AN EXPLAINATION OF BIBLICAL TYPOLOGY

Typology Charts

Typology is the method Christian students of the Bible use to understand the historical relationships between people and events recorded in Sacred Scripture. Typology guides the Biblical student to look at each event and person in salvation history as linked to what preceded in the Biblical record and linked to what will come, uniting the reader to the divine mystery of the progression of God's plan for the salvation of mankind. The word "typology" is taken from the Greek word "tupto", which means "to beat". In Greek this word can be used to refer to the imprint carved by a matrix. In using the typological approach to the study of the Bible one investigates and compares the similarities and the differences between events and the lives of individuals in the Biblical record of salvation history and how these individuals and events impress an imprint on the Biblical record that can be compared'one event to another or one individual to another. This is not merely a "Christian" approach to understanding the unfolding history of Scripture. This same methodology was also used by the Old Testament prophets and by Jesus of Nazareth who not only compared His mission to the words of the prophet Isaiah repeatedly in the New Testament [see Luke 4:18-19 when He quoted from Isaiah 61:1-2] but He also compared Himself and His Passion to the mission and experiences of the Prophet Jonah. In addition, the Old Covenant Holy Days of Obligation are "types" that point to the Passion and Resurrection of the Christ as well as to His promised Second Advent. The Old Covenant feast of Passover is expressed typologically in the Eucharist. All the events of the Old Covenant feasts expressed in the liturgy of the chosen people made the people relive the past events of the Exodus experience in the present of each new generation of covenant believers just as our New Covenant Holy Days make us relive past events, placing them in the context of the present to each event is real and present for each generation. This included the sacrifice of the Lord on Calvary which is real and present in each and every Eucharistic celebration around the world at every hour of the day. Every liturgical event transcends time. In celebrating these past events we live them in the present and in the union of past and present we are oriented toward the future promises associated with the sequence of events. Both Eucharist and the Jewish Passover points toward the promised Communion of Saints at the end of time and prepares us for the fulfillment and completion of the history of man.

Typology of Moses and Jesus

Scriptural types: "A biblical person, thing, action, or event that foreshadows new truths, new actions, or new events. In the Old Testament, Melchizedech and Jonah are types of Jesus Christ. A likeness must exist between the type and the archetype, but the latter is always greater. Both are independent of each other." Catholic Dictionary, John A. Hardon, S.J. MOSES An evil king/Pharaoh tried to kill him as a baby: Exodus 1:22 He was hidden from the evil king/Pharaoh: Exodus 2:2 JESUS King Herod tried to kill baby Jesus: Matthew 2:16 An angel said to hide the child from the evil King Herod: Matthew 2:13

Moses was sent into Egypt to preserve Jesus was taken into Egypt to preserve His his life: Exodus 2:3-4 life: Matthew 2:13-15 He was saved by women: his mother: Saved and helped by His mother, Mary: Exodus 2:3; Miriam 2:4; Pharaoh's Matthew 2:14 daughter 2:5-10 Pharaoh's daughter adopted Moses: Joseph adopted Jesus: Matthew 1:25 Exodus 2:10 Moses became a prince of Egypt: Exodus Jesus is the Prince of Peace: Isaiah 9:5; 2:10 Matthew 28:18; Luke 2:14 Long period of silence from childhood to Long period of silence from childhood to adulthood adulthood Moses had a secret identity Messianic secret = Jesus the Son of God He tried to save a Hebrew kinsman: Jesus came to save His Hebrew kinsman first: Exodus 2:11-12 Mark 7:26-28 Went from being a prince to a pauper: Went from being God to being man: John 1:1Exodus 2:15-19 3; Mark 6:3 Saved women at a well: Exodus 2:15-19 Saved a woman at a well: John chapter 4 Became a shepherd: Exodus 3:1 He is the Good Shepherd: John 10:11 Moses' mission was to redeem Israel from Jesus' mission is to redeem mankind from slavery to Egypt slavery to sin Moses was loved and supported in his Jesus was loved and supported in his ministry ministry by his sister Miriam [in Hebrew, by His mother Mary [in Hebrew, Miryam] Miryam] He was often rejected by his own people Jesus was often rejected by His own people Moses will give God's law on the Jesus will give the new law from the Mt. of mountain of Sinai: Exodus 20:1-31:18; Beatitudes: Matthew chapter 5 34:1-35 Moses spent 40 days fasting on the Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the desert mountain: 24:18;34:28 wilderness: Matthew 4:2 Moses performs signs/ miracles Jesus performs signs/miracles Jesus offered His life for the salvation of the Moses offered his life for the salvation of world: Isaiah 53:12; Romans 5:12; 6:10; 2 his people after the sin of the Golden Corinthians 5:15-21; Colossians 1:19-20; Calf: Exodus 32:33-33 2:14-15; 1 John 1:7; 2:2; etc. Jesus is the prophet, priest, and King of a Moses is the prophet of the Old Covenant New and everlasting Covenant = the universal Church Catholic Church [note catholic means universal]

