DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ABSORPTION CHILLER PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY (SAPIT) FOR COOLING TELECOMMUNICATION

N SHELTERS IN INDIA
Phase I

Anirudh B
11MN01

MASTER OF ENGINEERING Branch: ENERGY ENGINEERING Specialization: ENERGY ENGINEERING

of Anna University

October 2012

SCHOOL OF ENERGY

PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution)

COIMBATORE 641 004

Acknowledgement

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank the management of PSG College of Technology and our Principal Dr.R.Rudramoorthy, who have given me the opportunity to pursue this course in PSG College of Technology and for which this project work has been submitted for phase I of the M.E thesis work.

I am extremely thankful to our Head of the Department, Dr.S.Balachandran, for all his encouragement, constant support and suggestions given during each reviews were extremely helpful to make this project successful.

I am highly esteemed in expressing my gratitude to Dr.R.Velavan, Associate Professor of School of Energy for supervising and mentoring me throughout the project.

I would like to express my special thanks to my friends of School of energy for extending their love and support to complete this project successfully.

I am grateful to my beloved parents Mrs. Latha Bhaskaran and Mr. R. Bhaskaran for their love and sacrifice they showed me through these years to make me a better person.

Above all, I would like to thank the Almighty for giving me all the strength and courage in doing this project and making it successful.

Synopsis

SYNOPSIS
Telecom shelter is an enclosure where the telecommunication equipment mainly used for
mobile telecommunications and wireless networks are placed. Most of the telecom shelters are energy intensive due to the advancement in communications systems, increase in subscriber base and technology compaction. The continuous operation of the telecommunications equipment and power back up systems generates a significant amount of heat that must be removed in order to make sure that the electronic equipment operates safely. Since the telecom shelters consume 60% of their energy for ventilation and air-conditioning, this becomes a major factor for reducing the energy consumption and developing renewable energy based technologies. The conventional air-conditioning system is one of the primary concerns for greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion; therefore the usage of solar energy in buildings is an important contribution to the environment by the reduction of fossil fuel consumption and harmful emissions. The primary goal is to utilize zero emission technologies to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This project presents the design and analysis of a Solar Absorption chiller- Phase change material Integrated Technology (SAPIT) as a cooling system alternative for telecom shelters. TRNSYS 16 is used as a simulation tool to perform the energy analysis and the results were produced using the same. The results suggested that the solar absorption cooling system with evacuated type collectors is a viable option by providing satisfactory economic and environmental benefits and also the results are encouraging us to implement this technology for developing green telecom networks in India.

ii

List of figures

LIST OF FIGURES
Caption Figure 1.1 - Telecom operator wise market share in India. Figure 1.2 - Heat density trends in various electronics equipment... Figure 3.1 - Layout of the interior of a typical telecom shelter.. Figure 3.2 - Internal components of a cabinet.. Figure 4.1 - Schematic Layout of a solar absorption air-conditioning cycle Figure 4.2 - A typical evacuated tube model Figure 5.1 - Monozone model of a telecom shelter created using TRNSYS 16. Figure 5.2 - SAC model created using TRNSYS 16.. Figure 6.1 - Cooling load profile for a typical telecom shelter Figure 6.2 - Zone temperature of a telecom shelter Figure 6.3 - Part load factor of the chiller.. Figure 6.4 - COP of the chiller. Figure 6.5 - Thermal energy required by the chiller Figure 6.6 - Total Horizontal global radiation Figure 6.7 - Total global radiation on tilted surface. Figure 6.8 - Hot water inlet to the collector and tank average temperature Figure 6.9 - Hot water outlet temperature from the collector. Figure 6.10 - Hot water outlet temperature from the chiller and average tank temperature. Figure A.1 NASA surface meteorology and solar energy data for Peelamedu region Page no. 3 4 9 9 14 16 18 20 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

40

iii

List of tables

LIST OF TABLES
Caption
Page no.

Table 1.1 - State wise teledensity statistics for the year 2011. Table 3.1 - Heat load dissipated by the telecommunication equipment. Table 3.2 - Telecom shelter specifications.. Table 3.3 - Thermal and physical properties of the shelter material Table 4.1 - Specifications and properties of an evacuated tube. Table 4.2 - Phase Change Material properties and specifications. Table 5.1 - Parameters of solar thermal collector circuit components used in the

2 10 11 11 15 17 21

Simulation
Table 5.2 - Parameters of chiller hot water circuit components used in the

simulation. Table 5.3 - Parameters of chiller cooling water circuit components used in the Simulation
Table 6.1 - Equipment and utility cost used in economic analysis.. Table 6.2 - Annual energy and cost savings of the SAC.. Table 6.3 - Assumptions and CO2mitigation for SAC model

22 23 34 34 35

iv

Nomenclature

NOMENCLATURE
Ap,i Ap,o A a, b, c, d, e ao, a1, a2 Cp,h cap Et Econs Eincident Etransmitted Eu IT mh mh,p mvent minf mpcm Qaux Qbalance Qequipment Qsolar-load Qcooling-system Qch R Aperture area of inner glass tube, m2 Aperture area of outer glass tube, m2 Surface area, m2 Coefficients of part load COP Efficiency coefficient of collector Specific heat, J/kg.K Capacitance, J/K Total solar radiation incident on surface, W/m2 Rate of Energy consumed, W Rate of Energy incident on the collector, W Rate of Energy transmitted through the collector, W Rate of useful energy gain by the collector, W Global radiation incident on solar collector W/m2 Mass flow rate of hot medium fluid, kg/s Mass flow rate partly derived by 3 way valve, kg/s Mass flow rate of ventilation air, kg/s Mass flow rate of infiltration air, kg/s Mass of PCM required, kg Maximum capacity of auxiliary heater, W Heat balance at the shelter, W Equipment heat gain, W Solar heat gain, W Capacity of cooling system, W Thermal energy required by the chiller, W Difference between long wave radiation incident on surface from sky and surroundings and radiation emitted by the black body at outdoor air temperature, W/m2 Heat flux in to the exterior sunlit surface, W/m2 Temperature of hot fluid entering the storage tank, oC Temperature of hot fluid exiting the storage tank, oC Temperature of hot fluid entering the auxiliary heater, oC Temperature of hot fluid exiting the chiller, oC Temperature of hot fluid mixed at the junction, oC Temperature of hot fluid entering chiller, oC Temperature of hot fluid at previous iteration, oC Temperature of hot fluid at current iteration, oC Average temperature of the storage tank, oC Air infiltration Temperature, oC Air ventilation Temperature, oC

q T1 T2 T3 T4 Tmix Tg Tt,i-1 Tt,i Tavg Tinf Tvent

Nomenclature

Touter Tinner Tamb to ts tsol-air tstep Vt Greek symbols Subscripts i o col h aux ch Abbreviation SAPIT SAC PCM AH

Temperature of the outer borosilicate tube, oC Temperature of the inner borosilicate tube, oC Ambient temperature, oC Outdoor air temperature, oC Surface temperature, oC Sol-air temperature, oC Simulation time step, sec Volume of the tank, m3

Absorptance of surface for solar radiation/ absorptivity Effectiveness/ hemispherical emittance of surface Density, kg/m3 efficiency Latent heat, kJ/kg Stefan boltzman constant, 5.67X10-8 W/m2K4

inner Outer collector Hot medium auxiliary chiller

Solar Absorption chiller Phase change material Integrated Technology Solar Absorption Chiller/ Solar Absorption Cooling system Phase Change Material Auxiliary Heater

vi

Contents

CONTENTS
CHAPTER Acknowledgement... Synopsis.................. List of Figures... List of Tables............... Nomenclature Page No. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (vi) (1) (1) (2) (4) (6) (6) (7) (8) (8) (8) (10) (13) (13) (15) (16) (18) (18) (19) (19) (19) (19) (20) (20) (21)

1. INTRODUCTION.
1.1 Telecommunication sector scenario in India ... 1.2 Motivation for developing green telecom networks 1.3 Thermal management of telecommunication electronics equipment...

