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#
p
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Essay on the physiology of writing, by Doctor Javal.
Javal, mile, 1839-1907.
New York, W.B. Harison [1894]
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t0wq0f605
Public Domain
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independently of anything we can address.
Author
Tte
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p
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ocket Tc ag cd brar o. 2.
A
T
P I G ITI G
/
D T A A
ngneer of Mnes
Mcnbcr of the Academ of Medc e
ce-Presdent of the Pars rce of the Instructon eagut
aureate of the Insttute Mont on Pr e
he aer of the egon of onor ffcer of Pubc
Instructon
k
I IAM A I
59 I T A
ork t
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p
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or T g
am e ere akson
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p
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P A .
Ths sght addton to the bbhograph
of ertca rtng w g e teachers
nformaton as to the mo ement n
rance ths beng the author ed report
of the ommssoners apponted to
e amne nto the sub ect. ohn ackson
n hs Theor and Practce of and
wrtng a hstor of the ertca wrtng
mo ement has g en er cear the
hstor of the mo ement n German
and ngand ths pamphet competes
the account as these countres are the
prncpa ones where the re a has
become genera. Dr. a a seems to
hod the theor that sopng wrtng s
more rapd ths has been concus e
pro en a faac as notab rapd penmen
Thomas A. dson and others use the
ertca because of econom n tme
and space.
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A
T
P I G ITI G
TI A ITI G A D PI G ITI G.
ummar : Introducton I. storc e ew
I Modern rtng of Aduts III. The
rtng of hdren I . Transforma-
ton of ertca rtng nto unnng
and oncuson.
I T D TI .
A seres of artces pubshed n the
e ue centfqe ha ng come under
hs notce the Mnster of Pubc In-
structon b order of une 1 1 ap-
a a Dseases of the e e and the use of gasses ept.
27 g Pubc and pr ate ghtng from the pont of
ew of the h gene of the e es ct. 1 79 ooks and
m opa o . 22 1 79 Mechansm of wrtng Ma 21
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p
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ssa on the
ponted a ommsson composed of M.
Gare Gauther- ars Ga arret G.
achette a a G. Masson de Mont-
mahon Panas and Perrn to e amne
nto the causes of the ncrease of m opa
among schoo chdren and to pont out
the remedes for a condton whch s
da growng worse.
The ommsson set to work at once
and after e amnng mportant docu-
ments a arge number of whch were
taken from the Musde Pedagogqu
after consutng wth competent author-
tes and sendng a sub-commttee to
e amne nto the mode of fe n arous
schoos ntrusted Dr. Gare engneer
of the Ponts et haussees Professor of
Ph scs n the P acut of Medcne of
Pars wth preparaton of a fu report
of ts work.
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P soog of rtng. 9
The ommsson wthout negectng
the questons of ghtng schoo fur-
nture t pograph of schoo books
adopted the formua of George and
that I had brought to ght and came to
ths concuson : t/at f the Ad stra-
ton adopt ertca rtng for oung
chdre t e prncpa cause of ncarsght-
ed ess w ha e dsappeared.
The foowng s the te t of the report:
The ommsson thnk that great
progress w be made b e actng ac-
cordng to Mme. G. and s formua
ertca wrtng on straght paper the
bod erect.
Thus both scooss and m opa w
be a oded together. It s not dened
that the dea of nsstng upon the sub-
sttuton of ertca wrtng n the pace
ur ature of the spna coumn.
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10 ssa on the
of sopng wrtng for chdren w ap-
pear strange at the frst gance but
search has been made n an for sound
ob ectons whch coud be opposed to
ths proposa whch has the further
ad antage of renderng the characters
more egbe a fact of whch e er one
can make sure as we ourse es ha e
done. It must be mentoned aso that
when the chd becomes an adut and
wshes to use the runnng hand whch
aows greater speed and straghter nes
on unrued paper he need on ncne the
paper to the eft. ut n an case the
souton recommended of pacng the
bod perfect s mmetrca parae to
the edge of the tabe the paper n front
of the bod shoud a od the atera
maformatons whch are now so fre-
quent makng the norma poston of
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Ph soog of I rtrg. 1 1
the head natura w pre ent ts comng
contnua nearer the paper. onse-
quent t s thought that shoud the
Admnstraton adopt ths concuson
the prncpa cause of m opa w ha e
dsappeared.
Doubtess a pup ma hod hmsef
bad e en whe ha ng the paper
straght before hm and wrtng wthout
sope but at east he can hod hmsef
we whereas wth the present wa of
teachng the perpetua admontons of
the most carefu teachers break down n
the face of ph soogca mpossbtes.
These concusons pubshed n 1 2
ha e been adopted n se era foregn
countres.
In rance the remaned a dead et-
ter.
owe er a ommsson of fort mem-
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p
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12 ssa on the
bers apponted b etter of anuar 2
1 2 was drected to stud the h genc
condtons of the prmar and nfant
schoos. It assgned to a sub-commt-
tee the e amnaton of the sub ect of
the h gene of sght ths sub-commttee
adopted the concusons of the speca
ommsson of 1 1 n fu and pro-
posed the foowng resouton whch
was passed n fu sesson :
Durng the ee cntm cou se and the
ntermedate eonrse chdren sha be
obged to eonfonn to the formua of Mne.
and TI A wrtng on straght
PAP T D T.
ome mpatent sprts ma thnk
perhaps that n ten ears the Admns-
traton mght ha e been abe to con-
gen- of te p7- a7- sc toos. enera report b
Dr. a a. atona Prntng stabshment and Masson s