THE FIRST AND SECOND ADAMS AND EVES CONTRASTED

Charts about Jesus Christ Old Testament compared to New Testament Charts Typology Charts

Genesis 3:15 contains the promise of the redemption of mankind after the Fall of Adam and Eve. The Incarnation of the Christ was the manifestation of the promise and it was fulfilled with Jesus Christ's sacrificial death and glorious resurrection. The New

Testament portrays Jesus as the "Second Adam" whose obedience and sacrificial death on the cross undo Adam's disobedience [see Romans 5:12-21 and 1 Corinthians 15:4549]. Jesus, the Second Adam, triumphed over the same temptations to which the first Adam fell into sin.

TEMPTATION: The first and second Adams contrasted:

1 John 2:16 "If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father finds no place in him..." the lust of the flesh: "disordered bodily desires" the lust of the eyes: "disordered desires of the eyes" the pride of life: "pride in possession" Genesis 3:6 The First Adam: "Did God really say you were not to eat from any of the trees...?" "The woman saw the tree was good to eat.." "..and pleasing to the eye,and..." "that it was enticing for the wisdom that it could give." Luke 4:1-13 Second Adam = Jesus of Nazareth: "Then the devil said to Him... "tell this stone to turn into a loaf" "the devil...showed Him all the kingdoms of the world" "If you are the Son ...throw Yourself down from here"

M. Hunt Copyright Agape Bible Study. Permissions All Rights Reserved. 2006

In Romans 5:15-19 St. Paul contrasts Adam and Christ as "alike" but "unalike"
ADAM AND CHRIST ALIKE Both Adam and Christ had an affect upon the whole human race Both endured the temptation of Satan Through both Adam and Christ humanity receives an "inheritance" ADAM AND CHRIST UNALIKE Sin and death came from Adam while righteousness and life came from Christ Adam failed and Christ was victorious Through Adam's failure humanity inherits death, original sin and personal sin becomes a plague on mankind. Through Christ's victory humanity inherits adoption into God family and the promise of eternal life. Both were human men Jesus was both human and divine Both the acts of Adam and Jesus invoke a Satan stood behind the act of Adam divine verdict while the grace of God stood behind Christ; the verdict behind Adam's act is judgment while the verdict behind Jesus' is acquittal Both Adam and Jesus exercised their free will Adam willingly fell from grace and Jesus willingly laid down His life in sacrifice for all mankind Both were born into the world as sinless and Adam lost his immortality when he fell immortal beings from grace while Jesus remained pure and sinless and through His sacrifice and Resurrection has made God's gift of immortality once again available to man M. Hunt Copyright Agape Bible Study. Permissions All Rights Reserved.2006

Just as there is a Second Adam there is also a Second Eve. Mary, the Virgin Mother of Christ is the Second Eve. Just as the First Eve cooperated in the Fall of man so the Second Eve cooperated in the redemption and salvation of the entire human race.

SALVATION: The two Eves contrasted:

THE VIRGIN EVE Daughter of the first Covenant Pledged obedience under the covenant Eve's disobedience resulted in the fall into sin of the entire human race. The result was death, physically and spiritually. THE VIRGIN MARY Daughter of the Sinai Covenant Pledged obedience under the covenant Mary's obedience to God resulted in the offer of the gift of salvation to the entire human race. The result was eternal life

Catechism of the Catholic Church# 494 ".....'Being obedient she became the cause of salvation for herself and for the whole human race.' Hence not a few of the early Fathers gladly assert 'The knot of Eve's disobedience was united by Mary's obedience: what the virgin Eve bound through her disbelief, Mary loosened by her faith.' Comparing her with Eve, they call Mary 'the Mother of the living' and frequently claim" 'Death through Eve, life through Mary." [CCC quoting St. Irenaeus, Epiphanius, and St. Jerome]

