Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Activity 1
1. The relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the average . mass of one atom of the . when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
Relative atomic mass of an element = the average mass of one atom of an element 1/12 x the mass of a carbon-12 atom
2. By comparing relative atomic masses, we can determine the ratio of the actual masses of atoms. Example: (i) Calculate how many times heavier are 3 calcium atoms compared to 5 carbon atoms. [Relative atomic mass: C, 12; Ca, 40]
(ii) How many magnesium atoms will have the same mass as two silver atoms? [Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Ag, 108]
Relative molecular mass of a substance = the average mass of one atom of one molecule of a substance 1/12 x the mass of a carbon-12 atom
4. A molecule is made up of a number of . Therefore, the relative molecular mass of a substance is calculated by adding up the .. of all the atoms present in a molecule of the substance. Example: (i) Calculate the relative molecular mass of ammonia. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; N, 14]
(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass of water. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16]
5. The term relative molecular mass can only be used for substances that are made up of .................... For ionic compounds,
Mr of Carbon dioxide, CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 44 For ionic substance , Relative formula mass , Fr = The sum of Ar of all atoms present in the formula Example: Fr of Magnesium oxide, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40 Fr of Sodium chloride, NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5
1. The relative molecular mass of a molecule is . when compared with 1/12 of the mass of one atom of 2. Calculate the relative molecular masses of the substances in the table below. Substance Hydrogen gas Propane Ethanol Bromine gas Methane Glucose Molecular formula H2 C3H8 C2H5OH Br2 CH4 C6H12O6 Relative molecular mass, Mr 2(1) = 2
Ammonia NH3 [Relative atomic mass : H,1; C,12; O,16; Br,80 ; N,14 ]
3. Calculate the relative formula masses of the following ionic compounds in the table. Substance Potassium oxide Compound formula K2O Relative formula mass, Fr 2(39) + 16 = 94
Aluminium nitrate
Calcium carbonate
Calcium hydroxide
Na2CO3.10H2O
NaHSO4
Aluminium chloride
Copper(II) sulphate
Zinc carbonate
Potassium carbonate
[Relative atomic mass: O,16; C,12; H,1; K,39 ; Cu,64 ; Zn, 65; Cl, 35.5 ; Al, 27 S,32 ; Ca, 40; Na,23; N, 14]
(i) (ii)
calcium ions 6.02 x 10 25 molecules of water .x 10 23 molecules of ozone, contains : atoms of Oxygen.
7. Complete these sentences . a) 1 mol of calcium contains .. atoms b) 2 mol of iron contains .. atoms
c) 2 mol of magnesium oxide, (MgO) contains .. ions d) 2 mol of sodium carbonate, (Na2CO3) contains . e) 3 mol of carbon dioxide, (CO2) contains .. molecules f) 0.5 mol Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 contains .. Cu2+ ions and . NO3- ions
x Molar mass
Number of moles
Molar mass
Mass in g
3. Calculate the masses of these substances a) 2 moles of aluminium atoms Mass = b) 10 moles of iodine atoms Mass =
f)
l)
Activity 5
4. Calculate the Number of Moles from a given Mass Example : How many moles are there in 88g of CO2 Number of moles = 88 44 a) 2g of helium atoms Number of moles = = 2 moles
Activity 6
5. Complete the following table. Chemical formulae Cu
Element/compound Copper
Calculate (a)Mass of 1 mol = g (b) Mass of 2 mol = . g (c)Mass of mol = .g (d)Mass of 3.01x1023 Cu atoms =
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
RFM= 40
Zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2
RFM =
Example : 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol of ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas and 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupies the same volume of 24 dm3 at room condition x 22.4 / 24 dm3 x 22.4/24 dm3
Volume of gas
10
4. Calculate the volume of gas in the following numbers of moles at STP Example : Find the volume of 1 mole of CO2 gas Volume = = = number of moles x 1 x 22.4 dm3 22.4 dm3 22.4 dm3
5. Complete the diagram below . (Refer to Page 33,34 & 38-Chemistry textbook)
Mass in gram
Number of moles
No of particles
Activity 8
Solve these numerical problems 1. What is the volume of 0.3 mole of sulphur dioxide gas at STP? [Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]
11
3.
Calculate the number of water molecules in 90 g of water, H2O. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
(Ans; 3.01x 10
24
molecules)
4.
What is the volume of 24 g methane ,CH4 at STP? [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12. Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]
(Ans: 33.6 dm )
5.
How many aluminium ions are there in 20.4 g of aluminium oxide, Al2O3? [Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al, 27. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-
23
12
23
7.
Find the volume of nitrogen in cm at STP that consists of 2.408 x 10 nitrogen molecules. [Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
23
(Ans: 8.96 dm )
E CHEMICAL FORMULAE
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to state the meaning of chemical formula state the meaning of empirical formula state the meaning of molecular formula determine empirical and molecular formula of substances compare and contrast empirical formula with molecular formula solve numerical problems involving empirical and molecular formula. write ionic formula of ions construct chemical formulaf ionic compounds state names of chemical compounds using IUPAC nomenclature. use symbols and chemical formula for easy and systematic communication in the field of chemistry.