bookshop Pars 1 .
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p
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Ph soog of rtng. 1 3
orm to the ad ce of the ommssons
md to make obgator the teachng of
/ertca wrtng.
uch s not our opnon.
In a countr so strong centra ed
I rance the centra power shoud
n act wth e treme moderaton and
he Drecton of Prmar Instructon
as done we to mt tsef at frst to
uthor ng ertca wrtng n the
choos. It s for us to con ert the
eachers to our opnon.
I The hope of succeedng n ths was
he cause of our thess beng presented
o the Academ of Medcne n 1 92.
fter the state of the queston had been
et forth the ob ecton rased b routne
ganst the adopton of ertca wrtng
n the schoos was once more refuted.
The foowng s an e tract from the
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p
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1 ssa 071 t e
report of the sesson of anuar 26
1 92:
The reason for opposng the adop-
ton of ertca wrtng n rance s the
greater sowness of wrtng n ths wa .
And et as far back as 1 1 I ponted
out the smpe means of teachng run-
nng hand quck to chdren accus-
tomed to wrtng wthout sope and a
tte ater I pubshed a ph soogca
ana ss of the mo ements of the hand
and fngers n the act of wrtng.
It foows from these studes that
there are two knds of wrtng : .
wt the fnger uo enent and wth the
arm or freehand. The fngers aone are
used n the former whereas the wrst
pa s an mportant part n the atter.
The mechansm of wrtng. e ue cent/ouc Ma 2
1 1 o. II. p. 6 7.
a a. n wrtng ocete dc ooge o . 2 1 3.
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P socg of rtng. 15
The sope s usefu on n freehand
whether round or anguar. ence t
s unreasonabe to teach freehand to
oung chdren snce t s not possbe
to teach them to wrte from the wrst.
The must be taught frst to wrte wth
the fngers and on ad ance to the
freehand when the begn to wrte on
unrued paper. Then make them ncne
ther paper to the eft and the sope
w foow as a matter of course.
Moreo er to be con nced that the
natura tendenc of chdren s to wrte
ertca t s enough to g e specmens
of wrtng to er oung chdren to
cop . If permtted the ma ort of
them w not mtate the sope of the
cop t s on necessar to sa noth-
ng to them to ha e them adopt ertca
wrtng.
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1 6 ssa on the
It remans for me to apoog e for
ha ng brought before the academ a
sub ect of apparent er sma mpor-
tance. I w remark howe er that n
case of war especa n frng at ong
range the condton of soders sght s
not wthout mportance.
Dsrae sad to the ngsh Para-
ment: Po cr beongs to the most gor-
ous the most numerous and t e best
traned naton.
It s not the pro nce of the acad-
em to consder the sub ect of popuar
educaton as for numbers the recoec-
ton of the dscusson on depopuaton
that I caed forth foowng the readng
of a paper b M. agneau s not et for-
gotten. To-da I wsh to ca attenton
to a queston of ph sca ftness whch
w certan not be unapprecated b
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#
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Ph soog of rtmg. 17
:our assocates of the arm and espe-
ca of the na .
I Ths communcaton to the Academ
of Medcne made a certan str and
ganed a suffcent number of adherents
to warrant the thought that the tme
has come to pubsh a statement of the
1 mechansm of wrtng for the use of pro-
fessors and drectors of schoos. Indeed
I t s mportant that competent men be
abe to understand for themse es the
reasons whch ha e con nced the om-
mssons success e apponted b the
Mnster of Pubc Instructon.
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p
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ssa on the
I T I I .
e w now mss rapd n re ew
the matera causes whch ndepend-
ent of fuctuatons of taste and s ste-
matc returns to antqut appear to
ha e e ercsed a marked nfuence on
changes n wrtng these causes are a-
ratons n the prce of paper the trans-
formaton of the pen the use of gasses
and the haste whch character es the
present tme.
The prce of paper has pa ed a er
mportant part n changes of wrtng
so much so that we see at the same era
Among- the sources whence the eements of ths
re ew ha e been drawn shoud be mentoned a manu-
scrpt of Pou ade from heTau er coecton whch s n
our possesson and whch contans the bo raphes of a
number of cnmcn.
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p
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P soog of rtng. g
the runnng hand empo ed on the pap -
rus of the manuscrpts whe on the
parchment of the codces on cose
wrtten uncas crowded together so to
speak are used no tas that the nes
ma be brought coser together abbre-
atons of e er knd to sa e the pre-
cous skn nothng s negected to make
the most of the space.
The n enton of rag paper dates on
from the III centur hence wth
er rare e ceptons the habt of ea -
ng wde spaces between words dd not
make ts appearance unt much ater
for the same reason ong tas are rea-
t e recent no person beng rch
enough to aow hmsef to mtate the
u ur of the ong etters whch charac-
ter e the wrtng of the Pontfca ourt.
The prce of paper has been reduced
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#
p
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20 ssa on the
more than that of an other artce. The
resut s that now wrtng no onger
takes account of the space used. ut
whe n the I centur the waste of
paper does not affect the wrter t s far
otherwse wth the pubsher ths waste
ncreases wth the s e of the edton
and ths crcumstance suffces to e pan
wh snce the n enton of prntng
whe wrtng has become constant
arger t pe has decreased gradua n
s e so that an sort of dentt between
wrtten and prnted characters asted
er few ears after the n enton of
Gutenberg.