ISAAC SON OF ABRAHAM A "TYPE" OF JESUS CHIRST

Typology Charts

"Figuratively speaking, he did received him back", that is, by way of a symbol and type of the resurrection. Put to death by his father's zeal, he came back to life at the word of the one who prevented the slaughter. In him the type of the saving passion was also prefigured. Hence the Lord also said to the Jews, "Your father Abraham rejoiced at the prospect of seeing my day; he saw it and was glad." Interpretation of Hebrews 11, Theodoret, Bishop of Cry (Cyrrhus) 393-466AD, commenting on Hebrews 11:19 Comparisons between the "offering up" of Isaac in sacrifice found in Genesis 22:118, know in Hebrew as the "akeidah" [the binding] and the Passion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ:

Isaac and Jesus were "only, beloved" sons of a righteous father; Ishmael had been sent away in Genesis 21:14 [Genesis 22:2]. Both Isaac and Jesus are identified as the "son of Abraham" [see Genesis 21:3; 22:2; Matthew 1:1]. Both were offered in sacrifice [Genesis 22:2; John 1:29; Matthew 27:35; Mark 15:24; Luke 23:33; John 11:5019:17-18]. The sacrifice was offered in the land of Moriah Jerusalem [Genesis 22:2; 2 Chronicles 3:1; Matthew 16:21-23]. Both sons carried the wood for their own sacrifice [Genesis 22:6; John 19:17]

Both were "bound" and placed on top of the wood [Genesis 22:9; John 19:18-19; Philippians 2:8]. Both willingly allow themselves to be offered in sacrifice [Genesis 22:7-8; Colossians 2:6-8]. Both sons were "resurrected" or "given back" the their fathers on the third day. Isaac was essentially "dead" to his grieving father when God commanded him to sacrifice his son. On the "third day" God provided another sacrifice and his son was restored. God's son died on the Cross and was resurrected on the third day! [Genesis 22:4; Matthew 16:21; 17:23; 20; 19; Mark 9:31; 10:34; Luke 9:22; 18:22; 24:7, 44-47; Acts 10:40; 1 Corinthians 15:4].

THE TYPOLOGY OF JONAH AND JESUS

Typology Charts

The story of Jonah foreshadows the redemptive work of Jesus Christ. JONAH JESUS 1. His mission was to call all of mankind, including the gentile nations, to repentance and into Covenant with Yahweh [Matthew 28:18-20]. 2. Jesus was willing to sacrifice His life for the salvation of the world [Matthew 20:28; Mark 10:45; John 1:29; 1 Timothy 2:6]. 3. After Jesus' death He was placed in a tomb [Matthew 27:60; Mark 6:29; Luke 23:53]. 4. On the third day Jesus was resurrected from the tomb [Matthew 17:23; 20:19; 28:1-10; Mark 9:31; 10:34; 16:1-7; Luke 9:22; 18:33; 24:7; 24:46]. 5. After His resurrection from the tomb, Jesus continued His mission to found the universal Church and to commission the Apostles to spread the gospel to every nation on earth ;it is a mission that continues even after His Ascension [Matthew 28:16-20; Mark 16:12-20; Luke 24:13-53; Acts chapter 1]. 6. After His resurrection, Jesus taught the New Covenant Church for 40 days before His Ascension [Acts 1:3]. 7. Jesus taught that failure to repent sin brings judgment but salvation is a gift of God [Matthew 5:21-22; John 5:2229; 8:34-36; Luke 24:47; John 3:17;

1. His mission was to call the gentile Assyrians of Nineveh to repentance and acknowledgement of Yahweh as the source of their salvation [Jonah 1:1; 3:1-2]. 2. Jonah was willing to sacrifice his life for the salvation of his shipmates [Jonah 1:12]. 3. He was entombed in the belly of a great fish [Jonah 2:1]. 4. On the third day Jonah was "resurrected" from the belly of the fish [Jonah 2:11].

5. After his "resurrection" from the belly of the fish, Jonah continued his mission to call the gentile Assyrians to repentance and salvation [Jonah 3:13].