ACTIVITY 9 (Refer text book pg 40) 1) A Chemical formula - A representation of a chemical substance using letters for and subscripts to show the numbers of each type of .. that are present in the substance.
13
H2
Water .. Propane
2 atoms of H combine with 1 atom of O . atoms of H combine with 1 atom of N .. atoms of C combine with . atoms of H
NH3 C3H8
Magnesium oxide .. .. .
H2SO4
3). There are two types of chemical formulae. Complete the following: ** Empirical Formula ** Molecular Formula The simplest in the compound. The actual of atoms of each that are present in a molecule of the compound Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n .. ratio of atoms of each .
Remember:
(ii)
Empirical formula - ................... Activity 10 1 Find the empirical formula of a compound Example of calculation:
14
Element Mass of element(g) Number of moles of atoms Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles Empirical formula :
X 10.35 10.35207
O 11.95-10.35 (11.95-10.35)16
b) A certain compound contains the following composition: Na 15.23%, Br 52.98% , O 31.79%, [ RAM : O, 16; Na, 23; Br,80] (Assume that 100g of substance is used) Element Mass of element(g) Number of moles atoms Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles Empirical formula:: . Na 15.23 15.23 23 Br 52.98 52.9880 O 31.79 31.7916
c)
Complete the table below. Compound Water Carbon Dioxide Sulphuric Acid Ethene Benzene Glucose Molecular Formula H2O CO2 H2SO4 C2H4 C6H6 C6H12O6 CH2 CO2 Empirical formula Value of n
d) 2.52g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 84. [RAM H,1; C,12] i. Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon
15
ii.
Activity 11
Complete the table below : Cation Hydrogen ion Lithium ion Sodium ion Potassium ion Magnesium ion Calcium ion Barium ion Copper(II) ion Iron(II) ion Iron (III) ion Lead (II) ion Zinc ion Chromium (III) ion Aluminium ion Ammonium ion Sulphate ion Sulphide ion Carbonate ion Dichromate (VI) ion Formula Anion Flouride ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Formula
Ca 2 Ba2
CH 3COO
O 2
S 2
2
Cr2O7
PO4
Al 3
Chromate (VI) ion
Avtivity 12 a) Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn- is constructed
16
....................
Construct a chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds: Potassium carbonate
(iii)
Calcium sulphate
(iv)
(v)
Silver nitrate
(vi)
Zinc nitrate
(ix)
Lead(II) sulphide
(x)
Chromium(III) sulphate
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Learning Outcomes You should be able to 1. state the meaning of chemical equation identify the reactants and products of a chemical equation 2. write and balance chemical equations 3. interpret chemical equations quantitatively and qualitatively 4. solve numerical problems using chemical equations 5. identify positive scientific attitudes and values practiced by scientist in doing research 6. justify the need to practice positive scientific attitudes and good values in doing researsh 7. use chemical equations for easy and systematic communication in the field of chemistry.
17
1) Qualitative aspect of chemical equation: a) Arrow in the equation the way the reaction is occurring b) Substances on the left-hand side .. c) Substances on the right-hand side d) State of each substance : (s), (l), gas .and aqueous solution . 2) Quantitative aspect of chemical equations Coefficients in a balanced equation the exact proportions of reactants and products in equation. Example: 2 H 2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H 2 O (l)
(Interpreting): 2 molecules (2 mol) of H 2 react with 1 molecule (1 mol) of O2 to produced 2 molecules(2 mol) of water Complete the following word equations and write in chemical equation chlorine .. + + oxygen .. .. NaCl Carbon dioxide .. .. .. ..
+ + +
+ oxygen + O2
3) Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions and interpret the equations quantitatively. (a). Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas Interpreting: (b). Hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas ammonia gas
18
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation: 2 H 2 O2 (l) 2 H 2O (l) + O2 (g) 1). Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, O2 measured at STP that can be obtained from the decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O2 . [Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; O, 16. Molar volume : 22.4 dm 3 mol 1 at STP]
(Ans: 11.2 dm )
2).Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 breaks down easily when heated to produce silver metal 2 Ag2CO3(l) 4 Ag (s) + 2 CO2 (g) + O2
19
(Ans : 12.77g)
3). 16 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane, CH 4 . Using the equation below, find the mass of copper that is produced. [Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64 ; O, 16] 4 CuO (s) + CH 4 (g) 4 Cu (s) + CO2 (g) + 2 H 2 O (l)
(Ans : 12.8 g)
4). A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate CaCO3 strongly. It decomposes according to the equation below:
CaCO3 (s)
(a). If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?
20
FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS __________________________________________________________________________________ (b). Calculate the mass of calcium oxide, CaO produced.
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16; Ca, 40. Molar volume : 24 dm3 mol 1 at room conditions]
(b) 11.2 g)
21