Ar443 Building Frames Lecture Notes

COURSE OUTLINE I. Design of Steel Members A. Beams Example 1 B. Columns Example 2 C. Connections II. Reinforced Concrete A.
Definition of Terms B. WSD Beam Column Examples 3, 4, & 5 C. USD Beam Column Examples 5 and 6 III. Building Frame System A. Code Design Criteria B. Structural System C. Vertical Irregularities D. Plan Irregularities IV. NSCP Provisions A. Design Philosophy B. Material Specification C. Flexural Members D. Beam-Column E. Beam-Column Joints F. Rebar Details
Building Frame Systems

A. CODE DESIGN CRITERIA Procedure and Limitations for the Design of Structures Zoning - Indicate the effective peak ground acceleration 0.40g for Zone 4 0.20g for Zone 2 Site Characteristic A factor greater than or equal to 1.0 introduce to the base shear formula to account for the variability of soil conditions. Occupancy A factor greater than or equal to 1.0 introduce to the base shear formula to account for the importance of the structure Configuration Implies the type of plan and vertical irregularity Structural System and Height Implies the response of the building under lateral load
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COURSE OUTLINE I. Design of Steel Members A. Beams Example 1 B. Columns Example 2 C. Connections II. Reinforced Concrete A. Definition of Terms B. WSD Beam Column Examples 3, 4, & 5 C. USD Beam Column Examples 5 and 6 III. Building Frame System A. Code Design Criteria B. Structural System C. Vertical Irregularities D. Plan Irregularities IV. NSCP Provisions A. Design Philosophy B. Material Specification C. Flexural Members D. Beam-Column E. Beam-Column Joints F. Rebar Details

A. CODE DESIGN CRITERIA Two Major Parameters in the Selection of Design Criteria Occupancy Structural Configuration Four Categories of Occupancy Essential Facilities
Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas Fire and police stations Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers Aviation control towers Structures and equipment in communication centers and other facilities required for emergency response Standby power-generating equipment for Category 1 facilities Tanks and other structures containing housing or supporting water or fire-suppression material or equipment required for the protection of category I, II or III structures.
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A. CODE DESIGN CRITERIA Four Categories of Occupancy Hazardous Facilities
Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances Non-building structures housing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances.
Special Facilities
Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity >1000 Educational buildings with a capacity of 300 or more students Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity > 500 Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prison and other buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained All structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons Structures and equipment in power-generating stations and other public utility facilities not included in Category I or Category II above, and required for continued operation.
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A. CODE DESIGN CRITERIA Four Categories of Occupancy Standard Facilities
All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not listed in Category I, II or III above and Category V below.
Miscellaneous Facilities
Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and fences over 1.8 meters high.
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B. BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 1. Bearing Wall System a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support for all or most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or brace frame. Illustration
Description of Lateral Force Resisting System
Height Limit (Z4)
1. Light-framed walls with shear panels Wood structural Panels -------------------------------- 20 All other light-framed walls ---------------------------- 20 2. Shear wall Concrete --------------------------------------------------- 50 Masonry ---------------------------------------------------- 50 3. Light steel-framed bearing walls tension bracing --- 20 4. Braced frames where bracing carries gravity load Steel -------------------------------------------------------- 50 Concrete --------------------------------------------------- *** Heavy Timber -------------------------------------------- 20
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B. BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 2. Building Frame System a structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or brace frames. Illustration
Description of Lateral Force Resisting System Height Limit (Z4)
1. Steel eccentrically braced frame ------------------------ 75 2. Light-framed walls with shear panels Wood structural Panels -------------------------------- 20 All other light-framed walls ---------------------------- 20 3. Shear wall Concrete --------------------------------------------------- 75 Masonry ---------------------------------------------------- 50 4. Ordinary braced frame Steel -------------------------------------------------------- 50 Concrete --------------------------------------------------- *** Heavy timber --------------------------------------------- 20 5. Special concentrically steel braced frame ------------ 75
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B. BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 3. Moment-Resisting Frame System a structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided primarily by flexural action of members. Illustration
1. Special moment-resisting frame Steel -------------------------------------------------------- NL Concrete --------------------------------------------------- NL 2. Masonry moment-resisting walls frame --------------- 50 3. Concrete intermediate moment-resisting frame ----- *** 4. Ordinary moment-resisting frame Steel -------------------------------------------------------- 50 Concrete --------------------------------------------------- *** 5. Special truss moment frames of steel ----------------- 75
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B. BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 4. Dual System is a combination of moment-resisting frames & shear walls or braced frames. Moment-resisting frame shall be designed to resist 25 % of the Height base shear & 75 % for the Description of Lateral Force Resisting System Limit (Z4) shear walls/braced frame. Illustration
1. Shear wall Concrete with SMRF -----------------------------------Concrete with steel OMRF or concrete IMRF ---Masonry with SMRF or steel OMRF ---------------Masonry with concrete IMRF ------------------------Masonry with masonry MMRWF --------------------NL 50 50 *** 50
2. Steel eccentrically braced frame With steel SMRF ----------------------------------------- NL With steel OMRF ---------------------------------------- 50 3. Ordinary braced frame Steel with steel SMRF ---------------------------------- NL Steel with steel OMRF ---------------------------------- 50 Concrete w/ concrete SMRF or concrete IMRF -- *** 4. Special concentrically braced frame Steel with steel SMRF ---------------------------------- NL Steel with steel OMRF ---------------------------------- 50
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B. BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 5. Cantilevered Column Building System a structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for lateral resistance. Illustration
Cantilevered column elements -------------------------- 10
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B. BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 6. Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System a combination of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities, considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels. Illustration
Concrete ------------------------------------- 50
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C. VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULATITIES 1. Stiffness Irregularity / Soft Story is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the story above or less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three stories above. Illustration
Braced frame Shear wall Stiff column
Soft story
Soft story
Soft story
Soft Story stiffness < 70% of story stiffness above Soft Story stiffness < 80% of average stiffness 3 stories above
Note: Need not be considered if the story drift under the lateral force is less than 1.3 times the story drift above
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C. VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULATITIES 2. Weight (mass) Irregularity mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the effective mass of any story is more than 150 percent of the effective mass of an adjacent story. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered. Illustration
HEAVY MASS HEAVY MASS HEAVY MASS
HEAVY MASS
Story mass > 150% of the mass of adjacent story Note: Need not be considered if the story drift under the lateral force is less than 1.3 times the story drift above
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C. VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULATITIES 3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story is more than 130 percent of that in an adjacent story. One-story penthouses need not be considered. Illustration
Story dimension > 130% of the dimension of adjacent story

