APA

PLEASE NOTE

A QUICK GUIDE
TO REFERENCING
REFERENCING IS NECESSARY TO AVOID PLAGIARISM, TO VERIFY QUOTATIONS AND TO ENABLE READERS TO IDENTIFY AND CONSULT ANY ITEM TO FOLLOW-UP A CITED AUT HORS ARGUMENTS This guide is an introduction to the APA (American Psychological Association) referencing system. For a more comprehensive guide please refer to: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

USEFUL TIPS
APA is an Author s Name and Date of Publication System. It consists of in-text citations and a reference list at the end of your document The most important principle in referencing is to be consistent All sources used in assignments, essays, reports and theses must be acknowledged in the text of your document (these are called in-text citations) For direct quotations of less than 40 words, use double quotation marks to enclose quotations in text Quotations of 40 words or more are indented (quotation marks are not required). Page or paragraph numbers must be given for all direct quotations Creating a reference list: The reference list includes all books, articles, audiovisual items and websites that are cited in the text. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Each reference in the list must have a hanging indent. The reference list should be double-spaced

Before you write your reference list, check with your lecturer/tutor for the referencing style they prefer you to use and refer to the instructions included with your assignment. The information in this guide is intended to provide you with guidance on using the APA referencing style, for more detailed information, please refer to the style manual above.

The details, order and punctuation required for a reference list entry in its basic form are outlined below:

BOOK (PRINT)
The details required, in order, are: name of author(s), editor(s), or the institution responsible; publication year; title (italicised, capitalise the first word of the title, subtitle and proper nouns); edition; place of publication and publisher. Not all of these details will be required for each reference. AUTHOR YEAR OF PUBLICATION TITLE (Italics)

PLACE OF PUBLICATION

PUBLISHER

Griggs, R. A. (2006). Psychology: A concise introduction. New York, NY: Worth.

JOURNAL ARTICLE (PRINT)

The details required, in order, are: name of author(s); publication year; title of the article; title of the journal (italicised); volume number (italicised); issue number (where required) and page numbers. AUTHOR YEAR OF PUBLICATION TITLE OF ARTICLE TITLE OF JOURNAL (Italics) PAGE NUMBERS

Aranda, S. (2008). Designing nursing interventions. Collegian, 15(1), 19-25. VOLUME (Italics) ISSUE

APA A QUICK GUIDE TO REFERENCING

IN-TEX T EXAMPLE BOOKS Book single author .. issues for the elderly (Arnott, 2005) OR According to Arnott (2005) Sinclair and Dangereld (1998) discuss OR (Sinclair & Dangereld, 1998) Cite both authors each time the reference occurs. (Broyles, Reiss, & Evans, 2007) Cite all of the authors the rst time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the rst author followed by et al. and the year. (Broyles et al., 2007) (Mussen 1973) Cite only the surname of the rst author followed by et al. and the year. Arnott, G. D. (2005). Working in aged care and disability services. Croydon, Victoria: Tertiary Press. Sinclair, D., & Danger eld P. (1998). Human growth after birth (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. An edition number is placed after the title of the work. Broyles, B. E., Reiss, B. S., & Evans, M. E. (2007). Pharmacological aspects of nursing care (7th ed.). Albany, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Include all of the authors in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE

Book two authors Edition

Book 3, 4 or 5 authors

Book 6 or more authors

Mussen, P., Rosenzweig, M. R., Aronson, E., Elkind, D., Feshbach, S., Geiwitz, P. J., et al. (1973). Psychology: An introduction. Lexington, MA: Heath. Provide surnames and initials up-to and including seven authors. Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Leggat, I. K., Nemeth, T., West, A., Ngo, A., . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to use a library. St. Albans, Melbourne: Victoria University Press. Include the rst six authors' names, followed by three dots (. . .), then add the last author's name. The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North

Book - 8 or more authors

(Hutchings et al., 2009) Cite only the surname of the rst author followed by et al. and the year for rst and subsequent citations.

Book no author

(The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business, 1993) Ryde, New South Wales: CCH Australia. OR The title is used in the author position if there are As dened in The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business (1993). no named authors or editors. (Healey, 2006) Healey, J. E. (Ed.). (2006). Australian identity and values . Thirroul, New South Wales: Spinney Press. Use (Eds.) for multiple editors.

Book editor(s)

Chapter in an edited book

(Bauman, 2005)

Bauman, Z. (2005). Time and class. In P. Leistyna (Ed.), Cultural studies: From theory to action (pp. 56 67). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Towl, G. (2007). Psychology in Prisons . Retrieved from http://www.public.eblib.com/EBLWeb/ choice/?mode=publiccatalog If no DOI (digital object identier) is available include the URL of the E-Book. If no DOI is available for E-Books accessed via the Library databases, use the URL of the publishers homepage.