2. LITERATURE REVIEW........................
2.1. Modeling of solar absorption chiller. 2.2. Cooling methodologies of electronic enclosures...

3. COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION OF A TYPICAL TELECOMMUNICATION

SHELTER... 3.1 Description of telecommunication equipment in a shelter 3.1.1. Cabinet description. 3.2. Cooling load calculation methodology

4. DESCRIPTION OF SAPIT MODEL ..............................................

4.1 Solar absorption chiller Energy and mass balance ... 4.2 Evacuated tube collectors Thermal analysis .. 4.3 Phase change materials (PCM)

5. DESCRIPTION OF TRNSYS 16 SIMUALATION TOOL ...

5.1. Creation of monozone model using building wizard approach 5.1.1. Type 14 Time dependent forcing function. 5.1.2. Type 109 TMY2 weather data. 5.1.3. Type 88 Lumped capacitance model.. 5.1.4. Type 65 online plotter 5.2. Creation of Solar Absorption Chiller (SAC) model using TRNSYS simulation studio 5.2.1. Evacuated tube solar thermal collector circuit 5.2.2. Chiller Hot water circuit

vii

Contents

5.2.3. Chiller chilled water circuit.. 5.2.4. Chiller cooling water circuit

(22) (23) (24) (24) (30) (33) (34) (36) (37) (39) (41) (43) (44)

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

6.1. Lumped capacitance monozone model 6.2. Solar absorption chiller model .. 6.3. Economic analysis . . 6.4. Environmental benefits .

7. CONCLUSION.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......... APPENDIX A.. APPENDIX B.. APPENDIX C.. APPENDIX D..

viii

Introduction

Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Telecommunication sector scenario in India
The Indian telecommunication industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world. By having the second largest telecom network in the world after china, it has witnessed tremendous growth over the past decade. Telecommunication services are now recognized as the key to the rapid growth and modernization of the economy and an important tool for socio economic development for a nation. The exponential growth and development in terms of technology paralleled with policy liberalization have drawn huge investments from both domestic foreign investors. The telecom industry has witnessed significant growth in subscriber base over the last decade, with increasing network coverage and competitive tariff for inducing more growth in subscriber base. Liberalization has led to the continuous rising trend in the total number of telephone and mobile subscribers and hence the teledensity. In simple terms, teledensity is the number of telephones in use for every 100 individuals living within an area. A teledensity greater than 100 means there are more telephones than people. State wise teledensity statistics for the year 2011 is given in table 1.1 [1]. The urban teledensity reached 167.4% at the end of December 2011 while the rural teledensity is 37.5% [1]. State wise teledensities in table.1 shows that in states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and other states have reached teledensities greater than 100 whereas, states like Assam, Bihar, J&K and many more are quite low in teledensities. The wireless technologies currently in use in Indian telecom industry are Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). There are primarily 11 GSM and 5 CDMA operators providing mobile services in 22 telecommunication circles covering more than 2000 towns and cities across the country. The telecom operator wise market share is shown in fig.1.1. Over the past 5 years, nine of every ten new telephone connections have been wireless. Consequently, the wireless now accounts for 95% of the total subscriber base [2]. Therefore, the growth in construction of telecom towers have also increased from 1.1 lakh towers in January 2008 to 5.6 lakh towers in 2011 [3]. This growth, however, has and continues to be at the cost of climate, powered by unsustainable and inefficient model of

Introduction

Chapter 1

energy generation and usage, thereby raising fundamental question on the future business and operation model of the telecom shelter [1]. Table 1.1 State wise teledensity statistics for the year 2011 [1] States Assam Bihar Madhya Pradesh J&K UP Odisha North eastern states Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh West Bengal Haryana Gujarat Maharashtra Karnataka Kerala Punjab Himachal Pradesh Tamil Nadu Delhi Teledensity % 48.63 48.16 55.55 57.71 62.48 65.87 68.69 74.19 81.39 81.35 91.10 92.74 96.97 98.49 108.79 109.71 112.7 119.05 238.6

1.2 Motivation for developing green telecom networks

Climate change in the form of rise in temperature and natural calamities like cyclones, floods and changes in sea levels are attributed to the effect of global warming brought about by the accumulation of Green House Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. The reason for increased GHG, mainly CO2, is because of increased energy consumption which results in emission of pollutants. It is estimated that during the last 30 years the CO 2 emissions have gone up by 73%. The information and communications technology (ICT) industry alone accounts for about 2% or 860 million tons of worlds GHG emissions [4]. The major contributors within the ICT industry includes the energy requirements for PCs and monitors

Introduction

Chapter 1

(40%), data centers about 23% and mobile telecommunications about 24% of the total emissions [5]. Energy costs are among the largest operating expenses for telecom network operators and energy consumption from telecom networks is an increasing contributor to GHG emissions.

Fig.1.1 Telecom operator wise market share in India [1].

The ever increasing population becomes connected by wire line and wireless communication networks and thereby the challenges related to providing electricity to these expanding networks are becoming greater as well. The energy lean telecom networks are still driven by fossil fuel energy. With the increasing energy consumption and rising cost of fossil fuel, the technology shift to energy efficient methodologies and alternate source of energy is important. A telecom tower requires 30 lakh rupees for erection and installation. Presently, all the telecommunication shelters in India are powered 40% by grid electricity and 60% by DG sets. The diesel generators are of 15/20kVA capacity and consume 2 litres of diesel per hour and produce 2.63 kg of CO2 per litre. The DG sets operates for 8-12 hours per day in urban areas and 16-20 hours per day in semi-urban areas. The total consumption is 2 billion litres of diesel per year and 5 million tons of CO2 is produced [5]. At present, all the telecommunication shelters in India are cooled by conventional air-conditioners which require 60% of the total electricity given to the shelter for operation. Therefore, an alternative technology of solar powered absorption chiller integrated with phase change materials has been modeled, discussed and presented in the following chapters.

