Prevention of Peat Degradation through Groundwater Management and Rice Husk-based Power Generation

2013.02.21&22 Shimizu Corporation

Purpose of Feasibility Study

Reduction of Peatland CO2 Emissions: Water management to suppress peat decomposition caused by drainage in Berbak Delta of Jambi Province. Sustainable Development: Increase rice production with the water management and power generation using the rice husk. MRV methodology: Measure/Report/Verify method development for JCM between Indonesia and Japan.

Supported by: Ministry of Environment of Japan, FY2010-FY2012 GEC: Global Environment Center Foundation

PROJECT SITE PROFILE

Site : Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, Jambi Province Area: About 10,000ha =100km2)
History of the site PU developed canals for irrigation during 1970s Due to drainage, the lands became dry and rice yield is as low as 1-2 tons/ha. Peat has not been conserved and its decomposition (=CO2 emission) is advancing

Berbak delta
Berbak river
Batang hari

10km

REFERENCE SCENARIO: Current Situation No water management Cause dried peatlands

Bypassed gate

Peat decomposition [CO2 ] Soil acidification [Rice yield ]

Acid soil

PROJECT SCENARIO: GWL Restoration & Rice Yield Increase

1. Ground Water Level Restoration with water gates upgrade and improved operation to reduce peat decomposition 2. Rice Yield in dry season 3. Rice husk power generation Before (=Reference)
CO2 emissions by peat decomposition
canal Dry peat

After (=Project)
Water table and rice production increase
Water gate

Peat in Groundwater

Water table recovery

ash

MRV : Site Monitoring

Pipe installation

Rain gage installation

Water quality measurement

GWT data download

2ndary canal gate survey

Hearing from farmers

MRV : Site Monitoring

PlotB PlotC PlotB

PlotA

MRV: Site Monitoring

Groundwater Level Monitoring
-1.5
Water level (GL:m)

BHA1-1

AP-2

AP-5

AP-12

AR-1

AR-6

Precipitation

0 20 40 60 80 100

Precipitation (mm/10min)

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 2011/9/1

5.0

2011/10/31

2011/12/30

2012/2/28

2012/4/28

2012/6/27

2012/8/26

2012/10/25

4.5

Water level (EL:m)

4.0

3.5 10min biweek 3.0 1day 1month 1week 3month

Pilot STUDY Water Control in Plot A

Water

SK-6 Road
Flap Gate

PlotA
Tertiary Channel Tertiary Channel

PC-2

B
: Tertiary Channel

Layout of Channel Plan

A = 120 cm B= 70 cm : Collector Channel A= 40 cm B= 20 cm : Micro Channel A= 20 cm

B= 20 cm : Land Ownership Border

Flap Gate Water

Road SK-5

Tertiary canals and water gate plan (12ha rice field in Plot A)

Pilot STUDY Water Control in Plot A

Land Secon Land

For Dry Season

High tide/Flooding Low tide/Rainfall

A. B. Water Retention
Secondary channel Land Land

For Wet Season

Water channel

Tertiary channel

High tide/Flooding

Low tide/Rainfall

B. A.

Land Drainage Operation

Pilot STUDY Water Management in Plot A

Meetings with farmers

Tertiary canal gate presented to the farmers leader

Tertiary canal preparation by farmers

Secondary gate check

Pilot Study : Water Management & Rice Production

Tertiary canal and rice growth

Stakes holder meeting in the Pilot Project Site

Farmers with growing rice

MRV : Methodology How To Evaluate Emission Reductions

I. SITE MONITORING GWL Peat thickness Topography II. SATELLITE DATA Topography (SRTM) Land Cover (GSMaP) Rainfall (Landsat etc)

III. HYDROLOGY MODEL Calculate Ground Water Level with Lumped Model or 3D Model.

If RMSE < 10cm Yes

No

Reference
(Reference Water Level)

IV. GHG EMISSION CALCULATION ER = RE PE = Ai * EFPEAT * (RWL PWL)

Ai : Plot area EFPEAT : Emission factor

RWL

Project
Water gate

(Project Water Level)

PWL

MRV : Applicability Conditions and Reference Scenario

Applicability Conditions
1 Project controls groundwater table (GWT) for peat rewetting by technical methods. Drainage was implemented prior to January 1, 2014. Project site altitude > 100 m Peat thickness > 0.5m in average Project area is hydrologically independent from other peatlands. It does not give adverse impact on the environment or local citizens. Project area is influenced by drainage (e.g. data indicating GWT lowering and/or peat subsidence). Mean GWT should be evaluated with hydraulic model and confirmed with measurements Project implementation shall not cause additional nature destruction.

2 3

4 5 6

Reference Scenario
BaU: Rewetting of developed peatlands will not become obligatory in the Republic of Indonesia.