6. Jonah preached that Nineveh would be destroyed in 40 days if the people did not repent [Jonah 3:4]. 7. Jonah taught that failure to repent sin brings judgment but salvation is a gift of God [Jonah 1:1; 3:4-5, 9-10]

5:34; 10:19; Acts 2:21].

COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE THEMES OF THE FIRST 11 CHAPTERS OF GENESIS and THE LAST 10 CHAPTERS OF THE BOOK OF REVELATION
Old Testament compared to New Testament Charts List

GENESIS 1. The creation of heaven and earth 2. The Eden Sanctuary, the river that flowed out of Eden, and the Tree of Life

SCRIPTURE Genesis 1:1-2:4a Genesis 2:4b-17

REVELATION 1. The creation of the new heaven and earth 2. The Sanctuary of the New Jerusalem, the river that flowed from the New Jerusalem, and the Tree of Life 3. The Bride = the Church, and her Bridegroom = Christ; the wedding of the Lamb 4. Satan and "the Woman," the "new Eve" 5. The curse is abolished 6. Death is destroyed

SCRIPTURE Revelation 21:1-5 Revelation 21:9-22:2

3. The bridegroom (Adam), the bride (Eve) and the wedding of Adam and Eve 4. Satan and the woman, Eve

Genesis 2:18-25

Revelation 19:5-9; 21:1-9

Genesis 3:1-13

Revelation 12:1-17

5. The curse 6. Death enters creation 7. Babylon built; judgment on the nations 8. The Redeemer is promised

Genesis 3:14-19 Genesis 3:19

Revelation 22:3 Revelation 20:14-15

Genesis 10:10; 11:1-4 Genesis 3:15

7. Babylon destroyed; judgment on the nations 8. The victorious Redeemer reigns

Revelation 14:6-20

Revelation 20:1-6; 21:22-27; 22:3-5

Michal Hunt, Copyright 2007 Agape Bible Study. Permissions All Rights Reserved.

THE CONTRAST BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW COVENANTS

BAPTISM AND SALVATION
Doctrine Charts List Covenant Charts List Old Testament compared to New Testament Charts List

Old Covenant New Covenant

Dominion of sin Dominion of grace

Law = Judgment Holiness = Sanctification

Death and the grave Salvation /Eternal life

See Romans 6:16-23 and St. Paul's contrast of the parallels between two dominations or-one form of domination is under the Old Covenant Law and the other under the New Covenant in Christ. The Old Covenant Law of Moses could not bring salvation; it only identified sin but was incapable of removing sin (the blood of an animal could never be perfect enough to remove sin but was only a temporary remedy to sin). Disobedience to the Law led to transgression of the Law and God's wrathful judgment but through the New Covenant promises, established in the blood of the sacrifice of the perfect "Lamb of God", Jesus Christ, man received God's promise of salvation in the gift of unmerited grace and faith.

The Law

transgression

wrath

God's promises

unmerited grace

faith

God's power to make us godly is greater than the power of concupiscence which tempts us to sin. [see CCC #s 161, 405, 1264, 1961-64, 1965-70, 2515-16; Roman 4:13-17].

The necessity of faith as the first step in the process of salvation: CCC # 161, "Believing in Jesus Christ and in the One who sent him for our salvation is necessary for obtaining that salvation. Since 'without faith it is impossible to please [God]' and to attain to the fellowship of his Son, therefore without faith no one has ever attained justification, nor will anyone obtain eternal life 'but he who endures to the end.'" [quoting Dei Filius 3; Matthew 10:22, 24:13; Hebrews 11:6; Council of Trent: DS 1532]. The Council of Trent stated that this initial act of faith "moves the person to recognize God, to repent of his sins, to put his trust and faith in God's divine mercy and to love him above all things; and to desire the sacraments and resolve to live a holy life.." The Council of Trent, De Justification, chapter 6.

The designation "CCC" is an abbreviation for Catechism of the Catholic Church.