Introduction

Chapter 1

1.3 Thermal management of telecommunication electronics equipment Telecommunication equipment is often placed in a shelter or an electronic enclosure at remote sites far off from conventional power lines. Over the past 40 years, the ICT industry has seen a geometric decrease in the floor space required to achieve a constant quantity of computing and storage capability. While the floor space required for a fixed level of computing has shrunk, the energy efficiency of equipment has not dropped at the same rate. As a result, the density of power consumed ad heat dissipated within the foot print of communication and computer hardware products has increased significantly [6]. The heat density trends in various electronics equipment are shown in fig 2.2. Due to technology compaction, advancement in communication technology and ever increasing subscriber base have forced the telecom shelters to decentralize from protected office environment to remote areas or outside plant (OSP).

Fig 2.2 Heat density trends in various electronics equipment [6].

The OSP environment contains rain and humidity, dust and pollutants, significant daily and annual temperature swings, wide solar heat load variations and physical abuse. To protect electronics from this hostile environment, they are house in a

Introduction

Chapter 1

variety of OSP enclosures varying from small buildings 30m 3 to small boxes ( m3) that are mounted on homes of customers [7]. To meet the demands of

protecting equipment in indoor and outdoor environments, the telecommunications OSP thermal designer must be equally familiar with HVAC techniques and detailed thermal management technologies. Thermal management of the outdoor enclosure has become an issue of paramount importance. It is necessary to remove the internal heat generation from the electronics and the effects of solar gain that can be substantial depending upon the size of the enclosure and orientation towards the sun. Thermal management of telecom electronic equipment is usually customized based on the environmental conditions the equipment will encounter. Equipment is usually classified as indoor and outdoor equipment. Indoor applications include switching equipment, servers, routers, modems and batteries that will be housed either in central office or in customers place. Outdoor applications include all the functions normally found in central office but housed in a shelter. In addition to the management of optimum temperature and humidity conditions, telecom engineers must ensure that the equipment remains at desired thermal conditions for short periods of time during power outrage or cooling equipment failures. The goal of the designer is to maintain the peak temperature in the cabinets below a certain level, as prescribed by the electronic equipment manufacturer. Outdoor cabinets are normally designed to house various equipment configurations with heat rates from 500W to 50000W depending on the size and type of equipment [8]. Humidity levels are of great concern as well but since the shelters are sealed, humidity is generally not a problem. The designer should be aware that the air temperatures within the cabinets will be a function of heat generated by the electronic equipment. Other cabinet conditions include: dry bulb temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, shading, ground reflections, cabinet design, air infiltration and ventilation [8]. The temperature and humidity specifications normally required for telecommunication equipment are as follows: temperature range 30oC to 40oC and relative humidity below 85% [9].

Literature Review

Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
There have been numerous researches in the field of design and modeling of solar driven absorption chiller and in thermal management of telecommunication equipment. There has been various research work carried out on passive cooling of electronic enclosures and numerical modeling on telecom cabinets. Some of these papers have been summarized in this chapter and are as follows: 2.1 Modeling of solar absorption chiller 2.2 Cooling methodologies of electronic enclosures

2.1 Modeling of solar absorption chiller

Fumo [10] discusses the design of a solar absorption chiller cooling model for a typical data center as an alternative for a standard cooling plant powered by electrical energy. For this study, the author has used a hypothetical data center intended for enterprise servers and storage products having an area of 100m2. The author has created an energy consumption data and calculated the heat gain from electronic equipment and by using a user demand factor the variation in cooling load demand for a year has been simulated. The author has simulated the model using Mathcad software and plotted the energy consumption graph by the pumps, cooling tower and auxiliary heater. Based on the results, the author has also performed the energy, economic and environmental analysis. Eicker [11] discusses the design and performance of solar absorption cooling systems in office buildings. The author has created the cooling load profile for typical office building with about 450m2 surface area using TRNSYS software. The influence of time dependent building cooling loads on solar fraction was also calculated with the dominance of internal and external loads. Based on the simulation results the author has calculated the solar contribution to the total energy demand of the thermal chiller system. The author has also contributed to the development of a full simulation modl with stratified storage tank and validated the model with experimental data from various solar cooling plants. Tsoutsos [12] has described about the design of a solar absorption chiller for a hospital in Greece. TRNSYS 15 has been used to simulate the building to calculate the cooling demand in combination with Simcad and Prebid. The author has determined the absorption

Literature Review

Chapter 2

of solar radiation by the walls, humidity and temperature of the zone based on the infiltration of air, ventilation per individual internal sources of heat data. Based on the simulation results, the author has calculated the energy required for thermal chiller, cooling towers and auxiliary heater and also performed the economic and environmental analysis.

2.2 Cooling methodologies of electronic enclosures

Marongiu [13] has discussed about the thermal management of electronic enclosures using phase change materials. The author has described upon the design and development of a PCM heat exchanger that will actively store energy during high load periods and release it during low load periods. The heat exchanger performance simulation has been carried out under transient conditions. The heat exchanger here consists of a bundle of tubes arranged as inline and simulated under internal and external heat transfer operation. The simulation results are favorable that PCM heat exchangers work relatively well in maintaining target temperatures. Shanmuga Sundaram [9] has experimentally investigated on passive cooling of telecom shelters using phase change materials and thermosyphon in tropical and desert regions. The author has developed an experimental setup comprising of bank of thermosyphons with PCMs filled in the container. From experimental results, the author concluded that the passive cooling system for cooling telecom shelters is viable and reliable in desert and tropical regions.

Cooling load estimation for typical telecommunication shelter

Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3
COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION FOR A TYPICAL TELECOMMUNICATION SHELTER
3.1 Description of telecommunication equipment in a shelter
Telecommunication shelters form an important component of wireless network. They are typically standalone structures with their own HVAC systems. They are used for housing dispersed telecom equipment [14]. The shelters must provide cooling for significant heat developed by typical cell site electronic equipment. This equipment includes wireless radios, backhaul transmission hardware, power distribution systems and power back up systems [15]. The shelters are normally designed to work under a wide range of conditions. The advancement in technologies in communication sector has led to the change in network from 2G to 3G and also the introduction of high capacity GSM and CDMA equipment has considerably increased the heat load of the shelter. The telecom shelter taken for study is 3m wide, 2m high and 2.5m deep. The shelter discussed in the study consists of various cabinets as follows [16]: a) 2G cabinet - 3 nos. b) 3G cabinet 1 no. c) Power cabinet 1 no. The layout of the cabinets is shown in fig 3.1

3.1.1 Cabinet description

The 2G and 3G cabinets have 4 door fans each mounted on the front door to draw in air.
The fans are axial fixed flow type each capable of delivering 150CFM of air. These cabinets have 60% vented back door configuration. The power cabinet has variable fans that are mounted on the front door. The rear door is solid and it has an opening at the top end, which acts as vent. The internal components of a cabinet are shown in fig 3.2. Each cabinet comprises of [15]:

Cooling load estimation for typical telecommunication shelter

Chapter 3

Fig 3.1 Layout of the interior of a typical telecom shelter

Fig 3.2 Internal components of a cabinet

Cooling load estimation for typical telecommunication shelter

Chapter 3

a) Battery compartment b) Electronic compartment The battery compartment consists of two trays of battery which are used as backup. The electronic compartment consists of circuit cards, which dissipate heat in the system. The door fans pulls in the air and direct it towards the battery compartment whereas the electronic compartment is cooled by rectifier fans. The rectifier fan located at the bottom of the electronic shelf pushes air in the upward direction. A total of eight axial flow fans of 48CFM capacity are used as rectifier fans [15]. The table.3.1 indicated the heat load in different cabinets and the ambient temperature is assumed to be 28oC.