The pen has nfuenced notab the
appearance of wrtng. e see the
goose-qu make ts appearance towards
the mdde of the II centur ths n-
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p
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Ph soog of rtng. 21
no aton scarce changes the character
at a. In fact n mtaton of the caa-
m the qu was cut er broad ke
those that are st used for gothc or
round hand ts eastct ser ed some-
tmes to accentuate more strong the
top of the strokes as ma be remarked
n certan ngsh manuscrpts of the
II centur sometmes to swe the
mdde of the stroke and to g e to the
etters a smar appearance to that of
the oman captas but n the man
the genera appearance remaned the
same as n the manuscrpts wrtten wth
the reed of the ancents.
The breadth of the nb of the caamus
and of the qu e erted a determnng
acton upon the d son of the hea
and fne strokes n the uncas and
ths acton s refected n the oman
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22 ssa 07t the
capta. In fact n order to obtan
greater speed the brar s of antqut
and the monk of the mdde ages endea -
ored to wrte the characters wth a sn-
ge stroke. Agan to a od the un-
gracefu sope of the runnng hand the
ebow must be hed we out n ths
poston f an M be wrtten t w be
notced that the fne strokes are made n
ascendng and the hea n descendng
f an be wrtten makng the frst
hea stroke ower and the second
hgher than the shoud be for s m-
metr cannot be a oded. othng s
easer than to mutp these e ampes.
It was the square form of the nb of
the qu whch ga e brth to gothc
wrtng for proof t s on necessar
to tr to make gothc etters wth a brush
a penc or an ordnar pen n spte of
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#
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Ph soog of rtng. 23
a the efforts of the wrter the resut
w be er nferor to that eas ob-
taned b means of a broad-nbbed pen.
The use of the broad-nbbed pen cut
obque marked an ad ance whch s
shown b the appearance of the free-
hand and a bdta dc.
In round hand the hea strokes are
e act ertca accordng to the
penman b takng for the unt the
wdth of the nb of the pen the etter
7 woud be nscrbed n a square of
whch the sde measures f e nbs n
such manner that the space between the
two uprghts measures three nbs. The
dfference between the etters and n
s amost nsgnfcant the uprghts
equa square on top are a tte more
rounded at the base for 7/ than for n.
The fowng hand on dffers from
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#
p
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2 ssa on the
the round b the ncnaton or sope
whch n the most beautfu modes s
that where the stroke forms the dagona
of a rectange of whch the breadth s
three nbs and the heght four nbs
whence t foows that the ength of the
uprghts s 3 -1- 25 5. ence
t s seen that the ength of the uprghts
of a fowng hand wrtten between nes
four mmetres apart s equa to that of
the uprghts of a round hand between
nes f e mmetres apart.
a butarde dffers prncpa from the
fowng hand n the poston of the
rounded arts whch nstead of beng
entre at the base of the uprghts s
dstrbuted as n sma tacs or modern
P2ngsh.
na the ponted cuttng of the
qu ga e brth to the ngsh or angu-
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#
p
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P soog of tng. 25
ar hand so un ersa used n our da
t s dstngushed b the ength of the
ooped etters and b the tota absence
of hea ascendants whch cannot be
made wth our sharp stee pens the
spread of the ngsh hand s the con-
sequence of the n ason of the stee
pen.
nce the begnnng of the centur
the use of the penc and more recent
that of the Amercan st ograph whch
g es nether coarse nor fne strokes has
caused us to prefer a handwrtng ha ng
a strokes of the same s e. It s the
wrtng of the future. It resuts part
from the present nature of the stee pen
3f whch the st ser es on to factate
:he runnng of the nk. In erse ths
5mpe t pe of wrtng eads manufac-
urers to furnsh us wth pens whch
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#
p
d
2 ssa 07 the
aow of wrtng wthout an pressure
pens mdwa between the broad-nbbed
pen of the round hand and the eastc
and ponted pen of the quartermaster
sergeant.