E-Book

(Towl, 2007)

APA A QUICK GUIDE TO REFERENCING

IN-TEX T EXAMPLE JOURNALS Journal article single author Journal article 3, 4 or 5 authors (Aranda, 2008) Aranda, S. (2008). Designing nursing interventions. Collegian, 15(1), 19-25. Aoun, S., Kristjanson, L., Oldham, L., & Currow, D. (2008). A qualitative investigation of the palliative care needs of terminally ill people who live alone. Collegian, 15(1), 3-9. Include all of the authors in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE

(Aoun, Kristjanson, Oldham & Currow, 2008) Cite all of the authors the rst time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the rst author followed by et al. and the year. (Aoun et al., 2008) (Stice, Marti, Spoor, Presnell, & Shaw, 2008) Cite all of the authors the rst time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations include only the surname of the rst author followed by et al. and the year: (Stice et al., 2008)

Electronic journal article with DOI (digital object identier) assigned 3, 4 or 5 authors

Stice, E., Marti, C., Spoor, S., Presnell, K., & Shaw, H. (2008). Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: Long-term effects from a randomized ef cacy trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 329-340. doi:10.1037/0022006X.76.2.329 If a DOI is available it is included at the end of the citation. The database name and URL are not required. No retrieval date is included as the content of the article is not likely to be changed or updated. If no page numbers are displayed, paragraph or section numbers may be used. PLEASE NOTE: FOR MORE DETAILS ON HOW TO CITE MULTIPLE AUTHORS, Bowen, S. (2008,). Beyond self-assessment assessing organizational cultural responsiveness. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 15, 7-15. Retrieved from http://www.tuckerpub.com/jcd.htm If no DOI is available include the URL of the journal homepage. If no page numbers are displayed, paragraph or section numbers may be used.

PLEASE REFER TO EXAMPLES IN 'BOOKS' SECTION ON THE PREVIOUS PAGE OF THIS GUIDE. Electronic journal article No DOI assigned (Bowen, 2008) OR Bowen (2008) concludes.

SECONDARY SOURCES When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been cited in another author's work Benner describes intuition (as cited in Miller and Babcock, 1996) Name the original work in the text of your paper and give a citation for the secondary source. Miller, M. A., & Babcock, D. E. (1996). Critical thinking applied to nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Provide a reference for the book or article that you actually read.

APA A QUICK GUIDE TO REFERENCING

IN-TEX T EXAMPLE OTHER ELECTRONIC RESOURCES Newspaper article online (Davidson, 2008) Davidson, K. (2008, November 10). Time to spend big on infrastructure. The Age. Retrieved from http:// www.theage.com.au The Australian Psychological Society. (2008). Understanding and managing anxiety. Retrieved November 5, 2008 from http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/ tip_sheets/anxiety Include the date an electronic source was retrieved if the content is likely to be changed or updated. Internet document - government department as author (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008) Organisational names may be abbreviated in subsequent citations where the abbreviation is familiar or readily understood: (AIHW, 2008) Internet document no author no date (What is holistic medicine?, n.d.) If the author is not identied use the title of the resource. What is holistic medicine? (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2006 from http://www.holisticmed.com/ whatis.html Use n.d. (no date) when a publication date is not available. Include the date an electronic source was retrieved if the content is likely to be changed or updated. Document on Victoria University E-Reserve (Clancy, 2006) Clancy, D. (2006). Education in Australia: Week 3 lecture notes. Retrieved from Victoria University E- Reserve Web site: http://library.vu.edu.au/ search/r?SEARCH=Ass1013 Stanford Prison Experiment [Image] (2007). Retrieved October 16, 2009 from http://www.ickr.com/photos/ futursimple/2435590398/ Include the retrieval date only if the image is likely to be changed or updated. Caire, N.J. (1880). Western entrance to Melbourne International Exhibition [Photograph ID: AB713-1-8710]. Retrieved from http://catalogue.slv.vic.gov.au/vwebv/ holdingsInfo?bibId=1719334 Include the retrieval date only if the image is likely to be changed or updated. Video blog post (For example, youtube) (Hall, 2007) Hall, A. (2007, December 20). Studying at Oxford University. [Video le]. Video retrieved from http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxAU88LxLis Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2008). Australia's health 2008. Retrieved from http://www.aihw.gov.au/ REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE

Internet document organisation as author

(The Australian Psychological Society, 2008)

Image on the internet

(Stanford Prison Experiment, 2007)

Photograph on the internet

(Caire, 1880)