Table 3.1 Heat load dissipated by the telecommunication equipment [16]

Unit name Power cabinet: electronics 2G cabinets: electronics 3G cabinet: electronics Nokia Node B:RRU 1 Nokia Node B:BBU Nokia Node B:RRU 2 Nokia Node B:ALM Nokia Node B:RRU 3 2G, 3G, power cabinet door fans (150CFM) Rectifier fans (48CFM) Total heat load 8 10 4310 Quantity 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Heat load,W 450 3150 1050 150 100 150 50 150 100

3.2 Cooling load calculation methodology

The air conditioning system design needs to be customized to the type of environmental conditions the shelter will be placed in as well as the heat generation by the equipment installed inside the shelter. As with other applications, two indoor parameters should be considered: temperature and humidity. The temperature in the shelter should be maintained below a certain level as prescribed by the electronic equipment manufacturer. Humidity levels are mostly sealed and their temperatures are higher than airs dew point, humidity is generally not a problem. The heat balance at the shelter can be given as [16],
(3.1)

10

Cooling load estimation for typical telecommunication shelter is the heat dissipated by the electronic equipment,

Chapter 3

is the heat gain by the shelter

though solar radiation and

is the amount of heat removed by the cooling system or the

cooling system size. The telecom shelter specifications and properties are given in table 3.2 and table 3.3. The equipment load can be determined by just adding the heat load of each equipment as given in table.2 for worst case scenario.

Table 3.2 Telecom shelter specifications

size and material Floor area Shelter volume Construction material Insulation type 7.5m
2

value 15m3 Interior and exterior surface coated with galvanized steel of 5mm polyurethane foam of thickness 60mm

Table 3.3 Thermal and physical properties of the shelter material

Properties Galvanized steel Thermal conductivity Specific heat Density 18.3 W/mK 0.46 kJ/kg.K 7850 kg/m
3

value Polyurethane foam 0.033 W/m.K 1.38 kJ/kg.K 30 kg/m3

Before estimating the solar load on the shelter we need the weather data for Peelamedu region consisting of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation for a period of 30 years. The required data is provided in appendix A. Heat gain through exterior opaque surfaces is derived from the same elements of solar radiation and thermal gradient as that for fenestration areas. The heat flux into the exterior sunlit surfaces are given as [17], ( Where, Absorptance of surface for solar radiation Total solar radiation incident on surface, W/m2 - Coefficient of heat transfer by long wave radiation and convection at outer surface, W/m2.K Outdoor air temperature, oC Surface temperature, oC Hemispherical emittance of surface - Difference between long wave radiation incident on surface from sky and srroundings and radiation emitted by the black body at outdoor air temperature, W/m2. ) (3.2)

11

Cooling load estimation for typical telecommunication shelter

Chapter 3

Assuming rate of heat transfer can be expressed in the form as given by [17], ( From eq. (3.2) and eq. (3.3), (3.4) ) (3.3)

For horizontal surfaces that receives long wave radiation from sky only, the value of W/m2 and , whereas for vertical surfaces, . The value of for light

coloured surfaces and 0.3 for dark coloured surfaces [17]. The general procedure for calculating cooling load for each load component can be done using Radiant Time Series (RTS) method as given in ASHRAE fundamentals 2009 in detail. This calculation gives the 24hour profile for component heat gains and split the gain in to radiative and convective parts respectively. But applying both conductive time series and radian time series for estimating the hourly profile of heat gain will be a tedious work and hence it is recommended to use building simulation software and allow it to do the necessary work. Moreover, the RTS and CTS methods are applicable for steady state periodic heat input conditions for design load calculations which is not true in the case of real time conditions. In general, the solar heat gain in to the telecom shelter is negligible when compared to the equipment heat gain and hence it can be neglected while designing for cooling system. The solar heat load in to the conditioned space can expressed as, ( ) (3.5) Where, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient for the wall and includes the conductive, convective and radiative effects by the internal and external airflow and the wind outside the zone [18].

12

Description of SAPIT model

Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4
DESCRIPTION OF SAPIT MODEL
4.1 Solar absorption chiller Energy and mass balance
Absorption chiller has been most frequently adopted for solar assisted cooling system. It requires very low or no electric input and for the same capacity, the physical dimensions of an absorption machine are smaller than those compared to the adsorption machine due to high heat transfer coefficient of the adsorbent. A solar driven absorption cooling system is a combination of solar collector and a conventional absorption air-conditioning cycle as shown in fig 4.1. The performance of the solar absorption chiller is usually estimated by first calculating the actual COP from the cooling load profile obtained from the telecom shelter. The part load factor for the chiller has to be obtained to get the actual COP of the chiller. Part load factor is the ratio between the cooling load and the chiller nominal capacity and is given by [10],

(4.1)

COP of a chiller varies with demand and is given in eq.(4.2) which is in the form of fourth order polynomial to consider the part load efficiency of the absorption chiller.
(4.2)

Thermal energy required by the absorption chiller which is to be supplied from the evacuated tube collector is given by [10],

(4.3)

The performance of absorption chiller not only depends on the load but also on the heat medium inlet temperature to the chiller Th,ch which is set by the manufacturer to a specified value and it is assumed that the cooling tower has a variable speed fan that keeps the inlet cooling water temperature constant and independent of the outside air psychrometrics.

13

Description of SAPIT model

Chapter 4

Fig 4.1 Schematic Layout of a solar absorption air-conditioning cycle

The mass flow rate of the heat medium fluid is proportional to the chiller capacity and is given by the manufacturer. The heat balance applied at the generator is given by [20],
(4.4)

From the above eq.(4.4), T4 , the hot fluid leaving the chiller can be found. The energy balance performed at the thermal storage tank is given by [10],
(4.5)

Where, Vt is the volume of the tank, t is the density of the tank and ct is the heat capacity of the tank with tstep corresponding to simulation time step. Tt,i-1 and Tt,i are the temperatures of the thermal storage tank at previous iteration and current iteration respectively. The heat balance performed at the thermal storage tank to determine the effectiveness of the heat medium coil is given by [10],
After simplification,
(4.7)

(4.6)

There is a 3 way valve as shown in fig 4.1 set between the storage tank and chiller whose function is to adjust the mass flow rate of the hot fluid medium according to part load. When the hot fluid inlet temperature T3>Tg, then the part of the fluid is derived by the 3 way valve and does not allow all the fluid to go through the hot medium coil until the temperature reaches T 3=Tg. when, T3<Tg, the auxiliary heater switches on to provide the extra energy to be supplied to the chiller. Now, for condition T3>Tg, the equation can be written as [10],

14

Description of SAPIT model

Chapter 4

Where,

(4.8)

is the mass flow rate derived by the 3 way valve. Energy balance at the mixing point (4.9) (4.10)

can be given as [10], The thermal energy provided by the auxiliary heater is given by [10], The efficiency of the heater can be given as,