The n enton of spectaces or con e
enses whch dates from the end of the
III centur has contrbuted power-
fu to the decrease of the s e of
wrtng for before ths n enton t was
necessar to wrte arge under the pen-
at of beng egbe to od peope.
The great spread of m opa partcuar
among educated peope must ha e acted
necessar n the same drecton so that
the nearsghtedness of some b aow-
ng them to wrte smaer than the
shoud coud promote nearsghtedness
among those forced to read ther wrtng.
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a
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s
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s
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#
p
d
Ph soog of rtng. 2
It s possbe that ths doube acton
f m opa and con e gasses has
ear reached ts ma mum for the use
If con e gasses has become an essenta
art of e er da fe and m opes begn
use for wrtng conca e gasses
/hch w remo e the nfuence of ther
: opa.
1
na haste whch s one of the
haracterstcs of the I centur has
ad the effect of brngng the form of
he etters to the greatest smpct b
ong awa wth fourshes peope who
/rte fast and we do not waste ther
me n formng rreproachabe hea
nd fne strokes b means of changes of
ressure on the pen and the wrte
opng for the reason that w be g en
resent . .
G
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2
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:
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G
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/


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s
_
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#
p
d
2 ssa on the
Ths er ncompete sketch was
necessar to show through what e ou-
ton we ha e passed to reach the rapd
and sopng wrtng so genera used
n our da .
The hstor of the return to ertca
wrtng for chdren s much shorter
t begns wth Guaume and ahrner
n 1 63. otwthstandng the efforts of
Gross nger and man others the
campagn n fa or of ths wrtng came
to nothng ess from the opposton of
routne than because ts promoters e -
ceeded moderaton and fa ored the
adopton of ertca wrtng wthout an
restrcton. The mssed the ph so-
ogca e panaton of the ad antages of
or further detas see our artces on the ph soog
of readng n the Annaes d ocustque 1 0.
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_
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#
p
d
P soog of rtng. 29
opng wrtng for aduts who are under
e necesst of wrtng er fast and
e were not wse enough to mt ther
smands to the adopton of ertca
rtng for chdren. or dd the know
Dw to e pan the manner n whch the
ange from the one to the other can be
s made.
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s
_
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#
p
d
30 ssa on the
M D ITI G AD T
hen chdren are taught to wrte
t shoud not be forgotten that the arc
destned to grow up but at the same
tme ths teachng shoud not be drectec
as f a the schoars were ntended t
become cop ng cerks. The wrtn
that s taught them shoud be egbe
when the sha ha e eft the prmar
schoo and t s ad sabe that n add
ton t shoud become wthout too grea
troube rapd and eegant for those whd
are to adopt the bera professons
rtng shoud not be taught n the
same wa n the prmar schoos and r
the hgh schoos.
Athough departng somewhat fron
our ob ect whch s the teachng o c
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#
p
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Ph soog of rtng. 31
wrtng n the prmar schoos we are
ong to e pan wth some deta the
echansm of wrtng among aduts. e
a e foowed n ths stud the method
/hch shoud gude a those who
dsh to formuate rues to be foowed
the proper e ecuton of the bod
ercses. Ths method conssts n ob-
ser ng the mode of workng of the most
I fted persons who ether b natura
pttude or b tradton possess e cep-
ona sk.
et us then e amne the mo ements
f a sked wrter for e ampe those of
recordng secretar of the hamber of
eputes who whe ookng constant
bout hm wrtes out on the spot the
a ss of the proceedngs n a fne
opng reguar hand suffcent egbe
d be perfect cear to the prnters.
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#
p
d
32 ssa o the
rst of a a contnua oscaton of
the entre hand w be notced t s the
wrst ont whch makes a mo ement of
e tenson for each up stroke and a
mo ement of fe on for each down
stroke furthermore the three fngers
whch hod the pen make at the same
tme mo ements of e tenson when the
wrst e tends and of fe on when t
draws back these mo ements of the
fngers ha e the effect of dmnshng
sght the sope of the up strokes
and more that of the down strokes.
The fngers make st other tte mo e-
ments to compete the form of certan et-
ters and to rase the pen. The most rapd
and most reguar wrtng s that whch
reduces to a mnmum the mo ements
of the fngers and rees to the utmost
upon the wrst motons whch b ther
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2
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G
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#
p
d
P soog of rtng. 33
sochronsm and dentt are a measure
f ceert these motons of the wrst
orm a knd of braton of abso te
eguar qu erng whch s produced
thout fatgue and t mght be sad
n okmtar . It s so to speak the
oundaton of rapd wrtng but on ths
no ement must be grafted arous other
oo ements whose use s to shape the
.fferent etters. The mo ement n
ueston g es s Dced and reguart the
ther mo ements g e egbt .
ut the motons of the wrst and fn-
ers asssted wth some peope b a
oton of the arm engthwse to form
e ong etter woud on aow of wrt-
g n one spot there must st be a
o ement of con e ance of the whoe
and aong the ne. ow s ths con-
