SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

QSB1514 Construction Technology 1 Petronas Twin Tower (KLCC) April Semester 2013 Group Assignment Submission Date: 26th June 2013

Name Abby Ling Lili Adeline Yilin Liau Adrian Ng Kar Chun Cheah Xing Nan

Student ID 0309127 0314747 0314516 0314326

Marks

Background Information of Petronas Twin Towers

The Petronas Twin Towers, also known as the Petronas Tower, are twin skyscrapers that situated in Kuala Lumpur, the official capital of Malaysia. According to CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat) official definition and ranking, Petronas Tower was once the tallest building by including the pinnacles, in the world for 6 years (from 1998 to 2004), with the height of 1,483 feet tall (together with the pinnacles height, 243 feet tall), until it was surpassed by Taipei 101, located in Taiwan. Still, it remains as the tallest twin towers in the world. The twin towers were built as the headquarters of Petronas, a national petroleum company of Malaysia. The construction work starts at 1st of March 1993, and ended in 1st of April 1996. The twin towers were designed by Argentine-born American architect, named Cesar Pelli. Inspired by Malaysian culture, Cesar Pelli designed the buildings with the classical Islamic geometric concept. According to the boreholes test at the original planned construction site, the skyscrapers are situated on a steep angle of the limestone bedrock cliff, which can results in a collapse of the mega structure due to the massive loading from the building itself. Hence, they decided to move the structure 60 metre away from the original site, where the entire building is sat on soft rock. Because of the depth of the bedrock, the Petronas Tower now holds the worlds deepest foundation. The skyscrapers contain 88 storeys which is office area. At the floor level 41 and 42 for both towers, there is a sky bridge with length 58.4 metre that link both the towers together, where the tourists can go up and see the view of the city of Kuala Lumpur for a limited time only. Under the twin towers it is the Suria KLCC shopping mall, and the home of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra.

Petronas Twin Towers and the Skybridge

Malaysia Philharmonic Orchestra

The type of Structure and Main Materials

Foundations The towers sit on stiff Kenny Hill residual soil, with erratically eroded limestone bedrock beneath. Since distance to bedrock varies dramatically across each tower from 75 to over 180 m (250 to600 ft)down friction elements were used to distribute load gradually in the Kenny Hill. (See Figure 2). The foundation is a combination of pile and raft foundation. Concrete barrettes (wall segments cast using slurry-wall techniques) up to 105 m (344 ft) long were used, with friction determined by full-scale load tests. The variation in lengths is to control predicted settlement under differing thickness of Kenny hill formation. Concrete grade 45 was specified for the compression piles. The tower pile caps/mats are 4.5 m (14.75 ft) deep. The 13200 meter cube (17250 cu yd) of 60 Mpa (8700 psi. cube) concrete in each mat was cast in one continuous 44 to 50h operation which therefore avoided any construction joints. To fill the 4.5 meters thick foundation skeleton, over 13,200 cubic meters of concrete is required, the same volume of 5 Olympic size swimming pools.

Column Columns were cast in reusable steel forms. The scheme being implemented consists of cast in-place perimeter frame with sixteen columns and cast in-place concrete core. The sixteen tower columns vary along their height from 2.4m (7.9ft) diameter to 1.2m (3.9ft). The concrete used varies in three steps from grade 80 at the lower floors to grade 40 at the upper floors. Grade 80 is specified up to level 22 for the 2.4m diameter reinforced concrete columns. The average strength achieved by Grade 80 concrete is 101 mega Pascals, and thats 25% stronger than what the engineers stipulated. The grade 80 high strength concrete is so strong, its able to withstand the combined weight of 500 elephants at every square foot. The floor system consists of cast in-place concrete slab on ribbed metal deck to act compositely with filled concrete, supported on steel beams.

Core The perimeter ring beams at tower and bustle were of a tapered construction to overcome the problem of the limited space available Each Tower has one central core for all lifts, tower exit stairs and mechanical services. Two virtually solid walls running NorthSouth, and one running EastWest, provide Webs', for the core cantilever beam', making the core quite stiff and efficient. As a result, it carries slightly more than half the wind overturning moment at the foundation. Concrete grade varies in three steps from 80 Mpa to 40 Mpa.