(4.11)

4.2 Evacuated tube collectors Thermal analysis

Evacuated tube collectors are the new type of collectors which has gained some momentum in the usage point of view among the customers. Normally, these collectors perform well in both direct and diffuse radiation and offer reasonable performance during cloudy when compared to flat plate collectors. Each evacuated tube consists of two glass tubes made from strong borosilicate glass as shown in fig 4.2. The outer tube has very low reflectivity and high transmissivity so that radiation can pass through. The inner tube has a selective layer of coating that maximizes absorption of solar energy and minimizes reflection. Evacuation process is carried out inside all tubes by pumping air out of the cavity so that it does not allow short wave radiation to escape through the glass tube. The specifications and properties of the evacuated tube collector used in the simulation are shown in table 4.1 Table 4.1 Specifications and properties of an evacuated tube Sizing and properties Outer glass tube diameter glass thickness Tube length coating Transmissivity Reflectivity Absorptivity Refractive index value 47mm 1.6mm 1500mm selective 0.92 0.04 0.04 1.474

The energy balance applied at the collector with respect to incident solar radiation is given by [20], (4.12)

15

Description of SAPIT model

Chapter 4

Fig 4.2 A typical evacuated tube model

Where, =0.12 [21]. From the above equation, the temperature of the outer borosilicate tube can be found out. The incident solar radiation on the surface of the tube can be calculated as [20], (4.13) Where, Apo is the aperture area of the outer borosilicate tube. The amount of energy transmitted can be calculated as [20], (4.14) The temperature of the inner borosilicate tube can be determined by [20], The total energy available at the collector can be given by, (4.15) (4.16)

Where, Nt is the number of tubes per collector The mass flow rate of the collector is set to a specified value by the manufacturer and hence the hot medium fluid outlet temperature can be determined from the following equation, (4.17) Where, Tavg is the average temperature of thermal storage tank and it is assumed to be 50oC for steady state conditions as per the real time data. The detailed calculation of evacuated tube collector thermal analysis is given in appendix B.

4.3 Phase change materials (PCM)

Phase Change Material is a material which uses its chemical bonds to store and release heat and also called as latent thermal storage materials. The thermal energy transfer occurs when a material changes from a solid to liquid or from liquid to a solid form. This is called change of state or phase. When PCMs reach their phase change temperature, they absorb large amount of heat without change in temperature. When the ambient temperature in the space around PCM drops, it loses its heat and solidifies. The most commonly used PCMs are salt hydrides, fatty acids, esters and paraffin. At present

16

Description of SAPIT model

Chapter 4

PCMs are available in various encapsulations like, spherical balls, HDPE panels, metal balls, blow molded containers and multilayer pouches. The cooling load required to cool the telecom shelter is known and hence the amount of PCM needed to be installed on the walls of the electronic enclosures or on the walls of telecom shelter can be found from the given equation, (4.18)
The type of PCM applicable for this application with its specification is shown in table.6. The required PCM for this application is found to be approximately 1515kg to remove 5000W of heat load from the equipment for 16 hours. The PCM mass calculation is shown in appendix C

Table 4.2 Phase Change Material properties and specifications PCM type Properties
Phase change temperature oC Operating range oC Density kg/m HS 29
3

Value
27 - 29 22 - 34 1550 190 80 20 840X200X20

Application

Latent heat kJ/kg Maximum operating temperature oC Quantity per kWh (kg) HDPE profile size (mm)

Telecom shelter cooling application

17

Description of TRNSYS 16 simulation tool

Chapter 5

CHAPTER 5
DESCRIPTION OF TRNSYS 16 SIMULATION TOOL
TRNSYS is a complete and extensible simulation environment for the transient simulation of systems, including multizone buildings. It is used by engineers and researchers around the world to validate new energy concepts from domestic hot water systems to the design and simulation of buildings and their equipment, including control strategies, occupant behavior, and alternate energy systems [22].

5.1 Creation of monozone model using building wizard approach

TRNSYS simulation studio allows us to create a simple building project using building wizard. A default monozone model can be created in simulation studio. Later, the components in the monozone model as shown in fig 5.1 can be edited and modified according to the objective of our project. The monozone model consists of 4 types of components and they are as follows:

Fig 5.1 Monozone model of a telecom shelter created using TRNSYS 16

18

Description of TRNSYS 16 simulation tool

Chapter 5

5.1.1 Type 14 Time dependent forcing function

It is a step like function that is defined by repeating each time value with two different values of V, and then uses the average value in the simulation. In this scenario, the telecom shelter in practical conditions is supposed to operate 24 hours and hence the equipment heat
gain to the shelter will not always dissipate same amount of heat, therefore it is suitable to assume that at time interval t = 0 to t = 8hrs, the value function V = 0.5 which means part load heat dissipation and from t = 8hrs to t = 20hrs, the value function V = 1 which means full load heat dissipation and again from t = 21 to t = 24, the value function is V =0.5

5.1.2

Type 109 TMY2 weather data

This component serves the main purpose of reading weather data at regular time intervals from a data file, converting it to a desired system of units and generating direct and diffuse radiation outputs for an arbitrary number of surfaces with arbitrary orientation and inclination [23]. In this case, the weather data for Coimbatore Peelamedu location has been used. The file that has been utilized for simulation is IN-Coimbatore-Peelamedu433210.tm2 with the latitude and longitude of 11.03oN 77.05oE.

5.1.3 Type 88 Lumped capacitance model This component models a simple lumped capacitance single zone structure subject to internal gains. This model neglects solar gain and assumes an overall U value for the entire structure. The energy balance that predict the zone temperature is given by [24], ( )

(5.1)

5.1.4 Type 65 online plotter The online graphics component is used to display selected system variables at specified intervals of time while the simulation is progressing. In this project work, the online plotter was fed with cooling load profile, zone temperature, solar radiation, part load factor, COP, hot water temperature etc.

19

Description of TRNSYS 16 simulation tool

Chapter 5

5.2 Creation of Solar Absorption Chiller (SAC) model using TRNSYS simulation studio
In TRNSYS simulation studio, the SAC model was developed and analyzed using various components in the library of TRNSYS. The modeling description and details of the components are given in the following section and they are as follows: The SAC model consists of 4 main circuits as shown in fig 5.2, they are, a) Evacuated tube solar thermal collector circuit b) Chiller hot water circuit c) Chiller cooling water circuit d) Chiller chiller water circuit

Fig 5.2 SAC model created using TRNSYS 16

5.2.1 Evacuated tube solar thermal collector circuit

TRNSYS has a evacuated tube solar thermal collector with a name type 71 and with an efficiency of [24],
( )

(5.2)

Where, ao, a1 and a2 are the coefficients which are tested according to ASHRAE standards and rated by SRCC. T is the temperature difference between inlet fluid temperature to collector and ambient temperature, solar collector. . IT is the global radiation incident on the