s ance effected Ths s a pont
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_
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#
p
d
3 ssa on the
on whch speca stress must be ad.
The sked wrter f he ha e forgot-
ten the precepts of hs wrtng master
eans hs ebow on the edge of the tabe
so that as ong as he wrtes on a narrow
sheet the ebow rests absoute m-
mo abe and the ne of the wrtng s
not a straght ne but an arc of a crce
ha ng for ts radus the ength of the
forearm ncreased b that of the hand
and the part of the pen whch e tendsu
be ond the fngers. To pro e ths after
beng comfortab paced for wrtng
put the pont of the pen on the begn
nng of a ne and mo e the forearm e
round the ebow taken as a centre the f
pen w trace on the paper an arc of a
crce of so great a radus as to concde r
wth a straght ne parae to the uppec
edge of the sheet. Ths mmobt o cc
G
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#
p
d
Ph soog of I rt g. 35
be ebow s fa orabe to rapdt of
wrtng for the rotaton of the forearm
made gradua wthout requrng the
ast tme whe a stop s caused nec-
ssa when the arm s who ds-
aced to mo e the pen aong the ne.
other ad antage of ths s stem s
hat the straghtness of the ne s pre-
er ed automatca so to speak wth
e ebow we supported nothng s
aser than to wrte perfect straght
th the e es cosed.
The use of the ebow as a p ot brngs
30ut other consequences. The frst s
e obque poston of the paper adopted
1 a rapd wrters the dagona whch
ns the upper rght to the ower eft
rner of the paper beng amost perpen-
cuar to the edge of the tabe. The
cond s the sope of the wrtng when-
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s
_
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#
p
d
5 ssa on the
e er the ne that s beng wrtten s
perpendcuar to the forearm the mo e-
ment of the wrst produces necessar a
sope whch shoud be greater than 5
f the motons of the fngers and the
mo ements of con e ance of the hand
ha e not reduced t consderab par-
tcuar on the down strokes.
The o-raphc method enabes us to an-
a e the motons of wrtng put on the
wrst and tte fnger of the wrter a
braceet and a rng to each of whch a
penc s attached. he the pen traces
the wrtng whch s the resutant thes
pencs trace on the same paper the
mo ements of the forearm and hand
whch are the components.
th the poston of the arm and of
the paper ust descrbed the down strokes
take natura a poston near perpen-
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#
p
d
P soIog of rtng. 37
dcuar to the edge of the tabe. ence
t foows that n order to wrte wthout
sope the sked wrter who hods hm-
sef as ndcated has on to pace the
sheet straght before hm at once the
mo ements of the wrst of whch we ha e
spoken w cease to produce the sope
and wthout an practce he w wrte
ertca wth suffcent speed and qute
n ountar the on dffcut s that
for each word and e en se era tmes
n a somewhat ong word t becomes
necessar to mo e the forearm and n
consequence the arm toward the rght
otherwse hs nes w rse as do those
of er man peope who persst n
hodng ther paper straght before them
as the were taught n ther chdhood.
In obser ng the method of sked
wrters t s not that of the penmen
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_
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#
p
d
3 ssa on the
we arr e at ths concuson that t s
necessar to ncne the paper toward
the eft at an ange amost equa to the
sope of the wrtng and that the wrt-
ng must sant. It s for greater cear-
ness that we ha e supposed the ebow
to be supported on the tabe a part
on of the forearm can be used wthout
ncon enence athough ha ng no
pont of support the ebow can ser e
erfect as a f ed p ot for the mo e-
ments of the forearm.
It must be admtted at once wth re-
gard to the atttude of the bod that
the poston that we adopt s not entre
wthout ts dsad antages athough t
permts of wrtng wth cosed e es one
ooks wng at one s work and t s
e en necessar to do so to pace the dots
and the accents. ow for er com-
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_
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#
p
d
P soog of rtng. 39
pe ph soogca reasons the e es are
so constructed that t s dsagreeabe to
them to ook aong obque nes conse-
quent persons who wrte as we ad se
are rresstb ed to ean the head to
the eft n order to put the two e es
and the ne of the wrtng as near as
possbe on the same pane ths s a
sght ncon enence for aduts wth
whom deformatons of the bod are no
onger to be feared.
A er wdespread faut n wrtng
arses from the use of dots on the s and
of accents. Most persons do not wat
for the word to be fnshed to put the
dots the accents and the crosses to the
fs A seres of ncon enences come
from ths. rst an nterrupton of the
stroke whch shoud unte n one group
wthout stoppng a the etters of the
G
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s
s
_
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s
e
#
p
d
0 ssa on the
same word. Agan a er consderabe
dea for t takes more tme to stop dot
an and take up agan the reguar mo-
ton of the pen than to make two or
three down strokes. na man per-
sons especa n German do not
rase the pen to dot the / cross the /
or make certan accents whence come
strokes that connect the accents to the
etters and nterfere great wth eg-
bt .
thers workng rapd scatter dots
and accents hap-ha ard whe wth the
s stem we ad ocate these sgns are
awa s put n ther proper paces.
The penmen ad se not puttng the
accents and dottng the ts unt the
word to whch the beong s fnshed
ths s a dffcut habt to ncucate n
chdren and one whch the do not
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2
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/