Center for the Designed Environment Profession # 2 Matulungin Street, House of Architects Building Teachers Village, Quezon City
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C. VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULATITIES 4. In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting Element an in-plane offset of the lateral-load-resisting elements greater than the length of those elements. Illustration
Shear wall Braced frame Shear wall
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C. VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULATITIES 5. Discontinuity in Capacity / Weak Story a weak story is one in which the story strength is less than 80 percent of that in the story above. The story strength is the total strength of all seismic-resisting elements sharing the story for the direction under consideration. Illustration Braced frame Shear wall Shear wall
weak story weak story weak story

Story strength < 80% of the story strength above
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D. PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES 1. Torsional Irregularity (to be considered if diaphragm is not flexible) torsional irregularly shall be considered to exist when the maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifts of the two ends of the structure. Illustration
1
P M
2 2 > 1.20(1 + 2)/2
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D. PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES 2. Re-Entrant Corners plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-force-resisting system contain re-entrant corners, where both projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant corner are greater than 15 percent of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction. Illustration
> 0.15L
B Re-entrant corner
> 0.15B
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D. PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES 3. Diaphragm Discontinuity diaphragm with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas greater than 50 percent of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness or more than 50 percent from one story to the next. Diaphragm discontinuity Illustration
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D. PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES 4. Out-of-Plane Offsets discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of-plane offsets of the vertical elements. Illustration
Lateral-load-resisting element
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D. PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES 5. Nonparallel System the vertical lateral-load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral-force systems. Illustration
Center for the Designed Environment Profession # 2 Matulungin Street, House of Architects Building Teachers Village, Quezon City
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NSCP Provisions for RC Members

A. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY The NSCP C101-01 Section 421 contains special requirement for the design of RC members that are part of the lateral resisting frame subjected to earthquake motions. These requirements were established based on the profound engineering experiences and experiments to ensure good performance of the structure during earthquakes. It provides requirements to mitigate earthquake stresses by increasing the ductility of the structure through the confinement of concrete with reinforcing steel where plastic hinging may occur.
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A. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY The NSCP C101-01 Section 421 contains special requirement for the design of RC members that are part of the lateral resisting frame subjected to earthquake motions.
These requirements were established based on the profound engineering experiences and experiments to ensure good performance of the structure during earthquakes.
It provides requirements to mitigate earthquake stresses by increasing the ductility of the structure through the confinement of concrete with reinforcing steel where plastic hinging may occur.
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A. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY Reinforced concrete structures in high seismic risk must have: Strength, Ductility, Toughness The performance criteria of RC members resisting earthquake: Serviceability Limit State - material remains in the elastic range and no damage is expected. Minor - Magnitude 1 - 4 < 10 yrs Control Limit - some yielding may occur and may have minor structural damage. Moderate - Mag. 4 - 6 -10-20 years Survival Limit State - inelastic behavior and may have major structural damage. Major - Magnitude 7 and up - 100-500 years
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COURSE OUTLINE I. Design of Steel Members A. Beams Example 1 B. Columns Example 2 C. Connections II. Reinforced Concrete A.

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Height Limit (Z4)

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Cantilevered column elements -------------------------- 10

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Story dimension > 130% of the dimension of adjacent story

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

weak story weak story weak story

Building Frame Systems

2 2 > 1.20(1 + 2)/2

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

Building Frame Systems

NSCP Provisions for RC Members

NSCP Provisions for RC Members

NSCP Provisions for RC Members

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