Main Materials All cement came from APMC plant in Rawang including mascrete which is an interground blend of OPC with PFA (20%). The coarse aggregate was a 20-25mm crushed granite. All chemical admixtures were supplied by Master Builders Technologies (MBT), this included Silica Fume, a Conventional retarder (P300) and A conventional Super plasticiser (R1000). High-strength concrete in the core, perimeter columns, ring beams and outriggers gives economical vertical core and column elements of reasonable size, saving rentable space. Concrete construction uses relatively light, simple equipment and the skills of the local work force, simplifies connections in joints of difficult geometry, and provides fire rated shaft walls in the core. Steel beams and decking provide fast, flexible erection to meet an ambitious schedule, while permitting last-minute or post-construction changes for tenants' special openings or loading requirements with minimal impact. The steel framing system used permits local fabrication and innovative non-crane erection methods, while the decking used provides fire ratings without firespray or thick or lightweight concrete fill. The use of mixed construction materials and attention to dynamic effects brought the PETRONAS Twin Towers to a successful realization.

Industrialized Building Systems (IBS) Implemented during the construction of the Towers
Since early 1960s, Malaysia has been introduced to the technology of Industrialised Building System which we normally called it IBS. The origin idea was from European countries. So, what is IBS? IBS basically is about pre-fabrication. It is a construction method where the components of the building are manufactured in factories instead of casting it on-site, then transported and installed with minimum site works. IBS is aimed to minimize the resource wastage, reduce site works, save time, save cost, and control quality of the project. There are five common types of IBS which including steel formwork system, steel frame system, timber frame system, blockwork system and precast concrete system. Petronas Twin Towers, one of the great buildings in Malaysia is one of the products of IBS project as well. It is the only twin towers that fully covered by stainless-steel which designed to reflect and capture the different sunlight from different period of the day in order to increase the aesthetics of the building. A pre-fabrication was used for the stainless-steel wall panel system. It was constructed and cut in a local factory by using a V-cut machine from Japan. To fix the tilt of one of the towers during the construction period, a skybridge was added in between the towers. The skybridge was pre-fabricated by Samsung Heavy Industries in South Korea and was pre-assembled into five main components which consist of two legs, two end blocks and the centre section. For the floor system of the Petronas Towers, it was constructed using the combination of prefabricated steel beam with composite steel decking. The Structural Steel is used for long-span floor slabs in order to support the metal deck slabs. It also implemented on supporting the glass domes at the top of each tower and the skybridge that links two towers together. The elements are joined by welding, riveting or bolting on site. The large proportion of the strength to the weight allows a long-span or high-rise building.

How IBS helped the Construction of those Buildings/ Structures

The industrialized building system (IBS) has helped the construction of the Malaysia Petronas Twin Tower (KLCC) in ways such as speeding up the process of completing the building, making the building stronger and firm, providing more space on site, less wastage, and reduces the cost. Since the Malaysian budget only allowed six years, the IBS managed to help speed up the process. This is so, because while the IBS parts are being made offsite, other works can be carried out before the IBS arrives. Therefore, when the IBS are done, they can just bring it to site and put it into place. Since the Twin Tower was designed to be a city within a city, space was very limited due to all the other buildings surrounding it. Therefore, by making the parts in the factory beforehand, it provides more space in the site to carry out other works. When there is more space, the site would be less messy and hence, it would cause a minimal amount of problems and it guaranties the laborers safety. Besides that, when the site is not messy, it would reduce the wastage of the building materials. This can also lead to reducing the material cost and labors cost. Reducing labors cost, when using IBS, less laborers would be needed because to make IBS parts, the contractors would need to hire more workers with more experience. IBS also produces better quality products that can reach the Systematic Quality Control. The Industrialized Building System that was used in building the Twin Towers were the steel beams, roof trusses, precast concrete slab, and the metal decks for the flooring system.