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/
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d

.
h
a
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d

e
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n
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t
/
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0
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7
/

o
c
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a
r
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:
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6
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/


h
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p
:
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/
w
w
w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
Ph soog of rthg. 1
often keep up. It woud be better to for-
bd entre the use of dots and accents
whe wrtng and nsst that the be
not paced unt subsequent n readng
3 er whereas the punctuaton shoud
be done wth great care n the frst
oace. ths s stem one can wrte
/er rapd and reguar . If wrtng
:or one s sef or for the prnters t s
entre useess to add dots and accents
A hch are on to render wrtng egbe
n spte of ts fauts and to peope ha -
ng tte educaton. suppressng
ots and accents t s eas to take notes
f a ecture currentc caauo to wrte
ut the entre proceedngs of the most
mmated dscusson and a these sgns
ran be added on readng o er esure
r the can be put n b a secretar .
rhs s stem presents aso the er great
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/
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.
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a
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d

e
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n
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/
2
0
2
7
/

o
c
.
a
r
k
:
/
1
3
9
6
0
/
t
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q
0
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a

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/


h
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/
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w
w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
2 ssa on the
ad antage that a gance w show
whether a page of wrtng has been re-
read or not t s wrtten e en and
quck and ts egbt s ncreased
afterwards wthout oss of tme on re-
readng b addng the dots and accents
of whch good manners forbd the oms-
son e cept n wrtng reser ed e cu-
s e for one s own persona use.
peed e acts ne t that the hea
strokes be produced b a er sght e -
pendture of strength and rather b the
breadth of the pen than b pressure
ens wth fne and e tra fne ponts
shoud be re ected and those of medum
nbs adopted.
apdt e cudes unnecessar ong
tas ths s no e for the caprce of
fashon aone hnders them from beng
consdered as ungracefu as the are n
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/


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/
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d

.
h
a
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d

e
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n
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t
/
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2
7
/

o
c
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a
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:
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1
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9
6
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/
t
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q
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c

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o
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a

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/


h
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:
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/
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w
w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
Ph soog of rtng. 3
reat n beautfu fowng hands the
ong strokes ha e a tota dmenson
whch hard e ceeds twce the s e of
he bod of the etter.
na n order to wrte rapd t s
mportant ne er to need to rase the
oen whch causes consderabe oss of
:me. ow f t be desred to wrte n a
:ontnuous stroke t w be notced that
5e en etters necesstate the ftng of
:he pen t must ea e the paper before
:he etters a c d g 0 q n the mdde of
:he etters a g and / and after q and s.
A great number of fauts of wrtng
sprng from connectons whch are
dopted to a od these breaks n con-
:nut et these connectons be ntro-
uced where er possbe b formng the
ound part of the etter a b means of a
/er open sort of and et the same
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o
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3
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/


h
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/
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d

.
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a
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d

e
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n
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t
/
2
0
2
7
/

o
c
.
a
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k
:
/
1
3
9
6
0
/
t
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q
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o
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a

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/


h
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/
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w
w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
ssa on the
s stem be apped to o- and q and here
are four etters whch w be made
b a snge stroke of the pen ackson
stem . As for s et the connecton
be author ed and t w take a form
anaagous to an e re ersed eas to
wrte rapd and not to be confused
wth an other etter.
To sum up f t be wshed that a man
of the bera professons ha e a good
handwrtng when he sha ha e eft the
benches of the ceum he must be
taught at a g en perod such a hand-
wrtng as w not be dstorted too ds-
agreeab b rapdt . If er great ce-
ert s sought ths wrtng w be
sopng wrtten on ncned paper and
ts mechansm w rest on a reguar
tremuous mo ement of the wrst.

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/
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a
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d

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7
/

o
c
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/


h
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/
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w
w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
I P soog of rtg. 5
A the precedng appes to freehand
rtng n whch the motons of the
rst pa a preponderatng part wrt-
I g of whch the prncpes ha e been
perfect ad down b Tauper and b
Grma. If the methods of these pen-
men be faen nto an unmerted ob -
on t s because the were wrong n
wshng to app to the teachng of
chdren prncpes wth whch the had
succeeded n rectf ng the wrtng of
aduts destned to become cop ng
cerks. The forgot that the mmense
ma ort of the peope ha e no need to
wrte at great speed. et the peope as
a whoe wrte quet and egb and
et the methods of Tauper and Grma
be reser ed for the rtuos of the pen.

The prncpes of wrtng wth the fn-

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/
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d

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a
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d

e
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/
2
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7
/

o
c
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:
/
1
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/
t
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q
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c

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o
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a

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/


h
t
t
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/
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w
w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
6 ssa on the
ger mo ements are er dfferent.
Methods are not ackng n whch drec-
tons can be found for hodng the pen
so as to wrte round hand fowng and
butardc. e on sa n passng that
among these st es of wrtng formed
b means of pens wth broad straght
nbs there s one unnamed whch ap-
pears to us preferabe to a t s a
round hand n whch the / dffers from
the // as n the bdtardc and n whch the
s s etc. w be ooped. Ths wrt-
ng done wth a pen of medum n
shoud become the natona hauh rt g.

After ha ng frank made known the

reasons whch ead some peope to pre-
fer sopng wrtng we are gomg to
demonstrate that for chdren the
teachng of ertca wrtng s preferabe
n e er respect.
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/
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.
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a
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e
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7
/

o
c
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:
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/


h
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.
h
a
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h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
Ph soog of rtng. 7
T ITI G I D .
It cannot enter the mnd of a reason-
abe person to wsh to teach to a chd
s ears od who does not et know the
form of the etters the er compcated
mechansm of whch some grown-up
peope make use n order to wrte rap-
d . Moreo er shoud ths be desred
hs organ aton s not adapted to t for
hs forearm beng er much shorter
than that of the adut the rotaton round
the ebow woud cause the pen to trace
an arc of a crce dfferng wde from a
straght ne and hs wrtng s much
too hestatng to be abe to make use of
the tremor of the wrst. These mo e-
ments then must be g en up the chd
aowed to mo e hs entre forearm at
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/

o
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:
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t
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a

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/


h
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/
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w
w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
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s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
ssa on the
amost e er etter and to make use
amost soe of hs fngers n mo ng
the pen : he must be eft to hmsef n
ths respect.
n the other hand rued paper s
awa s g en to chdren no reason e -
sts for the ncned poston of the cop -
book : the straghtness of the nes s
assured b the rung and s not to be
obtaned b the rotaton of the forearm
round the ebow. The cop -book s
paced then straght before the chd.
It has been sad aread that e en for
the adut accustomed to sopng wrtng
ertca wrtng s a consequence of ha -
ng the wrtng book straght. To pro e
that t s the same wth the chd make
hm cop some sopng wrtng : f eft
to hmsef hs cop -book beng straght
he w wrte ertca n spte of the
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/