MRV: Target GHGs

Source Gas Included? Reason/Explanation

Reference scenario

Aerobic peat CO2 decomposition N2O Anaerobic peat CH4 decomposition Aerobic peat CO2 decomposition

Yes No No Yes Yes

Main source to be addressed in reference scenario. Conservatively not accounted. Conservatively not accounted. Main source and gas to be addressed by the project activities. When rice production exceeds national policy target, N2O and CH4 emissions shall be evaluated (3 ton/ha in 2004-2014, 4 ton/ha in 2015-2019, 5-6 ton/ha after 2020).

Project scenario

Rice production

N2O

Anaerobic peat decomposition CH4 used for paddy field

Yes

MRV : Monitoring Parameters

Para Description meter A Area of plot, which can be assumed hydrology and peat depth are constant PWT Mean annual water table during project implementation DP Measurement Method Determined based on remote sensing data and land survey, and shall be updated if there are changes.

Calculated using a hydraulic model using satellite climate data (precipitation, air-temperature) and confirmed with groundwater levels (RMSE<10cm) measured at specified points. Mean annual peat Peat depth of each plot shall be measured before project depth implementation. During project activity, peat depth shall be measured before each Verification. Annual change of DP can be assumed to be constant.

MRV: Peat CO2 Emission Reduction Evaluation

Groundwater Table Calculation
Reference
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 Rainfall(mm/d) Box Model Obs. (Average) 0 50 100

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

200 250 300 350

Precipitation (mm/d)

150

GWL (GL-m)

Pilot Project
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 Rainfall(mm/d) Box Model Obs. (Average) 0 50 100

RMSE=10cm

400 450 500

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

200 250 300 350 400

RMSE=8cm

450 500

Groundwater table calculation verified with measurement

Precipitation (mm/d)

150

GWL (GL-m)

MRV: Peat CO2 Emission Reduction Evaluation

Emission Reductions Calculations Calculation Conditions
- Project area: 100ha x 100 plots - Reference Mean GWL : GL -0.6m - Project Mean GWL : GL -0.3m - EFPEAT-CO2 = 69 tCO2/ha/y/m, EFPEAT-N2O=0.4 tCO2/ha/y, EFPEAT-CH4=3.6 tCO2/ha/y Reference Emission = 100ha * 0.6m * 69 tCO2/ha/y/m = 414,000 tCO2/y Project Emission = 100ha * (0.3m * 69 tCO2/ha/y/m + 0.4 tCO2/ha/y + 3.6 tCO2/ha/y) = 247,000 tCO2/y Emission Reductions = 414,000 247,000 = 167,000 tCO2/y

Env. Integrity & Sustainable Development

Peatland Fire Prevention
- GWL control to > GL -40cm can prevent fire of peatlands - Land subsidence decrease - No negative impact

Rice Production Increase & Power Generation

Rice production potential : 2 ton/ha => 6 ton/ha (2 ton/ha in dry + 4 ton/ha in wet season) Rice husk : 10,000ha * 6ton/ha * 2515,000ton Possible Power Generation : 625 KW (=3500MWh/y ) CO2 reduction : 1.500tCO2/y
100300 H2,CO,CH4, 300900 H2,CO,CH4,CO2,H2O 900 H2,CO,CH4 400900 400600

C + 2H2 CH 4 + 75(KJ/mol) C + O2 CO 2 + 406(KJ/mol) H 2 + 1/2O 2 H 2O + 242(KJ/mol) CO2 + C 2CO - 173(KJ/mol) C + H2 O CO + H2 - 131(KJ/mol) CO2 + H 2 CO + H 2O + 41(KJ/mol)

Briquette maker

Gasification furnace

Project Cost
Project cost: Estimation of the project cost for 10,000ha
Initial Cost Cost
million USD

1 2 3 4 5 6

Water gate restoration Leakage & bypass stop Ccanal maintenance Monitoring equipment Gas furnace & generator Project preparation & Validation Total

0.8 1.2 2.8 0.5 3.6 1.0 9.9

10 location x 20,000USD, 120 locations x 5,000USD 120 locations x 10,000USD Prim: 50km x 20,000USD/km Second: 200km x 3,000USD/km Tertiary: 500km x 1,000USD/km + 1,000

Annual Operation Cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Water gate maintenance Canal maintenance Gate operation Monitoring equipment Hydrology model calculations Gas furnace & Generator maintenance Monitoring Report & Verification Total

Cost 1,000USD

60 100 480 30 50 340 50 1,110

200 locations 300USD 200km500USD/km 10groupx12,000USD 100groupsx3,600USD Level logger: 102,000USD,

Project Scheme
Project Scheme

Indonesian Government Min of Public Works (PU)

Consultation Supervision

Japanese Government

Support

Local Government Jambi province Tanjun Jabun Timur

Joint Implementation

Japanese Project Consortium

PARTNERS : Cooperation for FS & Next Steps

Central government -Min. of Public Works Local Government - Jambi Province Government - Tanjun Jabun Timur Government University - Jambi University - Sriwijaya University

Next Steps 1. Continued capacity building 2. PPP Scheme Development under JCM

Terima kasih, Thank you

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For contact Akihiko HIRAYAMA hirayama@shimz.co.jp