20

Description of TRNSYS 16 simulation tool

Chapter 5

The type 109 weather date is given as input as input to the solar collector with specification as shown in table 5.1. The fluid input to the solar collector comes from a pump type 114 which in turn gets its input from a thermal storage tank type 4 of 1.2m3 volume. The inlet water is drawn as per the daily water consumption schedule and it is given in hourly format in the simulation. The hot water output from the collector is given again to the storage tank for later use. The hot water temperature, weather data, tank average temperature are given as input to the online plotter to plot the data with respect to time. Table 5.1 Parameters of solar thermal collector circuit components used in the simulation Parameters Number of collectors in series Collector Area Intercept efficiency Negative Ist order efficiency coefficient Negative IIst order efficiency coefficient Hot water pump maximum flow rate Maximum power Inlet mass flow rate Thermal storage tank volume Tank loss coefficient Temperature levels used in the tank 6 8m2 0.7 10 kJ/h.m2K 0.03 kJ/h.m2K 200 kg/hr 0.2 kW 120 kg/hr 1.2 m3 3 kJ/h.m2K 6 Value

5.2.2 Chiller Hot water circuit

TRNSYS is equipped with type 107 hot water fired absorption chiller with the specifications as shown in table 5.2. The hot water to be given as input to the chiller comes through the auxiliary heater (AH) controlled by an ON/OFF controller from the thermal storage tank. The outlet hot water from the chiller is pumped to the tempering valve type 11b which in turn goes to the thermal storage tank. The tempering valve is a temperature controlled valve/diverter which diverts the flow according to the temperature of the fluid. When the hot water entering the auxiliary heater is greater than the one entering the chiller, then the tempering draws some part of flow and mix it with the outlet of the thermal storage tank thereby reducing the temperature to the desired value. The purpose of the auxiliary type 6 is to make sure that the hot water temperature entering the chiller is at the set

21

Description of TRNSYS 16 simulation tool

Chapter 5

temperature given by the manufacturer. The operation of the AH is controlled by an on/off controller type 2b, which gets the temperature input from both AH and thermal storage tank. If the hot water temperature entering the AH is lesser than the set hot water temperature at chiller then the control system switches on the AH to heat the water until it reaches the desired temperature. The inlet and outlet hot water temperatures are fed to the online plotter to plot it against time. Table 5.2 Parameters of chiller hot water circuit components used in the simulation Parameters Chiller rated capacity Rated COP Hot fluid Specific heat Chilled water fluid Specific heat Cooling water fluid Specific heat Chilled water inlet temperature Chilled water mass flow rate Cooling water inlet temperature Cooling water mass flow rate Hot water inlet temperature Hot water mass flow rate Chiller set point temperature Auxiliary heater maximum capacity Overall loss coefficient Efficiency Set point temperature Coefficients of the part load COP 4TR (14kW) 0.8 4.19 kJ/kgK 4.19 kJ/kgK 4.19 kJ/kgK 15.5oC 2173 kg/hr 28oC 2613 kg/hr 90oC 3456 kg/hr 10oC 0.5kW 10 kJ/hr.K 0.8 90oC a = -2.0821, b = 6.2385, c = -7.2852, d = 3.8055, e = 0.023 Value

5.2.3 Chiller chilled water circuit The chilled water produced from the chiller has been transferred to the monozone building to remove the heat generated inside the shelter. The return chill water is again transferred back to the chiller and its temperatures are monitored through the online plotter.

22

Description of TRNSYS 16 simulation tool

Chapter 5

5.2.4 Chiller cooling water circuit

The cooling water required to remove the heat from the evaporator is supplied by a cooling tower type 51b of capacity 5TR. The other specifications of the cooling tower are given in table 5.3 The outlet cooling water coming from cooling tower enters a variable speed pump of capacity 0.5kW and hence enters the chiller. The sump temperature, cooling water temperature are monitored through an online plotter. The makeup water for cooling tower due to evaporation losses are also supplied as per the real time data. Table 5.3 Parameters of chiller cooling water circuit components used in the simulation
Parameters Cooling tower rated capacity Fan power at maximum capacity Sump volume Initial sump temperature Sump make up temperature Wet bulb temperature Dry bulb temperature Rated flow rate for variable speed pump Rated power Power coefficient Pump efficiency Motor efficiency 5TR (17.5kW) 0.5kW 1m3 26oC 26oC 25 oC 28 oC 700 kg/hr 0.5kW 1 0.6 0.9 Values

23

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Lumped capacitance monozone model
The simulation performed in the TRNSYS simulation studio in a monozone model has generated a set of plots using which the other heat transfer components are designed and analyzed. The cooling load demand profile for a telecom shelter has been generated and shown in fig 6.1. The transient plot shows a steady trend in cooling load profile varying from 2200 W to 4500W for period of 8760 simulation hours. Generally, the cooling load profile during summer conditions which changes with respect to the buildings. But the monozone model created here does not include the solar heat gain and moreover, the cooling load is entirely dominated by the equipment load which dissipates part load heat during early morning and late night hours whereas, full load in rest of the hours and hence the profile shows a steady trend in transient conditions.

Fig 6.1 Cooling load profile for a typical telecom shelter

24

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Similarly the zone temperature for the telecom shelter has also been plotted and shown in fig 6.2. The zone temperature varies from 26oC to 45oC during 8760 simulation hours.

Fig 6.2 Zone temperature of a telecom shelter

The cooling load profile for a typical telecom shelter is used as an input plot the part load factor (PLF) of the chiller which has a nominal capacity of 4TR (2TR for cooling and 2TR for PCM storage). The fig 6.3 shows the PLF plot for a period of 8760 hours which varies from 0.28 to 0.7. The trend is same as the cooling load profile which is expected. The COP of the chiller during part load conditions has also been plotted using polynomial equation as discussed in chapter 4 and shown in fig 6.4. The COP varies from 0.68 to 0.76 for a period of 8760 hours. Now, from the COP plot we find out the thermal energy required to supply to the chiller and it is shown in fig 6.5. The thermal energy varies from 3200 to 6000W. The thermal energy profile also shows the same trend as shown by the other plots. To provide the above mentioned thermal energy to the chiller it was found out that, 6 evacuated tube collectors with 12 tubes per panel totaling an area of 8m2 is required. The horizontal global radiation and the radiation on the tilted surface is also plotted and shown in fig 6.6 and fig 6.7 respectively.

25

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Fig 6.3 Part load factor of the chiller

26

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Fig 6.4 COP of the chiller

27

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Fig 6.5 Thermal energy required by the chiller

28

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Fig 6.6 Total Horizontal global radiation

29

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Fig 6.7 Total global radiation on tilted surface

6.2 Solar absorption chiller model

SAC model developed in TRNSYS simulation studio has generated the necessary plots for analysis and comparison. The hot water inlet to the collector and the tank average temperature has been plotted in fig 6.8. The plot shows drastic variation in both the temperatures. The inlet collector temperature varies from 50oC to 75oC during early hours of simulation and gradually the value drops to 35oC to 45oC between 3754 to 5000 hours of simulation and again it rises to 50oC to 75oC between 7000 to 8760 hours of simulation. The main reason behind this trend is due to the impact of wind in Peelamedu region. The hot water temperature at the outlet of the collector is shown in fig 6.9. This plot also shows the same trend as it is in other plots. The hot medium fluid enters the chiller with average tank temperature through the AH and therefore there is a control unit provided between the thermal storage tank and the AH to control and monitor the temperature. The chiller hot water outlet has been plotted and shown in fig 6.10 along with the average tank temperature for comparison. The graph clearly shows that there is always a temperature difference of 30oC is maintained in the circuit. The hot outlet varies from 55oC to 65oC during early hours of simulation and it varies from 15oC to 25oC during mid-hours and 30oC to 60oC during late hours of simulation. The chilled water from the chiller to the zone also varies from12oC to 16oC throughout the simulation hours and the return chilled water from the shelter varies from 17oC to 22oC. Similarly, the cooling water from the chiller varies from 31oC to 34oC

30

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

while the return cooling water from cooling tower varies from 27oC to 30oC. Thereby, there is a temperature difference of 5oC in chilled water circuit and a 4oC difference in cooling water circuit.