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:
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h
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w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
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s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
I Ph soog of atng. 9
ope of the mode. h counteract
hs natura tendenc G e hm mod-
es of ertca wrtng he w cop them
nore eas whch s no e and n
rtng ertca he w t e no c
ng hod hmsef straght whch
ends to a od cur ature of the spna
:oumn or scooss and abo e a m o-
pa whch s often recogn ed as the re-
mt of a bad poston whe wrtng.
If dsregardng the nstnct e ten-
enc of the chd whch s good t be
esred to teach hm sopng wrtng
wo soutons present themse es: cop -
ook ncned to the eft or cop -book
traght.
hen the ncned poston of the
:op -book s drected the obque pos-
on of the nes nduces the ncned
poston of the hand whch reacts b
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/


h
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.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
50 ssa on t e
degrees on the atttude of the whoe
bod . The cop -book turned ob que
to the eft has the effect of bendno: the
head toward the eft and the rest of the
bod foows the mo ement to a od a
too great bendng of the neck and to
throw the centre of gra t to the rght
so much so that the cop -book hed
obque brngs about scooss wth eft
conca t as notced thrt ears ago.
hen on the contrar a sopng hand
wrtten on a cop -book paced straght
s e acted teachers demand what s con-
trar to nature t s not enough to pace
the ebow aganst the bod t must be
put nto the bod and the unhapp
schoar s forced to hoow hs rght sde
to g e room for hs ebow whch eads
hm to drop hs rght shouder and to
bear a the weght of the bod on the
G
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/

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h
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w
.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
Ph soog of rtng. 5 r
eft buttock whch causes a scooss
th a rght conca t . An emnent
rtng teacher prased ths atttude to
I n the presence of the ommsson
pponted b the Mnster of Pub c
nstructon. ur rep was topca:
ut turn around f ou pease and ou
ha e our rep The ceebrated
enman had hmsef a fne cur ature of
he spne whch seen from the back
ssumed the form of the etter the
ght shouder was much ower than the
2ft.
t scooss s a reat e nsgnf-
ant e what s more serous s that
th the foregong atttudes press the
ead forward after a few mnutes and
hs b a mechansm of whch the de-
crpton woud take up too much space
ere and aganst whch the e hortatons
G
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h
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.
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a
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h

t
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t
.
o
r
g
/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
52 ssa on the
of the most attent e teacher woud be
necessar of no a a.
The ph soogca mechansm b whch
sopng wrtng s a cause of scooss and
of m opa has been shown esewhere
n deta reference can be made to t
and the numerous authors who ha e
wrtten on ths sub ect abo e a n
German can be studed. It s enough
to reproduce here photographs showng
the postons acqured n ether cass of
work. erman ohn on the h gene
of the e e enna 1 92 rban and
chwart enberg pubshers. ee front-
spece .
Accordng to ohn chubert took
two groups of ten pups n two casses
n the same schoo n uremberg the
a a . cous atttudes of schoars. e ue d h gene
1 1 pp. 500 and 570.
G
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h
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w
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.
h
a
t
h