TIME LINE OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM

Time Line Charts

"We are well aware also that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding so that we may know the One who is true. We are in the One who is true as we are in his Son, Jesus Christ. He is the true God and this is eternal life. Children, be on your guard against false gods." 1 John 5:19-21 3BC-30AD: 28-30: 30AD: -Jesus of Nazareth -Jesus of Nazareth preaches the Gospel of salvation -Crucifixion, Resurrection, Ascension of Jesus Christ; second great Pentecost and birth of the Universal/Catholic Church and the beginning of the spread of Christianity across the earth. -Council of Jerusalem -St. Peter founds the Church in Rome -Rome destroyed by fire; persecution of Christians begins by Roman Empire -Martyrdom of St. Peter, succession of St. Linus as Bishop of Rome -Jewish revolt against Rome. Temple in Jerusalem destroyed 70AD The Apostles and their disciples carried the Gospel of salvation to the corners of the Roman Empire. St. Paul carried the Gospel of Jesus Christ to Asia Minor, Greece and Spain; St. James Zebedee carried the Gospel into Spain; St. Philip carried the Gospel into southern Russia; Sts. Bartholomew and Thaddaeus preached Christ to the people of Armenia and modern Iraq and Iran; St. Thomas founded the Church in southwestern India; St. Andrew on the shores of the Black Sea in Asia; St. Mark the evangelist founded the Church in Egypt; etc. Their only weapon was love. Jesus' teachings are written down by His Apostles and their disciples; St. Paul teaches the doctrine of oral Tradition. -Emperor Constantine's Edict of Milan protects Christianity. Constantine is the first Christian Roman Emperor (ruled 312-337AD) -Council of Nicaea -Council of Rome: This local Church council under the authority of Pope Damasus, (366-384) approved a complete list of canonical books of the Old and New Testaments which is identical with the list the Council of Trent reaffirmed in the 16th century and identical to Catholic Bibles today. Christianity spread from Egypt to India and from Britain to the Black Sea and China, not by armies nor by the sword but by the Holy Spirit empowered message of the selfsacrificial love of Jesus Christ. -Mohammed -Mohammed's vision and the birth of Islam as a religion -Opposition against him in Mecca. Mohammed's hegira (flight) to Medina) -Mohammed authorizes the raiding & plunder of caravans -Mohammed organizes 300 armed men to raid a rich caravan coming from Syria to Mecca. Battle at the Wadi Bedr (January 624) with the caravan's defenders from Mecca. Mohammad is victorious. Leaders of opposing force are executed and the rest held for ransom. -Mohammed authorizes murder and exile of opposition in Medina: -the murder of the Medinese poetess Ama for attacking him in her rhymes. -Afak, an Arab convert to Judaism is murdered for composing a satire on the prophet. -Kab ibn al-Ashraf, poet son of a Jewess murdered for writing verses prodding the Quraish tribe (defeated at the battle of Wadi Bedr) to seek revenge. -Banu-Kainuka Jews ridicule Mohammed's interpretations of Scripture and his claim to be the Messiah promised by the prophets. 700 driven out of Medina. -Mohammed then claims Allah charged the Jews with corrupting the Scriptures and killing the prophets and rejecting the Messiah = Mohammed.

49/50: 52: 64: 67: 66-73:

313: 325: 382:

570-632AD: 610: 622: 622-630: 623:

624-632:

625: 626:

628: 629:

630:

630-632:

632: 632-634:

633: 634-644: 635: 637-638: 641: 642: 644-656: 651:

656: 656-660:

660-680: 660-750: 680:

