http://www.google.fr/#hl=fr&sclient=psyab&q=flowering+movement+in+american+literature&oq=flowering+movement+in+american+literature&gs_l =serp.12...467336.478973.1.480487.25.21.0.0.0.11.1997.12651.32j0j5j4j3j1.15.0...0.0...1c.7DqNaT4wqDY&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=9db99554750a4439&biw =1280&bih=629 : flowering movement in american literature https://sites.google.

com/site/literaticlub/mei-guo-wen-xue-shi-2/literary-movems-and-writers
https://sites.google.com/site/literaticlub/mei-guo-wen-xue-shi-2/literary-movems-and-writers/new-englandtranscendentalism

New England Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a movementphilosophical, literary and socialthat emerged among New England intellectuals, mainly in the environs of Boston, in the 1830s, underlying the philosophical, literary and social manifestation. The root impulse of transcendentalism was, however, theological. [1] puritan Calvinism had relaxed into Unitarianism, a belief not unlike the Deism of Franklin and Jefferson in its need to accommodate 18th century thought to a theological framework. In 1842, some new Englanders, not quiet happy about the materialistic-oriented life of their time, formed themselves a informal club, the Transcendentalist Club, and met to discuss the matters of interest to life of the nation as whole. They expressed their views, published their journal, the Dial, and made their voice heard. The club with a member of some thirty men and a couple of women included Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson, Alcott, and Margaret Fuller, most of them were teachers or clergyman, radicals reacting against the faith of Boston businessman and cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism. The word transcendentalism was not native to America; it was a Kantian term denoting, as Emerson put it, what ever belongs to the class of intuitive thought.[2] Here the word radical must not be taken, as is commonly done in our time, to merely an impulse toward sweeping and violent change, presumably a left-wing variety. It should be understood more literarily as meaning a will, to return to the roothere the root of Christianity; to preach the Holy Ghost. What the young were trying to do was return to, or rediscover, what they regarded as a deeper truth of life than the truth of their liberal fathers. In this sense, the transcendentalists were revolutionary and reactionary, radical and conservative, and to understand them is to see the paradox in history terms. To see transcendentalism in such terms demands that we must regard it as a response to the foundational issues of the age, which a handful of men and women have the gift of perceiving and analyzing. That ism transcendentalism represents a complex response to demonstrating of American life, to the rise of science and the new technology, and to the new industrialismto the whole question, in short, of the redefinition of the relation of man to nature and to other men that was being demanded by the course of history. The major features of New England transcendentalism can be summarized as follows: Firstly, the transcendentalism places emphasis on spirit, or on the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the world. The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent, and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which all were a part. It was apparently a reaction to the 18th century Newtonian concept of the universe. In the 18th century, it was generally held that the world was made up of matter. Secondly, to the transcendentalists, the individual was the most important element of society. The ideal type of man was the self-reliant individual whom Emerson never stopped talking about all his life; and now this new notion of the individual represented a new way of looking at man. It was a reaction against the Calvinist concept that man is totally depressed, he is sinful and preserves in sinhood, and can not hope to be saved except through the grace of God. It was also a reaction against the process of dehumanization the came in the wake of developing capitalism. Thirdly, the transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirits or God. The transcendentalists theory of nature toward science had crucial consequence and parallels when he came to face society and its own problems. Fourthly, New England transcendentalism was the product of a combination of foreign influences and the

American puritan tradition, romantic idealism. To grasp the full significance and stature of the transcendentalism, we must think of them in their moment of history, early in the development of the United States, when the modern world was assuming shape. The transcendentalism were on the one hand, the young, the idealistic; those who were eager to break with the past and make a new world. On the other hand, they were deeply embedded in their culture, and their class.