Reference List
1. Abdul Muthalib. (15 February 2008). KLCC in the making. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlxAiTGZsSo 2. C.A. Brebbia & S.S. Zubir. (2012). Management of Natural Resources, Sustainable Development and Ecological Hazards: Ravage of the Planet III, Pg. 304. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.my/books?id=IW26dshhEGYC&pg=PA304&dq=ibs+malaysi a+building&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wrLHUY2gCYizrAe7lICYCw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=o nepage&q=ibs%20malaysia%20building&f=false 3. CHARLES H. THORNTON, UDOM HUNGSPRUKE AND LEONARD M. JOSEPH (1997). THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF TALL BUILDINGS. DESIGN OF THE WORLD'S TALLEST BUILDINGS PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS AT KUALA LUMPUR CITY CENTRE, Vol. 6, 245262. Retrieved from http://www.ikb.edu.pl/jacek.wdowicki/Pliki/materialy/dydaktyka/budynki_wysokie/dypl om/budynki/petronas%20tower/Tho97.pdf 4. Industrialized Building System IBS. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.powershow.com/view/11f1b OTc2Y/Industrialised_Building_System_IBS_powerpoint_ppt_presentation 5. Ir. Dr. Kribanandan Gurusamy Naidu . (1995). CPAC SEMINAR 95 "Modern Technology in concrete construction" THE PETRONAS TOWER: THE WORLDS TALLEST BUILDING. Retrieved from http://www.jtkconsult.com.my/pdf/CPAC95.pdf 6. Petronas Twin Towers. (2005). In The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/cre/petronas_twin_towers 7. Petronas Twin Towers. (2005). In The Macquarie Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/macqdict/petronas_twin_towers 8. Petronas Twin Towers. (2012). In the AllAboutSkyscrapers.com. Retrieved from http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/property/petronas-twin-towers 9. Petronas Twin Towers. (2013). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454492/Petronas-Twin-Towers 10. Petronas Twin Towers. (2013). In Suria KLCC website. Retrieved from http://www.suriaklcc.com.my/attractions/twin-tower/

11. The Engineer. (13th October 2006). ENGINEERING.COM LIBRARY : Petronas Twin Towers. Retrieved from http://www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/ArticleID/72/PetronasTwin-Towers.aspx 12. Tour Malaysia. (tourmalaysia). (18th December 2010). Petronas Twin Towers Part 1 (Video file). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWZzCCLNzxM 13. Tour Malaysia. (tourmalaysia). (18th December 2010). Petronas Twin Towers Part 2 (Video file). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnvUd0a_GZw

PRESENTATION:

Background - Construction work starts at 1 March 1993, finished in 1996. - Designed by Cesar Pelli - Height 1,483 feet tall including the pinnacles. - Record holder for being tallest building in the world for six years 1998 2004. Surpassed by Taipei 101. - Link bridge at floors level 41 an 42. Connect both the towers together. - The towers contains 88 storeys of offices (44 storeys for each tower), a shopping mall and a philharmonic orchestra.

Type of Structure & Main Materials - The foundation is a combination of pile and raft foundation. - To fill the 4.5 meters thick foundation skeleton, over 13,200 cubic meters of concrete is required, the same volume of 5 Olympic size swimming pools. - The average strength achieved by Grade 80 concrete is 101 mega Pascals, and thats 25% stronger than what the engineers stipulated, its able to withstand the combined weight of 500 elephants at every square foot. - The perimeter ring beams at tower and bustle were of a tapered construction to overcome the problem of the limited space available.

- High-strength concrete in the core, perimeter columns, ring beams and outriggers gives economical vertical core and column elements of reasonable size, saving rentable space. - Steel beams and decking provide fast, flexible erection to meet an ambitious schedule, while permitting last-minute or postconstruction changes

IBS implemented during construction - 1960s Malaysia introduced IBS - IBS pre-fabrication components transported installed - Aim minimal siteworks minimize resource wastage save time/cost control quality - Common 5 types steel formwork, steel frame, timber frame, blockwork, precast concrete Petronas Twin Towers, Malaysia - Wall panel system ( stainless-steel exterior surface ) improve aesthetics - Skybridge ( from Korea ) fix the tilt of one of the towers - Floor system ( the combination - steel beam + steel decking ) - Elements joined by welding, riveting or bolting on site