Fig 6.8 Hot water inlet to the collector and tank average temperature

31

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Fig 6.9 Hot water outlet temperature from the collector

32

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Fig 6.10 Hot water outlet temperature from the chiller and average tank temperature

6.3 Economic analysis

In this analysis, the net present value of the cost to install and operate the cooling system is used as comparison between the existing air-conditioning system and SAPIT model. The assumptions made for the economic analysis are given in table.10. At present, to cool a shelter, a minimum of 2.5TR of air-conditioning is required. Moreover, the present cooling system alone consumes 60% of the total energy consumed by the shelter from the grid and DG set. The cost of each equipment is taken as per the market price in India. The annual cost of conventional system and solar absorption system and the payback are calculated and given in table.11. The payback period of 3 years with the savings of 1,54,812 `/year shows that SAC system is viable and it can be implemented for tower sharing scenarios where the savings would be much more higher than the one specified here.

33

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Equipment and utility cost used in economic analysis Equipment and utility Conventional air-conditioner Auxiliary heater DG set cost (20kVA) PCM Hot water fired Absorption chiller (inclusive of cooling tower) Evacuated tube collector Thermal storage tank Electricity rate Diesel rate Maintenance cost Table 6.2 Annual energy and cost savings of the SAC Parameter Electricity consumed per year by the airconditioner Electricity cost per year Diesel cost per year Total cost per year Electric energy consumed by AH per year SAC investment and operational cost per year Total energy savings Total cost savings Payback period value 26,280 kWh ` 98,550 ` 2,62,800 ` 6,15,350 1460 kWh ` 4,60,537 24820 kWh ` 1,54,812 3 years Market price 30000 `/TR 3000 `/kW `2,15,000 50 `/kg 50000 `/TR 12000 `/m2 7500 `/m3 7.5 `/kWh 50 `/ltr 50000 `/year

6.4 Environmental benefits The environmental analysis carried out here shows the benefit of using SAC system in terms of mitigating CO2 emissions per year. The assumptions made for this analysis are shown in table.12. The carbon emission factor for coal and diesel are taken as per IPCC guidelines document. The environmental analysis shows that the SAC system can mitigate 27.42 tons of CO2 per year. This is a huge value and must be appreciated and considered for developing green telecom shelters in India

34

Results and Discussion

Chapter 6

Table 6.3 Assumptions and CO2mitigation for SAC model Parameter Carbon Emission factor of lignite coal Carbon Emission factor of diesel CO2 emission by coal per year CO2 emission by diesel per year CV of lignite coal CV of diesel Energy supplied by lignite coal Energy supplied by diesel Total CO2 emissions per year CO2 emission by auxiliary heater per year Total CO2 mitigated per annum value 101.2 kg/TJ 74.1 kg/TJ 14.95 tons 14.54 tons 15000 kJ/kg 45000 kJ/kg 0.147825 TJ 0.1963116 TJ 29.506 tons 2.07 tons 27.42 tons

35

Conclusion

Chapter 7

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
This project work presents the design and analysis of solar driven absorption chiller. The chiller was modeled for part load conditions by solving the energy balance and mass balance equations for each time step. The SAC was integrated in to a complete simulation model using TRNSYS 16 with storage tank, chiller, solar thermal collector and auxiliary heating system. The cooling load profile for a typical telecom shelter was generated by incorporating the weather data, equipment heat gain and ventilation heat gain. The simulation results showed that to achieve a solar thermal efficiency of 65%, the mass flow rate was to be maintained at 120kg/hr in a total collector area of 8m2 and the hot fluid temperature at the outlet of each collector must be maintained between 90oC to 130oC to achieve the average temperature between 75oC to 85oC. The economic analysis showed that the conventional cooling system installation and operational cost comes around 6.15 lakhs per annum, which means we will have to spend 23.41`/kWh for the conventional airconditioning system whereas, the solar absorption cooling system costs 4.6 lakhs per annum with just 3% of the total cost is consumed by electricity and making us to spend just 2 `/kWh. The environmental analysis shows us there is a potential of mitigating 27.42 tons of CO2 per annum if the conventional cooling system is replaced by SAPIT cooling system. The above results show that the transient simulation approach is necessary to determine the correct sizing of the equipment in SAC model.

36

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Indian Telecom Sector, TRAI, August 2012 http://bussiness.mapsofindia.com/india-industry/telecom.html Vital statistics on telecom towers, telestats Voice data, May 1st, 2012
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=777212 Consulting paper on green telecommunications, TRAI, Feb 3 ,2011 Kenneth G.Brill, White paper on 2005-2010 heat density trends in data processing, computer systems and telecom equipment,2004
rd

[7] Renee Estes, Thermal management of telecommunication cabinets, electronics cooling,

Sep 1 , 1997
st

[8] Maurice J. Marongiu, Managing thermal conditions in enclosures, Communication systems

design,1997 [9] S.Shanmuga Sundaram, R.V Seeniraj, R.Velraj, An experimental investigation on passive cooling system comprising phase change material and two-phase closed thermosyphon for telecom shelters in tropical and desert regions , Energy and Buildings, Vol.42,pg:1732-1735, 2010 [10] N.Fumo, V.Bortone, J.C.Zambrano, Solar thermal driven cooling system for a data center in Albuquerque New Mexico, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, ASME, Vol. 133, Nov.2011 [11] Ursula Eicker, Dirk Pietruschka, Design and performance of solar powered absorption cooling systems in office buildings, Energy and Buildings, Vol.41, pg:81-91,2009 [12] T. Tsoutsos , E. Aloumpi , Z. Gkouskos , M. Karagiorgas , Design of a solar absorption cooling system in a Greek hospital, Energy and Buildings, 2009 [13] Maurice J. Marongiu, Randy Clarksean, Thermal management of electronics enclosures under unsteady heating/cooling conditions using Phase Change Materials (PCM), IEEE transactions, pg:1865-1870, 1997 [14] M. Hendrix, L. Allen, CFD Modeling and Thermal Test Results for Telecommunications Shelter Cooling Systems, Proc. Telecommunications Energy Conference INTELEC, pg: 1-6, 2010 [15] Bharathkrishnan Muralidharan, Multi objective thermal and energy based design optimization of telecommunication cabinets/shelters, MS thesis, University of Texas, Arlington, Dec 2010 [16] Maurice J. Marongiu, Issues in thermal management of outdoor telecommunication cabinets/ enclosures, IEEE transactions, 1997 [17] ASHRAE fundamentals, 2009

