) What are the factors to be considered for inductor design in induction heating? (8 Marks) b) Give some applications of induction heating. 18. a) Compare high frequency and power frequency coreless furnaces. (8 Marks) (8 Marks)

b) With a neat sketch explain the construction and operation of coreless furnace. (8 Marks) 19. A laminated wooden board 30cmX16cmX25cm thick is to be heated from 20 0C to 1700C in 10 minutes by dielectric heating using 30MHz supply source. Specific heat of wood is 0.35 and density 0.55gm/c.c., relative permitivity 5, p.f. 0.05. Determine the voltage across the work piece and current during heating, assume loss of energy by conduction, convection and radiation as 15%. (8 Marks) A 440V, 3 star connected 36KW resistance oven uses a nichrome wire having resistivity 1.016X10-6 -m. Determine the length and diameter of the wire such that wire temperature is 11000C and that of charge is 7000C. Assume emissivity as 0.9 and radiating efficiency as 0.6. (16 Marks)

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21. a) What are various types of Electric Welding? Explain them in brief. (8 Marks) b) Give the comparison between A.C. and D.C. Welding. 22. a) What are the requirements of a good weld? (8 Marks) (8 Marks)

b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of resistance welding? (8 Marks)

23.

Explain the following briefly a) Metal-electrode arc welding b) Carbon-electrode arc welding

(16 Marks)

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Give the circuit diagram for ignitron contactor and explain its working in electronic welding control. (16 Marks) Explain projection welding seam welding and spot welding. (16 Marks) (8 Marks)

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26. a) Explain the sequence of weld timers.

b) What are the advantages of flash butt welding over simple butt welding. (8 Marks) 27. a) What is welding? (6 Marks)

b) What do you mean by negative resistance characteristic of an electric arc and what precautions are taken for ill effects due to this? (10 Marks) 28. a) What type of supply is suitable for electric arc welding? (4 Marks)

b) What is the effect of welding time of resistance welding on the quantity of the weld? (6 Marks) c) What are the advantages of projection welding? (6 Marks)

29. a) How high frequency supply is obtained in electric heating applications? (8 Marks) b) What are the factors which limit the choice of high frequency in induction and dielectric heating. (8 Marks) Determine the amount of energy required to melt brass at the rate of 1 ton per hour in a single phase Ajax Wyatt furnace. Specific heat of brass = 0.094 Latent heat of fusion = 38.88Kcal/Kg Initial temperature = 240C Melting point of brass = 9200C Assume the efficiency to be 65%. (16 Marks) Find the energy consumed and the rating of a tin melting furnace in order to melt 500Kg of tin in 30 minutes. Taking melting point of tin as 235 0C, specific heat as 0.055, latent heat of fusion as 13.31 Kcal/Kg, initial temperature as 200C and furnace efficiency as 75%. (16 Marks)

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32. a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of high frequency heating? (8 Marks) b) What are various reasons of heating element failure? 33. (8 Marks)

A 50KW, 3 phase, 440V, resistance oven is to provide nichrome strip 0.3mm thick for the three phase star connected heating elements. If the temperature of the wire is to be 15000C and that of charge is to be 10000C, calculate the suitable width of the strip. Assume emmissivity=0.91 and radiation efficiency = 0.6. (16 Marks) (8 Marks) (8 Marks)

34. a) What are different methods of heat transfer? Explain in brief. b) What are the advantages of radiant heating?

35. a) How will you control most efficiently the heat of resistance furnace. (8 Marks) b) What advantages does graphite electrode possess over carbon electrode. (8 Marks) (8 Marks)

36. a) Compare coreless and Ajax Wyatt furnace. b)

Why indirect electric arc furnaces are not built in large sizes? Explain the purpose of using reactors in electric arc furnace. (8 Marks) With a neat sketch explain the construction and principle of indirect core type induction furnace. (16 Marks) Calculate the current per line in a 3 phase arc furnace to melt 5 metric tonne of steel in one hour at an overall efficiency of 50% if the arc is 115V, initial temperature 300C, melting point of steel 13700C, specific heat of steel 278J/Kg/0C, latent heat of steel 37,000J/Kg. (16 Marks) When Tama furnace is used? Explain the working of Tama furnace.(16 Marks) (8 Marks) (8 Marks)

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40. a) What are the materials used for heating elements? b) What is indirect resistance heating? Explain with a neat sketch.

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