-Battle of Uhud; Moslems defeated by Quraish forces of Mecca -After aiding the army of Quraish forces opposed to Mohammed, Mohammed led 3,000 men against the Banu-Kuraiza Jews. On surrendering they were given choice of Islam or death. They chose death. 600 men killed and women and children sold into slavery. -Attacks and plunders Khaibar Jews east of Medina. -Treaty of Hudaybiyya; truce with Quraish of Mecca -Jews of Khaibar put to the sword-Mohammed sends messengers to Kings of Persia, Ethiopia, Yeman, & Christian Emperor Heraclius inviting them to convert to Islam. -Mohammed breaks the truce with Mecca and surrounds Mecca with an army of 10,000 men; city surrenders. Pagan shrine of Ka'bah established as religious center of Islam.-Mohammed proclaims Mecca the holy city of Islam -Mohammed continues to consolidate the Arab tribes under Islam. -In return for a moderate tribute the Christians of Arabia are taken under Mohammed's protection and enjoy full liberty of worship. -Mohammed regulates the calendar. Previous calendar among Arabs and Jews consisted of 12 lunar months, with an intercalary month every 3 years to renew concord with the sun. Mohammed rules that Moslem year should consist of 12 lunar months, alternating 30 &29 days. As a result Moslem calendar lost all harmony with the seasons and gained a year every thirty-two and a half years. -Mohammed's sayings are written down'sayings collected over the last 23 years of his life. -Mohammed details legislation, judgment and civil and religious law and military organization. -Mohammed dies naming no successor. -Abu Bekr, Mohammed's general/confidant becomes the first caliph of Islam. Mohammed's cousin/ son-in-law Ali opposed the election and thus began the division that would yield a dozen wars, and a sectarian division that produced Sunni and Shia Moslems and continues to cause chaos in the Moslem world. -Abu Bekr orders that the saying of Mohammed be collected into one manuscript -Omar caliph -Moslem armies conquer Damascus, Syria -Moslem armies take Jerusalem and Ctesiphon -Moslems conquer Persia & Egypt; found the city of Cairo, Egypt -Mosque of Amr built at Cairo -Othman caliph -Caliph Othman commissions 4 Moslem scholars to revise the manuscript; copies of this official revision have been preserved intact unaltered as the Qur'an ("readings" or "discourse") -Hashimite clan raises Mohammed's son-in-law Ali to the caliphate. He rules from Kufa in what is modern Iraq near the ancient city of Babylon -Ali caliph (son-in-law of Mohammed) in Kufa. Hashimite rulers of Jordan are descendants of Mohammed through Ali and Mohammed's daughter Fatima but are Sunni Moslems. -Muawiya I caliph -Umayyad caliphate at Damascus -Husein, son of Ali, murdered by Umayyad caliphate

680-683: 685-705:

693-862: 698: 705-715: 705: 711: 715-717: 717-20: 720-724: 732:

809-810: 827: 846: 929-944: 1095: 1099: 1187: 1212: 1244: 1291: 1453: 1492: 1571:

-Yezid I caliph -Abd-al-Malik caliph -Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the rock built on what was the site of the Jerusalem Temple. -Moslem conquest of Christian Armenia -Moslems conquer Carthage in North Africa -Walid I caliph -building on the Great Mosque of Damascus begins -Moslem conquest of Spain begins -Suleiman I caliph -Omar II caliph -Yezid II caliph -Moslem armies defeated by Christian forces at Tours, France. Internal factors corrupted the caliphate. There was no central religious or political authority from the time of the death of Mohammed to hold together such a scattered and diverse collection of provinces and tribes that came under the force of Islam in the century after Mohammed's death. Racial and territorial disputes fostered repeated revolts within Islamic governments. The faith that had at one time forged religious and political unity split into sects governed by different independent Moslem governments. -Moslems defeat Christian forces of Sardinia and Corsica -Moslems conquer Sicily -Moslems (Scaracens) attack Rome -Shia Hamdanid Moslems defeat Sunni forces and capture northern Mesopotamia and Syria making Mosul and Aleppo brilliant centers of cultural. -Pope Urban II calls for the protection of Christian pilgrims and proclaims the first Crusade. -Combined Christian armies retake Jerusalem'the birthplace of Christianity -Saladin defeats Crusaders at the Battle of the Horns of Hattin & temporarily retakes Jerusalem -Christians defeat Moslem Moors at Las Navas del Toledo, Spain -Moslems retake Jerusalem -Mamluke (Egyptian-Turkish) Moslem army captures Acre; end of Crusades and Christian political presence in Holy Land -Moslem armies conquer Constantinople -last of the Moslem armies driven out of Spain -Attempted invasion of Europe by Turkish Moslem navy turned back at the Battle of Lepanto. -Islam spread from Arabia across North Africa and into Asia Minor, India, Asia, and Eastern Europe by the power of the sword wielded by Moslem armies.

Jesus claimed to be the Messiah promised by the Old Testament prophets. He proved His divinity by numerous miracles including healing the sick and rising bodily from the dead. Jesus was always consistent in His teaching. He established the New Covenant Church under the authority of Peter and the Apostles through which His teachings have been handed down unchanged since His Ascension. With the laying on of hands which evokes the power of the Holy Spirit, the Gospel of salvation has been handed down the centuries from Jesus Christ to His Apostles, to their disciples who where the first bishops