[18] Maurice J. Marongiu, Design and development of a passively cooled remote outdoor
cabinet, IEEE transactions,1998

[19] Siddharth Arora, Shobhit Chitkara, R. Udayakumar, Muhammad Ali, Thermal analysis of
evacuated tube solar collectors, Journal of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Vol. 2(4), pg: 74-82, April 2011 [20] Rai GD, Non Conventional Energy Sources, Khanna Publishers,4th edition, New Delhi, pg: 47-122. [21] Getting started manual, TRNSYS 16

37

Bibliography

[22] Weather data manual, TRNSYS 16 [23] Mathematical reference manual, TRNSYS 16 [24] Chih Wu, Lingen Chen, Fengrui Sun, Optimization of solar absorption refrigerator, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. Il.No. 2,pg: 2 03-208,1997 [25] A. Al-Alili, M.D. Islam, I. Kubo, Y. Hwang, R. Radermacher , Modeling of a solar powered absorption cycle for Abu Dhabi, Applied Energy 93 (2012) 160167

38

Appendix A

Appendix A
Dry bulb temperature (oC)of Peelamedu region from 1970 to 2002 Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan 25.329 25.27 23.995 25.505 24.817 24.765 24.144 25.141 25.113 26.097 25.012 25.634 25.181 25.503 25.724 25.991 25.533 25.85 25.672 25.364 25.144 25.997 24.501 24.696 25.482 25.662 25.918 25.718 26.48 25.613 26.178 26.218 26.214 Feb 25.79 25.748 25.547 26.404 25.692 26.714 25.028 26.367 25.864 26.772 26.367 26.503 26.521 27.483 26.008 26.926 26.248 26.079 27.502 25.71 26.735 26.71 26.399 25.831 26.538 27.092 26.527 26.599 27.596 26.409 26.879 27.578 26.173 Mar 27.5 26.923 26.851 28.005 27.714 27.921 27.552 27.675 27.582 28.015 27.639 27.662 27.871 28.619 26.98 28.435 28.096 27.784 28.565 27.258 28.087 28.295 27.452 27.752 27.876 27.698 28.105 27.82 28.911 28.442 27.88 28.41 28.171 Apr 28.296 28.239 28.695 29.356 28.842 28.922 27.711 28.737 28.767 28.867 28.194 28.512 29.312 29.696 27.996 29.195 29.54 29.379 28.383 28.807 29.395 28.906 28.976 28.893 28.183 28.735 28.51 27.915 29.62 28.374 28.582 28.541 28.899 May 27.417 27.199 26.85 28.66 27.454 27.375 28.264 27.074 26.811 27.827 28.005 27.807 27.849 29.329 28.987 28.356 28.712 28.801 28.578 28.254 27.792 29.13 27.981 28.39 28.321 27.518 28.991 28.317 28.583 26.614 28.094 28.001 28.104 Jun 26.01 25.099 26.745 26.488 26.665 25.265 26.767 26.275 25.228 26.093 24.921 25.246 26.505 27.66 25.8 25.679 26.505 26.729 27.087 26.145 26.701 26.296 26.623 26.856 26.457 27.316 26.718 27.635 27.453 26.182 26.004 26.442 26.828 Jul 25.18 24.702 25.175 25.884 25.358 25.342 25.457 25.107 24.444 24.525 24.401 24.92 25.801 26.295 25.375 25.668 26.353 27.076 25.9 25.667 25.593 25.613 25.47 25.442 25.357 25.971 25.976 26.119 25.939 25.619 25.892 25.901 26.382 Aug 25.207 25.128 25.968 24.899 24.99 25.228 25.386 26.134 25.029 25.532 25.117 24.94 26.062 25.965 25.697 25.75 25.472 26.147 25.923 25.883 25.672 25.379 25.697 26.112 26.055 26.143 25.848 26.126 26.335 26.126 25.562 25.686 26.152 Sep 25.732 25.603 26.431 26.001 25.673 25.281 26.162 25.961 25.893 25.56 26.256 25.343 26.566 25.752 26.124 26.473 26.217 27.431 26.001 25.807 26.408 26.738 26.089 26.264 26.611 26.444 26.001 26.559 26.077 26.884 26.384 26.604 27.238 Oct 25.646 25.513 26.035 25.901 25.782 25.291 26.342 25.952 26.184 25.963 25.957 25.936 26.922 26.526 25.892 26.168 26.788 26.962 26.831 26.407 26.398 25.989 26.024 25.995 26.169 26.732 26.234 26.705 26.26 26.301 26.288 26.285 26.701 Nov 25.432 24.93 25.654 25.287 25.801 25.331 25.672 25.598 25.918 25.197 26.169 25.337 26.616 26.023 26.212 25.792 26.054 26.694 26.077 26.244 26.094 25.862 26.01 25.912 25.951 26.72 26.538 26.732 26.408 26.289 26.563 26.447 26.274 Dec 24.363 24.07 25.486 24.851 25.107 24.446 25.306 24.859 25.203 25.746 25.825 25.009 25.245 25.542 25.308 25.753 26.128 26.007 25.25 25.486 25.486 25.081 24.748 25.107 25.018 25.198 24.755 26.41 25.604 25.478 25.317 25.521 25.891

39

Appendix A

Fig A.1 NASA surface meteorology and solar energy data for Peelamedu region

40

Appendix B

Appendix B
Sample calculations for evacuated tube collector thermal analysis
Month: March Solar radiation = 6.5 kWh/m2/day = 811.32 W/m2 Ambient temperature = 28oC Average temperature of the tank = 50oC Transmissivity of glass = 0.92 Absorptivity of glass = 0.04 Absorptivity of sun = 0.12 Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.67X10-8 W/m2K4 Diameter of outer borosilicate tube = 0.047mm Length of the tube = 1500mm Thickness of the tube = 1.6mm Mass flow rate of hot water per collector = 20kg/hr No of tubes per collector = 12 Outer borosilicate tube Aperture area, Outer borosilicate tube temperature, ( ( Radiation incident on the collector, Radiation transmitted through the tube. Useful heat gained by the collector, ) )

Outlet hot water temperature from the collector, ( (

o

) )

41

Appendix B

Efficiency of the collector,

42

Appendix C

Appendix C
Sample PCM mass calculation
Energy to be removed from the shelter = 5000 W (max) Latent heat of HS 29 PCM = 190 kJ/kg Energy balance,

The PCM need to operate for 16 hours and the mass required is, HS 29 is a HDPE panel of size 840X200X20 mm weighing 4kg. Therefore, total number of panels required is,

43

Appendix D

Appendix D
Sample calculations for thermal energy requirement for a chiller
Month: March Energy available at one collector = 991.41 W Cooling load on the chiller = 5000 W (max) COP of an absorption chiller can be given by the polynomial equation as given below, Part load factor can be given as,

COP can be calculated as,

Thermal energy required by the chiller,

No of solar thermal panels required to supply this thermal energy is,

44