t
r
u
s
t
.
o
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/
a
c
c
e
s
s
_
u
s
e
#
p
d
P soog of rtng. 53
schoars n the frst group wrote sopng
those of the second group had practced
ertca wrtng for a ear. e are as-
sured that the e perment was fathfu
made. e bee e t but e en f t
shoud ha e been a tte e aggerated
for the needs of a sub ect of whch M.
chubert s one of the most ardent and
ntegent champons t s none the
ess certan from our own persona
obser atons that the atttudes are n
a countres much better among ch-
dren practcng ertca wrtng.
:-
As far back as the ear III rancos
de eufchateau Mnster of the Interor
at that tme there was no Mnster of
Pubc Instructon dd not consder t
beneath hs dgnt to pubsh a method
of I achng readng b wrtng and he
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#
p
d
5 ssa on the
recommended that a good handwrtng
shoud not be nssted upon at frst. e
thnk wth hm that hc st stage o the
teachng of wrtng shoud consst n
makng the pup trace egbe etters and
n ea ng hm free pro sona from
rues for hodng the pen. ut as n ths
respect he shoud not be aowed to con-
tract bad habts t s best to make hm
wrte wth chak on a backboard whch
s aso to be preferred for the preser a-
ton of the sght.
The second stage n our opnon shoud
be wrtng wth a penc ess because
ths process a ods nkbots than for the
reason that the penc wrtes n an po-
ston : t s one dffcut ess and noth-
ng compes the penc to be hed n the
ncned poston whch s necessar for
the proper use of the stee pen. n
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#
p
d
Ph soog of rtg. 55
those pups shoud be aowed to wrte
wth nk who sha ha e made suffcent
progress to ustf ths step whch w
be g en them as a reward.
As a thrd stage we shoud be tempted
to recommend a knd of modern round
hand wrtten wth a pen ha ng a
straght broad nb hed qute ertca
we shoud e en be wng ad ocates of
e ercses wrtten wth a doube pen as
a means of formng the habt of bearng
equa on both nbs of the pen.
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#
p
d
56 ssa on the
T A MATI TI-
A ITI G I T
I G A D.
At what age and to what e tent shoud
sopng wrtng be adopted It s hard
to sa precse . owe er t w be
sad that the use of rued paper s a-
most a necesst when wrtng wthout
sope hence whene er the wrtng ought
to become er rapd and the use of
rued paper s g en up t seems we to
abandon ertca wrtng. perence
aone can ndcate the most opportune
moment whch for the great ma ort
of schoars w ne er come. or those
whose professon w consst prncpa
of wrtng the change w often come
of tsef : pre ent ts use among er
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#
p
d
Ph soog of rt7g. 57
sma chdren and scooss w ha e
been suppressed entre and the num-
ber of m opes notab dmnshed.
As for the means of effectng the
change the w ar a tte wth the
age at whch t s desred to be made. In
fact a good man aduts who wrte pass-
ab fast make no use of the wrst mo-
tons athough wrtng sopng and on
the other hand t s possbe to wrte
ertca whe makng use of these
motons. There s no absoute correa-
ton between these two terms sopng
wrtng and the use of the wrst motons.
The queston of knowng at what mo-
ment t s mportant frst to teach the
motons of the wrst and second to g e
the sope to the wrtng remans an
open one. It s not e en known f the
two changes of s stem shoud be made
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#
p
d
5 ssa on the
at the same tme. Ths queston pre-
sents tte nterest for the pups n
rura schoos who can wthout ncon-
enence keep to ertca wrtng and
fnger mo ements. It s entre dffer-
ent for schoars whose educaton shoud
be pushed much farther for f the teach-
ng of the freehand to these be too ong
dea ed there s danger that the prnc-
pe can no onger be ncucated n them
and that then contnung ndefnte
to use the fnger mo ements the w
retan a ther es one of those hand-
wrtngs n whch rreguart s not re-
deemed b rapdt of e ecuton. or
such t seems wsest to teach success-
e ertca wrtng wth fnger mo e-
ments then ertca wrtng wth arm
mo ements on rued paper as a prepara-
ton for sopng wrtng.
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#
p
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Ph soog of rtng. 59
I .
There s no doubt :
That the er rapd wrtng of aduts
shoud be sopng the paper beng n-
cned.
That the wrtng of chdren shoud
be ertca the cop -book beng hed
straght.
That the adopton of ertca wrtng
at the begnnng presents no obstace
to the uteror use of sopng wrtng.
Those who know our efforts to ha e
ertca wrtng adopted n prmar
schoos w e perence some surprse at
seeng us accept sopng wrtng for
aduts n the bera professons. ur
answer s that nothng s attaned when
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#
p
d
6o P soog of rt7g.
too much s demanded. To those who
wrte rapd wth sope and who der e
beneft from t t w be dffcut to
pro e that the are wrong when the
are rght. To wsh to force a to wrte
ertca woud be as absurd as to make
oung chdren wrte wth a sope. ur
hope of brngng about the adopton of
ertca wrtng n the prmar schoos
rests e act on the dstncton subte
n appearance but founded on ph s-
oog that we ha e shown between the
mechansm of a chd s wrtng and that
of the freehand wrtng of aduts.
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#
p
d
outon of mpre erGs.
I I T I A T .
p A A .
Prce oth each 75 cents.
tte books arc ntended to
g e us n a few pages pctures of
those modern word tates whch we ca
rance and German . It s suggested
that students shoud read t before gong
nto a more eaborate stud of rench
and German hstor n order that the
ma ha e the outne n mnd before
attemptng to f n the detas.
I IA A I
59 fth A enue
.
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#
p
d
GIT D A T .
e 2 3 nches.
an arrangement of two concentrc
crces the degrees of ongtude are
shown parae wth the correspondng
tme. The uses to whch ths chart can
be put are amost wthout mt.
Prce postage pad 1.00
Per Do en 10.00.
I I fn m .
:59 I T A
IT .
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#
p
d
rs
G A D GAM
A I T I .
A seres of brght songs and famar
ames n rench put up oose n an en-
eope to enabe the teacher to dstrbute
separate to the cass f preferred.
A A T TT AM A T
Prce 50 ents each.
I I n I
9 fth A enue ew ork t .
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#
p
d
ackboard / oth
- AT A 5 AT .
A coth wth surface resembng natura
sate. o goss or shne to
n ure pups e es.
3 feet wde per ard - - - 0.75
3 pece 11 ds. - - .00
ard - - - 1.00
pece 11 M ds. - - 10.50
am cs scut upon request.
I I n a I
59 fth A enue ew ork t .
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#
p
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PI
AD TA .
Patented . . anada ngand.
ead gummed and adaptabe to ft an
s ed book. speca adapted to pubc
schoo use as there are no onts on the back
and sdes to come apart. Preferabe to the
non-ad ustabe co ers as no st of s es need
be kept b schoo superntendents o. 1
fttng a sma books. o. 2 a sma geog-
rahes o. 3 a geographes.
Prce per oo.
o. I 1.50 2 2.50 3 3.50.
ontract prce to oards of ducaton n
ots of 1 000 or more per 1 000.
o. I 12.50 2 17.50 3.25.00.
Prces ncude prntng and e ressage.
I IAM A I
choo uppes.
59 I T A . . . IT .
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#
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#
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