of the Church to the priests they ordained and down through history to the bishops and priests of the Catholic Church today'one unbroken physical, oral, and written chain. Mohammed claimed to be the Messiah promised by the Old Testament prophets but he claimed no power to predict the future or to perform miracles. When his teachings were inconsistent or disputed the Old or New Testaments he claimed he received revised instructions from Allah and that the Old and New Testaments, which predated his writings by 600 years, were corrupted and inaccurate. Although he denied any divine gifts he did, however, use "divine" revelation for human and personal ends. Conveniently a special message from Allah sanctioned his desire to take the pretty young wife of his adopted son Zaid into his harem of 10 wives and two concubines even though he had pronounced that Allah only permitted a man to take the maximum of 4 wives. All of his wives were barren with the exception of Khadija who bore him a daughter, Fatima who survived him, and Mary a Christian slave who bore a son who died in infancy. History presents Mohammed as an unscrupulous warrior, reneging on truces and treaties to win advantage over an enemy, and a just and merciful judge. He could be cruel and treacherous but his acts of mercy were numerous. He established no hierarchy to continue after his death and named no successor. As the single author of the sayings recorded in the Qu'ran it cannot be denied that the collection of his sayings has become the most influential book ever created by a single author. Who is the liar, if not one who claims that Jesus is not the Christ? This is the Antichrist, who denies both the Father and the Son. Whoever denies the Son cannot have the Father either; whoever acknowledges the Son has the Father too. 1 John 2:22-23 "My dear friends, not every spirit is to be trusted, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets are at large in the world. This is the proof of the spirit of God: any spirit which acknowledges Jesus Christ, come in human nature, is from God, and no spirit which fails to acknowledge Jesus is from God; it is the spirit of Antichrist.." 1 John 4:1-3a

TIME LINE OF HISTORICAL PERIODS IN THE HOLYLAND

Time Line Charts

PREHISTORY NEOLITHIC CHALCOLITHIC BRONZE AGE EARLY BRONZE AGE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE LATE BRONZE AGE The Exodus IRON AGE IRON AGE I United Monarchy Saul King succeeded by David David conquers Jerusalem 1200 1000 BC 1000 David rules 40 years 3200 2200 BC 2200 1550 BC 1550 1200 BC 8300 - 4500 BC 4500 3200 BC

IRON AGE II King Solomon rules 40 years United Kingdom of Israel divides into Northern Kingdom (Israel) Southern Kingdom (Judah)

1000 586 BC 970 -930 BC 930 BC

Conquest of Northern Kingdom of Israel by Assyria 722 BC Exile of 10 Tribes Five groups of foreigners brought in to settle the land they became the Samaritans Conquest of Southern Kingdom of Judah by Babylon 597 begins Temple destroyed by Babylonians 9th of Ab 587 BC Exile of the two southern tribes (Judah and Benjamin) 587/586 BC BABYLONIAN PERIOD Babylonian exile of Judah for 70 years PERSIAN PERIOD Edict of Cyrus allows Jews to return to Judah Start rebuilding the Temple HELLENISTIC PERIOD Maccabees revolt against Greek Syrian rule HASMONEAN PERIOD Judean independence Romans make Judah a vassal state ROMAN PERIOD Judea becomes a Roman province Romans appoint the Idumean Herod as King of Judea Birth of Christ Jesus begins His ministry Jesus crucified & rose from the dead 40 days later ascends to heaven Jewish revolt against Rome begins Romans destroy the Temple BYZANTINE PERIOD Christian rule of Jerusalem and Palestine ISLAMIC CONQUEST 638 1516 AD Capture of Christian Jerusalem by the Moslem Army 638 AD of Khalid ibn Thabit Caliphate of Medina rule Umayyad Caliphate Islamic shrine known as the Dome of Rock erected 632 661 AD 661-750 AD 685-705 AD 586 - 539 BC 586 539 BC 539 - 332 538 BC 537 BC 332 141 BC 168 BC 141 37 BC 141-63 BC 37 BC 37 BC 324 AD 37 BC 37 BC 3/2 BC 28 AD 30 AD 66 AD 9th of Ab 70 AD 324 638 AD

Abbasid rule from Bagdad Moslem rule from Egypt (Tulunids, Ikhshids &Fatimids) CRUSADER PERIOD OTTOMAN (Moslem) PERIOD BRITISH MANDATE OVERPALESTINE ISRAEL & JORDAN (created to be 2 states by the United Nations) Independence of Israel as the First Middle East democracy M. Hunt 2006

750 878 AD 878 1099 AD 1099 1291 AD 1517 1917 AD 1917 1948 AD 1947 1948